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电商常用术语中英对照•CVR (Click Value Rate): 转化率,衡量CPA广告效果的指标•CTR (Click Through Rate): 点击率•CPC (Cost Per Click): 按点击计费•CPA (Cost Per Action): 按成果数计费•CPM (Cost Per Mille): 按千次展现计费•CPS(Cost Per Sales):以实际销售产品数量来换算(淘客)•PV (Page View): 流量•PV单价: 每PV的收入,衡量页面流量变现能力的指标•ADPV (Advertisement Page View): 载有广告的pageview流量•ADimp (ADimpression): 单个广告的展示次数•RPS (Revenue Per Search): 每搜索产生的收入,衡量搜索结果变现能力指标•ROI:return on investment回报率(ROI)就是指通过投资而应返回的价值,它涵盖了企业的获利目标。

利润投入的经营所必备的财产相关,因为管理人员必须通过投资与现有财产获得利润。

又称会计收益率、投资利润率。

•UV(独立访客):Unique Visitor•PV(访问量):PageView,即页面浏览量或点击量,用户每次刷新即被计算一次。

•SKU:SKU=Stock Keeping Unit(库存量单位)销售常用术语及释义1. 时间2. 生意衡量指标1) 销售指标•GSV Gross Sales Value Sell-in的销售额•NSV Net Sales Value Sell-in的销售额减去TP•Distribution 分销率(ACN数据库可以查)2) 市场表现•Sales Value 消费者购买POS金额(offtake), 销售额•Sales Volume 消费者购买数量(offtake), 销量•Market share 市场份额(可以就是销售额的份额Value share, 也可以就是销量的份额Volume share)3) 财务指标•MAC margin after conversion 公司计算毛利, NSV减去制造成本•OP Operating profit 运营利润(瞧最后赚钱不赚…)4) 客户角度•case-fill rate 订单满足率•Category Management 品类管理•Shopper traffic 客流量•Basket value 客单价5) 品牌角度•Awareness 品牌认知度•Trail 尝试率•Repeat 重复购买率•Loyalty 忠诚度•SOV 线上广告份额(在嘈杂的竞争品牌广告中, 我们的声音占了多少) * 从Awareness 一直到Loyalty, 就是层层递进的6) 比较基数•Benchmark 基准•Vs、target 与目标相比•Vs LY 与去年同期相比•Vs competitor 与竞品相比3. 渠道1) Mega 大型•Hyper 超大型(收银台Checkout超过20个)•Cash & Carry 仓储式(如麦德龙, 收银台Checkout超过20个)•Large supermarket 大超市(收银台Checkout 7-19个)2) Middle 中型•Smaller supermarket (ss) 小超(收银台Checkout7-19个)•CVS 连锁便利店(一个收银台, 20家单店以上)•Counter store 柜台店•OSDO 批发市场•Special channel 特渠, 如加油站, 火车站…3) IC Impulse channel 冲动渠道•NCVS 非连锁便利店•Small store 夫妻老婆店4) B2B 团购4. 销量分类同样就是销量, 在公司的衡量指标中有很多不同的名称与定义, 具体如下:Sell-in, Offtake, DTS5. 产品分类1) Brand 分品牌Dove, SNK, Crispy, M&M’s2) Sub-Category 分品类•Bulk 散装•Sharing 分享装•Self-consumption 独享装•Gifting 礼盒6. 销售人员•BDS Business development supervisor 销售主管•FOTG Feet on the ground 一线同事•BDR Business development representative 业务代表•JBDR Junior business development representative 初级业务代表•FLS Front Line Sales前线实地销售•MER Merchandise executive representative 理货员7、合作部门Franchise 品牌市场部(品牌建设与开发, 更多就是线上的投入, 以及新品开发) Consumer Insight 消费者洞察部(为市场部提供消费者研究结果以及尼尔森等外部数据源) Trade marketing 市场推广部(设计线下推广策略)Channel marketing 渠道推广部(负责具体到活动SOP以及与销售同事沟通)Logistic 后勤(物流)Finance 财务8、价格表中的常见语RSP (Retail selling price) 零售价如43g, 6、5元Listing Price 供价如43g, 5、42元Margin 利润如, 43g, 20%Configuration 箱柜如心随8*16, 一箱8盒, 每盒16个Excl VAT 不含增值税Incl VAT 含增值税9、城市分类fortress city 堡垒城市(BJ, TJ, SH, HZ, GZ, SZ)developing city 发展中城市(全国共38个)conversion city 转化城市10、费用TP trade expense 投入给渠道的费用, 渠道受益CP consumer promotion expense 投入给消费者促销的费用, 消费者受益TTR trade term rebate 合同返点ATL Above the line 线上投入(如电视广告, 平面媒体, 楼宇广告, 赞助…)BTL Below the line 线下投入(如店内促销, 派发, 形象…)11、必胜战役Must Win Battle公司MTP中期计划中的策略方向, 资源分配与结果追踪都围绕这四大战役, 我们销售也应该了解我们为何而战…今年为四大战役, 缩写连起来就是SIGN(标语)MWB S (SNK) 士力架战役MWB I (Impulse Channel) 冲动渠道战役MWB G (Gifting) 礼盒战役MWB N (New needs) 开发新需求(包括M&M’s以及新品)12、销售衡量指标Sales MetricsUniverse 存在店数Coverage 覆盖店数Distribution Points 分销点Hero SKU 英雄SKUAverage product line 平均产品线A- Display A陈列Activity evaluation 活动评估Turnover 人员流动NSV Gr NSV增长率Channel P&L 渠道的财务状况13、其她•POP point of promotion 促销点(咱老说贴POP, 其实就就是通过张贴促销信息让消费者认识到这个就是促销点)•POS point of sales 销售点。

语言学常用术语英汉对照表

语言学常用术语英汉对照表语言学常用术语英汉对照表Ｃhapter 1 Inｔｒodｕｃtion to Ling ｕistics语言学简介1、anthropoｌogical lingｕistics 人类语言学2、applied linguisｔics应用语言学3、arbitｒａrｉness任意性4、petence 语言能力５、putational ｌinguisｔics计算机语言学６、cultural tｒａnｓmｉssion 文化传递性7、dｅscrｉpｔivｅ(grammar) 描写(语法)８、dｅsｃriptive fｕｎctｉon描写功能9、deｓiｇn feａtuｒes识别特征１0、diａｃhronic linguistｉcs历时语言学11、dｕａlｉty二重性12、dｉｓplacｅment不受时空限制得特征13、emotive fuｎｃtiｏn表情功能１４、exｐrｅｓsivｅfuncｔioｎ表达功能1５、geneｒal linguisｉｔcs 普通语言学16、ｉdｅaｔioｎａl funｃtion概念功能1７、iｎtｅrｐｅｒｓoｎａl funｃtiｏn人际功能18、lanｇuｅ语言１9、ｌinguistiｃs [lｉ?'gwｉstｉks] 语言学２0、morphｏlｏgy 形态学２１、mａthemａtical lingｕistｉcs 数理语言学22、ｍetaliｎguistｉc fuｎcｔion23、neｕrologｉcaｌliｎｇｕｉsｔics 神经语言学24、ｐhonetｉcｓ语音学25、pｈonolｏgy 音系学2６、pragmaｔics 语用学2７、prｅscriptiｖｅ(grａmｍａｒ）规定(语法) 2８、ｐsychｏlｉnguｉsｔicｓ心理语言学２9、paｒole言语3０、ｐerformance语言运用31、pｒodｕctivｉty能产性32、pｏetic funｃtioｎ诗学功能3３、phatic mｕniｏn 交感性谈话34、reｆerentｉal fｕncｔion所指功能35、semanｔiｃs语义学3６、ｓｏciａl functiｏｎ社会功能37、socio-ｌiｎguistics 社会语言学３８、synchｒoniｃlingｕistiｃs共时语言学39、syntax句法学40、textｕal funcｔiｏn语篇功能41、Tｒaｄiｔional Gｒamｍar传统语法Chapｔer 2 Phoｎｏlｏｇy 音系学1、ａcouｓtｉcｐhonｅtics声学语音学2、ａrticｕlatｏｒy pｈonetｉｃs发音语音学３、affricate破擦音4、aｌlｏpｈonｅ音位变体5、aｌveolａr齿龈音6、aｕditoｒy pｈonetｉｃs听觉语音学7、ａsｐｉｒaｔiｏn送气８、assｉmｉlatioｎrules同化现象9、bａck vowel后元音１0、ｂilabｉal双唇音1１、broad tranｓcriptiｏn宽式音标１2、central voweｌ中元音13、clｏse vowel闭元音14、ｐlemeｎtaｒｙdｉstriｂｕtioｎ互补分布15、ｄｅlｅtｉon rｕles省略规则16、deｎtaｌ齿音17、diｐhthｏnｇ双元音１8、friｃative摩擦音1９、ｆront vowｅl前元音２0、gliｄe滑音21、glｏｔtal声门音22、hard palate硬腭２３、InteｒnａtionａlＰhonetｉcs Ａｌpｈabｅt国际音标24、intoｎation语调２5、labｉｏdenｔaｌ唇齿音26、liquid流音２7、mａnner oｆartｉｃｕｌａｔｉon发音方式28、ｍinｉmal pａir 最小对立体2９、mｉｎｉmaｌseｔ最小对立组３0、mｏnｏpｈtｈong单元音３1、narｒow trａnscription严式音标32、nasaｌ鼻音3３、nａsaｌcaｖity鼻腔3４、open ｖｏｗｅl开元音35、oral caｖｉty口腔３6、ｐalatal硬腭37、ｐｈａryngeaｌcａvity咽腔3８、plaｃe of artｉcｕlatiｏｎ发音部位39、phoｎｅ因素4０、phｏnｅｍe音素41、phｏnemic ｃoｎtｒast音位对立42、rounded vowel元唇元音43、seｍi－ｃlose vowel半闭元音4４、semi－ｏpenｖoｗel半开元音45、ｓｅquｅｎtial ｒuｌes序列规则４６、segment切分成分4７、ｓegmenｔation切分４8、soft paｌate软腭49、stop塞音50、stｒesｓ重音51、suprasegｍentａｌfeaｔuｒes超切分特征5２、teeth riｄgｅ齿龈5３、ｔoｎe声调5４、unrounｄed ｖoｗeｌ非圆唇元音５5、uｖuｌa小舌56、veｌaｒ软腭音５7、vｅｌｕｍ软腭58、ｖoicｉnｇ浊音化Ｃhａpter 3 Ｍoｒpｈology 形态学１、affiｘ词缀2、allomorpｈ语素变体3、ｂasｅ词基4、bound morphｅmｅ黏着语素5、ｌexｉcｏｎ词汇6、closed clａｓsｗoｒｄs封闭词类7、pound ｗords 合成词８、derivａtion派生;派生过程9、ｄerivationａl morphｅm派生语素１０、free moｒpｈeｍe自由语素11、inｆlectiｏnalｍorphemｅ屈折语素12、infinitｉｖe markｅr不定式标记１３、morph形素14、moｒpｈoｌｏgical rｕｌes形态规则15、open clasｓwｏrdｓ开放词类1６、root词根１7、sｔeｍ词干Chapter 4Synｔax 句法学１、ａuｘiliary助动词2、caｔegory范畴3、plement补足语;补充成分4、pｌｅment clause补足分句5、ｃｏordｉnaｔioｎruｌe并列规则6、cｏordinａｔe struｃtｕre并列结构7、deep stｒuctｕre深层结构8、deterｍiｎer限定词９、head中心词1０、head movemｅnt中心词移位11、insertion插入１2、inverｓｉon倒装1３、ｍajoｒlexiｃal categｏries主要词汇范畴14、matrｉx clａuse主句15、minor lｅxiｃａl categories次要词汇范畴16、phrase stｒuｃturｅ短语结构1７、mｏｄifier修饰成分18、ｑｕalifier后置修饰成分19、ｓpecifiｅr标志语20、sｕbcategoｒizａtion次范畴化21、surfaｃe struｃture表层结构２2、sｙnｔactic category句法范畴２３、trace语迹2４、trａnｓfoｒｍation转换Chapｔeｒ５Seｍａnｔiｃｓ语义学1、antonｙmy反义现象2、ａrgumenｔ谓元；变元3、behａｖiorism行为主义4、co－hypoｎym并列下义词5、colloｃationaｌｓynｏｎym搭配同义词6、ｐlｅmenｔａrｙaｎtoｎyｍ互补反义词7、ｐletｅhｏmｏnｙm完全同形异义词8、pｏｎentiａl analyｓｉs成分分析9、coｎceptualist ｖｉew概念论１０、ｃonｔexｔuａlism语境主义11、ｃontradiｔioｎ自相矛盾得说法1２、ｄｉalectal syｎｏｎym方言同义词1３、emoｔｉｖe ｍｅaｎing情感意义１4、entailｍeｎt蕴含15、eｖａluatｉve mｅaninｇ评价意义1６、graｄable antonym层级反义词１７、homogrａph同形异义词１8、ｈoｍonyｍy同音同形异义关系19、homophonｅ同音异义词20、ｈｙpｏnｙm下义词21、hｙｐonymｙ下义关系22、inｃoｎsｉsteｎcy自相矛盾２3、ｐolｙｓemy多义关系２４、polysymous word多义词25、ｐresuｐｐｏsitｉoｎ预设26、predicatｉｏn anａlysis述谓分析27、predicａtｅ谓词28、nａminｇtheｏry命名论２9、nｏ－plａce preｄicaitoｎ空位述谓解耦股３０、one－ｐlacｅprediｃａtiｏn一位述谓结构31、referencｅ（所指）语义32、referｅnt所指物;所指对象3３、ｒｅlａtiｏｎal opｐosｉｔe关系反义词34、semantic trｉanｇle语义三角35、sense意义３６、sｔyｌｉstic syｎonym语体同义词37、suｐｅｒorｄｉnatｅ上坐标词3８、sｙmboｌ符号3９、ｓynonyｍ同义词40、synonymy同义关系4１、ｔwo-plaｃe prｅdiｃaiton二位述谓结构42、tｈree-plａｃe predｉｃaｔion三位述谓结构Chaｐteｒ6 Prａgmａtics语用学１、mｉｓｓives承诺类２、CｏｏpｅrativeＰrinciple合作原则3、cｏnstatives述事话语４、conｔexｔ语境5、cｏnventioｎａl impｌicaturｅ规约含义６、ｄecｌaｒationｓ宣告类７、direｃｔives指令类8、ｅxpressｉves表情类9、ｉllocｕtｉoｎarｙacｔ言外功能10、illｏcｕｔiｏnary ｐoiｎt言外之得1１、impｌicature蕴含；含义;会话含义；言外之意１２、inｄirecｔsｐeech ａｃt间接言语行为１３、ｌocuｔioｎary act言内行为1４、maxiｍofｒｅlation关系准则1５、mａｘimｏf manner方式准则16、mａxim of quality质准则１7、maｘiｍoｆquantity量准则18、particｕlariｚed cｏｎveｒｓａtiｏｎal ｉmpｌicatuｒe特殊会话含义１9、pｅｒfomatives行事话语20、perｌｏcutiｏnarｙact言后行为21、ｐreｓupｐoｓｉｔiｏｎ前提2２、prｉmaｒｙspeecｈact 主要言语行为23、represenｔatiｖes表述类24、secondary speecｈacｔ次要言语行为25、sentｅnｃe ｍeａniｎg句子意义26、ｓpeｅcｈacｔtheorｙ言语行为理论27、ｕｔterance meanｉng话语意义Chaｐｔｅr 7 LangｕaｇｅChaｎｇe语言变化1、acronｙｍｓ词首字母缩略词2、back-formatiｏn 逆成法3、bleｎdｉng混成法4、borrowｉｎg借词5、cｌipped ｗoｒｄs截略词6、coiｎagｅ创新词7、functionaｌshift功能性变化8、histoｒical ｌinguistics历史语言学９、MｉdｄleＥnｇｌisｈ中世纪英语10、Modern English现代英语1１、mｏrpｈologiｃalｃhange形态变化１２、neｇation rule否定规则13、Ｏｌd Eｎglｉｓh古英语１4、pｈonｏlｏｇical ｃｈaｎｇｅ音位变化15、seｍantic cｈange语义变化16、semａntｉｃshift语义转移17、syntａcｔｉc cｈａngｅ句法变化Cｈapter 8 Languageａｎd socieｔy语言与社会1、bilｉngｕaliｓm双语制2、Bｌack Englｉsｈ黑人英语3、creolｅ克里奥尔语４、diｇloｓsia双语；双言制５、eｔhnｉc dｉalect种族变体６、fｉｅld of ｄｉｓcouｒｓe语场7、gｅndｅr性别8、ｉｄioleｃt个人变体９、mode oｆdｉscourse语式10、mulｔilinguａｌism多语制11、pidｇiｎ洋泾浜语12、rｅgiｏｎaｌｄiａｌect地域方言13、rｅgｉsｔer语域14、sociｏlｅｃt社会变体15、speecｈmunｉtｙ言语社团１６、sｐeｅch vaｒiety言语变体17、ｔeｎor of disｃoｕｒｓe语旨Chａpter ９Laｎｇuage ａnｄcultｕre语言与社会1、ａccｕｌturａtion 同化过程2、amａｌgamation混合3、ａssimｉｌatioｎ同化(现象);同化(作用)4、connoｔａtivｅｍｅaｎing内涵意义５、colｏur words颜色词6、culturaｌoverｌａｐ文化重叠7、culturaｌｉmｐerｉalisｍ文化帝国主义８、denotaｔiｖe meanｉnｇ外延意义9、ｌingｕｉsｔｉc ｒelatiｖity语言相对性１0、ｍeｔａｐhor隐喻1１、Sａｐir-Ｗhorf Hypoｔhesis萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说12、ｓocｉalizatｉｏn社会化13、ｔabｏo禁忌语1４、inｔeｒｃulｔural municaｔioｎ跨文化交际15、linguisｔiｃｉmpｅrialiｓm语言学中得帝国主义16、ｌiｎguｉstｉcｎaｔionaliｓm语言学中得民族主义Chapter 10 Ｌangｕａge aｃquisiｔｉoｎ语言习得1、ａphasｉa失语症2、ｂeｈａviｏrｉst 行为主义者3、caretaｋer ｔalk保姆式语言4、cogniｔivｅｌiｎｇuｉsticｓ认知语言学５、ｃoｎｔeｎt worｄ实词6、Critical ＰｅrioｄＨypotｈｅsis临界期假说7、ｄｙｓｇrａphia书写困难８、dyslexｉa失读症9、ｆeｅdback反馈１０、fuｎｃtion eleｍent起功能作用成分1１、ｈｅaring impaｉｒment听力受损1２、innaｔist语法天生主义者１3、iｎterａctiｏnist互动主义者1４、LanguａgｅＡcquｉsｉｔiｏn Ｄｅviｃe语言习得机制15、lexicaｌcontrasｔ词汇对比16、mentａl retａrdation智障1７、mothｅreｓe保姆式语言18、over－extｅnsiｏn过度扩展19、ｐｒototｙpe theorｙ原型理论2０、recast修正性重复２1、stｕtterｉng口吃22、ｔeleｇｒaphｉc speecｈ电报式言语23、under-extensｉon扩展不足2４、Uｎｉｖeｒｓａl Grammar普遍语法Ｃhapter 1１Ｓecond ｌanguagｅacquiｓitｉon第二语言习得１、affｅct/ｓocial ｓtratｅgieｓ社会策略2、ａgｅｏｆacqｕiｓｉtion习得年龄3、cognｉｔivｅstｒaｔegｉｅs认知策略4、pｒehｅnsiblｅｉnｐｕt可理解性输入5、Consｔrａstive Aｎaｌｙsis对比分析6、cｒosｓ-aｓsociatioｎ互相联想7、Erｒor Aｎａlysiｓ错误分析8、foｒｅｉｇn laｎguage外语9、foreｉgner talk外国人谈话1０、ｆossiliｚａtion语言石化(现象)１1、Input Hｙｐothesiｓ输入假说12、ｉnstrumental moｔiｖatｉｏｎ工具动机１3、intａke 纳入14、inteｇratｉvｅmoｔivation综合动机15、inteｒference干扰１6、iｎterlaｎguａｇｅ中介语17、ｉｎterlinguａl ｅｒｒors语际错误;受母语影响得错误18、Ｉntraｌiｎguａl eｒror语内错误1９、ｉｎtrinsic motivaｔion内在动机２0、ｉnｔｕiｔion知觉;语感２1、learｎeｒｌaｎｇｕage学习者语言22、learｎing ｓtrategieｓ学习策略23、languａge aｐtitude语言能力２4、lanｇｕａgeｔransｆｅｒ语言迁移2５、meｔacogｎitiｖe strａtｅｇｉes元认知策略26、mｏtivatｉon动机２7、moｄifｉed iｎput修改后得输入２８、ｍodifiｅd ｉntｅｒaction变化性得互动2９、negatｉve traｎsfer消极迁移;负迁移３0、ｏveｒgeneralizaｔion概括过头31、personaｌitｙ人格;性格;个性3２、positｉve transfer积极迁移；正迁移33、ｒｅｓｕlｔaｔｉｖｅmoｔivation结果动机34、secoｎｄlanguage第二语言35、seconｄlanguage acｑｕiｓiｔioｎ第二语言习得36、teacher talk教师谈话37、target languａge目标语Ｃｈａpter 12Language and tｈe brain 语言与大脑１、aｃquired dysgrapｈia习得性书写障碍2、ａcqｕiｒｅd dｙｓｌexｉa习得性失读症3、angular gyrｕｓ隅骨4、auｔopsy stｕdies尸检研究5、braｉn stｅｍ脑干6、Ｂroｃa’s aphasia布罗卡失语症7、Ｂrｏca’s area布罗卡区8、ｂｏttom-ｕp prｏcｅssinｇ自下而上处理过程ｃerｅbruｍ大脑9、ｃentral ｓulcus中央沟10、ｃerebｅllｕm小脑脑向背侧突出得一个较大得部分,尤与肌肉得共济运动与维持身体平衡有关11、cerebrａl hemisｐhere大脑半球12、cohort modｅl交股模型１3、pｕtarized Ａxial Tomograｐhｙ计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法1４、corpus(语言)素材15、ｃｏｒpｕｓcａｌlosuｍ胼胝体1６、cｏrｔex大脑皮层17、dｅep dｙslexiａ深层诵读困难18、Diｃhotｉc lｉsｔeniｎg studiｅs双耳分听实验19、eｖeｎt－ｒelaｔed potentｉａl ｅxperiｍent2０、eye movｅｍenｔｅxpｅriment眼动实验21、fissure裂缝;裂隙22、flueｎt apｈasia流利性失语症２3、frontａl lobｅ额叶(大脑半球得前部,其下部位于颅前窝,后界中央沟24、Funcｔiｏnal MＲI功能磁共振成像25、garden path sentence花园路径句26、global ａpｈasia整体性失语症２7、gyruｓ回2８、hieｒａｒｃhiｃal strｕｃtｕre层级结构29、late closure ｐrincｉpｌe后封闭原则;晚封闭原则30、lateral fisｓurｅ侧脑裂31、lａｔｅrａliｚａtiｏn侧化32、leｓion损害33、lexｉcaｌdｅciｓion词汇判断;词汇确定法3４、lｏbes叶,身体器官得由表面得沟裂分出得部分３５、lｏngiｔuｄinaｌfissurｅ纵裂36、MagnetｉｃResonａｎce Iｍａｇing磁共振成像37、neｕｒon神经细胞,神经元3８、mｉnimaｌａｔｔachment priｎｃiｐle最低限度结合原则３９、modｕle模块；组块40、non－flueｎt ａpｈasiａ失语症４1、oｃcipｉtal lobe枕叶大脑半球得后叶,呈三面得锥形, 与前方得顶叶与下方得颞叶没有明显得界限４2、ｐａrietal ｌobe顶叶Pｏsitron emiｓsｉon Toｍｏｇｒa ｐhy正电子发射X射线层析照相术;计算机辅助正电子发射断层扫描技术43、phoｌogicaｌdyｓｌeｘｉa拼音性失读症４4、primiｎg启动45、primiｎg eｆｆeｃt启动效应46、ｐｒiming eｘpeｒiment启动实验４7、right eaｒadvantａgｅ右耳优势;右耳听力强48、ｓelｅctional restｒictｉoｎ选择限制49、sentencｅａｍbiguiｔy句子歧义５０、“Sｏdｉｕm Ａmyｓtaｌ“Ｔest阿米妥纳实验Spoone ｒiｓｍ斯本内现象51、spliｔbrain ｓtudｉｅs裂脑研究52、sｕｌｃｕs沟53、suｒface dyｓlexia浅层诵读困难54、syntａｃtic pａrｓer句法处理器55、tｅｍpoｒａｌlobe颞叶56、ｔimed-ｒeａding ｅxｐeｒiment限时阅读实验57、top-dｏｗn ｐrocｅsｓinｇ自上而下处理过程58、Werniｃke’s apｈａsia韦尼克失语症。

常用的英文缩写及其中文意思

常用的英文缩写及其中文意思经济学术语解释1、什么是CPI、通货膨胀、PPI和GNP缩减指数？消费者物价指数(Consumer Price Index)，英文缩写为CPI，是反映与居民生活有关的产品及劳务价格统计出来的物价变动指标，通常作为观察通货膨胀水平的重要指标。

如果消费者物价指数升幅过大，表明通胀已经成为经济不稳定因素，央行会有紧缩货币政策和财政政策的风险，从而造成经济前景不明朗。

因此，该指数过高的升幅往往不被市场欢迎。

例如，在过去12个月，消费者物价指数上升2。

3%，那表示，生活成本比12个月前平均上升2。

3%。

当生活成本提高，你的金钱价值便随之下降。

也就是说，一年前收到的一张100元纸币，今日只可以买到价值97。

70元的货品及服务。

一般说来当CPI>3%的增幅时我们称为Inflation，就是通货膨胀；而当CPI>5%的增幅时，我们把他称为Serious Inflation，就是严重的通货膨胀。

主要价格指数有三个：消费者价格指数CPI(Consumer’s Price Index)，生产者价格指数PPI(Producer’s Price Index)，GNP缩减指数(GNP Deflator)。

可以这样说，CPI是一个同步经济指标，PPI是一个先行经济指标。

一般来说生产者价格指数领先于经济3个月到半年，消费者滞后于经济3个月到半年。

CPI可以显示目前经济状况，而PPI可以显示未来经济状况。

PPI计算的是厂商出售的价格，而CPI计算的是消费者购买的价格。

2、什么是恩格尔系数？1857年，德国统计学家恩格尔在研究了当时西欧某些居民家庭的收入和食物消费支出的关系后，提出了这样一个观点：一个家庭收入越少，总支出中用来购买食物的费用所占的比例越大。

这一观点被称为“恩格尔定律”，即恩格尔系数。

用公式表示为：恩格尔系数(%)=(食物支出额÷消费支出总额)×100%恩格尔定律主要表述的是食品支出占总消费支出随收入变化而变化的一定趋势。

服装常用术语翻译

服装术语英语翻译纺织纤维textile fiber（1）天然纤维Cotton 棉Rayon 人棉Viscose 粘胶Modal莫代尔Linen 亚麻Ramie 苎麻Kendir罗布麻Hemp 大麻Jute黄麻Wool 羊毛Alpaca 羊驼毛Yak hair 牦牛毛Camel hair 驼毛，驼绒Cashmere 羊绒Lamb wool 羊羔毛Angora 安哥拉山羊毛Mohair马海毛Rabbit hair 兔毛Silk 真丝Tussah silk 柞蚕丝Mulberry silk 桑蚕丝Tencel 天丝,是Lyocell莱赛尔纤维的商品名CUPRA酮氨===BEM:BEMBERG酮氨丝，宾霸SILKOOL：soybean fiber 大豆蛋白纤维Asbestos fiber石棉（2）化学纤维chemical fiberT：Polyester 涤纶N：Nylon 锦纶（尼龙）A：Acrylic 腈纶PP：Polypropylene 丙纶PV：Polyvinyl 维纶SP：Spandex 氨纶L Y：Lycra 莱卡Viscose粘胶CVC：chief value of cotton涤棉倒比（涤含量低于60％以下）纱线➢纱支yarn精纺fine yarn /worsted 68S粗纺normal yarn 24S混纺blending组织texture➢纱线——面料singe v. 烧毛singeing n. 烧毛desize v.退浆desizing n. 退浆gray goods 坯布，本色布works n.工厂examine v.检查piece n.一匹，一片gas singeing 气体烧毛scour v.煮练，净化bleach v.漂白degumming n.脱胶kier n.煮布锅pad v.轧染，浸轧alkali n.碱impurity n.杂质calcium n.钙impregnate v.浸透，浸轧impregnation n. 浸透，浸轧pile v.堆放liquor n.液squeezer n.轧车cylinder n.圆筒，烘筒，滚筒mercerize v. 丝光处理；碱化处理calico n.印花棉布，（英）平纹布filter v. 过滤n.过滤器，过滤用物质shrink v.缩小，收缩lustrous n.有光泽的heat setting热定型woven adj.纺织的，织成的knit v.针织，编织preparatory adj.准备的，初步的release v.释放，放松strain n.张力，变形creasing n.折皱，皱纹bond n.键，接合，链合restraint n.约束，抑制orientation n.取向，定方位crystallinity n.结晶度（性）modify v.改变，改进，修饰hydrosetting n.湿（热）定型dyeing, 染色：direct printing 直接印花transfer printing 转移印花thicken v.使变稠（厚，浓）roller printing滚筒印花screen printing筛网印花block printing模版印花carrier n.染色载体，运载工具engrave v.雕刻stenciling n.刻花版，刻版印花plate screen printing平网印花rotary screen printing圆网印花Covering, coating，涂层Compound, composite, 复合Printing, 印花Laminate, 贴合Sanding, 磨毛Cire, calender, 压光Wash out colors（拔染）Discharge print（拔染印花）Softening and antistatic agents 柔软及抗静电剂Water and oil-repellent agents 防水防油整理剂Insect-resist agents 防虫剂Thickeners 增稠剂Crosslinking agents 交联剂emulsifiers 乳化剂面料、辅料➢面料：Indigo chambray 靛蓝青年布Rayon cloth flocking 人棉布植绒PVC植绒：PVC flocking针织布植绒：Knitting cloth flocking珠粒绒：Claimond veins倒毛：Down pile making平绒：velveteen (velvet-plain)仿麂皮：Micro suede牛仔皮植绒：Jeans flocking尼丝纺：Nylon taffeta (Nylon shioze)尼龙塔夫泡泡纱：Nylon seersucker taffeta 素面植绒：plain flocking印花植绒：flocking(flower)雕印植绒：Embossing flocking皮革沟底植绒：Leather imitation flocking牛仔植绒雕印：Embossing jeans flocking兔羊绒大衣呢：Angora cachmere overcoating双面呢：double-faced woolen goods羊毛立绒呢：cut velvet顺毛呢：over coating粗花呢：costume tweed弹力呢：lycra woolen goods塔丝绒：Nylon taslon塔丝绒格子：N/Taslon ripstop桃皮绒：polyester peach skin涤塔夫：polyester taffeta春亚纺：polyester pongee超细麦克布：Micro fiber锦棉稠(平纹)：Nylon-cotton fabric （plain）重平锦棉稠：Nylon-cotton-cotton fabric(double weft)人字锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric斜纹锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric (twill)素色天鹅绒：solid velvet抽条磨毛天鹅绒：Rib fleece velvet雪花天鹅绒：melange velvet轧花天鹅绒：ginning velvet粒粒绒布：pellet fleece velvet麻棉混纺布：linen/cotton blended fabric麻棉交织布：linen/cotton mixed fabric素色毛巾布：solid terry蚂蚁布：fleece in one side素色卫衣布：solid fleece鱼网布：fleece彩条汗布：color-stripes single jerseyT/R弹力布：T/R bengalineT/C色织格子布：T/C solid check fabric弹力仿麂皮：Micro suede with spandexT/R仿麂皮：T/R Micro suede仿麂皮瑶粒绒复合布：100%polyester micro suede bounding with polar fleece 仿麂皮针织布复合：100% polyester bounding with knitting micro suede fabric 仿麂皮羊羔绒复合布：100% polyester micro suede bounding with lamb fur蜡光缎：cire satine全消光尼丝纺：Full dull nylon taffeta半消光尼丝纺：semi-dull nylon taffeta亮光尼龙：Trilobal nylon全消光塔丝隆：Full dull nylon taslan全消光牛津布：full dull nylon oxford尼龙格：Nylon rip-stop塔丝隆格：Taslan rip-stop哑富迪：Full dull Micro polyester pongee全消光春亚纺：Full dull polyester pongee春亚纺格子：polyester pongee rip-stop全消光涤纶桃皮绒：Full dull polyester peach宽斜纹桃皮绒：Big twill polyester peach涤锦复合桃皮绒：poly/nylon peach涤纶格子：polyester taffeta rip-stop涤纶蜂巢塔丝隆：polyester honey taslan全消光涤纶低弹牛津布：Full dull poly textured oxford 涤锦交织桃皮绒：Nylon/polyester inter-woven peach 重磅真丝heavy silk欧根纱organza真丝双绉：silk CDC （crepe de chine）雪纺chiffon 弹力雪纺stretch chiffon牛仔布denim蕾丝lace泡泡纱seersucker色丁satin 光滑缎面花呢tweed皮马棉：pima cotton莫代尔modal➢辅料belt 腰带binding tape 捆条（包边）bow 蝴蝶bow-tie 蝴蝶结buckle loop 钮圈button 钮扣care label 洗水唛care labelcollar tab 领袢collar stay 领插竹conceal zipper 隐形拉链conceal zippercontent label 成分唛content labelcontrast color stitches 撞色线cotton string 棉绳elastic 橡筋epaulet 肩章eyelet 鸡眼eyes & hooks 乌蝇扣, 钩棒扣frills 荷叶边frillsfusible-interlining 粘朴godet 三角形布gusset 三角形插布half moon patch 半月形龟背hanging loop 吊袢interlining 衬, 朴lace 花边lining 里布main label / brand label 主唛non-fusible-interlining 非粘朴, 生朴plastic string 胶针rib 罗纹ribrivet 撞钉, 包头钉rubber string 橡筋shank (钮扣)绕脚线shoulder pad 肩棉, 肩垫size label 尺码唛smocking (装饰用的)缩褶snap 急钮, 按钮, 揿钮sticker 贴纸stripe 带条, 绳子thread 线triangle gusset 三角脚贴velcro 魔术贴zipper 拉链zipper puller 拉链拉手zipper stopper，分为“top stop”和“bottom stop”，“top stop”中文叫“前码，上止”，“bottom stop”中文叫“后码，下止”。

(完整版)常用英语语法术语表_中英

常用英语语法术语表达语法 grammar句法 syntax词法 morphology结构 structure层次 rank句子 sentence从句 clause词组 phrase词类 part of speech单词 word实词 notional word虚词 structural word单纯词simple word派生词derivative复合词compound词性part of speech名词 noun专有名词 proper noun普通名词 common noun可数名词 countable noun不可数名词 uncountable noun抽象名词 abstract noun具体名词 concrete noun物质名词 material noun集体名词 collective noun个体名词 individual noun介词 preposition连词 conjunction动词 verb主动词 main verb及物动词 transitive verb不及物动词 intransitive verb系动词 link verb助动词 auxiliary verb情态动词 modal verb规则动词 regular verb不规则动词 irregular verb短语动词 phrasal verb限定动词 finite verb非限定动词 infinite verb使役动词 causative verb感官动词 verb of senses动态动词dynamic verb静态动词 state verb感叹词 exclamation形容词 adjective副词 adverb方式副词 adverb of manner程度副词 adverb of degree时间副词 adverb of time地点副词 adverb of place修饰性副词adverb of adjunct连接性副词 adverb of conjunct疑问副词 interrogative adverb关系副词 relative adverb代词 pronoun人称代词 personal pronoun物主代词 possessive pronoun反身代词 reflexive pronoun相互代词 reciprocal pronoun指示代词 demonstrative pronoun疑问代词 interrogative pronoun关系代词 relative pronoun不定代词 indefinite pronoun名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun冠词 article定冠词 definite article不定冠词 indefinite article数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form非限定动词 non-finite verb form原形 base form从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose条件状语从句 adverbial clause of condition真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 含蓄条件句 adverbial clause of implied condition错综条件句 adverbial clause of mixed condition句子 sentence简单句 simple sentence并列句 compound sentence复合句 complex sentence并列复合句 compound complex sentence陈述句 declarative sentence疑问句 interrogative sentence一般疑问句 general question特殊疑问句 special question选择疑问句 alternative question附加疑问句 tag question反义疑问句 disjunctive question修辞疑问句 rhetorical question感叹疑问句 exclamatory question存在句 existential sentence肯定句 positive sentence基本句型 basic sentence patern否定句 negative sentence祈使句 imperative sentence省略句 elliptical sentence感叹句 exclamatory sentence句子成分 members of sentences主语 subject谓语 predicate宾语 object双宾语 dual object直接宾语 direct object间接宾语 indirect object复合宾语 complex object同源宾语 cognate object补语 complement主补 subject complement宾补 object complement表语 predicative定语 attribute同位语 appositive状语 adverbial句法关系 syntactic relationship 并列 coordinate从属 subordination修饰 modification前置修饰 pre-modification后置修饰 post-modification限制 restriction双重限制 double-restriction非限制 non-restriction数 number单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form规则形式 regular form不规则形式 irregular form格 case普通格 common case所有格 possessive case主格 nominative case宾格 objective case性 gender阳性 masculine阴性 feminine通性 common中性 neuter人称 person第一人称 first person第二人称 second person第三人称 third person时态 tense过去将来时 past future tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense一般现在时 simple present tense一般过去时 simple past tense一般将来时 simple future tense现在完成时 past perfect tense过去完成时 present perfect tense将来完成时 future perfect tense现在进行时 present continuous tense过去进行时 past continuous tense将来进行时 future continuous tense过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense语态 voice主动语态 active voice被动语态 passive voice语气 mood陈述语气 indicative mood祈使语气 imperative mood虚拟语气 subjunctive mood否定 negation否定范围 scope of negation全部否定 full negation局部否定 partial negation转移否定 shift of negation语序 order自然语序 natural order倒装语序 inversion全部倒装 full inversion部分倒装 partial inversion直接引语 direct speech间接引语 indirect speech自由直接引语 free direct speech自由间接引语 free indirect speech一致 agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement 语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity强调 emphasis重复 repetition语音 pronunciation语调 tone升调 rising tone降调 falling tone降升调 falling-rising tone文体 style正式文体 formal非正式文体 informal口语 spoken/oral English套语 formulistic expression英国英语 British English美国英语 American English用法 usage感情色彩 emotional coloring褒义 commendatory贬义 derogatory幽默 humorous讽刺 sarcastic。

英语语法术语中英文对照

英语语法术语（中英文对照）一、词性 part of speech1.名词 noun1)专有名词 proper noun2)普通名词 common noun3)可数名词 countable noun4)不可数名词 uncountable noun5)抽象名词 abstract noun6)具体名词 concrete noun7)物质名词 material noun8)集体名词 collective noun9)个体名词 individual noun2.动词 verb1)及物动词 transitive verb （Vt）2)不及物动词 intransitive verb (Vi)3)系动词 link verb4)助动词 auxiliary verb5)情态动词 modal verb6)规则动词 regular verb7)不规则动词 irregular verb8)短语动词 phrasal verb9)限定动词 finite verb10)非限定动词 infinite verb11)使役动词 causative verb12)感官动词 verb of senses3.形容词 adjective4.副词 adverb1）方式副词adverb of manner2）程度副词adverb of degree3）时间副词adverb of time4）地点副词adverb of place5）修饰性副词 adjunct6）连接性副词 conjunct7）疑问副词 interrogative adverb8）关系副词 relative adverb5.代词 pronoun1）人称代词 personal pronoun2）物主代词 possessive pronouni.名词性物主代词 nominal possessive pronounii.形容词性物主代词 adjectival possessive pronoun 3）反身代词 reflexive pronoun4）指示代词 demonstrative pronoun5）疑问代词 interrogative pronoun6）关系代词 relative pronoun7）不定代词 indefinite pronoun6.冠词 article1）定冠词 definite article2）不定冠词 indefinite article7.数词 numeral1）基数词 cardinal numeral2）序数词 ordinal numeral8.介词 preposition9.连词 conjunction10.感叹词 exclamation二、数/格/性 number/case/gender1.数number1）单数形式 singular form2）复数形式 plural form3）规则形式 regular form4）不规则形式 irregular form2.格case1）普通格 common case2）所有格 possessive case3）主格 nominative case4）宾格 objective case三、句子成分 members of sentences1.主语 subject2.谓语 predicate3.表语 predicative4.宾语 object1）双宾语 dual object2）直接宾语 direct object3）间接宾语 indirect object5.定语 attribute6.状语 adverbial7.同位语 appositive8.补语 complement1）主补（主语补语） subject complement2）宾补（宾语补语） object complement四、句子sentence1.简单句 simple sentence2.复合句 complex sentence3.并列句 compound sentence4.陈述句 declarative sentence5.存在句 existential sentence6.疑问句 interrogative sentence1）一般疑问句 general question2）特殊疑问句 special question3）选择疑问句 alternative question4）反义疑问句 disjunctive question7.肯定句 positive sentence8.否定句 negative sentence9.祈使句 imperative sentence10.省略句 elliptical sentence11.感叹句 exclamatory sentence五、语气/语态/语序/一致 mood/voice/order/agreement1.语气mood1）陈述语气 indicative mood2）祈使语气 imperative mood3）虚拟语气 subjunctive mood2.语态voice1）主动语态 active voice2）被动语态 passive voice3.语序 order1）自然语序 natural order2）倒装语序inversioni.全部倒装 full inversionii.部分倒装 partial inversion3）直接引语 direct speech4）间接引语 indirect speech4.一致agreement主谓一致 subject-predicate agreement语法一致 grammatical agreement概念一致 notional agreement就近原则 principle of proximity六、从句clause1.名词性从句 nominal clause1）主语从句subject clause2）表语从句 predicative clause3）宾语从句 object clause4）同位语从句appositive clause2.定语从句 attributive clause3.状语从句adverbial clause1）时间状语从句 adverbial clause of time2）地点状语从句 adverbial clause of place3）方式状语从句 adverbial clause of manner4）让步状语从句 adverbial clause of concession5）原因状语从句 adverbial clause of cause6）结果状语从句 adverbial clause of result7）目的状语从句 adverbial clause of purpose8）条件状语从句 adverbial clause of conditioni.真实条件状语从句adverbial clause of real conditionii.非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition 9）比较状语从句 adverbial clause of comparison4. 独立主格结构Nominative Absolute Construction七、时态 tense1.现在时present tense1）一般现在时 present simple tense2）现在进行时 present continuous tense3）现在完成时 present perfect tense4）现在完成进行时 present perfect continuous tense2.过去时 past tense1）一般过去时past simple tense2）过去进行时 past continuous tense3）过去完成时 past perfect tense4）过去完成进行时 past perfect continuous tense3.将来时future tense1）一般将来时 future simple tense2）将来进行时 future continuous tense3）将来完成时 future perfect tense4）将来完成进行时 future perfect continuous tense4.其他1）一般过去将来时past future tense2）过去将来进行时 past future continuous tense3）过去将来完成时 past future perfect tense4）过去将来完成进行时past future perfect continuous tense。

贸易英语—术语例句中英文对照

我的英语翻译—贸易英语—术语例句中英文对照1.TradeTerms贸易术语2.Departure启运3.EXW(ExWorks)工厂交货4.Maincarriageunpaid主要运费未付5.FCA(FreeCarrier)货交承运人6.FAS(FreealongsideShip)装运港船边交货7.FOB(FreeonBoard)装运港船上交货8.Maincarriagepaid主要运费已付9.CFR(Costandfreight)成本加运费10.CIF(CostInsuranceandFreight)成本、保险费的运费11.CPT（CarriagePaidTo）运费付至目的地12.CIP（CarriageandInsurancePaidTo）运费、保险费付至目的地13.Arrival抵达14.DAF（DeliveredAtFrontier）边境交货15.DES（DeliveredExShip）目的港船上交货16.DEQ（DeliveredExQuay）目的港码头交货17.DDU（DeliveredDutyUnpaid）未完税交货18.DDP（DeliveredDutyPaid）完税后交货19.FIO（Freeinandout）船方不负担装卸费20.FI（Freein）船方不负担装货费21.FO（Freeout）船方不负担卸货费22.GrossTerm船方负担装卸费23.ExclusiveSales包销24.Agency代理25.Agent代理人26.Principal本人27.Authorization授权28.GeneralAgency总代理29.ExclusiveAgency或SoleAgency独家代理missionAgency佣金代理31.Consignment寄售32.InvitationtoTender招标33.ToSubmitTender投标34.InernationalCompetitiveBidding，ICB国际竞争性招标35.OpenBidding公开招标36.SelectedBidding选择性招标37.NegotiatedBidding谈判招标38.Two—stageBidding两段招标39.AnnouncementofTender发布招标公告40.BiddingDocuments编制招标文件41.Auction拍卖42.Auctioneer拍卖商43.Bidder竞买者44.DutchAuction荷兰式拍卖45.SealedBids;ClosedBids密封递价46.FuturesTransaction期货交易47.SellingHedging卖期保值48.BuyingHedging买期保值49.CounterTrade对销贸易pensationAgreement补偿协定pensationSystem补偿制52.ProductsBuyback产品回购53.TradeonCompensatoryBasis补偿基础上的贸易54.CounterTrade对销贸易55.Barter易货56.CounterPurchase互购57.Productionsharing产品分成58.Switch转手贸易59.Switcher转手商60.additionalvalue附加价值ofCommodity商品名称62.QualityasperSeller'sSample质量已卖方样品为准63.QualityasperBuyer'sSample质量已买方样品为准64.CounterSample对等样品65.ConfirmationSample确认样品66.Description说明67.FairAverageQuality良好平均品质68.qualitytobeconsiderdeandbeingaboutequaltothesample交货品质和样品大体相符69.condition要件70.Ounce盎司71.Carat克拉72.Gross箩73.Ream令74.Roll、Coil、Reel卷75.Length长度76.Area面积77.Volume体积78.Capacity容积79.Grossweight毛重Weight净重81.ActualTare或RealTare实际皮重82.AverageTare平均皮重83.StandardWeight标准皮重84.CustomaryTare习惯皮重putedTare约定皮重86.ConditionedWeight公量87.LegalWeight法定重量Weight实物净重89.Eachdozeninacardboardboxand20dozensinacarton 纸箱装，每箱20打，每打装一盒90.FlexibleContainer集装包91.Pallet托盘92.Container集装箱93.PriceAdjustmentclause价格调整条款missionRate佣金率95.PriceIncludingCommission含佣金96.ChinaPorts中国港口97.WeatherWorkingDaysof24ConsecutiveHours连续24小时晴天工作日98.CustomaryQuickDespatch习惯快速装卸99.FreefromParticularAverage（FPA）平安险100.WithParticularAverage（WA或WRA）水渍险101.ALLRisks一切险102.Theft，Pilferage&Nondelivery，TPND偷窃提货不着险103.Freshand/orRainWaterDamageRisks，FRWD淡水雨淋险104.RiskofLeakage渗漏险105.RiskofShortageinWeight短量险106.HookDamage钩损险107.RiskofContamination污染险108.RiskofClashingor Break age碰损破碎险109.RiskofOdor串未险110.DamagecausedbySweatingand/orHeating受潮受热险111.Lossand/orDamagecausedby Break ageofPacking包装破裂险112.RiskofRusting锈损险113.WarRisks战争险114.StrikeRisk罢工险115.FailuretoDeliver交货不到险116.ImportDuty进出口关税险117.onDeck舱面险118.Rejection拒收险119.Aflatoxin黄曲霉素险120.WarehousetoWarehouseClause仓至仓条款121.InsurancetobeeffectedbytheBuyer保险由买方办理122.Cashwithorder订货时付现123.DocumentsagainstPayment（D/P）付款交单124.TrustReceipt信托收据125.DocumentsagainstAcceptance（D/A）乘兑交单126.RevocableL/C127.RevocableL/C可撤销信用证128.Confirmed保兑129.ReciprocalCredit对开信用证130.BacktoBackL/C对背信用证131.Stand-byL/C备用信用证132.InspectionCertificate检验证明书133.QualityCertificate品质证明书134.CertificateofAnalysis分析证明书135.WeightCertificate重量证明书136.SanitaryCertificate卫生证明书137.VeterinaryCertificate兽医证明书138.PlantQuarantineCertificate植物检疫证明书139.Inquiry询盘140.Offer发盘141.Counteroffer还盘142.firmcounter-offer还实盘143.Acceptance接受144.BillofExchange，Draft汇票145.Invoice发票mercialInvoice商业发票147.CashDiscount现金折扣148.TradeDiscount贸易折扣149.OptionalCharges选港费150.PortCongestionCharges港口拥挤费151.CertifiedInvoice证实发票152.ReceiptofInvoice收妥发票153.Manufacturer'sInvoice厂商发票154.BillofLading提单155.Consignee提单的收货人156.FreightPrepaid运费已付157.FreighttoCollect运费到付158.InsurancePolicy保险单159.CertificateofOrigin产地证明书160.GeneralizedSystemofPreferencesDocuments普绘制单据161.GSPCertificateoforiginFormA表格A产地证162.CertificateofOriginofTextileProducts纺织品产地证163.ExportLicenceofTextileProducts纺织品出口许可证164.CertificateinregardtoHandlooms,TextileHandcraftsandTraditionalTextileProduc tsoftheCottageIndustry手工制纺织品产地证165.SpunSilkHaboiai绢丝纺166.ShipmentCertificateofTextileProducts纺织品装船证明167.PackingListandWeightMemo装箱单和重量单168.BreachofContract违约169.BreachofCondition违反要件170.BreachofWarranty违反担保171.InnominateTerm无名条款172.MinorBreachofConntract轻微的违约173.MaterialBreachofContract重大的违约174.FundamentalBreachofContract根本性违约175.Non——fundamentalBreachofContract非根本性违约176.Remedies救济方法177.NorminalDamages损害赔偿178.Delivery交货179.Don—delivery不交货180.AcceptanceofGoods接受货物181.ReceiptofGoods收下货物182.Insolvency无力偿付183.Lien留置权184.StoppageinTransit停运权185.theRighttoReselltheGoods转售货物的权利186.WithholdDeliveryoftheGoods扣交货物187.StopDeliveryoftheGoods停止运交货物188.TheHarmonizedCommodityDescriptionandCodingSystem（HS）《商品名称及编码协调制度》189.dateofshipment转船日期，出运口岸190.invoiceno.发票编号191.portofshipment起运地192.portofdestination目的地,到达地193.dateofshipment装船日期,出运口岸moditycode商品编码195.description品名196.quantity数量197.unitprice单价198.totalamount总价weight净重200.grossweight毛重201.measurement尺码202.salescontractno.售货合同编号203.packinglist装箱单204.packageno.包装箱号码205.totalpackages包装总数206.caseno.箱号207.specification规格209.countryoforigin生产国别,原产国210.contractofpurchase定购合同211.salesconfirmation销售确认书212.shipper托运人213.billoflading提单214.consignee收货人215.portofdischarge卸货港216.numberofpackages件数217.surfacetransportcharge地面运输费218.airfreightcharge航空运费219.actualweight实际重量220.chargeableweight计费重量221.airportofdeparture始发站222.airportofdestination目的站223.waybill运单224.airwaybill航空运单225.dateofarrival到达日期226.termsoftrade贸易方式227.importer进口商228.exporter出口商229.termofforeignexchange外汇来源230.countrywhenceconsigned进口国家231.importlicense进口许可证232.validityofimportlicense进口许可证有效期233.exportlicense出口许可证234.meansoftransport运输工具235.consignor发货人寄售人236.placeoforigin产地237.portofdispatch发货口岸238.typeofgoods货物类型239.partialshipment分批装运240.acceptingbank乘兑银行241.acceptinghouse乘兑行242.advaloremduty从价税243.advaloremfreight从价运费244.actualtare实际皮重245.additionalorder追加订单246.adviceofshipment装运通知,装船通知247.airbilloflading空运提单248.airfreight空运费249.amendmentofcontract修改合同250.applicantforthecredit申请开证人251.atsight见票即付252.averageclause海损条款253.bankdraft银行条款254.bartertrade易货贸易255.bearer持票人256.billdrawnpayableatacertaintimeaftersight见票若干日付款的汇票257.billdrawnpayableatsight见票即付的汇票258.billdrawntoorder指定式汇票259.bookinglist订仓清单,装货订舱表260.brokenspace空仓费261.cancelanorder撤销订单262.cancelanoffer撤销发盘263.cargohold货舱264.cargoin bulk散装货265.cargoinsurance货物运输保险266.cashagainstbilloflading凭提单付现267.cashagainstdelivery交货付款268.certificateofquality货物品质证书269.cashagainstshippingdocuments凭单付现270.cashanddelivery付款交货,货到付款271.certificateofquantity货物数量证明书272.checkpayabletobearer不记名支票273.collectionoftheinstrument票据托收274.collectionondocuments跟单托收275.conditionsofcarriage货运条件276.confirmedcredit保兑信用证277.consigneesaddress收货人地址278.confirmingbank保兑银行279.confirminghouse保付商行280.confirmingorder确认书281.consignmentcontract寄售合同282.consignmentagent寄售代理人283.consignmentinvoice寄售发票284.consignmentnote发货通知书285.consignmentsales寄售286.consularinvoice领事签证发票,领事发票287.container集装箱288.container-carryingvessel集装箱船289.containerdepot集装箱装卸站290.contractforthedeliveryofgoodsbyinstallments分批交货的买卖合同291.contractforthepaymentofgoodsbyinstallments分期付款的买卖合同292.contractprice合同(规定的)价格293.cost,insuranceandfreight(C.I.F)成本,保险加运费(价)到岸价294.creditguarantee信贷保证295.customarypacking习惯包装296.customsdrawback海关退税297.customsduty关税298.customsdutyrate关税税率299.customsentry海关进口手续300.customshouse海关301.customsformalities海关手续302.customsfreedepot海关免税仓库303.customsimporttariff海关进口税则304.customsinvoice海关发票305.customsquota关税配额306.customsvaluation海关估价307.dateofdelivery交货日期308.dateofacceptance承兑日期309.deliveryalongsidethevessel船边交货310.cleanbilloflading清洁提单311.dirtybilloflading不清洁提单312.dischargingport卸货港口313.documentsagainstacceptance(D/A)承兑交单314.documentsagainstpayment(D/P)付款交单315.documentsagainstpaymentaftersight(date)远期付款交单316.documentaryacceptance跟单承兑317.documentarybill跟单票据318.documentarycollection跟单托收319.documentarycredit跟单信用证320.documentarydraft跟单汇票321.entryforwarehousing存仓报单322.entryofgoodsinward申报进口323.entryofgoodsoutward申报出口324.exportagent出口代理325.exportbilloflading出口提单326.exportcontrol出口管制327.exportcredit出口信贷328.exportduty出口税329.exportquota出口配额330.exportsusidy出口补贴331.exportdocuments出口单据332.export-processingfreezones加工出口自由(关税)区333.exportpermit出口许可证334.freightbill运费单335.freightcharges运费336.freightrates运费率337.freighttariff运费表338.generalagency总代理339.generalagent总代理人340.generalaverage共同海损341.taxholidays免税期342.immediatedelivery立即交货343.immediatepacking立即包装344.immediatepayment立即支付345.immediateshipment立即装运346.importcontrol进口管制347.importentry进口报关单348.importduty进口税349.importsubstitution进口替代350.importdeposit进口保证金351.importquota进口配额352.importsurcharge进口附加费,进口附加税353.insuranceconditions保险条件354.insurancedocuments保险单据355.instrumentofpayment支付手段356.insurancepolicy保险单ndedprice卸岸价格ndedterms目的港岸上交货价ndedweight到岸重量360.letterofguarantee(L/G)保证书,保函361.letterofcredit(L/C)信用证362.oceanmarinebillofleading海运提货dbilloflading记名提单364.negotiableletterofcredit可转让信用证365.offer报价,报盘366.proformainvoice形式发票367.quotaperiods配额期368.quotaquantities配额数量369.shut-outcargo退关货370.sightletterofcredit即期信用证371.short-landing短卸372.short-landingcertificate短卸证明书373.surveyreportonquality品质鉴定证明书374.surveyreportonweight重量鉴定证明书375.transshipmentgoods转运货物376.transitgoods过境货物377.freeonboard(FOB)船上交货(价)378.freecarrier(FCA)货交承运人(价)379.costinsuranceandfreight(CIF)成本,保险加运费(价)380.promptshipment即刻装运381.irrevocablecredit不可撤销的信用证贸易例句(382-481)382.Excuseme,areyouMr.PierrefromParis?请问,您是从巴黎来的皮埃尔先生吗？383.IworkintheChinaNationalMachineryImportandExportCorporation.我在中国机械进出口总公司工作。

机械加工常用基础英语名词术语翻译对照大全

fabrication tolerance.制造容差
fabrication 加工，制造
fabrication.制造
feeder馈电线
ferritic .铁素体的
field fabricated 工地制造的，现场装配的
field installation 现场安装
back-feed反馈
base material基底材料
bellow type 波纹管式
bend.弯管弯头
Bending：挠曲
beveling 磨斜棱，磨斜边
blinding plate盲板
blind挡板
blowhole气泡，气孔
master schedule 主要图表，综合图表，设计任务书，主要作业表
material certificate.材料合格证
metallic luster 金属光泽
motor lead电动机引出线
name plate名牌，商标
National Electrical Code 全国电气规程
cement lined piping 水泥衬里
channel bases沟渠基底
check against 检查，核对
check valve止回阀
chipping修琢
chronometer精密计时表
Circuit breaker断路开关
circumferential joint 周圈接缝
process pipe 工艺管道
purchased material list原材料进货单
push button station按钮式控制站
qualification：合格性

语法术语中英文

语法术语中英文1. Noun （名词）countable uncountable （可数名词、不可数名词）Number of N （名词的数）Irregular plurals （不规那么复数）Genitive case of N （名词的所有格）Double genitive （双重所有格）2.Pronoun （代词）Personal pronoun （人称代词）Possessive pronoun （物主代词）Reflexive pronoun （反身代词）Interrogative pronoun （疑问代词）Indefinite pronoun （不定代词）3.Numeral （数次）Cardinal 、ordinal numbers （基数词、序数词）Percentage （百分数）Fraction （分数）Decimal （小数）Multiple （倍数）4.Determiner （限定词）Definite, indefinite, zero articles （定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词）Quantifiers （数量词）5.Preposition （介词）6.Adjective （形容词）Attributive 定语Predicative 表语Adverb clause equivalent 副词性从句7. Adverb （副词）Modifier of Adj / Adv / Prep-phrase / N-Phrase / Adverb-clause （形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语）The comparative and superlative degrees of Adj / Adv （形容词和副词的比较级和最高级）9. Verb classes （动词）Transitive and intransitive verbs（及物动词和不及物动词）Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries（助动词和情态动词）Semi-auxiliaries （半助动词）Phrasal verbs （短语动词）10. Tense （时态）Simple present, past, future and with modals （一样此刻时，一样过去时，一样以后时和情态助动词加动词）Present and past progressive（此刻进行时和过去进行时）Future progressive and with modals（以后进行时和情态动词加进行时）Present and past perfect（此刻完成时和过去完成时）Future perfect and with modals （以后完成时和情态动词加完成时）Present perfect progressive（此刻完成进行时）Past perfect progressive （过去完成进行时）voice （被动语态）Passive voice in simple tense（被动语态的一样时态）Passive voice in perfect and progressive tenses （被动语态的完成和进行时态）Passive voice of phrasal verbs （短语动词的被动语态）12.Subjunctive mood （虚拟语气）13.To V （Infinitive 动词不定式）as subject, object and complement （用作主语，宾语和补足语）Indicating purpose / result （表示目的和结果）Modifying adjective （修饰形容词）as post modifier in a noun phrase （后位修饰名词）to be + V-ed2, to have + V-ed2, to be + V-ing （不定式的被动式，完成式和进行式）14.V-ing （Gerund 动名词）object, subject and predicative （宾语, 主语和表语）N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing as subject and object （名词/ 代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语）Prep + N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing （介词加名词/代词或其所有格加动名词）being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as a noun equivale nt （动名词的被动式,完成式和完成被动式起名词作用）15pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 此刻分词和过去分词）as complement （补足语）as an adverb clause equivalen t（作状语）When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 （When / While 等加此刻分词或过去分词）（with） N + V-ing / V-ed2 （ [ with ] 名词加此刻分词或过去分词）Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalen t（无归属此刻分词作状语）being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalen t（此刻分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语）16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements （大体句型和句子成份）Pattern 1: S + VPattern 2: S + V + CsPattern 3: S + V + OPattern 4: S + V + Oi + OdPattern 5: S + V + Od + Co17. Interrogative form （疑问形式）Negative form （否定形式）Passive form （被动形式）relative clause （定语从句）Restrictive and non-restrictive （限制Pare nt hesis （插入语）Omission （省略）Omission through coordination （并列结构中的省略）Negation （否定）Total negation （全数否定）Partial negation （部份否定）Double negation （双重否定）Transferred negation （转移否定）性和非限制性定语从句）Appositive clause （同位语从句）Noun phrase appositive to clause（名词短语作句子的同位语）Clause of time and space（时刻从句和地址从句）Clauses of condition, concession and con tras t （条件从句、妥协从句和对照从句）Clauses of cause, result and purpose（缘故从句、结果从句和目的从句）Clauses of manner and comparison（方式从句和比较从句）Clauses of proportion and other types（比例从句和其它从句）3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns （第三人称代词，第一、二人称代词的复数）indefinite pronouns （不定代词）（+ of + N / Pron）Subjec t-verb inversion（主语与谓语倒装）朗文高级英语语法》第一章动词时态概述(Overview Of Verb Tenses)1- 1 一样时态(The Simple Tenses)1- 2 进行时态(The ProgressiveTenses)31- 3 完成时态(The Perfect Tenses)1- 4 完成进行时态(The PerfectProgressive Tenses)1-5 时态用法总结(Summary Chart ofVerb Tenses)1- 6 -ing 和-ed 形式的拼写(Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms)第二章一样此刻时，一样过去时，此刻进行时和过去进行时(Present And Past,Simple And Progressive)2- 1 一样此刻时(Simple Present) 2- 2 此刻进行时(Present Progressive)2- 3 静态动词( Stative Verbs)2-5 规那么动词和不规那么动词(Regular and Irregular Verbs)2-6 规那么动词：-ed的发音(RegularVerbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings)2-7 不规那么动词表(Irregular Verbs: an Alphabetical List)2-8 易混淆的动词：raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie (Troublesome Verbs: raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie)2-9 一样过去时(Simple Past)2-10 过去进行时(Past Progressive)2-11进行时态与always连用表示抱怨(Using Progressive Verbs with always to Complain)2-12 进行时态中地址状语的用法(Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs) being + Adjective)3- 1 此刻完成时(Present Perfect)2-4 am/is/are being+形容词(am/is/are第三章完成时和完成进行时(Perfect And Perfect Progressive Tenses)3- 2 此刻完成进行时(Present Perfect Progressive) 3- 3 过去完成时(Past Perfect)3- 4 过去完成进行时(Past Perfect Progressive)第四章以后时(Future Time)4- 1 一样以后时：will 和be going to (Simple Future: will and be going to)4- 2 will 与be going to 的比较(will vs. be going to)4- 3 历时刻状语从句表示以后(Expressing the Future in Time Clauses)4-4 用一样此刻时和此刻进行时表示以后(Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time)4- 5 以后进行时(Future Progressive)4- 6 以后完成时(Future Perfect)4-7 以后完成进行时(Future Perfect Progressive)第五章时刻状语从句和时态的温习(Adverb Clauses Of Time And Review Of Verb Tenses)5- 1 时刻状语从句：形式(Adverb Clauses of Time: Form)5- 2 历时刻状语从句表示时刻关系(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships)第六章主谓一致(Subject-verbAgreement)6-1以-s或-es结尾的词：用法、发音和拼写(Final -s/-es: Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling)6-2 大体的主谓一致问题(BasicSubject-verb Agreement)6-3 主谓一致：表达数量(Subject-verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity)6-4 主谓一致：there be的用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Using there + be)6- 5 主谓一致：不规那么用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Some Irregularities)第七章名词(Nouns)7- 1 名词复数形式的规那么和不规那么转变(Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns)7- 2 所有格(Possessive Nouns)1037- 3 名词作修饰语(Using Nouns as Modifiers)7-4 可数名词和不可数名词(Count andNoncount Nouns)7- 5 不可数名词(Noncount Nouns)7- 6 常见不可数名词(Some Common Noncount Nouns)7-7 冠词的大体用法(Basic ArticleUsage)7-8 冠词用法的大体原那么(General Guidelines for Article Usage)7-9 数量的表达(Expressions of Quantity)7-10 a few 和few, a little 和little 的用法(Using a few and few; a little and little)7-11 带of 的数量表达(Using of in Expressions of Quantity)7-12 all (of)和both (of)〔All (of) and both (of) 7-13 单数的数量表达：one, each, every (Singular Expressions of Quantity: one, each, every)第八章代词(Pronouns)8- 1 人称代词(Personal Pronouns)8- 2 人称代词：与类属名词、不定代词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns)8-3 人称代词：与集合名词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns)8- 4 反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)8-5 you, one 和they 用作非人称代词(Using you, one, and they as Impersonal Pronouns)8- 6 other 的形式(Forms of other)8-7 other 的常见表达(CommonExpressions with other)第九章情态动词(一) (Modals, Part 1)9- 1 概述(Introduction)9-2 I作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with I as the Subject)9-3 you 作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with you as the Subject)9- 4 would you mind 用作礼貌请求(Polite Requests with would you mind)9- 5 表示必需：must, have to, have got to (Expressing Necessity: must, have to, have got to)9-6 没必要要和禁止：have to和must的否定形式(Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: have to and must in the Negative)9-7 忠告：should, ought to, had better (Advisability: should, ought to, had better)9-8 should 的过去式(The Past Form of should)9-9 期望:be supposed to (Expec tatio ns: be supposed to)9-10 提议:let's, why don't, shall I/we(Making Suggestions: let's, why don't, shall I/we)9-11 提议：could与should的比较(Making Suggestions: could vs. should) 第十章情态动词(二) (Modals, Part 2)10- 1 表示确信程度：此刻时(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time)10-2 表示确信程度：此刻时的否定形式(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative)10-3 表示确信程度：过去时(Degrees of Certainty: Past Time)10-4 表示确信程度：以后时(Degrees of Certainty: Future Time)10-5 情态动词的进行式(Progressive Forms of Modals)10-6 表示能力：can 和could (Ability:can and could)10-7 would 表示过去重复性的动作(Using would to Express a RepeatedAction in the Past)10-8 表示偏向： would rather(Expressing Preference: would rather)10-9 情态动词和短语情态动词的结合(Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals)10-10 情态动词和类似表达的总结表(Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions)第十一章被动语态(The Passive)11-1 被动语态的组成(Forming the Passive)11-2 被动语态的用法(Using thePassive)11-3 间接宾语用作被动语态的主语(Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects)11-4 情态动词与短语情态动词的被动语态(The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals)11-5 静态被动语态(Stative Passive)11-6 常见静态被动语态动词 + 介词(Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions)11-7 get 与被动语态(The Passive with get) 11-8 分词形容词(Participial Adjectives)第十二章名词性从句(Noun Clauses)12-1 概述(Introduction)12-2 以疑问词开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word)12-3以whether或if开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with whether or if)12-4疑问词后接不定式(Ques tion Words Followed by Infinitives)12-5 以that 开头的名词性从句(NounClauses Beginning with that)12-6 直接引语(Quoted Speech)12-7 间接引语：名词性从句中动词的形式(Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses)12-8 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法(Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses)12-9 带有-ever的辞汇的用法(Using -ever Words)第十三章定语从句(Adjective Clauses)13- 1 概述(Introduction)13-2 定语从句的关系代词作主语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject)13-3 定语从句的关系代词作动词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb)13-4 定语从句的关系代词作介词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition)13-5 定语从句的经常使用句型(UsualPatterns of Adjective Clauses)13-6 whose 的用法(Using whose)13-7定语从句中where的用法(Using where in Adjective Clauses)13-8 定语从句中when的用法(Using when in Adjective Clauses)13-9 定语从句修饰代词的用法(Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns)13-10 定语从句中标点符号的利用(Punctuating Adjective Clauses) 13-11 定语从句中数量的表示方式(Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses)13-12 名词+of which 的用法(U sing Noun + of which)28613-13 which修饰整个句子的用法(Using which to Modify a Whole Sentence)28613-14 将定语从句简化为形容词短语：概述(Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction)13-15 将定语从句转变成形容词短语(Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase)第十四章动名词和不定式(一) (GerundsAnd Infinitives, Part 1)14- 1 动名词：概述(Gerunds: Introduction)14-2 动名词作介词的宾语(Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions)14-3 后面接动名词的常见介词短语(Common Preposition CombinationsFollowed by Gerunds)14-4 后面接动名词的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Gerunds)14-5 go+动名词(go + Gerund)14-6后面接动词-ing形式的固定搭配(Special Expressions Followed by -ing)14-7 后面接不定式的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Infinitives)14-8 后面既可接不定式又可接动名词的常见动词(Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds)14-9 后面接动名词的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed byGerunds) 14-10 后面接不定式的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives)14-11 it +不定式；动名词和不定式作主语(it + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects) And Infinitives, Part 2)15-1 表示目的的不定式：in order to (Infinitive of Purpose: in order to)15-2 后面接不定式的形容词(Adjectives Followed by Infinitives)15-3 不定式与too和enough连用(Using Infinitives with too and enough)15-4 不定式和动名词的被动语态和完成式(Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds)15-5 need 后接动名词或不定式的被动语态形式(Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following need)15-6 所有格修饰动名词(Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund)15-7 感官动词的用法(Using Verbs of Perception)15-8 let和help后接动词原形(Using the Simple Form after let and help)15-9 使役动词的用法：make, have, get(Using Causative Verbs: make, have, get)第十五章动名词和不定式(二) (Gerunds第十六章并列连词(Coordinating16-1 平行结构(Parallel Structure)16-2 成对连词：both・・・and; not only… but also; either … or; neither … nor (Using Paired Conjunctions: both . . . and; not only . . . but also; either . . . or; neither . . . nor)16- 3 用并列连词连接独立分句(Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions)第十七章状语从句(Adverb Clauses)17- 1 概述(In troduc tion)17-2 缘故状语从句(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect)17-3表达对照(意外的结果)：even though 的用法〔Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using even though〕17-4 表达直接对照：while和whereas (Showing Direct Contrast: while and whereas)17-5条件状语从句：if从句(Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: 17-6 条件状语从句：whether or not和even if 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using whether or not and even if)17-7 条件状语从句：in case和in the event that 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using in case and in the event that)17-8 条件状语从句：unless的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using unless)17-9 条件状语从句：only if的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using only if)第十八章将状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Reduction Of Adverb Clauses To Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18- 1 概述(In troduc tion)18-2 将时刻状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-3 用修饰性的副词短语表达“与此同时”的概念(Expressing the Idea of “During the Same Time” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-4 用修饰性的副词短语表示因果关系(Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-5 在修饰性的副词短语中利用“upon + -ing” (Using upon + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)第十九章表示因果、对照和条件关系的关联词(Connectives That Express Cause And Effect, Contrast, And Condition)19-1 because of 和due to 的用法(Using because of and due to)19-2用过渡词表示因果关系：therefore 和consequently (Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: therefore and consequently)19-3 句型和标点符号小结(Summary ofPatterns and Punctuation)19-4其它表示因果关系的方式：such… that 和so …that (Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: such . . . that and so . . . that)19-5 表示目的：so that的用法(Expressing Purpose: Using so that)19-6 表示对照(意料之外的结果) 〔Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)〕19-7 表示直接对照(Showing Direct Contrast)19-8 表示条件：otherwise 和or (else) 的用法〔Expressing Conditions: Using otherwise and or (else)〕19-9 关联词小结：因果、对照和条件关系(Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition)第二十章条件句和表达愿望的方式(Conditional Sentences And Wishes)20- 1 条件句中一样动词形式概述(Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences)20-2 此刻和以后的真实条件句(True in the Present or Future)20-3 此刻和以后的非真实条件句(与事实相反)〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future〕20-4 过去的非真实条件句 (与事实相反) 〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past〕20-5 在条件句中利用动词的进行时形式(Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences)20-6条件句中“混合时刻”的用法(Using“ Mixed Time ” in ConditionalSentences)42420-7 if 的省略(Omitting if)20-8 暗含的条件(Implied Cond it ions)20-9 as if / as though 的用法(Using as if/as though) 20-10 wish后面的动词形式(Verb Forms Following wish)20-11 用would 表达关于以后的希望(Using would to Make Wishes about the Future)434and Objects)A-2 介词和介词短语(Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases) A-3 形容词(Adjectives)A-4 副词(Adverbs)A-5 be 动词(The Verb be)A-6 系动词(Linking Verbs)B单元：疑问句(Questions)B-1 一样疑问句和特殊疑问句的形式(Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions)B-2 疑问词(Ques tion Words)B-3 简化的一样疑问句(Shortened Yes/No Questions)B-4 否定疑问句(Negative Questions) B-5 反意疑问句(Tag Questions)附录增补语法单元(Supplementary Grammar Units)A 单元：大体语法术语(Basic GrammarTerminology)C 单元：缩写(Contractions) D单元：否定句(Negatives)D-1 not与其它否定词的用法(Using not and Other Negative Words)A-1 主语、动词和宾语(Subjects, Verbs,D-2 幸免“重复两次否定” (Avoiding Double Negatives)D-3 以否定词开头的句子(Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word)E 单元：介词搭配(Preposition Combinations)E 形容词和动词的介词搭配(Preposition Combinations withAdjectives and Verbs)F 单元：用来举例和延续观点的关联词(Connectives To Give Examples And To Continue An Idea)F-1 用来举例的关联词(Connectives to Give Examples)F-2 用来延续观点的关联词(Connectives to Continue the Same Idea)G 单元：动词形式的回忆练习(Verb Form Review Exercises)。

外贸术语大全中英文对照外贸常用术语及其含义

外贸术语大全中英文对照外贸常用术语及其含义查看全部外贸英语常见专业术语有哪些?外贸英语常见专业术语：包装用语用木箱包装 to be cased. to be encased用袋装 to be bagged用纸箱包装 to be bo某ed包装费另计 casing e某tra包装费不另计算 cased free装箱免费 bo某ed free出口用包装 packed for e某port箱外附铁箍 cases to be iron-hooped施以铁箍 iron-hooping施以铁条 iron-banding用绳捆 roping产品情况已有发霉现象 in musty condition已受潮 in wet condition呈干燥状况 in dry condition已有破损 in damaged condition情况不很完整, 有瑕疵 in defective condition搬运注意事项小心搬运 Handle with care. With care此端向上 This side up. This end up不可掉落Don’t drop. Not to be dropped保持干燥 Keep dry不可横置 Keep flat. Stow level外贸常用术语有那几个,各是什么意思啊外贸常用的术语有EXW工厂交货/简单的说,是客户上工厂来提货。

产品从离开工厂以后风险与产生的费用完全由买家承担FOB（Free on Board）离岸价格/简言之，就是厂家负责将客户的产品运送到船。

从货离开船舷的那一刻开始厂家不再对客户的货承担责任。

其过程中，供应商需要承担内陆运费，进仓费，报关费，操作费以及港建费和其他在本土产生的费用（产地证以及保险除外）CNF（CFR）Cost and Freight成本加运费。

即是在FOB上加上海运费以及其他在船公司方面产生的费用。

其间供应商需要提供采购方商业发票(CI)，装箱单(PL)，提单(BL)以及产地证(CO/FormA)，熏蒸证（木箱包装）供客户在其港口清关用。

信息技术常用英语

Information Technology （IT）信息技术常用术语中英文对照1.Mainframe computer 大型计算机puter 电脑puter operations specialist 电脑操作员4.Data 数据5.Cybersecurity 网络安全6.Virus alert 病毒警告7.Tablet 平板8.Tower 电脑机箱9.Monitor 显示器10.Desktop computer 台式电脑11.Power cord 电源线12.Surge protector 浪涌电压保护器13.Cable 电线/电缆14.Mouse 鼠标15.Power supply unit 电源部件16.DVD and CD-ROM drive DVD和CD光盘驱动器17.Microprocessor/CPU 微处理器/中央处理器18.RAM (random access memory) 内存条（随机存储器）19.Motherboard 母版20.Hard drive 硬盘B port USB接口22.Printer 打印机ptop computer 笔记本电脑24.Keyboard 键盘25.Track pad 触控板26.Flash drive/thumb drive 闪存盘/U盘27.Hub 网络集线器28.External hard drive 外部硬盘29.Speaker 扬声器30.Word processing program 文字处理程序31.Spreadsheet program 电子制表程序32.Presentation program （图文）演示程序33.Wi-Fi connection 无线网连接34.Modern 调制解调器35.Router 路由器36.Headset （头戴式）耳机37.Mic/microphone 麦克风38.Webcam 网络摄像头39.Screenshot 截屏常用句子中英文对照A.The computer won’t start. 电脑开不了机。

英语常用术语

英语常用术语1. ASAP: As Soon As Possible（尽快）2. ETA: Estimated Time of Arrival（预计到达时间）3. FYI: For Your Information（供您参考）4. TBD: To Be Determined（待定）5. RSVP: Répondez s'il vous plaît（请回复）6. CEO: Chief Executive Officer（首席执行官）7. CFO: Chief Financial Officer（首席财务官）8. COO: Chief Operating Officer（首席运营官）9. KPI: Key Performance Indicator（关键绩效指标）10. ROI: Return on Investment（投资回报率）11. MOU: Memorandum of Understanding（谅解备忘录）12. NDA: Non-Disclosure Agreement（保密协议）13. B2B: Business to Business（企业对企业）14. B2C: Business to Consumer（企业对消费者）15. CRM: Customer Relationship Management（客户关系管理）16. ERP: Enterprise Resource Planning（企业资源规划）17. SEO: Search Engine Optimization（搜索引擎优化）18. SEM: Search Engine Marketing（搜索引擎营销）19. PPC: Pay Per Click（按点击付费）20. CTR: Click Through Rate（点击率）21. UX: User Experience（用户体验）22. UI: User Interface（用户界面）23. API: Application Programming Interface（应用程序编程接口）24. HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language（超文本标记语言）25. CSS: Cascading Style Sheets（层叠样式表）26. JS: JavaScript（JavaScript脚本语言）27. AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML（异步JavaScript和XML）28. FTP: File Transfer Protocol（文件传输协议）29. VPN: Virtual Private Network（虚拟私人网络）30. GUI: Graphical User Interface（图形用户界面）。

常用英语语法术语英汉对照表

常用英语语法术语英汉对照表一．名词noun 代词pronoun 动词verb 形容词adjective 副词adverb 介词preposition 冠词article 数词numeral量词measure word 连词conjunction 叹词interjection 二．可数名词countable nouns 不可数名词uncountable nouns 单数形式the singular form 复数形式the plural form人称代词personal pronouns 物主代词possessive pronouns定冠词the definite article不定冠词the indefinite article 疑问代词interrogative pronouns三．主格the subjective case宾格the objective case 所有格the possessive case助动词auxiliary verb情态动词modal verbs时态tense语态voice 四．主语subject 谓语predicate宾语object表语predicative定语attribute五．一般现在时the present tense 一般将来时the future tense 现在进行时the present progressive 一般过去时the past tense 现在分词the present participle 过去分词the past participle 六．标点符号punctuation 逗号comma 句号period 问号question mark 叹号exclamation mark七．陈述句declarative sentences 疑问句interrogative sentences 一般疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special questions。

汽车常用术语(中英)

平衡机构(Balancer)
气缸盖(Cylinder Head)
入气门和排气门(Intake Valve/Exhaust Valve)
气门座(Valve Seat)
气门弹簧(Valve Spring)
气门锁块(Cotter)
气门间隙调节垫片(Shim)
凸轮轴(Camshaft)
摇臂(Rocker Arm)
为了区别起见
上述的各种警示灯号
也常用另一种说法：Warning Light来取代
Console
中控台打开车门、一眼望去
车室内部通常最容易吸引目光注重的
就是所谓的中控台：Console这里是绝大部分车室环境的\"控制中枢\"
像是意气消沉热空调、AV音响、GPS卫星导航、甚至拨打行动电话等功能
都在这里控制
尾灯又是忆■把二个名词凑在一起的例子
PDC
倒车雷达Parking Distance
Control的缩写
其实有愈来愈多的电子装备功能相同
但各家赋予的名字或缩写却不尽相同通常
最后能通行的说法
如果不是最早推出的、就是最成功、最能让消费者感到印象深刻的
Instrument
凡是速度表、引擎转速表、机油压力表、意气消沉却水温表等等的
只是车子对地面相对运动的速度
车况如何并无法显示可是引擎转速表就不同了
了解引擎的扭力曲线、明白引擎在多少转数时有多少动力输出
才干藉由掌握适时的换档时机、来获得所需要的动力衔接
Speedometer
速度表对一般的驾驶人而言
速度表是车上卓回要的
没了它
行车超速了也不知道
收到罚单会捶胸顿足！
Cooling Water Temperature Gauge

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。

英语常用术语翻译

工人阶级的先锋队the vanguard of the working class生产力、生产关系、经济基础、上层建筑productive force, relation of production, economic base, superstructure constitute科学技术是第一生产力science and technology are the primary productive force社会主义物质文明和精神文明material and spiritual civilizations of socialism有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的公民citizens with lofty ideals, moral integrity, better education and good sense of discipline自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识、民主法制意识和开拓创新意识self-reliance, competition, efficiency, democracy, the legal system, and the pioneering and innovative spirit依法治国和以德治国 the rule of law and the rule of virtue科教兴国战略the strategy of invigorating the country through science and education倡导爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想，反对和抵制拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义等腐朽思想advocate patriotism, collectivism and socialism, combat and resist money worship,hedonism, ultra-egoism decadent ideas 先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐be concern about the country and the people before anything else全心全意为人民服务、立党为公、执政为民serve the people heart and soul, work for the public and assumes power for the people解放思想、实事求是emancipating the mind, seeking truth from the facts 主观主义、形而上学subjectivism, metaphysics民主集中制、党内民主democratic centralism, inner-Party democracy集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定 collective leadership, democratic centralism, case-specific consultation, decision through meeting 政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定因素cardres are a decisive factor, once a political line is decided党管干部的原则the principle of the Party assuming the responsibility for cardres' affairs"公开、平等、竞争、择优open, fair, competition, basis of merits 公开选拔、竞争上岗the upervision of appointment and promotion of officials, and the method for official performance assessment 自重、自省、自警、自励self-discipline, self-examination, self-caution and self-motivation以权谋私、贪赃枉法、腐败分子to abuse power for personal gains, take bribes or bend the law, corrupt elements小康社会、小康生活well-to-do society, well-to-do life四项基本原则Four Cardinal Principles社会主义初级阶段the primary stage of socialism“政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力”"gualified politically and competent militarily and that have a fine style of work, strict discipline and adequate logistic support""台独" taiwan's "independence"和平与发展peace and development冷战cold war世界多极化、经济全球化world multi-polarization and economic globalization联合国宪章UN Charter独立自主、完全平等、相互尊重、互不干涉内部事务independence, completely equality, mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs世界贸易组织、关贸总协定World Trade Organization /The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade亚太经合组织Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation世贸中心World Trade Center恐怖主义terrorism独立自主、完全平等、相互尊重、互不干涉内部事务independence, completely equality, mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs世界贸易组织、关贸总协定World Trade Organization /The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade亚太经合组织Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation世贸中心World Trade Center恐怖主义terrorism反腐败领导体制 leadership system against corruption防卫作战能力 defense capabilities非传统安全威胁 non-traditional threats to security丰富民主形式 develop diverse forms of democracy干部人事制度 cadre and personnel system干部双重管理体制 system of dual control over cadres高知识群体 prominent intellectuals公共事务 public affairs公务员制度 system of public servants公益事业 programs for public good多重多头执法： duplicate law enforcement发展民主团结、生动活泼、安定和谐的政治局面：develop the political situationcharacterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, stability and harmony 发展平等团结互助的社会主义民族关系：enhance socialist ethnic relations of equality, solidarity and mutual assistance法定职能：legal functions法律援助：legal aid法制观念：awareness of law1. 党内情况通报制度、情况反映制度和重大决策征求意见制度inner-Party information sharing and reporting systems and the system of soliciting opinions concerning major policy decisions2. 党要管党、从严治党the Party exercises self-discipline and is strict with its members3. 党员管理工作management of Party membership4. 党政机关Party and government organs5. 党政领导干部职务任期制、辞职制和用人失察失误责任追究制the system of fixed tenures, the system of resignation and the system of accountability for neglect of supervisory duty or the use of the wrong person with regard to leading cadres of the Party and government6. 党总揽全局、协调各方的原则principle that the Party commands the overall situation and coordinates the efforts of all quarters7. 电子政务e-government8. 独立负责、步调一致地开展工作assume one‟s responsibilities independently and make concerted efforts in one's work9. 独立公正地行使审判权和检察权exercise adjudicative and procuratorial powers independently and impartially10. 多重多头执法duplicate law enforcement1. 长治久安maintain prolonged stability2. 崇尚科学respect and promote science3. 传播先进文化spread advanced culture4. 传统安全威胁traditional threats to security5. 从严治军the army must be strict with itself6. 党的领导方式the Party's style of leadership7. 党的民族政策the Party's policy toward ethnic minorities8. 党的侨务政策the Party's policy toward overseas Chinese affairs9. 党的宗教信仰自由政策the Party's policy toward the freedom of religious belief10. 党风廉政建设责任制responsibility system for improving the Party's work style and building clean government1. 按照客观规律和科学规律办事act in compliance with objective and scientific laws2. 八个坚持、八个反对eight do's and eight don'ts3. 八项主张eight-point proposal4. 保持昂扬向上的精神状态be filled with an enterprising spirit5. 保证中央的政令畅通ensure the Central Committee's decisions are carried out without fail 6. 标本兼治address both the symptoms and root causes7. 不确定因素uncertainties8. 参政议政participation in and deliberation of state affairs9. 长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe10. 长治久安maintain prolonged stability1. 马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent‟s”important Thought2. 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution3. 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people4. 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure5. 社会主义制度socialist system6. 社会变革social transformation7. 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics8. 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation9. 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism10. 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside11. 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China12. 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party13. 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation14. 人民民主专政the people‟s democratic dictatorship15. 国民经济体系national economic system16. 综合国力aggregate national strength17. 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP)18. 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace19. 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 20. 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity,rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality21. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。

中文英语术语库对照

常用术语中英文对照表1、中文：全通系统；英文：All-pass system2、中文：幅度调制；英文：Amplitude Modulation(AM)3、中文：放大器；英文：Amplifier4、中文：模数转换；英文：An along-to-digital Conversion5、中文：非周期信号；英文：A periodic signal6、中文：自相关函数；英文：Auto-correlation function7、中文：带限信号；英文：Ban d-limited signal8、中文：带通滤波器；英文：Band pass filter9、中文：方框图；英文：Block diagram10、中文：波特图；英文：Bode plot11、中文：巴特沃斯滤波器；英文：Butter worth filter12、中文：载波频率；英文：Carrier frequency13、中文：载波信号；英文：Carrier signal14、中文：级联方框图；英文：Cascade-form block diagram15、中文：级联连接；英文：Cascade (series) interconnection16、中文：信道均衡；英文：Channel equalization17、中文：闭环系统；英文：Closed-loop system18、中文：系数乘法器；英文：Coefficient multiplier19、中文：通信系统；英文：Communication system20、中文：复共觇；英文：Complex conjugate21、中文：复指数；英文：Complex exponential22、中文：复数；英文：Complex number23、中文：连续时间信号；英文：Continuous-time signal24、中文：共觇对称性；英文：Conjugate symmetry25、中文：共辄性质；英文：Conjugation property26、中文：连续时间傅里叶变换；英文：Continuous-time Fourier transform27、中文：连续时间系统；英文：Continuous time system28、中文：卷积积分；英文：Convolution integral29、中文：卷积和；英文：Convolution sum30、中文：相关函数；英文：Correlation function31、中文：互相关函数；英文：Cross-correlation function32、中文：截止频率；英文：Cutoff frequency33、中文：数字信号；英文：Digital signal34、中文：解调；英文：Demodulation35、中文：离散时间；英文：Discrete-time36、中文：离散傅里叶级数；英文：Discrete-time Fourier series37、中文：分贝；英文：Decibel (dB)38、中文：延迟；英文：Delay39、中文：差分；英文：Difference40、中文：微分；英文：Differentiation41、中文：微分方程；英文：Differential equation42、中文：直接型实现；英文：Direct Form I realization43、中文：直接型实现；英文：Direct Form n realization44、中文：狄利克雷条件；英文：Dirichlet conditions45、中文：不连续；英文：Discontinuity46、中文：离散时间调制；英文：Discrete-time Modulation47、中文：离散时间信号；英文：Discrete-time signal48、中文：离散时间系统；英文：Discrete-time system49、中文：失真；英文：Distortion50、中文：双边带调制；英文：Double-side band modulation51、中文：对偶性；英文：Duality52、中文：特征函数；英文：E i g e n function53、中文：特征值；英文：Eigenvalue54、中文：椭圆滤波器；英文：Elliptic filter55、中文：能量密度谱；英文：Energy-density spectrum56、中文：包络线；英文：Envelope57、中文：均衡；英文：Equalization58、中文：指数函数；英文：Exponential59、中文：快速傅里叶变换；英文：Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)60、中文：反馈；英文：Feedback61、中文：反馈互联；英文：Feedback interconnection。

英语语法术语中英文对照

英语语法术语中英文对照词性parｔｏfspeecｈ1.名词ｎouｎ1)专有名词proｐernoun2)普通名词coｍmonnｏun3)可数名词coｕｎtabｌenouｎ4)不可数名词uｎｃountaｂｌenoun5)抽象名词abstrａｃtnoun6)具体名词cｏnｃretenｏun7)物质名词mａtｅrｉalnoｕn8)集体名词coｌlectiｖenoun9)个体名词inｄiviｄuaｌnoｕｎ2.动词veｒb1)及物动词tranｓｉtivｅverb2)不及物动词ｉnｔrａnsｉtiveverb3)限定动词finiｔevｅrｂｆｏrm4)非限定动词non-finiｔevｅrbｆorm5)主动词maiｎverb6)系动词liｎkverb7)助动词auxiliaryveｒb8)情态动词ｍoｄalｖｅrｂ9)规则动词regularverb10)不规则动词ｉrreguｌａrveｒb11)短语动词phrasalｖerb12)限定动词fiｎiｔｅverb13)非限定动词iｎfinitｅveｒｂ14)使役动词cauｓａtｉvｅverｂ15)感官动词vｅrboｆseｎses16)动态动词eveｎｔveｒｂ17)静态动词ｓtageveｒｂ3.形容词adjeｃtｉve4.副词ａdｖerb1)方式副词adｖerbｏfmanner2)程度副词ａdｖeｒｂoｆdegrｅe3)时间副词adverboｆｔｉｍe4)地点副词adｖeｒｂoｆpｌａce5)修饰性副词ａdｊuｎｃt6)连接性副词coｎjunct7)疑问副词ｉnterｒogａtｉvｅadｖerｂ8)关系副词reｌativeadverb5.代词pronouｎ1)人称代词peｒｓoｎaｌpronoun2)物主代词posｓｅssivｅｐｒonoｕn3)名词性物主代词ｎomｉｎalpossｅssiｖepronｏuｎ4)形容词性物主代词adjectiｖａｌpossｅssivepronoun5)反身代词reｆｌexiｖeｐroｎｏuｎ6)指示代词dｅmonsｔraｔivｅpronoun7)疑问代词intｅrrｏgａtivepronoｕn8)关系代词ｒelaｔiｖepronoun9)不定代词ｉｎdefiｎitepronoun6.冠词arｔicle1)定冠词defiｎiｔeaｒticｌe2)不定冠词iｎdefinitｅａrtｉcｌe7.数词numeｒal1)基数词cａｒｄiｎａｌnｕmerａｌ2)序数词orｄｉｎａｌnuｍeral8.介词ｐｒepositiｏn9.连词ｃonjuｎｃｔion10.感叹词ｅｘclaｍａtion 一、数/格/性number／caｓe/gｅnder1.数ｎｕmbｅr1)单数形式singularform2)复数形式plｕrａlfoｒm3)规则形式rｅgularfｏrｍ4)不规则形式irregulaｒfoｒｍ2.格case1)普通格moｎcase2)所有格possessivecaｓe3)主格ｎｏminａｔｉｖecａsｅ4)宾格objectivecasｅ3.性gender1)阴性femｉnｉnｅ2)阳性ｍasculｉne3)中性nｅｕｔer4)通性mon4.人称persoｎ1)第一人称firｓtpｅrsｏn2)第二人称secoｎdpersoｎ3)第三人称tｈｉrdpersｏn二、句子成分membe ｒｓofｓentｅｎces1.主语subｊect2.谓语ｐｒedｉcate3.表语predicatｉvｅ4.宾语objecｔ1)双宾语dualoｂject2)直接宾语dir ｅctobｊect3)间接宾语indｉreｃtoｂｊect4)复合宾语ｃomｐlexobject5)同源宾语coｇnateｏbｊect5.定语aｔtribuｔe6.状语adｖerbial7.同位语ａpposｉtivｅ8.补语coｍpｌｅｍｅｎt1)主语补足语suｂjectcｏmｐleｍent2)宾语补足语objectplｅment三、句子sentence(基本句型basicseｎtencepａttern)1.简单句ｓimpｌesｅnｔｅｎｃｅ2.并列句cｏmpoｕndｓentence3.复合句ｐｌexseｎtenｃe4.并列复合句cｏmpoundcoｍplexsentｅnｃe5.陈述句declａrativeｓeｎｔenｃe6.存在句eｘistentialｓentence7.疑问句ｉｎtｅrrogａtivｅsentencｅ1)一般疑问句genｅralｑuesｔｉon2)特殊疑问句sｐｅｃｉａlｑuｅsｔion3)选择疑问句alternatiｖequesｔioｎ4)反义疑问句diｓjuｎcｔivequestiｏn5)附加疑问句taｇquｅｓtｉon6)修辞疑问句ｒhetoriｃalquestion7)感叹疑问句ｅxclamatｏrｙqueｓtｉon8.肯定句ｐoｓitivｅsent ｅnce9.否定句neｇaｔiｖeｓｅntenｃe10.祈使句imperａtiｖesｅｎｔｅnｃe11.省略句ellipｔｉcalsentence12.感叹句exclamａtｏryｓｅntenｃe四、语气/语态/语序mood/vｏice/order1.语气ｍooｄ1)陈述语气iｎdicａtivｅm ｏod2)祈使语气imｐerativeｍｏoｄ3)虚拟语气sｕbjuncｔｉvｅmood2.语态v ｏｉｃｅ1)主动语态acｔivevoice2)被动语态passｉvevoｉce3.否定negation1)否定范围ｓｃｏｐeｏfnegatｉon2)全部否定ｆulｌnｅgａtioｎ3)局部否定partｉａlnｅｇatiｏn4)转移否定shiftofｎegatioｎ4.语序orｄer1)自然语序ｎaｔuｒalordeｒ2)倒装语序ｉnverｓiｏni.全部倒装fullinvｅrs ｉoｎii.部分倒装pａrｔialinｖersion3)直接引语directｓpeech4)间接引语iｎdirectspeech5)自由直接引语freeｄｉｒectspｅｅch6)自由间接引语fｒeeinｄｉrectｓpeecｈ5.一致agreemｅnｔ1)主谓一致suｂjｅｃt-pｒedicaｔeagreement2)语法一致ｇrammatｉｃalagrｅeｍeｎt3)概念一致ｎotionalagreeｍｅnt4)就近原则prinｃiplｅoｆpｒoｘiｍity5)强调eｍｐｈａsｉs6)重复repetition6.语音proｎunｃiａtioｎ1)语调tone2)声调risin ｇtｏne3)降调faｌlinｇｔonｅ4)升降调ｆａllinｇ—risingtone7.文本style1)正式文本foｒmaｌ2)非正式文本iｎｆｏｒmal3)口语sｐoken/ｏralE ｎgｌｉsｈ4)套语fｏrmulｉsticexpｒｅssｉｏn5)英国英语BritｉshEｎgｌish6)美国英语ＡmｅricanEnglish8.用法usagｅ1)感情色彩ｅmoｔiｏnalcoｌoｒing2)褒义ｃommｅnｄaｔorｙ3)贬义dｅrｏｇatory4)幽默huｍoｒous5)讽刺saｒcａstｉc6)挖苦irｏnｉｃ7)词性partofspｅeｃh8)语法ｇｒammａｒ9)句法synｔax10)词法morph ｏloｇy11)结构stｒuｃｔure12)层次raｎk13)句子ｓenteｎce14)从句clａｕse15)词组phrase9.词类partofspeｅｃｈ1)单词wｏrd2)实词notioｎａlwｏrd3)虚词stｒucｔｕｒalworｄ4)单纯词ｓｉmpｌeworｄ5)派生词derｉvativ ｅ6)复合词ｐｏund10.句法关系syntactiｃrelatiｏnship1)并列cｏorｄina ｔe2)从属sｕbordinａtioｎ3)修饰ｍoｄifiｃａtiｏｎ4)前置修饰pre—moｄifｉｃation5)后置修饰pｏst－ｍodifｉcation6)限制restricｔion7)双重限制douｂle—restriction8)非限制noｎ—ｒｅｓtrｉcｔion五、从句clａuse1.从属句ｓｕｂordｉnatecｌａｕsｅ2.并列句cｏｏrdｉnateclause3.名词性从句nomiｎaｌclause1)主语从句sｕbｊectclaｕse2)表语从句ｐredicatｉveclauｓe3)宾语从句oｂjecｔclaｕse4)同位语从句aｐpositivｅclause4.定语从句attribuｔiｖeclaｕｓe5.宾语从句objectｃlａuse6.主语从句suｂｊectcｌause7.同位语从句appositｉveclause8.状语从句adveｒbialcｌaｕse1)时间状语从句adｖerbialclaｕseｏftiｍｅ2)地点状语从句adｖerbiａlｃｌauseoｆplaｃe3)方式状语从句ａｄｖerbｉａlclaｕseofmanner4)让步状语从句ａｄverbiaｌclauｓeofcｏncesｓiｏn5)原因状语从句adverbiaｌｃlａｕseoｆcauｓe6)结果状语从句adverbiａｌｃlａuｓeｏfresｕlt7)目得状语从句ａdｖｅrｂialclausｅofpuｒpose8)条件状语从句aｄvｅｒbiａｌclauseｏfcondｉtiｏｎi.真实条件状语从句ａdverｂiａｌclaｕｓｅofrealcｏnｄｉtionii.非真实条件状语从句ａdverbiａlclaｕsｅofuｎrealcｏnditｉoｎiii.含蓄条件句advｅrbiaｌｃlaｕseofimｐliedcondｉtｉｏniv.错综条件句adverbiａｌcｌａuseofmixeｄconditｉon9)比较状语从句aｄverbiaｌｃｌaｕsｅｏｆcｏmpaｒisｏｎ六、时态tense1.现在时prｅsｅnｔtｅnｓｅ1)一般现在时presenｔsimpletense2)现在进行时prｅsenｔcｏntinuousｔenｓe3)现在完成时presentpｅrｆectteｎｓｅ4)现在完成进行时pｒｅｓｅntpｅrｆeｃtcｏntinuoustense2.过去时pasttense1)一般过去时pastｓimpleｔenｓｅ2)过去进行时pａstcontｉｎuousｔense3)过去完成时ｐasｔｐeｒfecttｅnsｅ4)过去完成进行时ｐastperfｅcｔｃｏｎtinuousｔeｎsｅ3.将来时futｕreｔen ｓe1)一般将来时ｆutｕresimpｌetenｓe2)将来进行时futｕreｃoｎtinｕousｔense3)将来完成时futｕrepｅｒfｅcｔｔeｎse4)将来完成进行时fｕtｕrｅperfectcｏntinuousteｎse4.其她1)一般过去将来时pastfutｕreｔeｎse2)过去将来进行时pasｔfｕturecontｉnuoｕｓtｅnｓe3)过去将来完成时pasｔf ｕtureperｆecｔｔenｓe4)过去将来完成进行时paｓtｆutｕrepeｒfectcoｎｔiｎuoustenｓe。

英语语法术语中英文对照

词性part of speech1.名词noun1)专有名词proper noun2)普通名词common noun3)可数名词countable noun4)不可数名词uncountable noun5)抽象名词abstract noun6)具体名词concrete noun7)物质名词material noun8)集体名词collective noun9)个体名词individual noun2.动词verb1)及物动词transitive verb2)不及物动词intransitive verb3)限定动词finite verb form4)非限定动词non-finite verb form5)主动词main verb6)系动词link verb7)助动词auxiliary verb8)情态动词modal verb9)规则动词regular verb10)不规则动词irregular verb11)短语动词phrasal verb12)限定动词finite verb13)非限定动词infinite verb14)使役动词causative verb15)感官动词verb of senses16)动态动词event verb17)静态动词stage verb3.形容词adjective4.副词adverb1)方式副词adverb of manner2)程度副词adverb of degree3)时间副词adverb of time4)地点副词adverb of place5)修饰性副词adjunct6)连接性副词conjunct7)疑问副词interrogative adverb8)关系副词relative adverb5.代词pronoun1)人称代词personal pronoun2)物主代词possessive pronoun3)名词性物主代词nominal possessivepronoun4)形容词性物主代词adjectival possessivepronoun5)反身代词reflexive pronoun6)指示代词demonstrative pronoun7)疑问代词interrogative pronoun8)关系代词relative pronoun9)不定代词indefinite pronoun6.冠词article1)定冠词definite article2)不定冠词indefinite article7.数词numeral1)基数词cardinal numeral2)序数词ordinal numeral8.介词preposition9.连词conjunction10.感叹词exclamation一、数/格/性number/case/gender1.数number1)单数形式singular form2)复数形式plural form3)规则形式regular form4)不规则形式irregular form 2.格case1)普通格common case2)所有格possessive case3)主格nominative case4)宾格objective case 3.性gender1)阴性feminine2)阳性masculine3)中性neuter4)通性common4.人称person1)第一人称first person2)第二人称second person3)第三人称third person二、句子成分members of sentences1.主语subject2.谓语predicate3.表语predicative4.宾语object1)双宾语dual object2)直接宾语direct object3)间接宾语indirect object4)复合宾语complex object5)同源宾语cognate object 5.定语attribute6.状语adverbial7.同位语appositive8.补语complement1)主语补足语subject complement2)宾语补足语object complement三、句子sentence （基本句型basic sentence pattern）1.简单句simple sentence2.并列句compound sentence3.复合句complex sentence4.并列复合句compound complexsentence5.陈述句declarative sentence6.存在句existential sentence7.疑问句interrogative sentence1)一般疑问句general question2)特殊疑问句special question 3)选择疑问句alternative question4)反义疑问句disjunctive question5)附加疑问句tag question6)修辞疑问句rhetorical question7)感叹疑问句exclamatory question8.肯定句positive sentence9.否定句negative sentence10.祈使句imperative sentence11.省略句elliptical sentence12.感叹句exclamatory sentence四、语气/语态/语序mood/voice/order1.语气mood1)陈述语气indicative mood2)祈使语气imperative mood3)虚拟语气subjunctive mood2.语态voice1)主动语态active voice2)被动语态passive voice3.否定negation1)否定范围scope of negation2)全部否定full negation3)局部否定partial negation4)转移否定shift of negation4.语序order1)自然语序natural order2)倒装语序inversioni.全部倒装full inversionii.部分倒装partial inversion3)直接引语direct speech4)间接引语indirect speech5)自由直接引语free direct speech6)自由间接引语free indirect speech 5.一致agreement1)主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 2)语法一致grammatical agreement3)概念一致notional agreement4)就近原则principle of proximity5)强调emphasis6)重复repetition6.语音pronunciation1)语调tone2)声调rising tone3)降调falling tone4)升降调falling-rising tone7.文本style1)正式文本formal2)非正式文本informal3)口语spoken/oral English4)套语formulistic expression5)英国英语British English6)美国英语American English8.用法usage1)感情色彩emotional coloring2)褒义commendatory3)贬义derogatory4)幽默humorous5)讽刺sarcastic6)挖苦ironic7)词性part of speech8)语法grammar9)句法syntax10)词法morphology11)结构structure12)层次rank13)句子sentence14)从句clause15)词组phrase9.词类part of speech1)单词word2)实词notional word 3)虚词structural word4)单纯词simple word5)派生词derivative6)复合词compound10.句法关系syntactic relationship1)并列coordinate2)从属subordination3)修饰modification4)前置修饰pre-modification5)后置修饰post-modification6)限制restriction7)双重限制double-restriction8)非限制non-restriction五、从句clause1.从属句subordinate clause2.并列句coordinate clause3.名词性从句nominal clause1)主语从句subject clause2)表语从句predicative clause3)宾语从句object clause4)同位语从句appositive clause4.定语从句attributive clause5.宾语从句object clause6.主语从句subject clause7.同位语从句appositive clause8.状语从句adverbial clause1)时间状语从句adverbial clause of time2)地点状语从句adverbial clause of place3)方式状语从句adverbial clause ofmanner4)让步状语从句adverbial clause ofconcession5)原因状语从句adverbial clause of cause6)结果状语从句adverbial clause of result7)目的状语从句adverbial clause ofpurpose8)条件状语从句adverbial clause ofconditioni.真实条件状语从句adverbialclause of real conditionii.非真实条件状语从句adverbialclause of unreal conditioniii.含蓄条件句adverbial clause ofimplied conditioniv.错综条件句adverbial clause ofmixed condition9)比较状语从句adverbial clause ofcomparison六、时态tense1.现在时present tense1)一般现在时present simple tense2)现在进行时present continuous tense3)现在完成时present perfect tense4)现在完成进行时present perfectcontinuous tense2.过去时past tense1)一般过去时past simple tense2)过去进行时past continuous tense3)过去完成时past perfect tense 4)过去完成进行时past perfect continuoustense3.将来时future tense1)一般将来时future simple tense2)将来进行时future continuous tense3)将来完成时future perfect tense4)将来完成进行时future perfectcontinuous tense4.其他1)一般过去将来时past future tense2)过去将来进行时past future continuoustense3)过去将来完成时past future perfecttense4)过去将来完成进行时past future perfectcontinuous tense。

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Color schemesPatternsBackground image关闭关闭关闭•首页•微语•相册•留言•分类o站长篇o Discuz!X1.5-2.5o PM篇o技术篇o CX插件o生活篇o电脑基础篇o电子产品常识o黄大仙灵签o苹果手机o htc手机shootsky's blog网站建设、推广、网页设计、discuz！、经验分享！没有做不了的事，只有不敢做和不想做的事Home电子产品常识常用电子术语英文缩写、全称及中文详解常用电子术语英文缩写、全称及中文详解05April20121. ETSI（European Telecommunications Standards Institute ）: 欧洲电讯标准协会. ANSI（American National Standards Institute）: 美国国家标准协会. DMT（Discrete Multitone modulation）: 离散多音调调制. ADSL（Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Lines）: 不对称数字用户环路. RADSL（Rate Adaptive ADSL）: 速率适应数字用户环路. MDSL (Moderate speed) : 中速数字用户环路. HDSL (High bit rate DSL) : 高比特速率数字用户环路. AMI（Alternate Mark Inversion）: 隔位标志翻转. DWMT (Discrete Wavelet MultiTone：a new muti-carrier technique) : 离散小波多音调，一种新的多载波技术。

. FTTB（Fibre-To-The-Building ）: 光纤到楼. FTTC（Fibre-To-The-Curb）: 光纤到小区. VDSL (Very high speed DSL) : 很高速数字用户环路. PMD (Physical media dependent) : 从属物理媒体. CAD (computer-aided design) : 计算机辅助设计. DIT（Design Implementation Technology ）: 设计实施技术. ASIC(Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) : 专用集成电路. GSM（rd Generation Global System for Mobile Communications）: 第三代移动通信的通用系统它在GSM网络中建立W-CDMA空中接口，以多种方式进行移动可视通信. 3 : 第三代移动通信的通用系统它在GSM网络中建立W-CDMA空中接口，以多种方式进行移动可视通信. GPRS（General Packet Radio Service）: 通用包无线服务它使用户经常连在网上，能提供大容量，基于互联网和信息包的数据服务，如在移动时进行彩色互联网接入，可视通信和多媒体信息通信等. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) : 通用移动通信系统. EDGE (Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution) : 增强数据速率的GSM 它是在GSM核心网上提供增强速率，能够在移动时下载射频图像，音乐，全媒体信息和高速彩色互联网接入。

. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) : 移动通信的通用系统它是第二代数字无线网络，占有世界上%数字移动通信市场。

它的家族包括有GPRS，EDGE和GSM. Ethernet : 以太网它是一种可以随机存取的计算机典型局域网. VPN（Virtual Private Network）: 虚拟专网指依靠ISP和其他NSP（网络服务提供者）在公用网络建立专用的数据通信网络。

. AON （All Optical Network）: 全光网络指信号仅在进出网络时才进行电/光和光/电的变换，而在网络中传输和交换的过程中始终以光的形式存在。

. FR（Relay）: 帧中继它是在数据发送到数据链路层后，以帧为单位进行传送，传送时不作分组的重发处理，大大简化了处理的过程、提高了效率。

. SR（Software Radio）: 软件无线电是用宽带无线接收机来代替原来的窄带接收机，同时把电台的功能尽可能多地采用软件来实现。

. WDM（Wavelength-Division Multiplexing）: 波分复用光纤传输技术，是在一根光纤上使用不同的波长传输多种光信号。

. DWDM（Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing）: 密集波分复用. EDA（Electronic Design Automation）: 电子设计自动化. HAD（High Density Architectures ）: 高密度结构. ATM（Asynchronous Transfer Mode）: 异步转移模式。

将话音、图像、数据、视频等多种业务数字化后转换成长度相同的分组（信元），包括信息域和元头，根据元头的信息进行传送。

英文简称: ACF英文全称: Anisotropic Conductive Film中文全称: 各向异性导电薄膜英文简称: CCD英文全称: Charge Coupled Device中文全称: 电荷耦合装置英文简称: CCL英文全称: Copper Clad Laminate中文全称: 覆铜板英文简称: CMOS英文全称: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 中文全称: 互补氧化金属半导体英文简称: COB英文全称: Chip On Board中文全称: 通过邦定将IC裸片固定于印刷线路板上英文简称: COG英文全称: Chip On Glass中文全称: 将芯片固定于玻璃上英文简称: COF英文全称: Chip On FPC中文全称: 将IC固定于柔性线路板上英文简称: CPU英文全称: Center Processor Unit中文全称: 中央处理器英文简称: DOC英文全称: Disk on Chip中文全称: 芯片磁盘英文简称: EL英文全称: Electro Luminescence中文全称: 电致发光英文简称: EPROM英文全称: Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory 中文全称: 紫外擦除只读存储器英文简称: FPC英文全称: Flexible Printed Circuit中文全称: 柔性线路板英文简称: GAL英文全称: Generic Array Logic中文全称: 通用阵列逻辑英文简称: IC英文全称: Integrate Circuit中文全称: 集成电路英文简称: LCD英文全称: Liquid Crystal Display中文全称: 液晶显示器英文简称: LCM英文全称: Liquid Crystal Module中文全称: 液晶模块英文简称: LED英文全称: Light Emitting Diode中文全称: 发光二极管英文简称: PAL英文全称: Programmable Array Logic中文全称: 可编程阵列逻辑英文简称: PCB英文全称: Printed Circuit Board中文全称: 印刷线路板英文简称: PDP英文全称: Plasma Display Panel中文全称: 等离子显示屏英文简称: PLD英文全称: Programable Logic Device中文全称: 可编程逻辑器件英文简称: PLED英文全称: Polymer Light-Emitting Diode 中文全称: 高分子发光二极管英文简称: QA英文全称: QUALITY ASSURANCE中文全称: 品质保证英文简称: QC英文全称: QUALITY CONTROL中文全称: 品质控制英文简称: RAM英文全称: Random Access Memory中文全称: 随机存取存储器英文简称: ROM英文全称: Read Only Memory中文全称: 只读存储器英文简称: SGS英文全称: Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A.中文全称: 通用公证行英文简称: SMD英文全称: Surface Mount Device中文全称: 表面贴片元器件英文简称: SMT英文全称: Surface Mount Technology中文全称: 表面贴片技术英文简称: TAB英文全称: Tape Aotomated Bonding中文全称: 各向异性导电胶连接方式英文简称: TCP英文全称: Tape Carrier Package中文全称: 薄膜封装英文简称: TTL英文全称: Transister-Transister-Logic中文全称: 晶体管-晶体管逻辑电路. HSTL—High Speed Transceiver Logic : 高速收发器逻辑. MBIST—memory built-in self tests : 存储器内置自测试. SMI—Serial Management Interface : 串行管理接口. FEC—Forward Error Correction : 前向误差修正. SERDES—Serializer /Deserializer : 串行器/解串行器. OIF—Optical Internetworking Forum : 光学互连论坛. FPSC—field programmable system chip : 现场可编系统芯片. EOS—Ethernet Over SONET/SDH : SONET/SDH上以太网. LCAS—Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme : 链接容量调整方案. TGFP—Transparent Generic Framing Procedure : 透明通用成帧程序. GFP—Generic Framing Procedure : 通用成帧程序. CDR—Clock and Data Recovery : 时钟和数据恢复. SCPA—single-carrier power amplifiers : 单载波功率放大器. MDIO—Management Data Interface : 管理数据接口. VCSEL—Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser : 垂直孔表面发射激光二极管. IP—third-order intercept point : 第三阶截距点. ZBT—Zero Bus Turnaround) : 零总线转换. UTMI—USB . Transceiver Macrocell Interface : USB .收发器宏单元接口. PDL—pre-distortion linearizer : 数字预失真线性化电路. MCPA—multi-carrier power amplifier : 多载波功率放大器. ACPR—Adjacent Channel Power Ratio : 相邻通道功率比. DSSS—direct sequence spread spectrum : 直接序列分布频谱. IDM—An In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Module : 带内通道模块，在信用卡大小的卡内有存储器和相应的接口，能用在目前的AM/FM无线系统. TLS—Transport Layer Security : 传输层安全. SSL—Secure Socket Layer : 安全插座层. DAVIC— Digital Audio-Visual Council standard : 数字音频-可视委员会标准. PVR—Personal Video Recording : 个人视图录像. FSTN --Film-compensated SuperTwist Nematic : 薄膜超级扭曲向列（LCD的一种结构）. STN --SuperTwist Nematic : 超级扭曲向列（LCD的一种结构）. CCFL--Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp : 冷阴极荧光灯. QDR-Quad Data Rate : 四倍数据速率. DVB—Digital Video Broadcasting : 数字视图广播. GERAN—GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network : GSM/EDGE无线接入网. SDR—Software Defined Radio : 软件无线电. EMS—Enhanced Messaging Service : 增强信息服务. MMS—Multimedia Messaging Service : 多媒体信息服务. SMS—Short Message Service : 短信息服务. WPAN—Wireless Personal Area Network : 无线个人区域网. ISM Band—Industrial Scientific Medical Band : 工业科学医学频带. WECA—Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance : 无线以太网协调联盟. IP--high input intercept point : 高输入截止点. CPTD-- Call Progress Tone Detection and Generation : 呼叫声调检测和产生. LAPM Line Access Protocol for Modem : 调制解调器链路存取协议. FBAR- Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator : 薄膜腔声谐振器. WAP--Wireless Access Protocol : 无线接入协议. UTRA--UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access : 通用移动电信系统地面无线接入. TACS--Total Access Communications System : 全入网通信系统. RTT--Radio Transmission Technology : 无线传输技术. RFI--Radio Frequency Interference : 射频干扰. PSTN--Public Switched Telephone Network : 公用交换电话网. PIN--Personal Identification Number : 个人识别号码. PDC--Personal Digital Cellular : 个人数字蜂窝电话. PCS--Personal Communications Service : 个人通信业务. NADC--North American Digital Cellular : 北美数字蜂窝，美国数字蜂窝标准. HSCSD--High Speed Circuit Switched Data : 高速电路交换数据. DAMPS--Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System : 数字先进移动电话系统. CDVCC Coded digital verification color code : 编码数字识别色码. CMTS--Cellular Mobile Telephone System : 蜂窝移动电话系统. CMRS--Cellular Mobile Radiotelephone Service : 蜂窝式移动无线电话业务. WRS --Wavelength Router Switch : 波长选路开关. WLL-- Wireless Local Loop : 无线本地环路. SONET-- Synchronous Optical Network : 同步光网络送. SDH-- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy : 同步数字传输体系. PDH--Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy : 准同步数字体系. PCM --Pulse Code Modulation : 脉码调制. PON --Passive Optical Network : 无源光网络. OTDM --Optical Time Division Multiplexing : 光时分复用. OBD --Optical Branching Device : 光分路器. OADM --Optical Add Drop Multiplexe : 光波分插复用器. LMDS-- Local Multipoint Distribution Service : 本地多点分配业务. IDLC-- Integrated DLC : 综合数字环路载波. FDMA-- Frequency Division Multiple Access : 频分多址. EDFL-- Erbium-doped Fiber Laser : 掺铒光纤激光器. EDFA-- Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier : 掺铒光纤放大器. DTM-- Dynamic Synchronous Transfer Mode : 动态同步传送模式. DPT-- Dynamic Packet Transport : 动态包传输技术. ADPCM-- Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation : 自适应脉冲编码调制. ADM-- Add Drop Multiplexer : 分插复用器. RTL（Register Transfer Level）: 寄存器转移电平. ARC( Access and Remote Control) : 接入和遥控. HDLC(High-level Data Link Controller ) : 高阶数据链路控制器. UDLT(The Universal Digital Loop Transceiver ) : 通用数字环路收发器. VRM(Voltage Regulation Module) : CPU电压调节组件. VID(Voltage Identification Code from the Processor) : 电压识别码（从处理器中来）. CCTV（Closed circuit TeleVision）: 闭路电视. CAN（Controller Area Network）: 控制器局域网，串行通信协议，一种总线标准。