one做同位语的用法
it、that、one辨析及各种用法的归纳并附对应练习
it、that、one辨析及各种用法的归纳并附对应练习one表示泛指，that和it 表示特指that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。
我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。
我不知道我把它放在哪了。
Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment，_____ I will always treasure．（NMET2002）A．that B．one C．it D．what此题的正确答案为B，这里one作代词，指代a moment，在句中作an unforgettable moment 的同位语。
(一)下面就one在中学英语中的常见用法作简要归纳：一、one作人称代词可以笼统地指任何人、某一伙人中的一个人或说话人。
当one笼统地指任何人时，其用法相当于you指代任何人。
在书面语中，one比you更常见。
1．One can\'t succeed without working hard．一个人不努力工作是不会成功的。
2．He is the one who never troubles about personal interests．他是一个从不计较个人利益的人。
二、one作为人称代词，其所有格为one\'s，反身代词为oneself。
如果one用于句首，后面再用代词one，oneself或one\'s，可以用he，him，himself或his代替。
代词one,theone,that及those的用法辨析
李春【来源：新高考(高三语数外)】代词辨析实际上是一类比较难的试题，很多同学往往混淆其中难以理清，本文就有关易混的几个代词来作一下重点的剖析并通过强化训练来帮助同学们更好地掌握有关代词的用法:一、代词one 与the one 的用法请看以下几个例句:( 1) It is a very colorful event, one that has become an institution (习俗，风俗) for celebrating the King or Queen’s birthday since 1805. ( 2) Meeting my uncle after all these years is an unforgettable moment, one that I will treasure forever.( 3) Tom wants to buy a birthday present for his mother, one that is useful but not expensive.( 4) Never forget that within even the weakest of human bodies lies a life that is precious indeed—one that needs to be respected and honored.分析通过对以上例句的观察我们可以发现代词one 在以上例句中均充当同位语这一成分，且代词one 后面都有由that 引导的定语从句来修饰，此处为何选择使用one 呢? 因为此处代词one 分别指前文中的a very colorful event，an unforgettablemoment，a birthday present，a life，也就是说one 一词表示泛指( 且只能指代可数名词) , 指代前文中的泛指结构，前文中泛指结构中通常有不定代词a。
代词it、one、that用法汇总
填空练习 1.I have lost my phone . I'm going to buy _o_n_e_. 2.These yellow coats are too small. I want those green o_n_e_s_. 3. life in the countryside seems mor exciting than _th_a_t_ in town. 4.I saw only one motorcar in that shop，but I had no money to buy____it___at that time . 5. Students who do well in exams are _t_h_o_se__ who like to ask questions in class.
用法说明二：
one替代“a＋单数可数名词”，表示泛指； ones替代泛指的复数名词。
Dictionan English, so I’d like to buy one. They still have big advantages，but we have small ones. Helping others is a habit , one you can learn even at an early age.
用法说明四： one可做同位语
1. We need to buy a big house, one with a beautiful garden. 2.Tom is a good boy, one (who/whom/that) every girl enjoys making friends with . 3. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, one I will always treasure.(高考题) 4. I have been admitted into a key university, one I’ve been dreaming of for years.
代词one, the one, that及those的用法辨析
代词one, the one, that及those的用法辨析李春【来源：新高考(高三语数外)】代词辨析实际上是一类比较难的试题，很多同学往往混淆其中难以理清，本文就有关易混的几个代词来作一下重点的剖析并通过强化训练来帮助同学们更好地掌握有关代词的用法:一、代词one 与the one 的用法请看以下几个例句:( 1) It is a very colorful event, one that has become an institution (习俗，风俗) for celebrating the King or Queen’s birthday since 1805. ( 2) Meeting my uncle after all these years is an unforgettable moment, one that I will treasure forever.( 3) Tom wants to buy a birthday present for his mother, one that is useful but not expensive.( 4) Never forget that within even the weakest of human bodies lies a life that is precious indeed—one that needs to be respected and honored.分析通过对以上例句的观察我们可以发现代词one 在以上例句中均充当同位语这一成分，且代词one 后面都有由that 引导的定语从句来修饰，此处为何选择使用one 呢因为此处代词one 分别指前文中的a very colorful event，an unforgettablemoment，a birthday present，a life，也就是说one 一词表示泛指( 且只能指代可数名词) , 指代前文中的泛指结构，前文中泛指结构中通常有不定代词a。
高考英语知识点代词归纳
高考英语知识点代词归纳高考英语知识点代词● one泛指一个人或物?其复数形式为ones one和the one作同位语时,如果与其同位的词语是特指,则用the one;如果是泛指,则用one,● that指代前面提到过的名词,常有后置定语 that的复数形式是those that可指代单数可数名词(= the one), 也可指代不可数名词,或指代前面提到过的一件事● it可指代前面提到过的一个名词,如例7;指代一件事,如例8;指代不明性别的婴儿或不明确的人,也可指代时间?天气?距离等0二、考查all, both, either, neither, none, no one的用法[考点解读]● both表示"两个人或物都",具有肯定含义; either表示"两者中的任何一个",如例13; neither表示"两者都不"高考英语必考重点句型句型1would rather that somebody did…"宁愿……;更愿意……"(表示现在或将来的愿望)would rather that somebody had done…"宁愿……;更愿意……"(表示过去的愿望)[例句]I'd rather you posted the letter right now. 我想让你现在去寄信。
I'd rather you were not a celebrated actor. In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是个知名演员，这样我们可以有更多的时间在一起。
I'd rather that I hadn't seen her yesterday. 我情愿昨天没有看到她。
句型2as if/though+主语+did/had done…好像……(表示现在或将来的情况用过去时;表示过去的情况用过去完成时)[参考句型4][例句]Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there. Alan谈起罗马来就好像他去过那里似的。
代词one the one that及those的用法辨析
代词one, the one, that及those的用法辨析李春【来源：新高考(高三语数外)】代词辨析实际上是一类比较难的试题，很多同学往往混淆其中难以理清，本文就有关易混的几个代词来作一下重点的剖析并通过强化训练来帮助同学们更好地掌握有关代词的用法:一、代词one 与the one 的用法请看以下几个例句:( 1) It is a very colorful event, one that has become an institution (习俗，风俗) for celebrating the King or Queen’s birthday since 1805.( 2) Meeting my uncle after all these years is an unforgettable moment, one that I will treasure forever.( 3) Tom wants to buy a birthday present for his mother, one that is useful but not expensive.( 4) Never forget that within even the weakest of human bodies lies a life that is precious indeed—one that needs to be respected and honored.分析通过对以上例句的观察我们可以发现代词one 在以上例句中均充当同位语这一成分，且代词one 后面都有由that 引导的定语从句来修饰，此处为何选择使用one 呢? 因为此处代词one 分别指前文中的a very colorful event，an unforgettablemoment，a birthday present，a life，也就是说one 一词表示泛指( 且只能指代可数名词) , 指代前文中的泛指结构，前文中泛指结构中通常有不定代词a。
one(s), the one(s), that, those的用法
替代词one(s), the one(s), that, those的用法替代词是高考英语中最常见的考点之一，主要围绕One(s), the one(s), that, those等词不同的取代对象和使用差异展开考察。
本文将按照使用语境的类别对这些替代词进行详细阐述。
对可数名词的替代用one(s), the one(s)或those这四个替代词很明显都是替代前面谈到的可数名词。
其中one, ones是替代前面泛指的可数名词，而the one, the ones和those是替代前面特指的可数名词。
另外，若从单复数上区别，one, the one明显是单数，而the ones, those明显是复数。
请看实例：例1：I just need a friend, one whom I can talk to when I feel lonely.我就想有个朋友，一个我在孤单时可以交谈的朋友。
（one 替代单数泛指的a friend）例2：I really miss the girl, the one who drove me home in that stormy night.我很想念那位女孩，那个在一个暴风雨夜晚开车送我回家的女孩。
（the one 替代单数特指的the girl）例3：Cars do cause us some health problems, ones that are probably more serious than mobile phone do.汽车确实给我们带来一些健康问题，一些可能比手机带来的更加严重的问题。
（ones替代复数泛指的problems）例4：I saw the guys on the bus again yesterday, the ones who had stolen your bicycle.昨天在公交车上我又看到那几个家伙，就是那几个偷你自行车的家伙。
代词one和ones的用法
代词one和ones的用法一、引言代词在英语中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们能够替代名词，使得句子更加简洁明了。
其中，使用频率最高的两个代词之一就是“one”和“ones”。
本文将详细讨论这两个代词的用法，并提供一些相关例句以帮助读者更好地理解。
二、"one"和"ones"的基本意思1. "one"（第三人称单数）：这个代词表示一个未知或不具体的事物。
它可作主语、宾语、同位语或表语等。
例：- One should always strive for greatness.（人们应该始终追求伟大。
）- I need a pen. Can you lend me one?（我需要一支笔，你能借给我一支吗？）- My favorite color is blue, but what's your one?（我的最爱颜色是蓝色，而你呢？）2. "ones"（复数）：该代词表示多个未知或不具体的事物，并可作主语、宾语等。
例：- These cupcakes are delicious! Can I have some more of the chocolate ones? （这些杯子蛋糕很美味！我能再要一些巧克力口味的吗？）- Which books are you planning to read? I recommend the ones by Albert Einstein.（你打算读哪些书呢？我推荐阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的那几本。
）三、"one"和"ones"的具体用法1. 作主语：- One must always strive for personal growth.（人们必须始终追求个人成长。
）- The blue pen is mine, but the red one is yours.（蓝色的笔是我的，而红色的是你的。
同位语-配套练习
同位语-配套练习1. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ___ I will always treasure.A. thatB. oneC. itD. what解析：选B.句意为：在经过这些年之后遇到我的叔叔是令人难忘的一刻，是我将会永远珍惜的一刻。
one代指前面一整句话的内容，做前面句子的同位语。
One=meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment.。
所以答案是D。
2. My performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard, ___, I failed.A.in the endB. after allC. in other wordsD. At the same time解析：选C.句意为：我在驾考中的表现没有达到需要的标准，换句话说，我失败了。
首先判断这个句子中含有同位语成分. In other words，I failed 是对my performance didn’t reach the required standard 的解释说明。
in the other words=that is to say。
所以答案是C。
3. The fact ____ she works hard is well known to us all.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. which解析：选A. 句意为：她努力工作这个事实是众所周知的。
fact后面常跟同位语从句，用that 引导。
所以答案是A。
4. The news ____ he was kidnapped(绑架) surprised us greatly.A. whatB. thatC. whyD. when解析：选B. 句意为：他被绑架的消息令我们很惊讶。
代词it, one, that的用法区别
• A. the one B. this C.it D.that
7.Helping others is a habit, _D_you can learn even at an early age.
• A. it B. that C. what D. one
代词it, one, that的用法区别
均指代前文提到的名词
1. it指同名同物，one和that指同名异物，如： 1.I like the bike, but I have no enough money to buy it. 2.I like bicycles, but I can’t afford to buy one. 3.The bike which I want to buy is more beautiful than that he has.
3.The population of Henan Province is larger than __C__of any province in China.
A.one B.it C.that D.the one
one与that可用来指代同名异物时区别如下： 1.one为泛指, =a／an＋名词[C]; ones=名词（复数） 可指人指物 2. that为特指, =the ＋名词单数[C或U]，指物; those= 名词（复数），指人指物
1.--Do you see my dictionary, Dad? I can’t find ___A_. --No, I don’t.
A.it B.one C.that D.the one 2.We have various summer camps
one和none的区别和用法
one和none的区别和⽤法⼀、one的句法功能one作不定代词时，表⽰⼈或物。
具有名词和形容词的性质。
复数形式是“ones”。
指⼈时，反⾝代词是“oneself”，物主代词是“one's”。
可⽤作主语、宾语和定语。
1．作主语There were three kings and one was black.有三个国王，⼀个是⿊⼈。
One could see that he was very upset.⼈们都能看得出他很⼼烦。
One of the three boys broke the cup.那三个男孩当中有⼀个打破了杯⼦。
2．作宾语或介宾I haven't a pen. Can you lend me one?我没有笔。
你能借我⼀⽀吗？My shoes are similar to the ones you had on yesterday.我的鞋⼦同你昨天穿的⼀样。
3．作定语One day he will understand his mistake.总有⼀天他会明⽩他的错误。
4．one和oneself、one's连⽤One has to do one's best.⼈要尽⼒⽽为。
One shouldn't be too hard on oneself.⼈不应太难为⾃⼰。
⼆、none(no one)的句法功能none具有名词的性质，代替⼈和事物。
表⽰“三者（以上）都不”。
在句中可作主语、宾语及介宾、同位语。
作主语时，表⽰“所有的⼈都不”时，动词⽤复数形式。
表⽰“其中⼀个也不”时，⽤单数形式。
1．作主语None of us are perfect.我们每个⼈都不是完善的。
None of his friends has ever been to Paris.他的朋友当中⼀个也没有去过巴黎。
2．作宾语He liked none of the books.这些书他⼀本也不喜欢。
英语中each和one的用法及例句
英语中each和one的用法及例句1．each是“每一个”的意思，把一些东西或人一个个加以考虑时可以用它。
在句中它可用作：1)主语：Each of us has something to say．我们每个人都有些话要说。
Each(of them)can only speak for five minutes．每人只能讲五分钟。
2)宾语或介词宾语：He gave two to each．他给了每人两本。
A dictionary was presented to each of the teachers 送给每位老师一本字典。
3)同位语：We each had a brush．我们每人有一把刷子。
Give them two each．给他们每人两个。
4)定语(这样用时有些英汉词典标作形容词，有些字典标作限定词)：Each student has a student card．每个学生有一张学生证。
Each speaker will talk for ten minutes．每个发言的人讲十分钟。
2．one：one有时可作代词，代表前面刚提到的一样东西或一个人：Who has got a raincoat?——I've got one．谁有雨衣?——我有。
Which person do you mean?The one with glasses on? 你指的是哪个人?是那个戴眼镜的吗?这样用时可加定语，甚至用复数形式：Your question is not an easy one．你的问题不容易。
The larger ones are 100 yuan each．大号的要一百元一个。
有时one可以用来表示“一种人”：He is not one to bow before difficulties．他不是一个向困难低头的人。
还可用来泛指人：Modesty helps one to go foreword．虚心使人进步。
代词it,one,ones,that,those的用法和区别
C-代词it, one, ones, that, those的用法和区别知识梳理一.it，one和that的用法概述代替前面的事物本身。
它可以代替可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。
代替可数名词时，复数形式为they/ them.没有增加语义，所以不能带有任何定语。
2. one可以代替与前面同类不同一的事物；可以代替某类事物中的任何一个；可以做同位语，重复指代前面的事物，其后有定语从句用以进一步说明前面的名词。
one表泛指，相当于a/an+名词。
one只能代替可数名词，其复数形式是ones。
one可以根据语义在它的前面或后面加上一些定语。
one前面不能直接加不定冠词（a / an）或物主代词，one前已经有形容词时，则可以加不定冠词或物主代词；one前加the与否，取决于是否特指，如果特指就加the。
one既可以代指物，也可以代指人。
3. that代替与前面同类不同一的事物。
that表特指，相当于the+名词。
它可以代替可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。
代替可数名词时，复数形式为those。
that可以根据语义在它的后面加上一些定语，多数是of短语；它的前面不能存在任何定语。
that只能代指物。
二.it, one, ones, that, those的区别：⑴.替代泛指的单数名词，通常用one。
替代泛指的复数名词，通常用ones。
如：I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一个新的。
Did you get a ticket? Yes，I managed to get one.你弄到票了吗?是的，我设法弄到了一张。
Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。
⑵.替代特指的单数名词，可用 it， that， the one。
替代特指的复数名词，通常用the ones。
如：Don’t buy the expensive apples; buy the cheaper ones.别买那价钱贵的苹果，买那便宜的。
each和one的用法及例句_代词 英语语法.doc
each和one的用法及例句_代词1．each是每一个的意思，把一些东西或人一个个加以考虑时可以用它。
在句中它可用作：1)主语：Each of us has something to say．我们每个人都有些话要说。
Each(of them)can only speak for five minutes．每人只能讲五分钟。
2)宾语或介词宾语：He gave two to each．他给了每人两本。
A dictionary was presented to each of the teachers送给每位老师一本字典。
3)同位语：We each had a brush．我们每人有一把刷子。
Give them two each．给他们每人两个。
4)定语(这样用时有些英汉词典标作形容词，有些字典标作限定词)：Each student has a student card．每个学生有一张学生证。
Each speaker will talk for ten minutes．每个发言的人讲十分钟。
2．one：one有时可作代词，代表前面刚提到的一样东西或一个人：Who has got a raincoat?I’ve got one．谁有雨衣?我有。
Which person do you mean?The one with glasses on?你指的是哪个人?是那个戴眼镜的吗?这样用时可加定语，甚至用复数形式：Your question is not an easy one．你的问题不容易。
The larger ones are 100 yuan each．大号的要一百元一个。
有时one可以用来表示一种人：He is not one to bow before difficulties．他不是一个向困难低头的人。
还可用来泛指人：Modesty helps one to go foreword．虚心使人进步。
代词it, one, ones, that, those的用法和区别
代词it, one, ones, that, those的用法和区别C-代词it, one, ones, that, those的用法和区别知识梳理一.it，one和that的用法概述1.it代替前面的事物本身。
它可以代替可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。
代替可数名词时，复数形式为they/ them. 没有增加语义，所以不能带有任何定语。
2. one可以代替与前面同类不同一的事物；可以代替某类事物中的任何一个；可以做同位语，重复指代前面的事物，其后有定语从句用以进一步说明前面的名词。
one表泛指，相当于a/an+名词。
one只能代替可数名词，其复数形式是ones。
one可以根据语义在它的前面或后面加上一些定语。
one前面不能直接加不定冠词（a / an）或物主代词，one前已经有形容词时，则可以加不定冠词或物主代词；one前加the与否，取决于是否特指，如果特指就加the。
one既可以代指物，也可以代指人。
3. that代替与前面同类不同一的事物。
that表特指，相当于the+名词。
它可以代替可数名词，也可以代替不可数名词。
代替可数名词时，复数形式为those。
that可以根据语义在它的后面加上一些定语，多数是of短语；它的前面不能存在任何定语。
that只能代指物。
二.it, one, ones, that, those的区别：⑴.替代泛指的单数名词，通常用one。
替代泛指的复数名词，通常用ones。
如：I lost my old camera; this is a new one. 我的旧相机丢了，这是一个新的。
Did you get a ticket? Yes，I managed to get one.你弄到票了吗?是的，我设法弄到了一张。
Green apples often taste better than red ones. 青苹果往往比红苹果好吃。
⑵.替代特指的单数名词，可用it，that，the one。
one引导的同位语从句
One引导的同位语从句是指在句子中起同位语作用的从句，用于说明主句中某词的具体内容，通常由连接词that引导，用于补充说明主句中的名词具体内容。
以下是关于One引导的同位语从句的800字：首先，One引导的同位语从句在句子中扮演着重要的角色，它们帮助我们更好地理解主句中某些抽象概念的具体内容。
同位语从句与主句中的名词存在逻辑上的关系，通常用来解释该名词的具体含义或补充说明其具体情况。
其次，同位语从句通常用来表达某种抽象的概念，如事实、观点、预测、可能性等。
这些从句在句子中起到补充说明的作用，帮助读者更好地理解主句中的概念。
例如，在句子“The news that the team had won was great.”中，“that the team had won”就是一个同位语从句，它解释了“news”的具体内容，即获胜的消息是令人振奋的。
另外，同位语从句的结构相对简单，通常由连接词that引导，that在从句中不担任任何成分，只起连接作用。
同时，同位语从句通常用一般陈述语气表达，不会使用过于强烈的语气。
再者，One引导的同位语从句在英语中应用广泛，它们可以用来解释名词的具体内容、表达观点、提出预测或可能性等。
例如，在句子“I believe one prediction that the storm will pass quickly.”中，“one prediction”后面的同位语从句解释了“prediction”的具体内容，即风暴会迅速过去。
此外，One引导的同位语从句也可以用来强调某个名词的重要性或特殊性。
例如，在句子“The discovery that this was a lost city amazed everyone.”中，“that this was a lost city”就是一个同位语从句，它强调了“discovery”的重要性，即发现这是一个失落的城市。
最后，One引导的同位语从句在写作和口语表达中也发挥着重要的作用。
名校版英语经典句型考点解析 代词that, it和one的用法
名校版英语经典句型考点解析代词that, it和one的用法基本概括就是，it指代的是特指同类同物；that指代的是特指同类异物，常常用于同类的事物之间的比较；one指的是（泛指）上下文中提到的同类事物中的一个。
以下是具体的区别：1.one, it, that常常用来代替或避免重复某个名词。
例如：I'm looking for a flat. I'd really like one with a garden.我在找一套公寓。
我好想要一个带花园的公寓。
Where did you find your watch? - I find it in our classroom.你在哪里找到你的手表的？我在教室里找到的。
The population of China is larger than that of any other country. 中国的人口比任何其他国家都多。
2.one可指人或物，只替代单数可数名词，复数用ones. One是泛指，但有限定修饰语，如the, this, that…修饰就变成了特指。
如：One can fly to New York in three hours. （one=anybody）坐飞机三个小时就可以到达纽约。
One must do one's duty.（one=anybody）每个人必须尽自己的责任。
Mary has a red pencil and Jane has a blue one.玛丽有一支红铅笔，简有一支蓝铅笔。
The new designs are much better than the old ones.新设计比旧设计好得多。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. 我找不到我的帽子了。
我想我该去买一顶。
A chair made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.钢做的椅子比木头做的椅子结实。
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9.Meeting my brother in my school is an exciting moment , one I will remember .
1．Taking a photo with Super Voice Girls was an unforgettable moment ,______ I will always keep in mind .
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. what
2.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment ,______ I will always remember .
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. what
3.My most famous relative of all , ______ who really left his mark on America , was Rob Sussel , my great-grandfather .
A. one
B. the one
C. he
D. someone
4.Their factory is a world first-class factory , one that ______ modern machines .
A. equipped with
B. is equipped with
C. equips with
D. will be equipped with
5.The number 2008 is a special number ,
_____ I think , that will be remembered by the Chinese forever .
A. that
B. one
C. it
D. itself
6.Understanding a country’s culture , especially ____ that contains many subcultures like the USA , is not an easy task .
A. one
B. it
C. that
D. the one
7.All of us want to see those recommended movies , especially ___ the English teacher referred to three days ago .
A. one
B. that
C. the one
D. which
8.For Tim this was the beginning of a new life , ______ he thought he would never see .
A. what
B. that
C. one
D. it
9. I went shopping for the perfect dress , _____ would make me look younger .
A. one in which B . the one that C. the one in which D. one that
10.The Chinese athletes’ carrying off all the medals in men’s single table
tennis game was an exciting moment, _____ the Chinese people will never forget .
A. that
B. one
C. the one
D. it
11. Helping others is a habit , _______ you can learn even at an early age .
A.it
B. that
C. what
D. one
12.----Where have you spent this term’s schoolarship , Lucy ?
---- On a computer, _____ on the desk over there .
A. that
B. this
C. one
D. the one
13. Nine thousand guests took part in the outdoor ceremony, _____ that impressed so many people at the White House.
A. that
B. this
C. it
D. one
14. He wanted to creat a place for human connection , conversation and one ____ gave people a sense of community.
A.where
B. when
C. which
D. that 15．Cook was a strict but good captain,___ who usually took care of
sailors on his ship .
A.one
B. the one
C. that
D. this
16.I’d like to find a job , ____ where
I can do something serious but interesting .
A.the one
B. one
C. which
D. that 答案：1. B 2.B 3.B 4.B 5.B. 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.B 11.D 12.D 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.B。