托福阅读指代题 (课堂PPT)
TOEFL阅读理解之十大题型PPT课件
A. lived later than Ambulocetus natans
B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus
As a meteorological concept, “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.
该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。
Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.
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1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）
Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sentence Simplification questions
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① Factual Information questions
TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型
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TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类
1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) Insert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose Summary Fill in Table 5. 词汇题
托福阅读指代题
• Tips： ：
• a.被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 被指代对象往往在代词之前出现 • b. 从句开头往后找答案 • c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必须 一致 • d. 指代的传递现象
一、 分类： 代词指代题和词汇指代
题问方式： the word “they, it, its, their, some” in the passage refers to
• The word it in the passage refers to • (A) realization • (B) society • (C) extent • (D) influence
• Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
• It 单数 • They 复数
1. 代词指代
简单句，就近原则（优先主语，次之宾语） 向前向前向前（优先主语，次之宾语） 定语从句，就近修饰 主从复合句，后指代前
• Jupiters and other giant planet are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane.
《托福基础阅读讲义》课件
议论文
总结词
阐述观点、论证立场
详细描述
议论文主要通过提出观点、进行论证和反驳论点等手段，说服读者接受作者的观 点。在托福阅读中，议论文可能涉及政治、经济、社会、文化等领域，要求考生讲述故事、事件或经历
详细描述
记叙文主要通过叙述故事、事件或经历的方式，向读者传达某种情感或意义。在托福阅读中，记叙文可能涉及文 学、历史、传记等领域，要求考生理解故事情节并进行推理分析。
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提高英语阅读能力
通过托福阅读考试的训练 ，考生可以提高英语阅读 能力，增强对英文文献的 理解。
托福阅读考试评分标准
评分标准
托福阅读考试的评分标准主要根 据考生对文章的理解程度和答题 的准确性来评定，具体评分标准 可参考官方指南。
分数计算
托福阅读考试的成绩计算是根据 考生的答题数量和答题质量来综 合评定的，具体的计算方法可参 考官方指南。
段落主题句定位
关注段落的主题句，通常位于段 落的开头或结尾，以获取关键信
息。
逻辑关系定位
利用句子之间的逻辑关系，如因 果、转折、并列等，找到关键信
息。
推理判断技巧
推断作者意图
推断事实细节
通过分析文章中的信息和语气，推断 作者的意图和态度。
根据文章中的信息和逻辑关系，推断 事实的细节和具体内容。
推断文章主题
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托福阅读备考策略
提高词汇量
总结词
积累词汇是提高阅读理解能力的关键 。
详细描述
建议考生制定一个详细的词汇计划， 每天记忆一定数量的新单词，并复习 已学过的词汇。可以通过阅读英文文 章、听力材料、英文电影和电视剧等 途径来增加词汇量。
新托福阅读之指代关系题
新托福阅读之指代关系题指代关系题（Reference）：考查读者认定代词与篇章中其他词语的指代关系的能力。
例题1：Passage：“…These laws are universal in their application， regardless of cultural beliefs， geography， or climate. If pots have no bottoms or have large openings in their sides，they could hardly be considered containers in any traditional sense. Since the laws of physics， not some arbitrary decision， have determined the general form of applied-art objects， they follow basic patterns，so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits…”The word they in the passage refers toA. applied-art objectsB. the laws of physicsC. containersD. the sides of pots正确答案是A.例题2：Passage：“…The first weekly newspaper in the colonies was the Boston Gazette，established in 1719， the same year that marked the appearance of Philadelphia‘s first newspaper， the American Mercury， where the young Benjamin Franklin worked. By 1760 Boston had 4 newspapers and 5 other printing establishments； Philadelphia，2 newspapers and 3 other presses； and New York， 3 newspapers. The distribution，if not the sale， of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710， which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770， serving all 13 colonies…”The word which in the passage refers toA. distributionB. saleC. newspaperD. postal service正确答案是D.【。
托福阅读中的逻辑关系ppt课件
o derive from, result from, come from, originate from, initiate from, ▪ His illness resulted from bad food.
逻辑关系(3):比较结构--隐藏
1.自身含有最高级含义的词； maximum, favorite, outstanding, top... -The maximum speed of this car is 150 miles per hour
✓ The delay is owing to the crowded traffic. ✓ This book is different from that book in that this
one is about chemistry and that one about history.
逻辑关系(2):因果--隐藏
逻辑关系(4)--并列与转折
1．表示并列关系 likewise,in (much) the same way,similarly/similar to, vice versa,also/as well as,not only … but also …, both … and …, neither … nor …, like/just like, equally, or/and
否定后缀
• 需注意的三个否定后缀：
-less、-free、-prng a hat • salt-free: without salt • a bulletproof car: a car designed not to
be harmed by bullets
逻辑关系(3)--条件
托福阅读笔记：指代题备考指南
托福阅读笔记：指代题备考指南一、问题形式被考的文章中有一个词或词组被加亮，这个词通常是一个代词或名词。
指代题的形式如下：The word （or phrase） X in the passage refers to二、解题步骤1.根据解题技巧确定答案2.代入原文验证，看语义、逻辑和语法上是否通顺三、基本原则1.就近指代所谓就近指代，就是被指代对象通常在指代词前不远处，如本句或上一句中。
有时也出现在更前面的一句中。
例如，Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey （especially hawks, falcons, and eagles） that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.The phrase this problem in the passage refers tointerference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbinesthe killing of birds of prey by wind turbinesmeeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy本题涉及的是一个词组this problem.寻找这一词组的指代对象时只需向上搜索就行。
托福阅读技巧完整版PPT课件
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高分技巧 3
Inference questions （推理题）
问题形式：涉及文中没有直接或明确表达出来的观点或立场。 若文章陈述了一个事件的结果，推论类问题将问原因是什么；
若文章出现了一个对比，将问对比的基础是什么。 常见：infer / imply / suggest / most likely /
TOFEL READING
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READING
考试形式
题目类型
评分标准
高分技巧 （问题形式、典型提问、做题技巧、真题演练）
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考试形式
文章数量：3-5篇 字数：700 要求：快速阅读+精确理解 题目数量：每篇文章12-14题 单题分值：1-4分 (重要观点题的分值可能是2分。归类题为3或4分) 文体：解释说明型；立论型；历史题材型 速度要求：100 words/min
问：Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Polish flag flown on land ?
（根据题目中的关键词the Polish flag flown on land去直接定 位段中的句子，显然A.B.C.D.其中一个选项的含义与段2的 最后一句相同。
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评分标准 (2)
正确数 得分 45 30 44 29 43 29 42 28 41 27 40 26 39 25 38 24 37 23 36 22 35 21 34 20 9 2 8 2 7 1
正确数 得分 33 19 32 18 31 17 30 16 29 16 28 15 27 14 26 13 25 12 24 11 23 10 22 9 61 50
托福阅读考试中的指代题
官方网站：
托福阅读考试中的指代题
顾名思义，这种题是要问考生文中的代词具体指代的是什么丁冬，说专业点叫做先行词antecedent.基本可以分为四类。
第一是人称代词或者物主代词，如I， you， our， mine; 第二类是从句中的引导词，如what， which， who;第三类是指示代词，this， that(包括其指示的名词，如问this reason， that purpose之类的);
第四类是其他的代词，all， most， some， many， the former， the latter之类。
代词需要遵循的首要原则是就近原则。
从前面找离它较近的那个词。
找到以后把意义代回到原句中看合适不合适就可以了。
OG还特别强调了，注意先行词和代词必须人称、单复数一致。
总体来说这种题难度都不大。
用OG上的几个例子说明：
先行词，先行词，顾名思义，一般应该在代词前面。
根据就近原则就找出来postal service.代回去看看合适不合适，A，distribution有65个office; B销售有65个office，C报纸有65个office，D，邮政服务有65个office.其他几个都太荒诞了。
这种题难度相对不大，也就不多说了。
《新托福阅读》课件
词汇积累
通过记忆单词、词组和固 定搭配，增加词汇量，提 高阅读理解能力。
同义词替换
学习并掌握同义词替换技 巧，丰富表达方式，提高 阅读流畅度。
语境中学习词汇
在具体语境中理解词汇含 义和用法，加深记忆。
熟悉题型和解题技巧
题型分析
了解托福阅读考试中不同题型的 出题方式和解题要求，做到心中
有数。
解题技巧
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新托福阅读备考策略
提高阅读速度和效率
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快速阅读训练
通过速读练习，提高阅读 速度和理解能力，减少阅 读过程中的回视和重读现 象。
限时阅读
在规定时间内完成阅读任 务，培养时间意识和紧迫 感，提高阅读效率。
精读与泛读结合
在精读基础上，增加泛读 练习，提高阅读广度和理 解深度。
扩大词汇量
掌握不同题型的解题技巧和方法， 如定位、筛选、推断等，提高答题 正确率。
模拟题练习
通过模拟题练习，熟悉题型和解题 技巧，提高应试能力。
多做模拟题和真题
模拟题选择
选择质量较高、难度适中的模拟 题进行练习，提高解题能力和应
试水平。
真题回顾
回顾历年托福阅读真题，了解考 试趋势和出题规律，针对性地进
行备考。
定位关键信息
找到问题中提到的关键信息和 细节，并回到原文关系，如因果关系、比较关 系等。
推断结论
根据分析出的逻辑关系，推断 出问题的答案。
排除干扰选项
排除与文章信息不符或逻辑关 系不成立的选项。
长难句理解技巧
分析句子结构
注意句子的主谓宾结构，以及从句、短语等 修饰成分。
推理题分析
总结词
推理题是一种要求考生根据文章内容进行推理判断的题型， 主要测试考生的逻辑推理能力。
左老师TOEFL托福阅读题型精讲2——指代题
• 极端程度词 • 是否符合常理逻辑 • 选项与原文对照
According to paragraph 2, all of the following statements about the Ogallala
aquifer are true EXCEPT: ○The aquifer stretches from South Dakota to Texas. ○The aquifer’s water comes from underground springs. ○Water has been gathering in the aquifer for 30,000 years. ○The aquifer’s water is stored in a layer of sandstone.
• 极端程度词
• 是否符合常理逻辑
• 选项与原文对照
According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT: ○Architecture is visual art. ○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators. ○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions. ○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
SD T Spring 30000 sandstone
• The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
左老师TOEFL托福阅读题型精讲2——指代题
否定事实信息题 • 大定位——小定位
• 极端程度词 • 是否符合常理逻辑 • 选项与原文对照
• 极端程度词
• 是否符合常理逻辑
• 选项与原文对照
According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT: ○Architecture is visual art. ○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators. ○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions. ○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
SD T Spring 30000 sandstone
是完全未提及，利用印象设置错误选项，例如虚
假比较 • 2、与原文相反
否定事实信息题
• 代词
• 多重否定
若文本中有代词，读完本句后还原 选项中有代词，当场还原
TPO 17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
SD T Spring 30000 sandstone
• The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
第四讲：指代题PPT课件
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解题四大原则
1.语法原则：单复数一致，人称一致 （基本所有题目的选 项都符合语法原则） 2.前指原则：正确答案必在所考代词之前 3.句内原则：正确答案与所考代词通常在同一句内，除非 代词位于句首或出现指代传递现象 4.语义原则：代入并译成中文
The word It in the passage refers to
• an external cue such as sunrise
•the daily rhythm of an animal
•the local solar day
•a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours
• 第二类：天文学/地理学(14篇) OG: P48, P117 Delta: P18, P25, P39, P73/1-2, P74/5-6, P82, P92, P111, P158, P165, P182, P192
• 第三类：文学/历史/哲学(16篇) OG: P80, P101 Delta: P22, P24, P27, P52, P54, P56, P77, P114, P117, P132, P146/7-10, P149, P162, P196
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1.人称代词
在托福中经常考察的人称代词是they/it；they/it出现在句首通
常指前半句或前一句的主语.
Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also—because it normally does so day after dayseems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation.
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• 人称指代词指代对象是名词；如果说是并 列的句子或者相邻两个句子的关系，指代 词和被指代对象在句子中充当的位置是一 致的。主语对主语。
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• 2. demonstrative pronouns
• Nearly every other animal has a relatively heavy coat of fur to protect it from the weather. When humans began changing their environment by wearing clotes and building homes, this became unnecessary.
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• 2. the word “they” in the passage is cloest in meaning to
• A. adapted • B. likely • C. difficult • D. resistnt • As snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees
指代题
Lillian 苑
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• 1. 数量不多：每篇0-2道题。
• 2. 指代词：each, this, that, those,these,it, which, both, neither, that(this)+n(抽象名词）
• 3. 难度不大，因此要确保稳拿到手
• 4. 出题形式：the word X in the passage refers to…..;the word X in the passage refers to…..
continue as part of the group’s oral tradition and may even come to be acted out under conditions divorced from these rites. When this occurs, the first step has been taken forward theatre as an autonomous activity, and therafter emtertainment and aesthetic values may gradually replace the former mystically and socially efficacious conerns. • 往前走一句，找句子主干，并列句的话，就后半句为主。
中一个
• 5. pro-forms • The Nile waters were found to be choked with plant
matter. That awful condition was caused by a shortage of rainful in the Nile’s watershed. • This,that+noun也是指代某种情况，一般是指代前面 句子或者本句中的主句。
• 指示代词是指代一个句子或者短语，一般 指代对象是本句的主句或者பைடு நூலகம்前一句的主 句。
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• 3. relative pros
• Nylon had many advantages:it was tough and stiff; it tended to keep its shape; and moisture could not seek into it, which discouraged the growth of bacteria.
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• The word “this” in the passage refers to • A. the acting out of rites • B. the divorce of ritual performers from the rest of society • c,. The separation of myths from rites • D. the celebration of supernatural forces • But the myths that have grown up around the rites may
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Forms and solutions
• 1. personal pronouns
• Jazz is a mixture of many different kinds of music. It is a combination of the music of West, the work sons the slaves sang, and religious music.
• 关系代词是指代名词或者一个句子（限制 性定从和非限制性定从）
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• 4. other pros • The kit fox resembles its distant cousin, the gray fox.
Both have thick coats and bushy tails. • Both，neither都是指代两者；either指代两者中的其
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• 3. the “word” in the passage refers to
• A. pakicetus
• B. fish
• C. life
• D. ocean
• It has beeen suggested that pakicetus on fish in shallow water and was not yet adapted for life in the open ocean. It probably bred and gave birth on land.