单片机的发展和应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

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英文原文-单片机发展与应用

The development and application of MCS-51MCS-51 single-chip was producted in the United States INTE companies in 1980, and compared with MCS-48 single-chip the structure of it has more advanced and more powerful, in the original basis of the circuit an increase of more units and directive amounted to 111, MCS-51 single chip can be regarded as very successful product, until now, MCS-51 series or compatible single-chip applications is still the mainstream product, colleges and universities and professional schools, training materials remained in line with the MCS-51 single-chip, as the theoretical foundation for learning. We also carry out the representation of system models to explain.The range of MCS-51 single-chip 8031,8051 and 8751 mainly includes products such as GM, its main function is as follows: 8-bit CPU 4kbytes program memory (ROM) 128bytes of data memory (RAM) 32 Article I / O port 111 command line. Most of the 21 single-byte instruction register 2 dedicated programmable timer / counter interrupt source 5, a two-priority, full-duplex serial communication port to external data memory address space for external 64kB program memory address space for 64kB-bit addressing logic operation function 40PinDIP dual in-line package Single +5 V Power Supply MCS-51 with its typical structure and improve the special registers of the bus centralized management, operation of a large number of logic functions and bit-oriented control rich instruction set, called for the generation of "crew", the other single-chip microcomputer for later laid the foundation for the development. Because of its superior performance and improve the structure, resulting in the subsequent many manufacturers use or make reference to more than its architecture, there are many of the world's largest maker of electrical and enriched and developed the MCS-51 microcontroller, such as PHILIPS, Dallas, ATMEL, etc. well-known semiconductor companies are compatible with the introduction of the MCS-51 microcontroller products, and even China's Taiwan WINBOND also compatible with the development of C51 (it used to be referred to as MCS-51 If there is no special statement C51, both with the mean MCS-51 Series single-chip) microcontroller varieties. C51 obtained in recent years the development of rapid, C51 origin INTEL as a result of the company was busy developing high-end PC and not on the microprocessor to continue to develop their own single-chip, and by other manufacturers to its development, is the most typical PHILIPS and ATML company, PHILIPS mainly to improve its performance, based on the original development of the high-speed I / O port, A / D converter, PWM (pulse width modulation), WDT andother enhancements, and low-voltage, micro-power consumption, extended serial bus (I2C) and control network bus (CAN) and other functions be improved.PHILIPS Corporation C51 in the development of low-power, high speed and enhanced functionality made many contributions to the development of its first major C51 single-chip, they save 83Cxx and 87Cxx series of parallel expansion bus, suitable for control of household appliances as a category of single-chip microcomputer of the economy.ATMEL Corporation AT89Cxx introduced C51 range of compatible single-chip, to be perfectly Flash (non-volatile flash memory technology) EEPROM with 80C51 core combine the use of C51 is still the overall structure and command system, Flash can be anti-erasable program memory can effectively reduce the development costs and allow for repeated use of single-chip microcomputer.Siemens also use the core of C51, C500 series has introduced single-chip, while maintaining compatibility with the C51 instructions under the premise of the performance of their products has been further improved, especially in the anti-interference performance, electromagnetic compatibility and communication control bus unique functions, and their products are commonly used in the working environment of the occasion. Also applies to the field of telecommunications and home appliance control.WINBOND Taiwan companies have also developed a series of C51-compatible microcontroller, and its products typically have a wealth of features, but also to its high quality and low price in the market also has a certain amount of points.8051 is MCS-51 series single-chip representation of products. It integrated a powerful central processing unit, including the instruments used in multiplication and division hardware, control registers 21 dedicated, 4kB the program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 4 groups of 8 parallel port, two 16-bit can be programming timer / counter, a full-duplex serial port, as well as the Boolean processor. MCS-51 has a relatively large address space, address line width of 16, or external data memory and program memory addressing an area of 216 = 64kB, which is controlled as a single-chip is relatively large, which at the same time available on the I / O port access. In addition. MCS-51 modular structure, can be easily added to and deleted a module and instructions can be pin-compatible products. Thus easy to form a serialized products. MCS-51 as a result of the almost perfect integration of the 8-bit central processing unit, processing, and central processing unit in a convenient and flexible integration of a dedicated register, the hardware increases, subtraction,multiplication, division, and Boolean logic processor and a variety of computing and transfer of command, which will provide a great convenience. MCS-51 instruction set of near-perfect command system contains comprehensive data transfer instructions, and improve operations of arithmetic and logic instructions, easy to operate and control the logic of commands, the programming is very flexible and convenient. MCS-51 single-chip operate frequency is the 2-12MHz, when the oscillation frequency is 12MHz, a machine cycle is 1us should be said that the pace is relatively fast. Perfect in 8051 integrates the various interrupt sources, the user can very easy to control and use of its functions, the scope of the application makes it up, it can be said to meet the vast majority of applications.MCS-51 make the main parts of micro-computer to be integrated in a heart-chip, making data transmission distance significantly shorter, higher reliability, more pieces of the operating speed. Since the fall of the chip micro-computer, the functional components in the chip layout and structure of the optimization, to enhance anti-interference ability, work is also relatively stable. Therefore, in the industrial measurement and control system, the use of single-chip is the ideal choice. Typical single-chip embedded systems, it is the best low-end device control system.MCS-51 requiring a lower level of the development environment, software is very rich in resources to introduce the features of books and software desirable everywhere, simply equipped with a PC (personal computer - the computer is basically no configuration required), a simulation programmer to achieve product development, the early use of DOS software version, with the popularity of Windows software, almost all now use the Windows version, and a wide range of software, an array, the many varieties of single-chip, The C51 is the most abundant environmental resources, which to a great C51 user convenience.MCS-51 applications ：Single-chip widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment and the intelligent management in areas such as process control, can be divided into the following broad areas:1. In the smart application of instrumentation MCS-51 is small size, low power consumption, control, and expansion flexibility, miniaturization and ease of use, widely used in instrumentation, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow , speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, element, measurement of physical pressure. MCS-51 makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligence, miniaturization andfunctional than the use of electronic or digital circuitry even stronger. For example, precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, and analyzer).2. In the industrial control MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent control of the lift, all kinds of alarm systems, and computer networks constitute a secondary control system.3. In the application of household appliances can be said that almost all home appliances are using the MCS-51 control, electric rice from favorable, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, electronic weighing and then equipment, all kinds, everywhere.4. In the field of computer networks and communication applications in general have a modern MCS-51 communication interface, can be easily carried out with computer data communications, computer networks and in inter-application communications equipment to provide an excellent material conditions, now Basically, all the communications equipment to achieve a MCS-51 microcomputer intelligent control, from the mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications system call, the train wireless communications, and then you can see day-to-day work of mobile phones, Mobile communications, such as radios.5. MCS-51 medical equipment in the field of application of single-chip microcomputer in medical devices have a wide range of purposes, such as medical ventilator, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic equipment and hospital call systems. In addition, single-chip microcomputer in the industrial, commercial, financial, scientific research, education, defense aerospace and other fields have a wide range of uses.Since the birth of MCS-51 after it entered the human life, such as washing machines,refrigerators, electronic toys, household appliances, such as Shoulu MCS-51, improved intelligence, increased functionality, much like people. SCM will make human life more convenient, comfortable and colorful.Comprehensive above, the MCS-51 has become a computer development and application of an important aspect. On the other hand, the importance of MCS-51application also is that it fundamentally changed the traditional control system design concepts and design methods. From the past must be digital or analog circuits to achieve the most functional, it is now MCS-51 software can be used to achieve the method. This software instead of hardware control technology, known asmicro-control technology, is a traditional control technology revolution.。

外文翻译--单片机的应用和发展

外文翻译--单片机的应用和发展附录附录1The use and development of SCMAbstract: The composition of SCM, outlined the development and applicationfields as well as on the future prospects for the development of SCM.Keyword: MCU application development1. SCM ProfileSCM is an integrated circuit chip, using ultra-large-scaletechnology to a data processing capability (such as arithmetic operations, logical operators, data transmission, interrupt handling) microprocessor (CPU), random access data memory (RAM), only Reading program memory (ROM), input-output circuit (I / O I), may also include regular counters, serial communication I (SCI), display driver circuit (LCD or LED drive circuit), the PWM circuit (PWM ), Analog converter and multi-channel A / D converter, and so on to a single integrated circuit chips, constitute a minimum, however perfect the computer system. These circuits in the software under the control of accurate, speedy andefficient procedures for designers to complete the tasks set out in advance.From this perspective, the MCU is not available in themicroprocessor functions, it can be individually controlled by thecompletion of a modern industrial requirements of the intelligentcontrol functions, which is the largest MCU features.However, MCU is different from the SBC, chips in the absence of development, it is only a function of the strong ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, if entrusted to it specific procedures, it is a minimum, the integrity of the micro-computer control system, With the SBC or personal computer (PC machines) are essentially the difference between the application of a microcontroller chip-level applications, users need to understand the structure and microcontroller chips command system and other applications of integrated circuits and system design technology required The theory and technology, with such a specific chip design applications, thus making the chips with specific functions.SCM has different characteristics of different hardware and software features, that is, their technical characteristics are different, depending on the hardware features of the internal structure of microcontroller chip, users want to use a microcontroller, we must understand this type of product Meet the needs of the function and application of the required indicators. Here the technical features include features, and control of electrical characteristics, and so on, they need information from the manufacturers have the technical manual. Software feature is that instruction of environment and development support, command of which we are familiar with the SCM addressing, data processing and handling of logic, input and output characteristics and the requirements of the power supply and so on. Support the developmentof the environment, including the compatibility of command and portability, support software (including applications to support the development of the software resources) and hardware resources. To use a certain model of SCM to develop their own applications, master of its structural features and technical characteristics is necessary.SCM control system to replace the former use of complex electronic circuits or digital components of the control system, the software can control to achieve and be able to achieve intelligent, and now ubiquitous SCM control areas, such as communication products, home appliances, smart instrumentation , Process control and exclusivecontrol devices, and so on, the MCU applications more widely.It is true that the SCM application of its significance far from being limited to the scope of application or the resulting economic benefits, more importantly, it has fundamentally changed the traditional control methods and design ideas. Control technology is a revolution, is an important milestone.2. MCU development outlined1946 first electronic computer was born So far, only 50 of the time, relying on micro-electronics technology and semiconductor technology advances, from the tube - transistors - integrated circuits - large-scale integrated circuits, now a fully integrated on a chip several Millions or even 10 million transistors, making computers smaller, more powerful. Especially the past 20 years, the rapid access to computer technology to the development of the computer industry and agriculture,scientific research, education, defense and aerospace field of a wide range of applications, computer technology has been a country of modern technology is an important indicator of the level.SCM was born in the 1970s, the company developed as Fairchid F8-chip micro-computer. SCM is the use of so-called large-scale integrated circuit technology to the central processing unit (Center Processing Unit, that is often called the CPU) and data memory (RAM), program memory (ROM) and other I / O communication integrated in a chip mouth , One of the least of a computer system, and modern SCM is the addition of the interruption unit, regular units and A / D converter, and other more complex, the better the circuit, making the SCM function more powerful, more applications Wide.In the 1970s, microelectronics technology is at a stage of development, integrated circuit belong to the scale of development period, all kinds of new technology and new materials have not yet mature, SCM is still in the initial stage of development, component integration is still relatively small-scale, feature comparison Simple, generally the CPU, RAM Some also include some simple I / O port integrated into the chip, as Farichild companies fall into this type, it also dealt with other the external circuit would constitute a complete computing system . SCM is also available in a similar Zilog's Z80 microprocessors.1976 INTEL introduced the MCS-48 microcontroller, this time the MCU is the real eight single-chip micro-computer, and to market. To itssmall size, full-function, low price to win a wide range of applications, for the SCM laid the foundation for the development, a microcontroller important milestone in the history of the development.MCS-48 in the lead, then, the major semiconductor companies havebeen developing and developed its own microcontroller, as Zilog's Z8 series. By the early 1980s, SCM has developed to a high-performance stage, as the INTEL company MCS-51 series, Motorola's 6801 and 6802 series, Rokwell company's 6501 and 6502 Series, etc., in addition,Japan's famous Electric Company, NEC HITACHI and have been developed its own dedicated MCU.In the 1980s, the world's major companies are competing varieties developed strong multi-function SCM, about dozens of series, more than 300 varieties, at this time of the SCM belong to the true single-chip, most integrated CPU , RAM, ROM, the large number of I / O interface, a variety of suspension systems, even some with A / D converter, the microcontroller, more powerful functions, RAM and ROM also increasingthe capacity, look Office space or even up to 64 kB, it can be said that SCM developed to a new stage, the wider application areas, many household appliances are using SCM to the development of intelligent control of the road.1982, the 16-bit microcontroller available, on behalf of thecompany's products are INTEL MCS-96 series, 16 SCM than eight machines, data width has doubled, real-time processing capability stronger, higher speed , Integration reached 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232bytes, ROM can reach 8 kB, and has eight interrupt source, while the allocation of a multi-channel A / D converter channels, high-speed I / O processing unit, Applied to more complex control system.After the 1990s, SCM was the rapid development of the world's major semiconductor companies have developed a more powerful MCU. Microchip U.S. company announced a completely compatible with the new generation of MCS-51 series PIC microcontroller, has aroused widespread concern in the industry, especially its products only 33 reduced instruction set to attract a lot of users, so that people from the INTEL 111 out of complex instructions to concentrate on. PIC MCU access to the fast development of a place in the industry.Then the matter, people familiar with the MCU are more clear, more species flocking to the SCM, MOTOROLA MC68HC companies have issued a series of SCM, Japan's few well-known companies have developed a stronger performance Products, but Japan's SCM generally used for system control, rather than running as INTEL, and other companies to market a generic SCM. For example, NEC Corp. production uCOM87 MCU, the representative of uPC7811 is a very goodperformance of the SCM. MOTOROLA company's MC68HC05 series of high-speed low-cost, and other characteristics of winning a lot of users.Zilog's Z8 series of products made by the representative of theZ8671, containing BASIC Debug interpretation of the procedures, greatly facilitate the users. The United States States a half COP800 MCU is used advanced Harvard architecture. ATMEL company put microcontrollertechnology and advanced Flash memory technology perfect combination, issued a very good performance AT89 series of SCM. HOLTEK includingChina's Taiwan and WINBOND companies have also joined the ranks of SCM development, with their low cost advantages, the United States share a cup of soup.INTEL 1990 the United States launched the 80,960 Super 32 SCM caused a sensation in the computer industry, products have been put on the market, a history of the development of SCM also an important milestone.This period, the MCU corner, SCM colorful varieties, Zhengqidouyan. There are eight, 16 or even 32-bit machine, but the 8-bitmicrocontrollers continue its low price,variety complete, application software rich, full support for the environment, facilitate the development of the characteristics of dominant position and Zhanzhao. INTEL Corporation and with their strong technology, excellent performance of the models and a good foundation, the MCU is still the mainstream products. Only the mid-1990s, INTEL companies develop their busy personal computer microprocessors, has not enough energy to continue to develop their own derivative of a microcontroller technology, and from companies such as the continued development PHILIPS C51 MCU.3. SCM applicationsSCM widely used instruments, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, special equipment for the intelligent management and processcontrol, and other fields, generally can be divided into the following areas:(1). Smart instrumentation on the ApplicationSCM is small in size, low power consumption, strong control, expansion of flexible, easy to use micro-and the advantages of widely used instruments, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, Temperature, flow, speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, elements, such as physical measurement pressure. SCM control makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligent, and miniaturization and function than the use of electronic or digital circuits become more powerful. Such as precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, various analyzer).Voice network capacity Copyright>(2). In the industrial control ofSCM can use a wide variety of control systems, data acquisition system. For example, factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent elevator control, various alarm systems, computer networking and a two control systems.(3). In the application of household appliancesIt can be said that now the use of household appliances basically control of the microcontroller, from electric rice pao, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, to Chengliang electronic equipment, all sorts, everywhere.(4). In computer networks and communication in the field of applicationSCM common with modern communication interface, can be easily and computer data communications, computer networks and communications equipmentbetween the application provided an excellent material conditions, the communications equipment now basically achieved SCM Intelligent Control, from the phone, telephone, small program-controlled switches, building automated communication system calls, train wireless communications, to the day-to-day work can be seen everywhere in the mobile phone, mobile communications clusters, radios and so on.(5). SCM in medical equipment in the field of applicationSCM in medical equipment in use is also very broad, such as medical breathing machine, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasound diagnostic equipment and hospital beds call system, and so on.(6). Tablets of the other applicationsThe use of modern office in the large number of communications, information products used by the majority of SCM, such as general computer system of the keyboard Station code, disk drives, printers, plotters, copiers, telephones, fax machines, attendance, etc.As the commercial marketing system has been widely used in electronic scales, cash registers, bar code readers, storage security detection systems, shopping mall security systems, air-conditioning system, frozen storage systems, have adopted SCM has been a dedicatedsystem, This system is mainly due to obvious violations of anti-virus, anti-electromagnetic interference high reliability can be assured.Usually in the automotive electronics and aerospace electronicsystem of centralized display system, power detection and control system, automatic driving systems, communications systems, and operation of monitors, and so must be a redundant network system.From the above, the SCM application will not be limited to the significance of its functions, as well as on the economic benefits. What is more important significance lies in the fact that the application MCU is a fundamental change in the traditional control system for design ideas and design methods. From the past must be digital or analogcircuits to achieve the most control, it is now able to use the SCM software method, such software to replace the hardware and can improve system performance of the control technology, known as micro-control technology. This marks the establishment of a new concept. With the MCU to promote universal application of technology, micro-control technology will continue to develop, increasingly improved, more enriched.4. SCM trend of developmentSCM now can be said is letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools contend the period, the world's major chip manufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller, from eight, 16-32, innumerable, everything, and the C51 series compatible with the mainstream , But also incompatible, but their different characteristics, each other as complementary to SCM applications broad room.Throughout the development process of SCM, can indicate the development trend of SCM, generally are:(1). CMOS and low power consumptionMCS-51 series of 8031 introduced the power consumption of 630 mW, and now the SCM in general about 100 mW, with the increasingly demanding low power microcontroller, the various microcontroller manufacturers have adopted the basic The CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80 C51 to be used as a HMOS (that is, high-density metal oxide semiconductor process) and CHMOS (high-density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). While CMOS low power consumption, but because of its physical characteristics to determine their pace of work is not high enough, and CHMOS then have a high-speed and low power consumption characteristics of these features, is more suited to the requirements of low power consumption, as battery-powered applications . Therefore, this process will be for some time to come the development of the primary means of SCM.(2). Micro-chip inThe SCM is now conventional to the central processing unit are common (CPU), random access data storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and serial communication interface, interrupt system, regular circuit, the clock circuit Integrated in a single chip, enhanced integration of SCM such as the A / D converter, PMW (PWM circuit), WDT (watchdog), some SCM will LCD (liquid crystal) drive circuit Are integrated in a single chip, this includes the MCU unit on the circuitmore and more powerful features. Even SCM vendors can also tailored according to the user's requirements, create its own microcontroller chip.In addition, the product is now generally require small size, light weight, which requires strong and MCU functions in addition to low power consumption, and to its small size. Many of SCM now has a variety of packages, SMD (surface-mount) more and more popular, a microcontroller made by the system are moving in the directionof the development of micro.Voice network capacity Copyright>(3). Mainstream and multi-species coexistAlthough the wide variety SCM, with their own characteristics, but still 80 C51 at the core of the SCM Zhanzhu Liu, compatible with its structure and command system of the company's products are PHILIPS, ATMEL company's products and China Taiwan's Winbond series of single - Machine. So C8051 at the core of the SCM occupied half of the country. Microchip's PIC and reduced instruction set (RISC) also has a strong development momentum, China Taiwan's HOLTEK companies in recent years, increasing the output of SCM, with its advantages of low-cost high quality, occupied a certain market share. There is also the MOTOROLA company's products, several large Japanese companies dedicated MCU. In a certain period of time, will be the continuation of this situation, would not exist SCM Singh is a monopoly, and take the interdependence is complementary and mutually reinforcing, common development.单片机的应用和发展摘要:介绍了单片机的组成，发展概述和应用领域以及介绍了单片机未来的发展前景。

毕业设计中英文翻译

本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目：电力系统检测与计算外文题目：The development of the single chipmicrocomputer译文题目：单片机技术的发展与应用学生姓名： XXX专业： XXX指导教师姓名： XXX评阅日期：单片机技术的发展与应用从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。

在电子世界领域，从 20 世纪中的无线电时代也进入到 21 世纪以计算机技术为中心的智能化现代电子系统时代。

现代电子系统的基本核心是嵌入式计算机系统(简称嵌入式系统)，而单片机是最典型、最广泛、最普及的嵌入式系统。

一、无线电世界造就了几代英才。

在 20 世纪五六十年代，最具代表的先进的电子技术就是无线电技术，包括无线电广播，收音，无线通信(电报)，业余无线电台，无线电定位，导航等遥测、遥控、遥信技术。

早期就是这些电子技术带领着许多青少年步入了奇妙的电子世界，无线电技术展示了当时科技生活美妙的前景。

电子科学开始形成了一门新兴学科。

无线电电子学，无线通信开始了电子世界的历程。

无线电技术不仅成为了当时先进科学技术的代表，而且从普及到专业的科学领域，吸引了广大青少年，并使他们从中找到了无穷的乐趣。

从床头的矿石收音机到超外差收音机；从无线电发报到业余无线电台；从电话，电铃到无线电操纵模型。

无线电技术成为当时青少年科普、科技教育最普及，最广泛的内容。

至今，许多老一辈的工程师、专家、教授当年都是无线电爱好者。

无线电技术的无穷乐趣，无线电技术的全面训练，从电子学基本原理，电子元器件基础到无线电遥控、遥测、遥信电子系统制作，培养出了几代科技英才。

二、从无线电时代到电子技术普及时代。

早期的无线电技术推动了电子技术的发展，其中最主要的是真空管电子技术向半导体电子技术的发展。

半导体电子技术使有源器件实现了微小型化和低成本，使无线电技术有了更大普及和创新，并大大地开阔了许多非无线电的控制领域。

单片机外文文献翻译(2024)

引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。

它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。

随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。

本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。

概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。

传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。

而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。

本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。

正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。

1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。

1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。

二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。

采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。

2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。

2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。

三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用THE Application and Development ofMicrocontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses tec hnology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i tu rned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the c ontrol of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all t he functions.Thus, the microprocessor （monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ）chips are not functional, it can independently com plete modern industrial control required for intelligent control func tions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristi c.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from mac hines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and o utput interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it m achine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference betw een).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （monolithic integrated circuits lear ners with users understand the structure of the chip ）monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use o f technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in th is particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a parti cular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character de pends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the intern al structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The tech nical features include functional characteristics, control and electric al attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and devel opment support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and log ical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requi rements, etc. Development support of the environment, including th e instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contai ns can support the development and application software and hard ware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of deve lopment of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, lea rn its structural features and technological characteristic is require d.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use o f sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achi eve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic in tegrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to contr ol and control devices, theapplication of more monolithic integrate d circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic perfor mance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditi onal methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it i s a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought conte nd "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unv eiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with e ach other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circ uits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development p rocess, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolit hic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lowe r TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic inte grated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal o xides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the hig h density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (com plementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). C mos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-spee d chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic i ntegrated circuits。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

SCM is an integrated circuit chip，is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM，read—only memory ROM，a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry，pulse width modulation circuit，analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems。

SCM is also known as micro—controller （Microcontroller)，because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor。

The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system，smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways。

单片机英文文献及翻译

Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers .An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering thatagreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharingOutput grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of P1 , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above itseffective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.51系列单片机的功能和结构结构和功能的监控监-51系列之一--计算机芯片监控监-51名是一幅一个电脑晶片,英特尔公司生产系列. 这家公司推出8级一个计算机芯片监控监-51系列之后,于1980年8引入一个计算机芯片监控监,于1976年48系列.。

单片机的发展及应用现状外文翻译英汉双语毕业设计

MCU development and application status In thisKey words: a single-chip microcomputer, development, applicationChina started to use MCU is in 1982, just ﬁve years very quickly. The current worldeach big chip manufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller,from 8 bits, 16 to 32 bits, etc, but they have their special features, complementary toeach other, for the application of the single chip microcomputer provide vast heavenand earth. Single chip microcomputer, also called a single-chip microcomputer or single chip computer. It is the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), input/output port (I / 0) and other major computerfunctions components are integrated into a piece of integrated circuit chipmicrocomputer.MCU development and application statusAbstractKey Words: MCU, development, applicationStudyonMCS5IMieroController’sReverseAnatomizationandToDownDesignAbstraetTheworldwideeleetroniesindustry15raPidlymovingforwardovethePastdeeades.Assilieonteehnologyhaserossedthedeesubmieronthreshold,eeandesigntensofmillionsoftransistorsonsingleehiP.That15tosaysemieonduetorhasenteredintotherealm“SystemonaChip(SoC)”.TheresearehontheteehnoloofIpeordesign15eoneernedbybothresearehsoeietyandindustryworl.BeeauseofthewideuseofMCS51MieroControllerandtheimPortanmeaningofMCUeore design,westudyonMCS51reverseanatomiztionandToPDownDesignThegoalofthisartiele15todesignaMCS51MieroControllerehiTheMainworkandaehievementsareasfollows.Eye recordedIn this IABSTRACT II1. The single chip microcomputer proﬁle 21.1. Microcomputer in the popularity of our country (2)1.2. The structure of the single chip microcomputer (2)2. MCU development 42.1. Single chip microcomputer long life (4)2.2.8 bits, 16, 32-bit SCM common development (4)2.3. Single chip microcomputer faster (4)2.4. Low voltage and low power consumption (5)3. The reliability of the microcomputer application technology 53.1. EFT (ELLECTRICALFASTTRANSIENT) technology (5)3.2. Low noise wiring technology and drive technology (5)3.3. The low frequency clock (6)4. MCU development 64.1. Low power consumption COSM change (6)4.2. Miniature monolithic change (6)4.3. The mainstream and many varieties coexistence (7)4.4. Large capacity and high performance (7)4.5. The serial extension techniques (7)Reference 81. The single chip microcomputer proﬁle1.1. Microcomputer in the popularity of our countryChina started to use MCU is in 1982, just ﬁve years very quickly. In Shanghai in 1986 to the ﬁrst single chip has held a national development and application of exchange, andin some areas has also established the single chip computer application association,that is the formation of the ﬁrst wave. By now, microcomputer application technology rapid development, the Internet we enter a "single chip" search, will see thousands of single chip microcomputer website introduced, not including foreign. And its corresponding professional magazine now also has a lot of, for example by single-chip microcomputer, the authority of the world HeLiMin the single-chip microcomputerand embedded system application "magazine now is popular electronic industry, inJuly 2003, 91 student. Com in Shanghai, guangzhou and Beijing and the big cities do a professional personnel needs report, the single chip microcomputer talent was ﬁrst demand.1.2. The structure of the single chip microcomputerSingle chip microcomputer, also called a single-chip microcomputer or single chip computer. It is the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), input/output port (I / 0) and other major computer functions components are integrated into a piece of integrated circuit chip microcomputer.We by the shrewd are calculated an arithmetic problem. Example: 36 + 163 x 156-166 ÷ 34. Now to operations, ﬁrst needs an abacus, followed by the paper and pen. We putthe question to count down, and then the ﬁrst step was to be 163 x 156, with 36 total sum of the written in the paper, and then the 166 ÷ 34, and put it in the result from the last minus, get the ﬁnal results.Now, we use the single chip microcomputer to complete the above process, obviously,it must ﬁrst have instead of abacus operations parts, it is a "logic"; Next, want to have can play the paper and pen in the role of the device, which can memory original title, raw data and intermediate result, also remember that make SCM can automatic operation and the establishment of command. This kind of device is called "CunZhuQi". In addition, still need to have eﬀect of the controller can take the place of people, it can according to the command of the given in advance send all control signal,make the whole calculation process can step by step. But light these three part is not enough, the original data with orders to input, the results of the calculation to output, all need in the order, sometimes need to wait. As an example, the calculation in 163 x 156, digital and cannot at the same time into the unit. Because this needs to be set up in the single according to the command of the controller for action "door", when the unit need, let new data into.Or, to get the last results when unit, then the output, but among the results can't literally "slip out of the" single chip microcomputer. This kind of input and output data of certain management "door" circuit in the SCM called the "mouth" (Port). In the SCM, there are basically three types of information ﬂow in, one kind is data-all kinds of raw data (as an example of the 36, 163,, etc.), intermediate results (such as 166 ÷ 34 income commercial 4, such as a remnant 30), program (command set), etc. So by external equipment to through "mouth" into the single chip microcomputer, and stored in CunZhuQi, in computing process, data from CunZhuQi read unit operations,operation results to deposit in the middle CunZhuQi, by unit or the last by "gateway" output. The user to the execution of the single chip microcomputer of command (program) in the form of data by CunZhuQi into controller, reading by controller (decode) to all kinds of control signal, in order to perform such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, the function of command. So, this kind of information is called control command, the controller to control unit step by step and processing operations, and control of the CunZhuQi read (take out data) and write (deposit data), etc. The third type of information is address information, and its function is to tell the unit and controller in where to get orders fetch the data, the results will be stored in any place, through which the mouth input and output information, etc.CunZhuQi and read only CunZhuQi and CunZhuQi reading and writing are dividedinto two kinds, the former store debugging good ﬁxed programs and constant, thelatter may change at any time for some of the data.Just as its name implies, read only once in CunZhuQi data, can only read, can't change (EPROM, E2PROM chips was, and other types of ROM can through certain method to change, write data-editor note). And reading and writing CunZhuQi may at any time deposit or read data. In fact, people tend to unit and controller merger called the central processing unit-the CPU. SCM in addition to operation, but must complete control function. So without counting and timing. Therefore, in the single chip set upin a timer and counter, the basic structure and instalment of the similar (2), for example.So far, we've know of the single chip computer basic composition, namely MCU is the central processing unit (CPU is the unit and controller), read only CunZhuQi (usually expressed as the ROM), reading and writing CunZhuQi (also called random CunZhuQi usually expressed as RAM), input/output (and divided into parallel port and a serial port, expressed as I/O mouth), etc. In fact there is a single chip inside clock circuit, make SCM in operation and control, all can have rhythm. In addition, there is aso-called "break the system", the system has "the porter's lodge" eﬀect, whensingle-chip microcomputer control object parameters at some need to be the interference of the state, by the "there" bulletin to CPU, make according to the external things CPU priorities to take proper measures to deal with.In fact, SCM internal have a connecting them up "link", the so-called "internal bus". This bus is like the big cities "road" and CPU, ROM, RAM, I/O mouth, interrupt system is in the "bus" distribution of both sides, and and it connected. Thus, all instructions, data can be transmitted by the internal bus, is a big city in all kinds of things are transmitted through trunk road.2. The development of the single chip microcomputerSince the single-chip microcomputer appear so far, microcontroller technology hascome a nearly 20 years of development journey. Throughout 20 years development course microcontroller can be seen, the single chip microcomputer to the developmentof the microprocessor (MPU) technology and very large scale integrated circuit of the development of the technology as the forerunner, take the widely application ﬁeld of pull, show a microprocessor more the development of personality2.1. Single chip microcomputer long lifeHere said the long life and, on the other hand, refers to the development of productsby single chip can work stably and reliablyTen years, twenty years, on the other hand is refers to the microprocessor with thelong life compared. With the rapid development of semiconductor technology,MPU renewal faster and faster, with 386, 486, 586, as a representative of the MPU, a very short period of time will be knocked oﬀBureau, and the traditional microcontroller is like 68 HC05, 8051, the age for 15 years old, production is still rising. On the one hand, is byIn its application to the corresponding ﬁeld of adaptability, on the other hand is due to the CPU as the core, integrated with more I/O functionsModule of the new single chip series are endless. Can foresee, some success of listed relatively young CPU core, also can followThe I/O modules' is unceasingly rich, has a lifetime. The new CPU type joining, make SCM teamExpansion, to the user has brought more choice.2.2.8 bits, 16, 32-bit SCM common developmentThis is the single chip microcomputer development trend of another. Long-term since, the development of the single chip microcomputer is mainly eight machine. As mobile communication, network technology, multimedia technology and other high-tech products in the home, and the 32-bit SCM got rapid development. With the Motorola 68 K for CPU 32-bit SCM 97 year sales volume of 80 million pieces. In the past that the eight microcontroller function is more and more strong, 32-bit machine is cheaper andcheaper, make the 16-bit single chip living space is limited, and 16 bit MCU development whether from the varieties and productivity, in recent years have dramatic growth.2.3. Single chip microcomputer faster and fasterMPU MPU development development development shows shows shows the the the faster faster faster clock clock clock frequency frequency frequency is is is more more more and and and more more more high high high as as as sign. sign. And single-chip microcomputer microcomputer is is different, in order to improve the single-chip microcomputer anti-interference ability, reduce the noise, reduce the clock frequency and not sacrifice in speed is the single chip microcomputer development pursuit. Some 8051 single chip manufacturers improved the single chipmicrocomputer compatible internal timing, without raising the clock frequency of the conditions, make speed increase a lot, Motorola is used in the single chip microcomputer zoar loop technique or internal times frequency technology make internal bus speed are much higher than the clock generator frequency. HC08 68 single chip microcomputer with 4.9 M to external and internal clock of oscillator 32 M, and M68K series 32-bit SCM use outside of the 32 K oscillator frequency internal clock up to 16 MHz above.2.4. Low voltage and low power consumptionSince the early 80 s, SCM gradually by NMOS technology instead of CMOS technology, power consumption by a sharp decline, with very large scale integrated circuit te chnology by 3 μ m technology development to 1.5, 1.2, 0.8, 0.5, 0.35 Nearly Nearly and and and achieve achieve achieve 0.2 0.2 0.2 u u u m m m process, process, process, the the the static static static design design design makes makes makes the the the clock clock clock frequency frequency from dc to dozens of trillion choose, makes the power going down. Motorola recently launched the M.C ORE can choose any in 1.8 V voltage to 50 M / 48 MIPSwork at full speed, power of about 20 mW. Almost all of the single chipmicrocomputer have Wait, Stop and save electricity operation mode. Allows the use of power supply voltage range is also more and more wide. Generalmicrocontroller can in 3 to 6 V work within the scope of the single chip micro computer battery power no longer need to power supply voltage measures taken. Low voltage power supply of the single chip microcomputer lower by 2.7 V power supply has dropped to 2.2 V, 1.8 V. 0.9 V power supply of the single machine has come out.3. The reliability of the microcomputer application technologyIn the single chip microcomputer applications, the reliability is the primary factor in order to expand the application range of the single chip microcomputer and field, improve the reliability of the single chip microcomputer itself is a kind of effective method. In recent years, the single chip manufacturers in the design of the single chip microcomputer to improve reliability of the new technology, the new technology performance in the following:3.1. EFT (EllectricalFastTransient) technologyEFT technology is a kind of anti-interference technology, it is to point to in the oscillating circuit by the sine signal interference, the waveform superposition superposition of of burr burr signal signal signal will, will, will, if if use the plastic plastic schmidt schmidt schmidt circuit, circuit, circuit, the the burr would be triggered signals interferes with normal clock, in the alternate use schmidt circuit and the RC filter circuit, can eliminate the hair or make itsfunction failure to ensure system clock signal normal work. So, improve the reliability reliability of of of the the the single single single chip chip chip microcomputer. microcomputer. microcomputer. Motorola Motorola Motorola company company company MC68HC08 MC68HC08 MC68HC08 series series microcontroller adopt the technology.3.2. Low noise wiring technology and drive technologyIn the traditional single chip microcomputer, the power and the ground is in integrated circuit of the shell of ChenYin feet, general is in the upper left, right or at the lower left, two for symmetry point. It is, it makes the power supply noise through the whole chip, the SCM internal circuit cause interference. Now, a lot of the single chip microcomputer and power pin arranged in two adjacent pin. So, not only reduces the through the chip of the current, and also in the printed printed circuit circuit circuit board board board to to decorate decorate its its decoupling decoupling capacitor, capacitor, capacitor, so so as to reduce reduce the the noise of the system. In order to adapt to all kinds of application of now need, a lot of the single chip microcomputer output ability all had the very big enhancement, the single chip microcomputer Motorola company I/O mouth filling the pull current can reach 8 mA above, and Microchip company single-chip to 25 mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, such as Tosbiba basically can reach 8 ~ 20 mA level. The current larger drive circuit integration to chip in work internal causes all sorts of noise, in order to reduce the influence, influence, now now more more than than than the the small small tube tube tube single single single chip chip chip parallel parallel parallel equivalent equivalent equivalent a a large pipes method, and in every little the pipe string, the output terminal of the different different equivalent equivalent equivalent resistance resistance resistance of of resistance resistance to to reduce reduce di/dt, di/dt, this also is theso-called "jump to change along the softening technology", so as to eliminate large current transient produced by the noise.3.3. The low frequency clockThe clock is one of high frequency noise sources, not only can the disturbance of SCM system, and also to the outside world circuitry interference and make the the electromagnetic electromagnetic electromagnetic compatibility compatibility compatibility can't can't can't meet meet meet the the the requirements. requirements. requirements. Asking Asking Asking for for for high high reliability system, the low frequency clock which helps reduce system noise. In some of the single chip microcomputer by internal zohar cirtle technology, is in the external clock is low, also can produce high internal bus speed, and thus thus makes makes makes the the speed and reduce reduce the the the noise. noise. noise. The The company company MC68HC08 MC68HC08 MC68HC08 series series series Motorola Motorola and its 16/32 a single chip adopt the technology to improve reliability4. The development trend of the single chip microcomputerNow can say MCU is "let flowers bloom" period, the world each big chipmanufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller, from 8 bits, 16 to 32 bit, countless, everything, they have their special features,complementary to each other, for the application of the single chip microcomputer provide vast heaven and earth. Throughout the development process of single chip microcomputer, predicts the development trend of the single chip microcomputer.4.1. Low power consumption of CMOSMCS-51 series of 8031 when the power consumption of the launch of the 630 mW, but now the single chip microcomputer universal in 100 mW or so, as the SCM powerconsumption demand more and more low, each single chip manufacturers now basic using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80 C51 had adopted HMOS (namely high density metal oxide semiconductor semiconductor technology) technology) and CHMOS (high density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Though low power consumption CMOS, but consumption CMOS, but because because because of its physical characteristics of its physical characteristics of its physical characteristics to determine to determine to determine the the speed of work is not quite high, and CHMOS is the high speed and have the characteristics of low power consumption, these characteristics and is more suitable for low power consumption in demand, battery power applications. So this process will be for a period of the development of the single chip microcomputer main ways.4.2. The single chip microcomputerNow the single chip microcomputer universal conventional is will the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), data read only memory (ROM) program, parallel and serial communication interface, the interrupt system, regular circuit, clocking circuit integration in A single chip, enhanced the single chip micro computer integrated as A/D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), some SCM LCD (LCD) will drive circuit are integrated in A single chip, this single chip unit circuit will contain more, function, the stronger you will be. Even single chip manufacturer still can be customized according to the user's requirements, make its own characteristics of single chip microcomputer chip. In addition, the products now universal demand small volume, light weight, which requires the single-chip microcomputer besidesfunction is strong and low power consumption, but also to ask its volume to small. Many of the single chip microcomputer now has a variety of packaging forms, including SMD surface packaging) has become more and more popular, makes the system constructed by single-chip microcomputer is the development direction in miniaturization.4.3. The mainstream and many kinds of coexistenceNow, while the single chip microcomputer variety, each characteristic, but still with with 80 80 C51 single single chip chip microcomputer microcomputer as as as the the core core of of of the the mainstream, mainstream, compatible compatible with its structure and instructions of the system PHILIPS products, ATMEL company products and China Taiwan's Winbond series microcontroller. So as the core of the single chip microcomputer microcomputer occupy occupy occupy C8051 C8051 heavily-accented heavily-accented screams. screams. screams. Microchip Microchip company and the PIC reduced instruction set (RISC) also have a strong momentum of development, China and Taiwan HOLTEK company in recent years of the single chip chip micro micro micro computer computer computer output output output grows grows grows day day day by by by day, day, day, and and and the the the advantages advantages advantages of of of high high high quality quality and low price, takes up the market share. In addition to MOTOROLA the product of the company, a few big companies for the Japanese microcontroller. In a certain period of time, this kind of situation will to continue, there won't be a single chip microcomputer skillfulness of monopoly situation, go is dependent complementary, supplement each other and common development road.4.4. Large capacity and high performanceEver in the single chip for 1 KB ROM ~ 4 KB, RAM for 64-128 B. But in the need for a complex control occasions, the storage capacity is not enough, the need for external expansion. In order to adapt to the requirements of this field, must use new technology, made in memory of the large-capacity. At present, in the biggest single chip microcomputer ROM can reach 64 KB, RAM maximum 2 KB. In addition to further change the performance of the single chip microcomputer CPU, speed up the speed of operation instructions and improve the reliability of the control system. The reduced instruction set (RISC) structure and assembly line technology, which could increase the speed. Now expect to speed up to 100 instructions MIPS (Million Instruction Per Seconds, namely the trillioninstructions Per second), and strengthen a processing, interrupt and timing control control function. function. function. This This This kind kind kind of of of single single single chip chip speed speed than than than standard standard standard single single single chip chip chip more more than 10 times higher. Because this kind of single chip microcomputer instruction are of extremely high speed, can use software to simulate the I/O functions, which introduced the new concept of virtual peripherals.4.5. The serial extension techniquesIn the very long period of time, the universal single chip through the three bus structure expand peripheral equipments of the mainstream of themicrocomputer application become structure. Along with the low price OTP (One Time Programble) Programble) and and various various special special special type type of program memory memory in in the development, and place place around around around the the interface interface are are coming coming in in the piece, piece, promote promote promote the the single-chip microcomputer "monolithic" application structure development. Especially theI2C, SPI and serial bus, the introduction of the single chip microcomputer can make the pin design less, the SCM system structure more simplification and standardization.referenceReference types:Reference type paper booksnewspapersThe article journal articles degreePaper standard web patentDocument type identification M C N J D R S W P[1] ZhangZhiLiang; Single chip microcomputer principle and control technology[M]; Beijing, mechanical industry press, 2008[2] YuHaiSheng; Microcomputer control technology [M]; Beijing, tsinghua university press, 1999.3[3] HeLiMin; Microcomputer application system design [M]; Beijing, Beijing aerospace university press, 1990[4] [4] SunYuCai; SunYuCai; SunYuCai; MCS-51 MCS-51 MCS-51 series series series microcontroller microcontroller microcontroller and and and its its its application application application [M]; [M]; [M]; Southeast Southeast university press.[5] baidu library; The development trend of the single chip microcomputer.单片机的发展及应用现状中文摘要关键词：单片机，发展，应用我国开始使用单片机是在1982 年，短短五年时间里发展极为迅速。

单片机STM32外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译英文原文：STM32 MicrocontrollerIntroductionRequirements based STM32 family is designed for high-performance, low-cost, low-power embedded applications designed specifically for ARM Cortex-M3 core. According to the performance into two different series: STM32F103 "Enhanced" series and STM32F101 "Basic" series. Enhanced Series clock frequency of 72MHz, the highest performance of similar products product; basic clock frequency of 36MHz, 16-bit product prices get more than 16 products significantly enhance the performance and is 16 product users the best choice. Both series have built-in 32K to 128K of flash memory, the difference is the maximum capacity of the SRAM and peripheral combinations. At 72MHz, executing from Flash, STM32 power consumption 36mA, are 32 products on the market's lowest power, the equivalent of 0.5mA/MHz.STM32F103 Performance Characteristics1)Kernel. ARM32 bit CPU, the maximum operating frequency of 72MHz,1.25DMIPS/MHz. Single-cycle multiply and hardware divide.2)Memory. Integrated on-chip 32-512KB of Flash memory. 6-64KB SRAM memory.3)Clock, reset, and power management. 2.0-3.6V power supply and I / O interface, the drive voltage. POR, PDR and programmable voltage detector. 4-16MHz crystal. Embedded factory tuned 8MHz RC oscillator circuit. 40 kHz internal RC oscillator circuit. CPU clock for the PLL. With calibration for the RTC 32kHz crystal.4)Low power consumption. Three kinds of low-power mode. Sleep, stop, standby mode. For RTC and backup registers supply VBAT.5)Debug mode. Serial debugging and JTAG interface.6)Direct data storage. 12-channel direct data storage controller. Supported peripherals: timers, ADC, DAC, SPI, IIC and USART.7)Up to a maximum of 112 fast I / O ports. Depending on the model, there are 26,37,51,80, and 112 I / O ports, all ports can be mapped to 16 external interruptvectors. In addition to the analog input, all of them can accept the input of 5V or less.8)Up to a maximum of 11 timers. Four 16-bit timers, each with 4 IC / OC / PWM or pulse counter. 2 16 6-channel advanced control timer: up to 6 channels can be used for PWM output. 2 watchdog timer. Systick timer: 24 down counter. Two 16-bit basic timer for driving DAC.9)Up to a maximum of 13 communication interfaces. 2 IIC interface. 5 USART interfaces. 3 SPI interface, two and IIS reuse. CAN interface. USB 2.0 full-speed interface. SDIO interface.System Function1)Integration of embedded Flash and SRAM memory ARM Cortex-M3 core. And 8/16 equipment compared, ARM Cortex-M3 32-bit RISC processor provides a higher code efficiency. STM32F103xx microcontrollers with an embedded ARM core, so it can be compatible with all ARM tools and software.2)Embedded Flash memory and RAM memory. Built up to 512KB embedded Flash, can be used to store programs and data. Up to 64KB of embedded SRAM clock speed of the CPU can read and write.3)Variable static memory. Variable static memory with 4 chip selects, supports four modes: Flash, RAM, PSRAM, NOR and NAND. After three FSMC interrupt lines connected to the OR after the nested vector interrupt controller. No read / write FIFO, except PCCARD, the code is executed from external memory is not supported Boot, the target frequency is equal to SYSCLK / 2, so the time when the system clock is 72MHz, 36MHz conducted in accordance with external access.4)Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller. Can handle 43 maskable interrupt channels, providing 16 interrupt priority levels. Tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller to achieve lower latency interrupt handling directly passed to the kernel interrupt vector table entry address, tightly coupled nested vectored interrupt controller kernel interface, allowing early treatment interruption, the latter to be more high-priority interrupt processing, support tail chain, auto-save processor state terrupts automatically restored on interrupt exit, no instructions intervention.5)External interrupt / event controller. External interrupt / event controller consists for 19 to generate interrupt / event requests edge detector lines. Each line can be individually configured to select the trigger event, it can be individually masked. There is a pending interrupt request registers to maintain state. When an external line appear longer than the internal APB2 clock-cycle pulse, the external interrupt / eventcontroller is able to detect. Up to 112 GPIO connected to the 16 external interrupt lines.6)Clocks and startup. At boot time or to the system clock selection, but the reset when the internal 8MHz crystal oscillator is selected as the CPU clock. Can choose a 4-16MHz external clock, and will be monitored to determine the success. During this time, the interrupt controller is disabled and the software management is subsequently disabled. Also, if there is a need, PLL clock interrupt management fully available. Comparator can be used more pre-configuration of the AHB frequency, including high-speed and low-speed APB APB, APB highest frequency of high-speed 72MHz, low-speed APB highest frequency of 36MHz.Architectural AdvantagesIn addition to the new features Enhanced peripheral interfaces, STM32 series also interconnect with other STM32 microcontrollers offer the same standard interface, such sharing of peripherals to enhance the entire product family, application flexibility, so that developers can a plurality of design reuse the same software. New STM32 standard peripherals include 10 timers, two 12-bit ADC, two 12-bit DAC, two I2C interfaces, five USART interfaces and three SPI ports. There are 12 new products peripherals direct data storage channel, there is a CRC calculation unit, like other STM32 microcontrollers, the supports 96 unique identifier.New series also has followed the STM32 microcontroller family of products low voltage and energy saving are two advantages. 2.0V to 3.6V operating voltage range compatible with the mainstream of battery technologies such as lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries, the package also features a battery operation mode dedicated pin Vbat. 72MHz frequency to execute code from flash consumes only 27mA current. There are four low-power mode, the current consumption can be reduced to two microamps. Quick Start from low power mode to save energy too; starting circuit using STM32 internally generated 8MHz signal, the microcontroller from stop mode when you wake up with less than 6 microseconds.中文翻译：单片机STM321 STM32的介绍STM32系列基于专为要求高性能、低成本、低功耗的嵌入式应用专门设计的ARM Cortex-M3内核。

单片机英文文献外文翻译

单片机英文文献Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems.More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the numberof human beings.Hardwave introductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from military equipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:·an eight bit ALU·32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed·two 16 bit timer/counters·full duplex UART· 6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels·128 bytes of on board RAM·separate 64K byte address spaces for DA TA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).单片机原理单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对照

原文来源图书馆电子资源Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability The CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, sincewhy were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Age and already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective---- ‘intelligence’, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not the electric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译教学内容

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is notonly far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings.Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best option.Microcontroller and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect there, and hard disk memory device, is it different properties of these components are relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is mainly part of the core components as the control.t is an online real-time control computer, on-line is on-site control, need to have strong anti-interference ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program is only one button on it though, will reach tens of K in size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing but speaking for the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up get home PC, home PC, also bear not work.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of machinery, intelligent single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually in the charged with possession of mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has been very widely used in the field, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent", such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.外文文献的翻译：单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。

单片机微控制器中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。

单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。

最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。

INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。

早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。

其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。

此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。

基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。

随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。

90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。

随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。

而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。

目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。

当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。

而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。

单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。

事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。

现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。

手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。

而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译一、外文文献Title: The Application and Development of SingleChip Microcontrollers in Modern ElectronicsSinglechip microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronic systems They are small, yet powerful integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip These devices offer significant advantages in terms of cost, size, and power consumption, making them ideal for a wide range of applicationsThe history of singlechip microcontrollers can be traced back to the 1970s when the first microcontrollers were developed Since then, they have undergone significant advancements in technology and performance Today, singlechip microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of architectures and capabilities, ranging from simple 8-bit devices to complex 32-bit and 64-bit systemsOne of the key features of singlechip microcontrollers is their programmability They can be programmed using various languages such as C, Assembly, and Python This flexibility allows developers to customize the functionality of the microcontroller to meet the specific requirements of their applications For example, in embedded systems for automotive, industrial control, and consumer electronics, singlechip microcontrollers can be programmed to control sensors, actuators, and communication interfacesAnother important aspect of singlechip microcontrollers is their low power consumption This is crucial in batterypowered devices and portable electronics where energy efficiency is of paramount importance Modern singlechip microcontrollers incorporate advanced power management techniques to minimize power consumption while maintaining optimal performanceIn addition to their use in traditional electronics, singlechip microcontrollers are also playing a significant role in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things （IoT) and wearable technology In IoT applications, they can be used to collect and process data from various sensors and communicate it wirelessly to a central server Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers rely on singlechip microcontrollers to monitor vital signs and perform other functionsHowever, the design and development of systems using singlechip microcontrollers also present certain challenges Issues such as realtime performance, memory management, and software reliability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the applications Moreover, the rapid evolution of technology requires developers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to keep up with the latest advancements in singlechip microcontroller technologyIn conclusion, singlechip microcontrollers have revolutionized the field of electronics and continue to play a vital role in driving technological innovation Their versatility, low cost, and small form factor make them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications, and their importance is expected to grow further in the years to come二、中文翻译标题：单片机在现代电子领域的应用与发展单片机已成为现代电子系统中不可或缺的一部分。

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

D.htmlat89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述at89c52单片机简介中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述AT89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introductionSelection of Single-chip microprocessor1. Development of Single-chip microprocessorThe main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。

Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy readROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。

Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。

单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献

单片机智能小车中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)基于单片机的智能小车单片机之所以被称为微控制器，是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。

单片机是由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。

最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片内，INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。

早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。

其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而且性能不错获得了广泛的好评。

此后在8031基础上研制出了MCS51系列单片机系统。

基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。

随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的但是对其要求严格的控制设备当中。

片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。

90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大的普遍的认可。

随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。

而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。

目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端的型号也只有10美元。

当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。

而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。

单片机与专用处理器相比适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。

事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。

现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。

手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。

而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。

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2、在工业控制应用程序
单片机可以构成各种控制系统、数据采集系统。如工厂生产线的智能控制。
3、在家用电器
可以说，该设备基本上都是采用单片机，从电饭煲，洗衣机，冰箱，空调，彩电，以及其他音频视频设备的好评，在电子称重设备，五花八门，无所不在。
4、在计算机网络和通信领域的应用
单片机一般有现代化的通讯接口，可以方便的与电脑进行数据通信，网络和设备之间的计算机通信程序具有良好的物质条件，基本上所有通讯设备，都实现了由单片机手机控制，例如电话、迷你程序、程控交换机、楼宇自动通信呼叫系统、列车无线通信、日常工作中随处可见的手机躯干移动无线电、对讲机等。
不同的单片机有着不同的硬件特征和软件特征，即它们的技术特征不尽相同，硬件特征取决于单片机芯片的内部结构，用户要想使用某种单片机，必须了解该型产品是否满足需要的功能和应用系统所要求的特性指标。这里的技术特征包括功能特性、控制特性和电气特性等等，这些信息需要从生产厂商的技术手册中得到。软件特征是指指令系统特性和开发支持环境，指令特性即我们熟悉的单片机的寻址方式，数据处理和逻辑处理方式，输入输出特性及对电源的要求等等。支持开发的环境包括指令的兼容及可移植性，支持软件(包含可支持开发应用程序的软件资源)及硬件资源。要利用某型号单片机开发自己的应用系统，掌握其结构特征和技术特征是必须的。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成更复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
然而单片机又不同于单板机，芯片在没有开发前，它只是具备功能极强的超大规模集成电路，如果赋予它特定的程序，它便是一个最小的、完整的微型计算机控制系统，它与单板机或个人电脑(PC机)有着本质的区别，单片机的应用属于芯片级应用，需要用户了解单片机芯片的结构和指令系统以及其它集成电路应用技术和系统设计所需要的理论和技术，用这样特定的芯片设计应用程序，从而使该芯片具备特定的功能。
围比较广，从军事装备到汽车再到你的PC机的键盘。仅次于摩托罗拉8位处理器68HC11的销售，家庭中的8051微控制器，在制造商上有各种各样的变化，如因特尔公司、西门子、飞利浦。这些厂家已经增加了许多功能及外设，如总线接口，模拟到数字转换器，看门狗定时器、脉冲宽度调制的输出。8051与时钟变化速度高达40MHz的电压需求降低到1.5volts可供选择。这种大范围基于一个核心部件，使8051系列是一个很好的选择，作为一个产品公司的整个产品线，因为它可以执行许多功能和开发的基础架构将只需要学习这一个平台。基本结构有以下特点：
单片机控制系统能够取代以前利用复杂电子线路或数字电路构成的控制系统，可以通过软件控制来实现，并能够实现智能化，现在单片机控制范畴无所不在，例如通信产品、家用电器、智能仪器仪表、过程控制和专用控制装置等等，单片机的应用领域越来越广泛。
单片机硬件介绍：
8051系列微控制器是建立在一个高度优化的嵌入式控制系统的结构上。它的运用范
单片机的应用
现在单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到没有单片机的痕迹。导弹导航设备、飞机、所有类型的仪器控制、计算机网络通信和数据传输，工业自动化，实时过程控制和数据处理，广泛使用的各种智能IC卡、民用豪华轿车的安全系统、录像机、摄像机、全自动洗衣机的控制，以及程控玩具、电子宠物等等，这些都离不开单片机。更不用说机器人控制领域，智能仪器，医疗设备。因此，大量的科学家、工程师需要学习单片机的开发与应用以及计算机应用和智能控制。
原文：
Title：Development And Application Of Single Chip
Single-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU memory internal and external bus system, most will have the core. At the same time such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipments. And now the most powerful single-chip system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.
译文标题
单片机的发展和应用
原文标题
Development And Application of Single Chip
作者
Cui XujingFra bibliotek译名崔许静
国籍
中国
原文出处
《Microprocessors》
译文：
题目：单片机的发展和应用
单片机是指将一个完整的计算机系统集成在一块芯片上。尽管他的大部分功能集成在一块小芯片上，但是它具有一个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件：CPU、内存、内部和外部总线系统，目前大部分还会具有外存。同时集成诸如通讯接口、定时器，实时时钟等外围设备。而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音、图像、网络、复杂的输入输出系统集成在一块芯片上。
单片机广泛应用于仪器仪表、家用电器、医疗器械、航空航天、专用设备、智能管理和过程控制领域，大致分为以下几个方面：
1、在应用程序的智能仪器
单片机具有体积小、功耗低、控制功能，扩张的灵活性，小型化和易用性的优势，
是广泛使用的工具，结合不同类型的传感器可以实现电压、功率、频率、湿度、温度、流量、速度、厚度、角度、长度、硬度、元素、物理压力测量。单片机利用数字仪器、情报、小型化、功能比电子或数字电路更加强大。例如精密的测量设备(功率计，示波器，各种分析仪)。
一个8位的算术逻辑单元
32个离散输入输出端口（4组8位）可单独访问
两个16位定时器/计数器
全双工通用异步接收/发送装置
6个中断源与2个优先级别
128字节的随机存储器
64K分开字节地址空间的数据和代码的记忆
一个8051处理器周期共有十二个振荡周期。它的核心是在每一个阶段用于特殊功能的振荡器，例如数字代码和全部中断中的处理器。8051指令所需通过的时间可以由任何时钟频率除以12，并通过它的数字处理器所指示的反馈结果和增殖周期显示。因此，如果你有一个使用11.059MHz时钟的系统，这个值除以12可以计算出指令数。这给出了921583指令每秒指令频率。采取的反相时间将提供每个指令周期（1.085微秒）。

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