英语学年论文
大学英语论文(共10篇)
大学英语论文(共10篇)大学英语论文（一）: 求一篇大学英语作文,议论文~some people think that animals should be treated as friends ,yet others only consider animals as sources of food and clothing .what"s your opinionWhat animals mean to human being,close friends or lists of recipeSome people consider that animals should be regarded as friends instead of food or sources of clothing,while the opponents think animals are born to service for human being.As far as I am concerned,I advocate the former’s opinoin.There are two main reasons for that.First of all,it is known that more and more rare animals are endangered,because of the human being’scapture.People peel off the animals’ skin to make coats and usetheir further to make clothes,even eating the meat of extinct animals and don’t care whether the food is delious or not,only because it is rare and not easily available.Which definitely leads to theextinction of certain animals.On the other hand,with the development of civilization,people should acknowledge that every creature has its right to live.Which guaranteea the harmony of the earth.Thus people need to show their respect to the animals and let them live better instead of hurting them or killing them.This behavior should be forbidden in today’s civilized circumstance.In conclusion,presently animals are no longer regarded as sources of food and clothing.In stead,animals are people’s close friends who can company people especially to the olders who always like rearingthe pets with whose company the olders don’t feel lonely anymore.For those animals who are disapearing,people need to pay more attention to them to aviod their extinction.Otherwise people could only see them in museum,not in the nature.What a pity.大学英语论文（二）: 关于美国政府大学课程的论文!（实在不行,中文也行!抄袭的绕道,从以下话题选一个作文论点,写一篇英语论文,大学本科水平.1.Abortion Rights2.National Health Care3.Marijuana Prohibition4.Senate Fillibuster5.Electoral College System6.Changing the XIV the Amendment7.Eliminating Judicial Review.8 Prayer that using context to decide what words mean is a proficient reading strategy and that they have the language sense to make appropriate guesses which can fit both the grammatical and semantic sense of what they are reading.iv) Match the task to the topicOnce a decision has been taken about what kind of reading text the students are going to read,teachers need to choose good reading tasks 鈥攖he right kind of questions and useful puzzles,etc.Asking boring and inappropriate questions can undermine the most interesting text; the most commonplace passage can be made really exciting with imaginative and challenging tasks.Working in groups,the English teacher and students take turns asking each other questions following the reading.The teacher may ask,鈥 What is the significance of the character鈥檚 age鈥 These questions require inferences based on details from the reading text.大学英语论文（七）: 大学英语作文怎么写才能得高分敬请能者答之!大学英语写作文要注意些什么1,段落分几段最好每段字数在哪个范围2,文章怎样布局好3,文章可用哪些常用句子——万能句子!4,有人说：first,second,third.非常实用,除了这种结构,还有哪些结构实用吗大学英语作文说白了和中文的议论文差不多,讲究格式,先是表明你的观点,再用几个例证阐明和支持观点,最后是来个总结式的结尾,进一步重申你的观点. 段落一般分三段比较好.一三段简短些,但是不能有太多的错误,中间的一段因为式举证,所以要详细些.万能句子无非就是那些套语和连接词,运用on one hand ,on the other hand,firstly,second,thirdly,what"s more,what"sworse,however,neverthelss等词会显得文章有层次感,给评卷老师一个好印象.还有就是尽量背一些比较经典和常见的英文俗语和文章,考试的时候绝对有用.总之这种作文只考技巧,文采不是那么重要.大学英语论文（八）: 求一篇关于如何安排大学时间的英语论文字数200-240之间First,I may choose an elective course,or may choose a specialty to repair again.second,I will exercise the body,will serve the motherland.I planned that the academic society one kind of new movement form,for instance tennis,handball and so on,this are one public relations method and exercise way.third,raises one custom,for instance reads this book every month according to the plan and so on,because must certainly read to the university,as soon as otherwise looks like a many university student school gate to ask that three did not know,the most basic general knowledge did not know.fourth,I planned is the voluntary worker,can be in the future resume luminescent spot!Moreover these experience very much will later have the value,passed the school days to be very difficult to have such opportunityfifth,I thought that suitable participated in a mass organization,had more friends,because studied is not most important regardlessActually regardless of made anything not to be able to leave uncultivated the time,this was very important,because the university was life most important period of time,used it,will profit life-long,also will not leave behind the regret and the regret.有参考!【大学英语论文】大学英语论文（九）: 写一篇英文论文,内容是关于大一上学期的感受心得是这样的,写一篇关于大一上学期的感受心得.要是没英文的可以给中文.我自己翻译.不过最好要E文啦~学校要写2500字....找到几篇,第4篇最长也最规范,不过是PDF文档,你看看吧1."My Freshman Year" by Mr Robert X.2.Freshman Fears3.My First Year in College(这个被抄袭的概率应该很大,因为很容易找到,而且是中国人写的)4.Rethinking the First Year of College5.My first year at college5.In college,first year is by far the riskiest大学英语论文（十）: 英语作文议论文急有些人认为经典作品之所以经典,是因为它们经受住了时间的考验.因此,无论身处哪一个时代,人们都应该将它们视为珍宝,我们这代人当然也不例外.也有些人认为经典著作代表着过去的智慧.我们正向着未来大步迈进,探索未知世界、发掘对人与自然的新认识是我们的责任.对此,你有何看法就这一主题写一篇300-500词的文章Some people think we should treasure classical works because they have withstood the test of time.At the same time,there are some other people think classics only represent the wisdom of the past.Theythink our responsibilities are focusing more on the future,further exploring the unknown and discovering new understanding of man and nature.On this issue,I prefer to agree the former.We never lack of works of wisdom in different era.Each of them represent the highest level of social working.They have their meaning even in modern society.They bring us the visual aesthetics,the baptism of ideas and stimulate our innovation.Our contemporary creation is on the basis of the combination of the current technology with the past wisdom.大学英语论文范文英语论文格式。
英语专业论文英语范文推荐(精选4篇)
英语专业论文英语范文推荐(精选4篇)选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
问渠那得清如许，为有源头活水来，本文是勤劳的小编给家人们找到的英语专业论文英语范文推荐【精选4篇】，仅供参考，希望对大家有一些参考价值。
英语小论文800字篇一1．坚强的意志是成功的重要保证。
2．意志坚定的人才能完成伟大的使命，3．学生也是这样，不刻苦学习，终究不会成为有用之才There is an old saying: where there is a will, there is a way. It tells us that a strong will is the most essential quality that anyone who wants to achieve success. It can contribute a lot to one’s success.Although “All roads lead to Rome”, none of them is completely smooth. Our life is filled with obstacles which may make us feel so hopeless that we may choose to give up. At the crucial moment, strong will helps a lot. As a matter of fact, the ability to work through difficult situation and unfortunate events with strong will can make one stronger and more capable. In other words, if we want to realize life’s goal, we must keep forging ahead with strong consciousness.From what has been discussed above, we can see that the establishment of tough determination is of great importance to everyone. With a strong will, including our knowledge, we will be able to deal with any situation in our life. Whatever we do, as long as we stick to and do not give up easily, we will realize the goal at last.英语专业论文模板篇二“魅力新声”英语歌唱比赛不仅具有较高的学术含量，而且包含较浓厚的英语文化。
英语专业学年论文
附2：学年论文格式安徽工业大学工商学院英语专业学年论文The Translation of the Tradenames专业（使用三号宋体加黑，下同）姓名学号成绩指导教师XXXX年11月ContentsAbstract (i)摘要...................................................................................... i ii 1 Introduction (1)2Trademark significance (2)2.1 Cultural properties of trademark (2)3Several Forms of Trademark Translation (3)3.1 Special translation (另类译法) (3)3.2 Free translation (直译) (3)3.3Transliteration (音译) (3)4 Conclusion (13)The Translation of the Tradenames Abstract:Trademark is closely related to the commodity. A goodtrademark can make desire to inspire people to buy . In order to achieve maximum benefits . so , trademark as a special symbol , a commodity producer or operator to make their own production is very helpful to attract consumers and let them to buy . In the cognitive framework of pragmatics relevance theory , human communication behaviour will produce the best expectation to try to deal with minimal effort to obtain adequate contextual effects, to achieve commeracial success.Key Words: Trademark; a special symbol; attract consumers摘要：英文商标是一种特殊的商业语言符号，他是商品的灵魂文化的核心部分。
英语专业学年论文
英语专业学年论文语音是口头交际的基础,也是语言教学的出发点。
下面是店铺为大家整理的英语专业学年论文，供大家参考。
英语专业学年论文范文一：情感过滤效应在外语教学中的应用摘要：本文从情感过滤效应学说出发，解释了语言教学过程，不仅是认识过程，传授知识的过程，而且是情感交流的过程。
同时，笔者认为情感过滤学说不够完善，不能解释语言教学中的各种现象，进而提出了自己的看法。
论文关键字：情感过滤效应情感交流过程情感过滤理论(Affective Filters)是在一九八三年由西方语言学家克拉申(Krashen)提出的。
他的理论可用正面图说明：Filter(过滤器)Input(语言习得机制) (学习者的能力)他认为，“在语言教学过程中，老师讲授的语言知识(即Input输入)需经过一个情感过滤器(即filter)的作用方可进入学生的语言习得机制(即languageacquisition device)，其后再转换为学生的语言能力(acquirer’s competenc e)。
”[1]所谓情感过滤器是指师生关系。
他认为，“在语言教学过程中老师采取愈理想的态度，情感过滤器的阻力则愈小;若情感过滤器阻力降至最低点，过滤时教师的输入对学生的语言习得机制将呈完全开放状态，可完全通过过滤器而直达学生，使其获得最佳学习状态。
”[2]这样，学生就会激发起更高的学习欲望，主动要求更多的输入，同时也能够获得更多的输入。
克拉申(Krashen)提出的情感过滤理论把语言学理论与语言教学实践联系起来，认为语言是通过接受可理解性输入而产生的。
由此可以看出，情感过滤学说是符合教育学与心理学规律的，有它新颖性，对语言教学活动，特别是对外语教学有重要指导意义。
教学过程是教师、学生的主要实践活动。
凯洛夫的《教育学》认为，“教学过程是一种在教师指导下，学生学习前人已经认识了的知识技能，培养一定观点和道德品质的认识过程。
”[2]即教学过程是一种特殊的认识过程。
英文论文(优秀4篇)
英文论文（优秀4篇）选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。
以下是可爱的编辑为大伙儿收集整理的英文论文（优秀4篇），希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
英语专业论文模板篇一很多学生忽视了毕业论文的重要性和现实意义，这是其写作质量不高的主要原因之一。
毕业论文是大学生在校期间向学校所交的较后一份书面作业。
英语专业学生在修完一般英语写作课程后，初步熟知和掌握了基本的写作要素和技巧，这时为了深化写作内容，进一步提高文字表达能力，须开始进行学术论文写作。
毕业论文写作在巩固了词的各种意义、搭配、用法、词序，句子的定义、结构、种类、用法，即写作的基本要素和技巧的同时，还能培养初步的研究、分析和总结问题的能力。
这就为学生在日后进一步从事相关学科的研究工作打下了坚实的基础。
《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》指出，“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估学业成绩的一个重要方式”。
毕业论文写作的优劣、质量的高低是决定学生能否顺利毕业或可否被授予学位的重要依据。
因此大学生须重视和认真撰写毕业论文。
英语论文范文word 篇二Upon the completion of the thesis, I would like to take this opportunity toexpress my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Peng Xiaohua, who hasgiven me important guidance on the thesis. Without his help and encouragement,my thesis would have been impossible. Besides his help with my thesis,he hasalso given me much advice on the methods of doing research, which is of greatvalue to my future academic life.I am also obliged to other teachers whose lectures have broadened my scopeof vision in British and American literature and help me lay a necessaryfoundation for the writing of the thesis. I am also grateful to all the members ofthe faculty and staff in the College of Foreign Languages who have provided mewith a lot of help and guidance.Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to all the friends andfamily members who have offered me help. Without their help,I could not havefinished my study and this thesis.英语专业论文模板篇三分层次提出教学要求：英语系按照学校的要求把XX级学生以入学成绩为依据分了两个层次，A层次普通学科专业班级，B层次体音美专业班级。
大学英语毕业论文范文精选
大学英语毕业论文范文精选大学英语毕业论文范文一：大学英语教学设计中翻转课堂的应用摘要：随着信息技术和教育理念的不断更新，翻转课堂教学模式越来越受到国内教育工作者的热切关注。
文章尝试将翻转课堂这一新的教学模式运用到大学英语课程的教学设计中去，通过将翻转课堂和一篇英语课文的教学相结合，设计出了较为具体的基于翻转课堂的教学流程和实施方案，并予以实施。
实践证明，将翻转课堂和大学英语课程的教学设计巧妙结合，有助于实现学生的个性化和自主性学习，能够有效培养学生的自主学习能力和合作探究能力，提高学生学习大学英语课程的积极性。
关键词：翻转课堂;教学设计;大学英语教学随着信息技术的快速发展和对英语教学改革的呼声日益高涨，翻转课堂教学模式开始受到国内英语教育工作者的广泛关注。
翻转课堂是利用现代信息技术实现了对传统教学模式的有效翻转，能够帮助学生实现个性化学习，提高学生的学习积极性。
而大学英语课程作为高等教育中的基础公共课，学生对其教学质量的要求不断提高。
然而，目前在很多高校，大学英语课程的教学仍然在沿袭传统的教学模式，课堂上以教师讲授为主，学生被动地接受，学生对教学的参与度较低，缺乏学习的主动和个性化。
而翻转课堂教学模式的引进，对于像英语这样需要学生在交流和实际使用当中才能真正得以掌握的科目来说，自然有着很多优越性。
文章将从翻转课堂的含义，翻转课堂与传统课堂相比的优势，以及如何将翻转课堂运用到大学英语课程的教学设计中去等几方面探讨翻转课堂这一新的教学模式。
1翻转课堂的含义与特点概述所谓翻转课堂，就是在信息化环境中，教师提供以教学视频为主要形式的学习资源，学生在上课前完成对教学视频等学习资源的观看和学习，师生在课堂上一起完成作业答疑、协作探究和互动交流等活动的一种新型教学模式[1]。
也有学者认为，教学视频并非翻转课堂的核心，对传统教学流程的颠覆[2]和基于“以学生为中心的思考”才是翻转课堂的真正含义。
翻转课堂的成功得益于探究性学习和基于项目的学习带来的主动学习[3]。
有关英语学年论文格式_论文格式_
有关英语学年论文格式
论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上，写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考，详细内容请看下文英语学年论文格式。
a contrastive study between english and chinese idioms
(题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写;另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“times new roman”)
(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字，加粗)，依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中)
【abstract】 this paper centers on the different expressions of …… (英文摘要：上空二行;题目采用五号“times new
roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“times
new roman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。
)
【key words】 idiom; comparison; english; chinese
(英文关键词：题目采用五号“times new。
专业英语论文(优秀)
专业英语论文（优秀）浅谈大学英语学习论文篇一一、前言开放30年来，我同一直处于一个与时俱进，开拓进取的年代，冈而，教育，作为一项关系到国家进步，人民发展和民族繁荣的大事业，也正在跟着时代的步伐做出适当的调整。
纵观以前，我国传统的教育一度以行为主义理论为核心指导理论，应用到外语教学中主去，就出现了外语教学结构皆以教师为主，学生为辅从而使我们的外语教学一直处于事倍功半的不良状态。
但随着建构主义理论在我国的日益流行，同内越来越多的外语学专家和教师才开始将注意力慢慢投向外语学习的真正主体一一学生。
此外，国家教育部也在2003年了启动大学英语教学的试点工作。
同家教育司亦于2023年颁布了《大学英语课程教学要求》其中提出新教学模式应能使学生选择适合自己需要的材料和方法进行学习，获得学习策略的指导逐步提高其自主学习的能力。
因此，在当前新的时代背景下，只有认真研究大学英语的自主学习模式才能真正实现我同大学英语教学的最终目的，培养出适应时代要求，能够真正为现代化建设贡献一份力的人才。
三自主学习模式一般来说自主学习模式是指学主在明确的学习目标要求之下，以及英在教师的正确指导下，根据自身认识结陶和需要，积极、主动、创造性地完成具本学习任务的一种教学方式。
自主学习具体模式有:1.问题式学习模式，2.锚式情境教学，3.协作学习，4.交互式教学。
这种教学模式有其实践的必要性小具本如下:传统外语教学法为我国的教育发展阳人才培养做出了巨大贡献，但目前已凋显滞后，存在着各种严重弊端。
自主学习教育模式有其优越性。
自主学习教育模式的提出主要出且于以下两苦:一是随着丰杜十会的迸步以人为本发展完善自我的价直取向成为社会发展的必然。
在教学理念上以学生为中心，在传授知识和技能拍同时特别注重语言的运用能力和自主学习能力的培养，在课程体系上也充分本现了分类教学的思想，注重个体差异，散学手段要求多样化，教学测评更重视学生的语言运用能力和过程性评估。
大学英语议论文范文(优选4篇)
大学英语议论文范文第1篇英语议论文的格式一、英语议论文写作要点者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:1.论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．2.论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．i borrowed a book from the library last week .it was very boring and difficult .i read only ten pages. therefore, i think that all library books are useless.评注: it does not have a logical argument .the writer dislike one library book, but not all library books are the same. the writer should not make a general statement (all library books are useless) based on his reactions to one single book.二、议论文的写作步骤:大学英语议论文范文第2篇英语议论文作文：关于我Hello, my name is Jian ’m a ’m 12 years ’m in Class 5,Grade ’m tall and thin.In the school,I’m a good student. At my home,I’m s good son.I like playing badminton, playing the violin and so on. Sometimes, I play badminton with my good friends, sometimes; I watch badminton games on like blue and green, because they’re very beautiful. I like eating watermelons and mangoes very much.This is me. Do you like me?大学英语议论文范文第3篇英语作文的格式作文与阅读一样极为重要。
学年论文
吉林华桥外国语学院学年论文（2007级）姓名：董晏伯学号：1201070703院系：应用英语学院专业：英语（金融与保险）二〇一〇年七月The Investigation on the Difference of Utterance between Male and Female男女话语风格差异的调查姓名：董晏伯院系：应用英语学院专业:英语（金融与保险）吉林华桥外国语学院Jilin Huaqiao Foreign Languages InstituteThe Investigation on the Difference of Utterancebetween Male and FemaleⅠ.IntroductionThe Investigation on the Difference of Utterance between Male and Female .In fact I use the key word “sex” in my paper rather than “gender”, the current one, at first. I preferred not to use the word gender because it was technical term in linguistics, and most of the issues dealt with in our society focused on “sexism”. However, the current vogue is to use “gender” rather than “sex” for the topics discussed today, and I have therefore adopted it here. Further more, the sex normally refers to biological and physical differences between the male and female, whereas gender involves more social and cultural elements involving the whole gamut of social and cultural differences between the male and female. Therefore, in this view gender roles rather than sex roles should be the concern in discussion.Ⅱ.The Origin and Evolution of Gender Differences in Language 2.1 The Origin of Gender Differences in LanguageLanguage is an encyclopedia of studying the social behavior; language is a living fossil of recording the social life, which is affected by the views and values of society. In fact, language itself cannot be either good or bad, which serves not only as a mirror of our whole society but expresses and reflects the whole social reality. Gender difference existing in language is a linguistic phenomenon and is bound up with the sociocultural origin. In the linguistic literature perhaps these most famous examples of linguistic differentiation between the sexes is found in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies among the Carib Indians. “It is reported that male and female Caribs spoke different languages, the result of a long-ago conquest in which a group of invading Carib-speaking men killed the local Arawak-speaking men and mated with the Arawak women. It is said that the descendants of these Carib-speaking men and Arawak-speaking women have been described as having different languages, because boys learn Carib from their fathers and girls learn Arawak from their mothers.”① This specific phenomenon of using different languages by both men and women in the same tribe, which claims of the gender difference in language, is originated in a long-ago society.2.2 The Evolution of Gender Differences in LanguageIn 1975, Robin Lakoff, a representative of this theory expresses her idea in her works Langue and Women’s Place. She argues that people use different variants of language, which expresses the inequality of their roles in society. In her opinion, in the male-dominant society, the speech made by male is valued as standard, while that of female is deprived from that of male. It implies the female regard themselves as inferiors to the opposite sex.However, this theory has been doubted since with the development of human society. As the women liberation rises sharply, many changes have been taken place in the field of women‟s role. Th e linguistics noticed that the style differences in the male and female conversation are also constrained by such discourse styles as setting, topic, amount of utterance, and sociocultural conventions, etc. rather than only gender. Though there exist the disputes between binary thinking and pluralistic thinking on study of language use and gender today, sociolinguistic study falls into the latter category, and a new school appears gradually. Therefore, male and female discourse styles shift from static-and-macro research to dynamic-and micro research in language use and gender study.Ⅲ.Gender Differences in Linguistic Level3.1 Phonology and IntonationThe differences of phonology and intonation are partly decided by the physiological structural differences, and partly restricted by the factors such as traditional culture, social econo mic status, speakers‟ personalities, and communicational background.②Phonological differences between the speech of men and women have been noted in a variety of languages. In modern English phonology, the female voice usually has different characteristic s from the male voice. Take “soft” as an instance, female usually pronounces it as [soft], male as [so:ft]. Another example, “girl” is called a [gεəl] by female; [gз:l] by male. “In Scotland schoolgirls pronounce …t‟ in words like …water‟ and got more ofte n than schoolboys, who prefer to substitute a glottal stop. In Montreal many more men than women do not pronounce the …l‟ in the pronouns and articles il, elle, la, and les.”③The intonation patterns of men and women also have differences. There is a very interesting example from an English woman who was advised to speak more like a man in order to fill a position that previously belongs to men. Margaret Thatcher was told that her voice did not match her position as British Prime Minister: she sounded too “shrill”. She was advised to lower her voice, spoke more slowly, and adopted an authoritative speaking style. It occurred to her that she could make her new style a kind of trademark, one either well liked by her admires or detested by her opponents. Further more, women use certain patterns associated with surprise and politeness more often than men do. “Lakoff says women may answer a question with a rising intonation sentence pattern usually associated with a question rather than the falling intonation s entence pattern associated with making an affirmative statement,”④ e.g., Husband: When will dinner be ready?Wife: (using this rising intonation pattern) Oh ... around six o‟clock...? According to Lakoff, women do this because they are less sure about themselves and their opinions than men, so that they use a rising intonation pattern. In contrast, men usually tend to use high falling intonation at the end of sentences, so that their voice sounds resolute and affirmative. For example,I wish you‟d try it.Male: _—_ \ _Female: _ —_ ∕_⑤According to the “double value standards”, men‟s social value is decided by their virtual ability, while their manner and behavior are not extremely important. But women‟s social value is determined by their appropriate and graceful images. As a n external expression women‟s speech act becomes a very important social value to appraise language politeness, appropriate speaking style, and speech strategy, which then become the concrete content and request of women‟s social behavior standards.3.2 LexicologyIn the area of lexicology, many of the studies have focused on English. In English, Lakoff claims that women are sensitive to color words but most men do not. And through Nowaczyk‟s experiment, the result shows that men usually use restricted color terms rather than elaborated color terms like mauve, beige, aquamarine, lavender, taupe, and magenta, which is usually adopted by female usually.Lakoff also maintains that adjectives such as adorable, charming, divine, lovely, and sweet are also commonly used by women but only very rarely by men. Women are also said to have their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects on them, words and expressions such as so good, fun, lovely, divine, precious, darling, and fantastic. Euphemism is one of the most important rhetoric, existing generally in languages. It is a kind of self-defending and self-comforting desire to many people, especially to female. An interesting example says that there is a person visited a Madame‟s husband, but the Madame told the friend her husband “is burning with a low blue flame”, that is to say her husband was drunk. To use euphemism can dodge embarrassing expression for women. As following examples:⑴I have to go powder my nose. →I need to use the washroom.⑵John smokes a pack of cigarettes a day. →John smokes a lot of cigarettes.The use of euphemism also has great different between male and female. The male like to use nit, dawn, piss, fuck, and blast to show their curse; but female always try their best to avoid these words by use of Oh dear, Goodness, Gracious, Dear me, etc., for example,Female: Oh dear, you‟ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.Male: Shit, you‟ve p ut the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.There certainly are gender differences in various languages in lexicology. We will look at some of the evidence that there are gender differences in Japanese. A male describe himself as “boku” whereas a female use “watasi” or “atasi”to show they arewomen when they speak. Usually women and children use “wa” or “kasira”to end a sentence, but men seldom do that; they usually use “ne” or “kana”.3.3 SyntaxIn male and female verbal communication, Lakoff claims that because women are less sure and affirmative of themselves and their opinions than men. They often like to add tag question to statement, e.g., “He can‟t do that, can he?”, “That was pretty silly, wasn‟t it?”. On the other hand, the use of tag questio n by female can achieve three good effects as follows: Firstly, it may confirm whether the information reliability, e.g., “John was ill, wasn‟t he?”. Secondly, it may soften the expression, e.g., “Pass the book to me, will you?”. Thirdly, the speaker is ex pected to give the hearer a signal: it is your turn you to say at the present. It can impel the conversation to move forward, e.g., “It is really a nice day, isn‟t it?”. Tag question can provide enough information, and make their own topic can be accepted by others who can simply use “yes” or “no” to reply even. Besides, female prefer to pronounce like “we” and “you” as subject to show their consideration and care in conversation, e.g., “We will give you our best service.” Sometimes they also use some sente nce patterns like I suppose, I think, well, you know, etc. to show they are uncertain and perplexedⅣ.Social and Cultural RootConsidering gender difference in discourse style, many scholars attempted from different perspective to make explanations of the reasons of gender difference. Goodwin, through a series of observation and investigation, found that there exists a hierarchy system in the male group. While in the female group, they stress more the value of cooperation. An American linguist, Tannen expounded that the female use fewer imperative sentences instead of more suggestive sentence that was used by men.According to scholars‟ viewpoint, I conclude that the male and female show a clear difference in their language. And the difference that begins with how girls and boys use language as children when they grow up in different sub-cultural environment worlds.In some studies, we can find that little girls play in small groups or in pairs; they have a best friend, with whom they spend a lot of time talking. It‟s the telling of secrets that makes them best friends. They learn to use language to care—to make connections and feel close to each other. Boys, on the other hand, tend to play competitive games in a larger group, or a smaller social group, in which some boys give orders, and others are pushed around. So boys learn how to use language to gain independence finding their way up, and trying to get all the attention, challenging and resisting challenges, imperative knowledge and other skill. They learn different uses of language skills till adulthoods, where they affect cross-gender conversations.Ⅴ.ConclusionMany linguists studied the special subject, namely the gender difference in amount of utterance. Many researchers agree that men speak more than women do. In the investigation, I got almost the same conclusion through observing and analyzing the interpose phenomenon between men and women in conversation. As the survey result shows, whether adults or youths, the interposition of men are more than women.Men often violate turn taking regulation, and women often loss the opportunity of speaking b ecause of men interruption. Whereas, women rarely violet men‟s turns. Even they do so, they seldom contend with men for the right to control topic, but just make some compliments to show their supports. In different situations, women tend to speak more encouragingly and reply more cooperatively. They try to seek the more similar aspects in order to keep their communication more smoothly. Generally speaking, men pay more attention to the indicative function of their speech while women stress more on their social function, namely, to establish and develop their relationships with others.Through analyzing and sampling the phenomenon of interpose to observe the amount of utterance between men and women, we can conclude that it isn‟t that women always talk more, while men are taciturn and succinct. Women talk more at home, since talk, for them, is a way of creating imitative. However, men regard talk as a means to show they are in charge, and they often see no need to talk at home. But they talk more in “public” situations with people they know less well. At a meeting, when questions are asked, it is always a man who speaks first. When on the opened phones of a radio or a talk show, the vast majority of talks from men, who are more likely to speak more to explain their questions (if they have any) and address many different topics.There is a very interesting phenomenon, when the testees confront the question that who interrupts more in the daily conversation, almost men thought women speak more, and interrupt more, but it is not true actually through analysis. In the investigation, women indicate that if they were interested in or concerned about men‟s topic, they would raise some questions on the current topic to make the conversation continue, or forecast the o pposite sex‟s speech, or show their approval or disapproval. If they are not interested in men‟s topic, they mostly only make a brief reply or keep in silence, but rarely adopt the positive method to interrupt and get the right to speak. On the other hand, men interrupt others because they associate another thing rather than the current topic, or show their different opinion to the opposite party. These interviews suggest, for frequently interpose, men are more than women in fact. Moreover, there are great significances in the study of gender difference in languages use. Firstly, understanding gender difference in ways of talking is the first step toward adjusting differences between the male and female. Secondly, a studying of gender difference can be helpful for us to have deep understanding of the relationship between language and culture. Thirdly, this research is significant in terms of school education. If school can help students consider the difference as cross-cultural, thenstudents could find that they and their partners are willing to make adjustments and improve their relationship.Bibliography1. John A. Dixonl, and Don H. Forster, Gender and Hedging: From Sex Differences to Situated Practice, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, 19972. Lakoff, R., Language and Women's Place, NY: Harper & Row, 19753. Spender, Dale, Man and Language, 2nd edition, London: Pandora Press, 19924. Jespersen, Language: Its Nature, Development and Origin, NY W. W., 19925. Dong Yin-xiu，《兰州工业高等转科学校学报》，2004年3月6. 李中泽，《社会学要义》，人民出版社，2004年1月7. 胡壮麟，《语言学教程》，北京大学出版社，2001年7月8. 杨永林，《社会语言学研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2004年6月9. 殷红梅，《英语学习》（英语中委婉语的使用及构成），北京出版社，2001年9月10. 王烈琴，《外语教学》（优势与差异：言语交际中的性别因素），西安出版社，2005年9月ContentsI. Introduction (1)Ⅱ.The Origin and Evolution of Gender Differences in Language (1)2.1 The Origin of Gender Differences in Language (1)2.2 The Evolution of Gender Differences in Language (1)III. Gender Differences in Linguistic Level (2)3.1 Phonology and Intonation (2)3.2 Lexicology (3)3.3 Syntax (4)IV. Social and Cultural Root (4)V. Conclusion (5)Bibliography (6)AbstractAn American linguist Sapie said, “Language is the product of history.” Language exists among hundreds and thousands of people, and it develops with the development of the society. Gender differences are fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to find them in language. Language and gender are related and their relationships are interactive. In many cases, although men and women speak the same language, they use it differently in phonology, intonation, lexicology, syntax, etc.Moreover, through investigations I conclude that in cross-sex conversation women ask more question than men. They use more signals like “mhmm” and “oh” to encourage others to speak, and use more instances like “you” and “we” to build good relationships with others. In addition, men interrupt, dispute and ignore more; they try to control whatever topics and are inclined to make categorical statements. The reason of men and women‟s speaking differ because the different way of boys and girls in childhood, and the different role of men and women in society. If such is the case, we might expect adjustments in men and women communications.摘要美国语言学家Sapie说道,“语言是历史发展的产物。
高三英语年度工作总结论文7篇
高三英语年度工作总结论文7篇篇1过去的一年，我们高三英语备课组在教育教学工作中，以提高学生成绩为中心，认真履行工作职责，加强教学研究，深化教学改革，努力提高课堂教学效率。
本组教师业务能力强，工作热情高，以严谨的工作态度，较好的完成了教育教学工作。
现将一年的工作总结如下：一、加强理论学习，更新教育观念我们继续加强教育理论学习，学习新课标下英语教学的理论依据，学习先进的教学方法和经验，学习教育教学相关理论文章。
使全组教师树立正确教育观念，把握英语课程的要求，用先进的教育理念武装自己，提高教育教学水平。
二、抓好教学常规，提高教学质量1. 认真备课。
根据新课标要求，认真备课，制定出科学合理的教学计划。
各备课组坚持集体备课，共同讨论教学重点、难点及教法、学法，明确教学目标和知识容量，统一进度，统一检测。
备课组成员团结合作，共同商讨教学中遇到的问题，做到集体备课有准备、有记录、有落实。
2. 认真上课。
各备课组成员认真上好每一节课，充分利用各种教学资源，运用多媒体手段辅助教学，激发学生的学习兴趣，活跃课堂气氛。
课后认真进行反思，总结教学中的得与失，以便于更好地开展下一轮的教学工作。
3. 认真批改作业。
坚持布置适量的作业，并及时批改、讲评，做到批改作业有记录、有错订正。
对后进生尽量做到面批面改，及时进行辅导。
4. 认真辅导学生。
利用课余时间，对后进生进行个别辅导。
特别是对基础较差的学生坚持进行跟踪辅导，不让一个学生掉队。
三、加强教改研究，提高教学水平1. 积极进行课堂改革。
我们针对英语课堂教学中的实际问题，积极进行课堂改革。
通过听课、评课、说课等形式，研究当前英语课堂教学的新模式、新方法。
探索适合我校学生实际水平的英语课堂教学新路子。
2. 积极撰写教学论文。
我们组的每位教师都积极撰写教学论文，并有多篇论文获奖或发表。
这些论文都是结合我们的教学实践进行的理性思考和总结，对于指导我们的教学工作有着重要的意义。
四、加强团结协作，提高整体水平我们高三英语备课组是一个团结协作的集体。
英语学年论文格式与规范要求
南华大学外国语学院学生学年论文格式与规范要求1.学年论文须用英语书写，正文不少于1500字，论文观点清楚，论证充分。
论文严禁抄袭。
学年论文以A4标准页面排版(21*29.7cm)，1.5倍行距，双面打印，字体、字号要求如下：标题用粗体：一级标题三号，二级标题小三号，三级标题四号；论文正文中英文用Times New Roman 小四号，中文用宋体小四号，论文题目用Times New Roman 3号。
2.学年论文由论文封面、内容摘要（英中文）、论文目录、正文、参考文献共五部分组成。
参考文献列正文后不单独成页、正文双面打印。
3.学年论文使用南华大学统一的封面。
4.论文中英文摘要以200词为宜，应以第三人称对文中观点进行概括和提炼，不必进行评价。
论文关键词可列3-8个，每个关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个后面不用标点符号。
5.论文的结论或结语在概括文中主要观点之后，宜对该题目的研究前景提出自己的看法。
结论或结语应避免与内容摘要雷同。
6.论文目录列到二级标题，标题后标明页码。
页码放在圆括号中，右对齐。
Contents 一词用Times New Roman 3号，其他用4号。
7.学年论文正文用1，2，3……；1.1，1.2，1.3……；1.1.1，1.1.2，1.1.3……等标明层次。
论文中英文摘要之间空一行，每段开头空格4个字符长度。
8.学年论文引文务必核实无误，并详注出处，用圆括号标示。
词组出处可列该词组之后，句子出处列下一句之前或段落末尾。
出处须标明作者（外国人只写姓），被引文出版或发表年和页码。
后两者之间用冒号隔开，如（Nida, 1965:30）。
9.参考文献一般不得少于10本，其中2本为英文原著。
10.文章撰写过程中参考的有关资料（含文中已标明出处的），以“Bibliography”为标识，用带方括号的序号依次列明，并用5号编排，置于正文末。
参考文献中，英文文献排前，中文文献排后，都以文献作者姓氏的字母先后顺序排列。
本科生英语专业毕业论文范文
本科生英语专业毕业论文范文本科生英语论文范文范文一：英语本科毕业论文The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in T ess of the D'Urbervilles Thesis statement:Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy religion.OutlineⅠ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'UrbervillesA. Wom en’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in EnglandB. A brief commentary of the novel1. the writer --Thomas hardy2. general introduction of the novelⅡ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her lifeA. Tess’s fight to the moribund society1. the moribund society2. Tess’s fight to the moribund societyB. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept1. the traditional moral concept2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral conceptC. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion1.the hypocritical religion in that time2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religionD. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage1.Tess’s unfortunate marriage2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriageⅢ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has sho wn a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth savoring.AbstractThis paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her life.key words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate内容提要本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。
英语系学年论文规定
英语专业第四学期学年论文写作要求与撰写规范学年论文是培养学生综合运用本学年有关课程的理论知识，分析、研究、解决实际问题能力的重要教学环节。
为了进一步加强和规范学年论文工作的管理，提高学年论文质量，根据学校对于学年论文的管理办法以及英语专业的具体情况，特制定英语专业第四学期学年论文写作要求和撰写规范，请遵照执行。
1．同学们需根据所学课程和各自的兴趣与能力，在指导教师的指导下选择适合自己的学年论文题。
内容可涉及语言学、翻译、文学、跨文化交际、英语教学、商务英语和法律英语等。
2．选题确定后，如欲变更选题，应征得指导教师的同意。
3．指导教师应在研究方法与写作方法上给同学们提出切实可行的指导，包括参考书目的推荐，并负责论文的审阅与评分。
4．学生在研究与写作的过程中应主动与指导教师联系，听取指导教师的意见与建议。
5．学年论文的字数为1500-2000英语单词。
6．学年论文要符合英语论文的写作规范。
在形式上应包括：title, abstract（Chinese and English）, key words, table of contents, outline, body, bibliography and acknowledgement 等部分。
正文(body)部分包括Introduction 与conclusion。
7．参考文献(bibliography)的排列应符合规范，按照字母顺序排列。
参考文献的数量不得少于三篇。
8. 成绩评定参考英语毕业论文评分标准，按五级分制评定。
发现全文抄袭者，一律判为零分，并视情节轻重参照学生考试违纪相关规定给予处理。
学年论文不及格者，应申请重修。
9. 学年论文的具体撰写规范及要求：（1）封面及标题：具体样式参见学年论文样本封面页。
题目等具体内容汉字使用四号黑体加粗，英文使用Times New Roman四号加粗。
论文题目要能够概括整个论文的核心内容，字数一般不超过25字，尽量不设副标题。
英语专业学年论文范文
英语专业学年论文范文Abstract:The prevalence of English as a global language has been a topic of extensive debate among linguists, sociologists, and educators. This paper explores the impact of English as a lingua franca on multilingual societies, particularly focusing on the cultural, educational, and socio-economic dimensions. It examines how English has become a tool for communication, access to information, and economic opportunities, while also considering the potential for linguistic imperialism and the erosion of local languages.Introduction:The rise of English as a global language is often attributed to the historical spread of the British Empire and the subsequent dominance of the United States in political, economic, and cultural spheres. This paper delves into the multifaceted effects of English on societies where multiple languages coexist.Cultural Impact:The cultural impact of English as a global language is profound. It has facilitated the spread of Western culture, values, and norms, sometimes overshadowing local cultures. However, it has also enriched cultural exchanges, allowing for a greater diversity of ideas and perspectives to be shared across borders.Educational Implications:In the educational sphere, English has become a key subjectin the curriculum of many countries, regardless of whether English is the native language. This has led to increased opportunities for students to access global educational resources and participate in international academic discourse. Yet, it also raises concerns about the potential neglect of local languages and the cultural identity they carry.Socio-Economic Effects:The socio-economic effects of English as a global languageare significant. Mastery of English often correlates with better job prospects and higher income levels, making it a valuable skill in the global job market. However, this canalso lead to inequality, as those who do not speak Englishmay be disadvantaged.Linguistic Imperialism:The concept of linguistic imperialism suggests that the dominance of English may lead to the marginalization or even extinction of minority languages. This paper discusses the ethical implications of this phenomenon and the potential for resistance and revitalization of local languages.Conclusion:The impact of English as a global language on multilingual societies is complex and multifaceted. While it offers numerous benefits in terms of communication, education, and economic opportunities, it also poses challenges to cultural diversity and linguistic equity. It is essential for policymakers and educators to balance the advantages ofEnglish with the need to preserve and promote linguistic diversity.Bibliography:This section would include a list of academic sources, books, articles, and other materials that were referenced throughout the paper.。
英语学年论文
The Differences in Social Communication between WesternCountries and ChinaBy杨雪梅Yang XuemeiA term papersubmitted to the Foreign Language and Literature Department of Baoji University of Arts and SciencesClass: 5Grade: 2008Term paper Advisor (signature):Student’s signature:Date:The Differences in Social Communication between WesternCountries and ChinaI.IntroductionWith the carrying out of Reform and Opening Up Policy and the globalization of economy, an increasing number of Chinese swarm into western countries. No matter what their real purposes are, it is their hope that they can get along well with those foreigners. However, large amounts of Chinese have no idea about what they can exert themselves to. I read a sentence "If you are at Rome, live after the Roman fashion; if you are elsewhere, live as they do there.” on the website Baidu. It is believed that, to some extent, this sentence provides us a proper answer. In other words, the first thing you need to do before your going to western countries is to learn how westerners behave and what you should pay attention to in those countries. Therefore, some differences in social communication between western countries and China will be shown in this paper.II.DifferencesThe dissimilarities in social communication between western countries and China mainly exist in such aspects as addressing, greeting, praising, visiting, parting, and giving a present. And all aspects of these differences will be expounded respectively in the following paragraphs.2.1Differences in addressingIt takes no effort to find an extremely surprising phenomenon that children should address their elders directly using their name. For example, one may address adults including the father, mother, or even the grandparents by their given names. In the eyes of Chinese, there is no doubt that this kind of appellation should be fervently condemned as a result of its violation of the so-called filial duty, which has been dominant in the minds of Chinese for thousands of years (Huang Yanli, 2005:3) by assertion:“Another difference is about the form of addressing. In China, people are inclined to address their superior or elders using "title + surname" in order to show their respects for them. On the contrary, westerners, no matter what their social statuses are, have a tendency to follow the reciprocal addressing.”2.2 Differences in greetingIt is appropriate to ask how westerners greet to each other when they meet each other. When coming face to face, Chinese usually adopt greeting words like "Where are you going?" or "Have you eaten yet?" But if you greet westerners in the same way, most of them will definitely feel puzzled and be likely to misunderstand you. For instance, when hearing the question "Have you eaten yet?" westerners will regard it as an invitation to dinner in all likelihood. And it is not safe to say "Where are you going?" which will probably displease them because they are under the impression that you intend to encroach their privacy.Apart from this, addressing can be regarded as a way of greeting by Chinese. For example, if one Chinese student happens to meet his or her teacher on campus, he or she may greet that teacher by using "Teacher!" to show respect to the teacher. However, it is quite different in English-speaking countries like America and Britain. In those countries, if you greet the teacher in this way, the teacher will think that you want to talk with him or her.2.3 Differences in praisingIt is well-known that modesty has been our conventional virtue from the very beginning of our ancestors, so we Chinese seldom agree to the compliment on us. Virtually, modesty is also seen among westerners, too. However, their way of expressing modesty differs dramatically from ours. I heard a story told about an American and a young Chinese lady. "You look beautiful today." said the American. "Where, where," answered the young lady in an extremely humble tone. It was fortune that the American replied artfully by "Everywhere." which avoided the lady's possible awkwardness. Usually, the lady's proper answer had better be "Thank you!" or "Thank you for saying so!”2.4 Differences in visitingIn English-speaking countries, one had better make an appointment before paying a visit to whoever it is. Otherwise, the host will feel unpleasant in that your unexpected visit disorders their arrangements .Though you have made an appointment, you should master the time properly. That's to say, you'd better arrive at the host’s house on time. But Americans are accustomed to arrive 3 to 5 minutes in advance or 10 minutes late in order to give the hostess enough time for make-up or dressing.2.5 Differences in partingWhen it's time to say farewell to the host, the manner and rhythm vary distinguishably from one culture to another. It is common that Chinese say "Go slowly, walk slowly, come again." to show appropriate feeling that they are expecting the guest's next visit though sometimes it is not the host's true feeling. Compared with Chinese, westerners will indicate to the host their idea to leave 10 to 20 minutes earlier. For example, the guest may say "I guess I must be going soon. I have to pick up my children." Then they will continue to talk for another 10 or more minutes before the guest really leaves. And they prefer to say "See you later." or "Goodbye!" to each other.2.6 Differences in giving a presentIt is greatly appreciated that courtesy demands reciprocity in China. And Chinese regard the value of the gift as a criterion to measure your respect toward the gift receiver. However, the westerners, especially Americans, pay much more attention to the meaning of the gift rather than the mundane value. I remember my friend Sun received a birthday present, which is just a common card from our foreign teacher. At that time, I held that Americans were so mean. But now I realize how stupid my thought was.The attitudes toward the present also differ between westerners and Chinese. Chinese will pretend to decline the present in front of the person who gives it. But in English culture, people will unfold the present immediately and express their appreciation to others. Otherwise, the other side will be probably under the impression that you do not value his or her present at all.In English culture, people are accustomed to give flowers as present. The numberand color of flowers are very essential to them. It is universally acknowledged among western people that white flowers or even numbers of flowers will bring them misfortune. Besides, it’s inappropriate to give flowers mixed with white and red to patients as a present.III.The Reasons of DifferencesThe differences in social communication mainly derive from various factors. Therefore, it does good to acknowledge these factors. Following are these factors: 3.1 Conventional conceptThe most important factor is the conventional concept which leads to the differences in social communication (Zhang Yan, 2009:6) by assertion:“Confucianism, whose core is mercy and modesty, has been the dominant thought in China since ancient times. While condemned by many critics, it is still deep-rooted in the minds of Chinese. Different from Chinese culture, Christianity plays a very important role in western countries. Westerners widely believe that all of them are sons of the Father, and everyone is created equal.”Spontaneously, they deem that their appellations should be equal, too.3.2 EducationIn China, students are educated to act in a fixed way. For instance, only after they raise their hands can they answer the questions given by the teacher because that’s a regulation in class. To be entirely different, western students are freer in their class. There is no need for them to raise hands or stand up to answer questions at all. Naturally, the conception of regulation goes deep into the minds of Chinese students day by day; on the contrary, the idea of freedom gets ingrained in the minds of western students progressively.IV.Benefits From Knowing These Differences4.1 Making more friendsGenerally speaking, a good understanding of each other is like a great bridge which serves as the bond of friendship. Only by knowing the dislikes or taboos of other people can you do your best to avoid offending others without care, and thenyou will find that you are lucky enough to get a chance to build a friendship bridge. As an old saying goes, "Many friends make the path." There is no other harm than good to make more friends.4.2 Gaining respectsTo some extent, it is a presentation of your personal qualities both in knowledge and virtues. For instance, you are seated with several Chinese friends talking about the manners or taboos in America or Britain, your acquaintance with the theme must surprise your peers, and there is no doubt that they will cast their admirable eyes on your extensive knowledge. If you are talking with westerners, they will think that you are a person with virtues who deserves respects, too. “Apart from this, knowing the differences will save us from embarrassing moments when we are with others.”(L Imperial, 2003:64)4.3 Improving the international image of our nationFrom the viewpoint of politicians, it is meaningful to know the differences in politics. Because one stands not only for himself or herself but also for one part of the whole nation, therefore, an individual's proper behavior seems to be of great help in improving the international image of our nation.V.ConclusionHaving discussed so many aspects of them, we can easily have a general idea of the differences in greeting, parting, visiting, etc. between westerners and Chinese. Apart from this, we also see the significance of knowing the differences from both personal and national perspectives. To be more specific, we can make friends with more foreigners, gain respects from them, and meantime improve the international image of our nation. Hence, it is necessary that we should be familiar with the dissimilarities among different cultures so that we can avoid those unnecessary misunderstanding in social intercourse. (1632 words)ReferencesL Imperial. Manne rs…more Than Etiquett’2003Ed.2003, 64黄艳丽.中西方文化差异与社交礼仪.邵阳学院学报（社会科学版）.2005, 3张燕.中西社交礼仪的差异.赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学版）.2009, 6。
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从文体学的角度看翻译标准1.引言翻译标准和原则, 在翻译界可谓众说纷纭, 其中很多翻译标准都提到了对文体的要求。
Tytler在Principles of Translation中提出译文的风格和表达方式应与原文具有相同的特征; 达在Translation Theory and Practice中也提出: 翻译要从语义到文体, 用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现源语信息[1]; 我国学者严复的“信、达、雅”、鲁迅“要保留原文的风姿”等理论也表达了对翻译标准文体论的探讨。
2.文体探微文体对我们来说可能是个比较模糊的概念, 英语style一词源于拉丁语的stilus, 原指古人在蜡板上写字用的一种用金属或骨头制作的“笔”。
随着时间的推移, style一词的词义不断扩大, 以至《牛津英语词典》曾在该词下面列出26个义项。
[2]现英文Style既可指某一时代的文风，又可指某一作家使用语言的习惯;既可指某种体裁的语言特点，又可指某一作品的语言特色。
它包含文体、语体和风格等方面的意思。
因此stylistics这个词便译为“文体学”、“语体学”或“风格学”。
随着文体学的发展和完善，它已经成为研究翻译理论和翻译标准的重要理念。
一些学者曾指出运用文体学确立翻译标准的意义，并作出了一些精辟论述，集中在语体、语言常规与变异以及语言结构与功能等方面。
但笔者认为这些论述对文体所蕴涵的意义不够系统和全面。
根据泰特勒、奈达等学者翻译标准中的要求，文体style至少应包括语体、文类体裁、功能文体、修辞与篇章等多个层面。
3.文体多层面对翻译的要求3. 1语体( formality)语体表现人与人之间的交际距离，与语域即使用语言的主体、场合和情景相关。
语体在作品中起着相当重要的作用。
它可以描写话语环境、展示人物身份、反映社会文化、体现原作的文体风格等。
译者应了解作者的语体使用意图，在译文中设法去再现这些方面的效果，以求获得语用等值。
如: [3]a. His beloved parent has joined the heavenly choice.b. His dear father has passed away.c. His father died yesterday.d. His old man has kicked the bucket.根据所表达的拘谨、正式、商议及随意等不同文体，宜分别译为:他慈父已登仙界。
他亲父已去世。
他父亲昨天过世了。
他的老家伙已经翘辫子了。
对语体的翻译须辨析词汇所归属的语体等级, 以做到选词准确。
词汇的语体色彩除了可以在相关词典中查找外，还可以根据语言环境推断，注意不同的情景和不同的语体使用相应的语言，完成不同语体之间的对应翻译。
翻译标准文体理论体现在语体上贵在“信”, 即保持原语与译语在语体上的一致性。
3. 2.翻译与文类题材( types of writing or genre)不同的文类在词汇、句式、修辞、结构等方面都表现出很大差异。
条约、法律、学术论文需要庄重的文体;戏剧需要口语;广告文体注意语言的感召力, 句子简朴, 语言精练却含义丰富, 能给读者广泛的想象空间。
然而文学文体题材体裁广, 词汇丰富, 语言生动形象, 句法变化多端, 风格多样, 对于译者而言, 在译文中表现原作的题材之异对达到翻译的文体标准至关重要。
翻译时必须熟练掌握这些语言特点，以便在译文中得以体现。
各文类翻译的要求在刘宓庆的《文体与翻译》等著作中均有阐述，如新闻报刊文体须注意词语和语序的对比与转换，译文不宜太俗或太雅;翻译科技文体应懂科技知识，准确表达词义和熟练掌握常用结构;广告文体须注意再现原语言的感召力;文学文体的翻译不应满足于形式对应, 须追求精神实质, 还要体现作家的个人风格, 即符合傅雷的“神似”标准。
3. 3功能文体分析不同的作品在语言的各级阶的运用上都有其独特的语言特点。
功能文体分析用现代语言学原理与分析方法去研不同的作品在语言的各级阶的运用上都有其独特的语言特点。
功能文体分析用现代语言学原理与分析方法去研究包括文学文体在内的各类文体，注重对不同的语言结构所产生的不同文体效应的描述，如语言各层面的突出形式与前景化分析、语境与语篇分析等，包括语音、文字、小句及语篇等层面。
3. 3. 1语音层面语音的独特使用和处理能达到某种特殊的功能和效果，一定的语音形式定会包含一定的功能和寓意，翻译时需要把其功能和意义转换在译文的形式上。
Steerforth then said, “You are all right, Copperfield, are you not?”and I told him, “Never berer. ”(David Copperfield by Charlse Dickens)译文1:斯提福兹这时说道:“你好了吧，科波菲尔，是不是?”于是我告诉他说，“再好没有了。
”译文2:..我就对他说，“再没那么奥的老。
”原文Never berer是Never better变异形式，形象地再现了科波菲尔舌根发硬，吐字含糊不清的醉态。
译文1将变异Nerver berer还原为常“再好没有了”，无法表达这一功能。
译文2运用汉语固有的“飞白”修辞手段，翻译英语语音和拼写变异，用汉语谐音“再没那么奥的老”，异曲同工地传译了原文话外音。
3. 3. 2词汇层面词是作者用以构建语篇的基本单位，分析词的使用是掌握作者作品文体风格的必要条件。
功能文体学认为词汇的突出表现为词汇的失衡和失协，词汇的失衡突出模式指同一词汇集的词汇的超规则排列，其失协突出模式指词汇多义性双关和非规则性相关。
[4]例如:Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,And heavily from woe to woe tell o’er;The sad account of fore -bemoaned moan, Which I new pay as i f not paid before.( Shakespeare’s sonnet 30)莎士比亚在这里连续对四个表达伤感的词进行重叠: 例如: grieve, woe, moan, pay, 渲染了悲伤气氛, 在moan一词的使用上, 前一个moan加上be后变成了动词, 并加前缀fore, 从而使得呜咽之声绵延不绝, 哀婉动人。
译成汉语时需要体现其在词汇上的特殊用法和表达的功能。
试译成:于是我为过去的惆怅而惆怅, 细细体会旧日的痛苦到痛苦;那许多呜咽过的呜咽的旧账, 犹如在偿付未偿还的积债。
又如: If we don’t hang together, we shall most assuredly hang separately.此例利用hang多义性双关形成对比, 强调共同抗敌的重要性, 以达到号召全民的目的。
翻译时应尽力表现对比意义, 在修辞效果、语言风格及深层含争取接近原文, 可译为:不是共赴战场, 就得同赴法场。
[ 5 ]3. 3. 3句子层面句子突出表现在有独特句法形式和结构表达一定的特殊效果和功能意义。
例: It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be inwant of a wife.这句表达了对资产阶级婚姻观的嘲讽。
通常情况是:人们往往听到“举世公认”的一类“真理”总不免肃然起敬, 油然产生对某种“放之四海而皆准”的大道理的即将出台而翘首以盼的预期心理，这就造成了一种悬念谁想如此慎重其事的随之而来的“真理”原来就这么回事，令人顿生忍俊不禁之感。
有译者认为此句翻译时应按汉语的习惯变换句式，如译成:译文1:凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。
(王科一译)然而这一特定的句法风格形式本身就具有特殊意义，译者的自由须限制在保留原文艺术效果的范围内。
此外，原文两个逗号也不可小觑，它们是下一个悬念的预设，两个小小的逗号是作者卖给读者的两个关子，对文体学与翻译研究有很深造诣的王佐良先生就译出了原文的文体风格:译文2:有一条举世公认的真理，即:凡是有钱的单身汉，是必定要娶位太太的。
(王佐良译) [6]显然，译文2比译文1要好。
3. 3. 4语篇层面语篇层面主要注意语篇衔接与连贯。
从语篇宏观结构、衔接、连贯、意向性和文体风格角度来指导翻译是实现译文预期功能的必要手段，只要运用得当，就能达到一般翻译方法难以达到的积极效果。
译者要培养自己具有较强的语篇能力，重视语篇过程性和整体性，结合语篇的语用原则与语义原则，充分利用语篇本体和语篇语境间内在联系，准确完整地获取语篇息，使翻译上升为理性层次。
例:为了逃避那一双熟悉的眼睛，释放后，经人介绍，他来到湖南一家木器厂做临工。
译文: In order to avoid those familiar eyes, he di dn’t re2 turn to his hometown after release, but found an odd job in a furniture factory in Hunan Province through introduction.从上下文可知，湖南并非他的家乡，因此可“逃避那一双双熟悉的眼睛”。
为使译文语义连贯，畅晓明白，宜加上he didn’t return to his home2 town, 使读者不感唐突。
这里，汉语原文的语义连贯转向了译语的形式衔接。
3. 4修辞与篇章修辞是形成独特文体的一个重要方面，英语和汉语的修辞手法大多相同或近似，而它们在相似之中又有一些各自的特点，在表达方式上又存在着许多差异。
由于这些差异，要成功地再现修辞产生的文体风格，需要从篇章上入手，保持原文的语言感染力。
翻译中如果不能正确表现原文的修辞格，就不能准确地表达原文的思想、精神和风格，会使原文的语言力量遭到削弱，不符合翻译的文体标准。
在修辞翻译问题上，主要有以下几种转换方法:对应式换码，重构式换码和淡化式换码。
[7]在文体的修辞标记处理上，不应局限于词句，有时需要篇章作为对应单位和翻译单位。
例如: ————What flower does everybody have ? ————Tulips. (Tulips = two lips)译文为”人人都有的花是什么花? —————泪花。
虽然“泪花”与tulips (郁金香)字义相去甚远，但与原语的修辞效果大体一致，也可谓是上乘的翻译了。
[5]4.小结文体的蕴涵丰富，从词汇、语法、修辞手段到韵律、节奏等各个方面，甚至还涉及社会、历史、文化、心理等各个方面的因素。