_International_Trade_国际贸易实务
国际贸易实务课件
根据提供样品方的不同,可分为以下三种：
（1）凭卖方样品买卖：(Sale by Seller‘s Sample) 指以卖
方样品作为交货品质的依据.
注意事项
﹡样品要有足够的代表性,并妥善保管；
﹡要留有复样,编号,日期,作为将来组织生产、交货或处理品
质纠纷时用；
﹡在订立合同时,为了留有余地,可在合同中规定“卖方交货
国际：企业标准；团体标准；国家标准；区域标准；国际标
准
国内：国颁标准—国家标准计量局会同有关部门；部颁标
准—国家各部委
注意事项：
• 出口商品般应以我国标准为依据,如有可能和把握,可酌情
采用外国标准；
• 进口商品,般采用国际标准并结合本国实际采用；
• 采用标准,应注明版本年号.
• 对某些初级产品难以标准化,可采用：
量、纯度、大小、长短、粗细等.
用规格表示商品品质的方法简单易行、明确具体、而且具有可根据每
批货物的具体情况灵活调整的特点,所以它在国际贸易中应用非常广
泛.
• 凭等级（Grade）：按规格的差异等级化
➢ 货物的等级,通常是由制造商或出口商根据长期生产和了解该类货物
的经验,在掌握其品质规律的基础上指定出来的 .它有助于满足各种不
、基本内容
在质量条款中,般要写明货物的名称和具体质量,
在凭样品买卖时,合同中除了要列明货物的名称外,
还应订明凭以达成交易的样品的编号,必要时还要
列出寄送和确定的日期.在凭说明买卖时,应针对不
同交易的具体情况,在买卖合同中明确规定货物的
名称、规格、等级、标准、牌名及商标或产地名
称等内容.在以图样和说明书表示货物质量时,还应
﹡需注意原材料供应、加工生产技术和生产安排的可能性；
《国际贸易实务》PPT课件
第一章 国际贸易术语
• 摘要：本章主要讲述贸易术语的含义、作用以及 与贸易术语有关的国际贸易惯例，重点讲述 《2000通则》中的13种贸易术语，其中FOB、 CIF、CFR、FCA、CPT和CIP等六种术语是学习 的重点。
• 第一节 贸易术语与国际贸易惯例 • 第二节 六种主要的贸易术语 • 第三节 其他贸易术语 • 第四节 贸易术语的选用
• 国际贸易惯例只有在一定条件下，才产生法律约束 力，具有强制性；
• 通过国内立法，将国际贸易惯例引入国内法中，或者在 国内法明文规定适用国际惯例。――如：我国《民法通则》 规定：“中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或 者参加的国际条约没有规定的，可以适用国际惯例。”
• 通过国际立法，将国际贸易惯例引入公约或条约中。 • 通过合同，在合同中直接引用某一国际贸易惯例。 • 司法实践中引用国际贸易惯例。 • 默示适用国际贸易惯例。
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进
交易
编制计划并 上报审批
磋商
填制进口 订货卡片
前的
进口公司 审查卡片
准备
市场调研 选择卖主
工作
制定商品 经营方案
口 合 同 的 履 行
交易磋商和合同签定阶段（FOB、L/C条件）
履
行
合
同
阶
段
催装通知
租船订舱
投 装
保 船
接
货
向海关报验
提货拨交、结算
申请开证 审单付款 买汇赎单
索
赔
• 与进出口货物关系最大的国际条约是《联合国 国际货物销售合同公约》。
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（三）国际贸易惯例
• 国际贸易惯例(International trade practice)，或称国际商业惯例(International Commercial practice)，是人们从事国际货 物买卖活动应当遵循的重要准则，也是国际贸 易法的主要渊源之一。它是在国际贸易的长期 实践中逐渐形成和发展起来的一些较为明确和 固定的贸易习惯和一般做法。
国际贸易实务国际贸易术语(2024)
案例二：CIF术语应用分析
CIF术语含义
应用场景
风险点
注意事项
CIF即成本加保险费加运费， 是指卖方在装运港将货物交至 船上，承担货物运至指定目的 港所需的运费和保险费，但货 物在装运港越过船舷后的风险 由买方承担。
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某出口商与进口商签订CIF合 同，出口商需承担将货物运至 目的港所需的运费和保险费， 并确保货物在运输过程中的安 全。
关注术语更新与变化
随着国际贸易实践的发展和国际商会等相关机构对术语的修订和更新，使用者应关注最新版本的国际贸易术 语解释通则，以便及时调整和适应新的贸易规则和要求。
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03 国际贸易实务中 常用贸易术语解 析
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FOB（装运港船上交货）
术语含义
买卖双方责任
适用运输方式
FOB是国际贸易中常用的一种术语， 指的是卖方在装运港将货物装上买方 指定的船舶，并支付将货物运至指定 目的港所需的运费和保险费之前的所 有费用和风险。
应用场景
某出口商与进口商签订FOB合同，出口商需将货物运至指 定装运港，并承担装船前的所有费用和风险。
风险点
在FOB术语下，卖方需确保货物安全装船，否则需承担货 物损失的风险。同时，由于买方负责租船订舱，卖方可能 面临船期不确定的风险。
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注意事项
卖方应提前与买方沟通，确认船期和装运港等信息，并妥 善安排货物的运输和保险事宜。
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电子商务和跨境电商的兴起将推 动贸易术语的创新和发展，以适 应新的贸易形态和商业模式。
未来可能会出现更多针对特定行 业和产品的贸易术语，以满足不 同领域和市场的特殊需求。
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国际贸易实务(英文)
国际贸易实务（英文）International Trade PracticeIntroduction:International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services across the international borders between two or more countries. Nowadays, international trade has become the backbone of the global economy as it contributes significantly to the GDP of countries. Thousands of products are traded every day between countries, supporting local industries and helping economies grow. In this essay, we will discuss various aspects related to international trade practice.1. The importance of international tradeInternational trade is essential to the economic growth of countries. Through international trade, countries can access a broader market, allowing them to trade in products that they are not able to produce. International trade also ensures that prices of goods remain competitive in the global market, which benefits consumers. This competition encourages innovation and efficiency, resulting in better and cheaper products.2. Benefits of international tradeThe benefits of international trade include:a) Increased job opportunitiesInternational trade creates new job opportunities in exporting industries. This, in turn, helps reduce unemployment rates and improves the standard of living of people.b) Better quality goods and servicesInternational trade allows countries to access products that they may not be able to produce themselves, resulting in better-quality goods and services for consumers.c) Enhanced economic growthInternational trade contributes significantly to economic growth, creating more stable employment conditions whilst also increasing consumer spending.d) Reduced pricesInternational trade allows countries to access products at more competitive prices, resulting in cost savings for consumers.3. Challenges of international tradeWhile international trade has many benefits, several challenges can arise, including:a) Political instabilityPolitical instability can cause uncertainty and unpredictability and drastically affect a country's international trade.b) Regulations and tariffsDifferent countries have varying regulations and tariffs, which can create barriers to international trade.c) Language and culture barriersIndividual countries have different languages and cultures, which can create communication and understanding problems, making it challenging to conduct international trade.4. Types of International TradeInternational trade can be done in several ways:a) ExportExporting involves selling goods and services produced domestically to foreign countries.b) ImportImporting involves buying goods and services from foreign countries to be sold domestically.c) CountertradeCountertrade involves exchanging goods and services for other goods and services instead of using currency as payment.5. Payment Methods in International TradeVarious methods are commonly used in international trade transactions. These include:a) Letter of creditThe letter of credit is an agreement between the buyer and the seller that ensures payment will be made once certain conditions are met, such as delivery of goods and documents.b) Cash in advanceCash in advance involves the buyer making payment before goods are shipped. This method benefits the seller by eliminating the risk of non-payment.c) Open accountOpen account involves the buyer paying the seller after a specified period has elapsed. This method benefits the buyer by allowing them to get goods before paying for them.6. Legal issues related to international tradeInternational trade is often governed by complex legal frameworks. Legal issues that can arise while conducting international business include:a) Breach of contractBreach of contract refers to the violation of the terms agreed between the buyer and the seller, which can result in costly legal proceedings.b) International agreementsInternational agreements such as trade and investment treaties can have a significant impact on international trade.c) Intellectual propertyIntellectual property issues are common in international trade, such as trademark infringement and copyright violations. Conclusion:International trade is essential for countries seeking to expand their markets and improve their economic growth. Although there are challenges, the benefits of international trade outweigh the risks. Understanding the different types of international trade, payment methods and legal issues that can arise when conducting international business is important to ensure success in international trade practice.7. Globalization and its impact on international tradeGlobalization has had a substantial impact on international trade. It has increased the interdependence of countries on one another and encouraged the growth and expansion of international trade. Therise of globalization has created significant opportunities for international trade, including increased access to diverse products, services, and markets. However, it has also created challenges for many businesses, such as increased competition and ongoing regulatory changes. Additionally, globalization has created opportunities for many developing countries to participate and benefit from the global economy, but it has also increased the risk of exploitation through unfavorable trade agreements.8. Case study: China's role in international tradeAs the second-largest economy in the world, China plays a significant role in international trade. The country's export-driven economy has helped it become a major player in global trade, accounting for approximately 13.2% of the world's exports in 2019. China's growth in international trade has been fueled by its low labor costs, supportive government policies, and a vast network of manufacturing facilities. However, the country has also faced various challenges in the international trade arena, such as the imposition of tariffs and export restrictions by other countries. Despite these challenges, China's strong economic growth and engagement with the global community continue to make it an essential player in international trade.9. Future of international tradeThe future of international trade is a topic of much debate and interest in today's global economy. The development of new technologies, such as e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, has created new opportunities for international trade.The growth of e-commerce, for example, has allowed small businesses to participate in international trade more easily. However, there are also concerns about the impact that technology has on job creation and trade relations between countries.Additionally, political changes and shifts in trade policies can pose significant challenges for international trade. For example, the United States' withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership has resulted in significant trade policy uncertainty in the Asia-Pacific region. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has also had a significant impact on global trade, resulting in supply chain disruptions and reduced demand for goods and services.Despite these challenges, many experts believe that international trade will continue to play a vital role in the global economy. New technologies and globalization will continue to create opportunities for businesses to engage in international trade, however, it is important to address the challenges that may arise while conducting international business.10. ConclusionInternational trade is a vital component of the global economy, offering significant benefits to participating countries. It fosters economic growth, creates job opportunities, and provides access to a wider range of goods and services. However, international trade comes with its own set of challenges, such as regulatory barriers and cultural differences. It is crucial for businesses and countries to understand these challenges in order to engage in international trade successfully. The future of international trade will be shapedby ongoing developments in technology, globalization, and political policies, however, it remains an essential component of economic growth and prosperity in the global community.。
《国际贸易实务》教学大纲
《国际贸易实务》教学大纲课程编号：学时：64 学分：？一、课程的性质与目的国际贸易实务是一门研究国际货物买卖的有关理论和实际业务的课程，也是高等院校国际经济与贸易专业的一门专业基础课程。
学习本课程的主要目的：1、使学生通过本课程的学习，初步掌握进行国际货物买卖的基本理论、基础知识和基本技能；2、学会在进出口贸易中，既能结合我国的实际，切实贯彻国家的方针政策和企业的经营意图，又能符合法律规则和国际贸易惯例。
二、课程的基本内容本课程分为九章，包括四大部分。
第一部分即第一章，贸易术语与国际贸易惯例。
将介绍与贸易术语有关的国际惯例和常用的贸易术语。
第二部分是国际货物买卖合同的主要条款，包括商品名称和品质、数量、包装、价格、装运、保险、货款支付以及商检、索赔、不可抗力和仲裁，分别在第二章至第七章介绍。
第三部分即第八章，国际货物买卖合同的商订与履行。
首先介绍交易磋商，然后举例说明合同的履行。
第四部分即第九章，国际贸易方式。
介绍国际贸易中常用的几种贸易方式。
三、本课程的基本要求学习本课程要求学生首先学习《中国对外贸易》、《国际贸易》等课程，同时要求学生学好相关知识如《国际商法》、《国际金融》、《国际市场营销》等课程。
四、教学安排（64学时,包括讲课和实习）第一章国际贸易术语6学时Chapter 1 International T rade T erms第一节贸易术语与国际惯例1.1 Trade Terms and International Rules第二节常用的三种贸易术语1.2 Three Most Popular Trade Terms第三节货交承运人的三种贸易术语1.3 Three Trade Terms on Delivering to Carrier第四节其他贸易术语1.4 Other Trade Terms第五节贸易术语的选用1.5 Selecting of Trade Terms第二章商品的名称及其质量、数量与包装4学时Chapter 2 Name and Quality of Commodity, Quantity and Packaging第一节商品的名称及其质量2.1 Name and Quality of Commodity第二节数量2.2 Quantity第三节包装2.3 Packaging第三章国际货物运输10学时Chapter 3 International Cargo T ransport第一节运输方式3.1 Transport Modes第二节装运条款3.2 Shipment Clause第三节运输单据3.3 Shipping Documents第四章国际货物运输保险6学时Chapter 4 Insurance of International Cargo T ransportation第一节概述4.1 An Overview of Insurance of International Cargo Transportation第二节海运货物保险承保的范围4.2 Insured Range in Ocean Transportation第三节我国海运货物保险的险别4.3 Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of CIC第四节伦敦保险协会海运货物保险条款4.4 Institute Cargo Clause (ICC)第五节我国陆运、空运货物与邮包运输保险4.5 Overland Transportation Cargo, Air Transportation Cargo and Parcel PostInsurance Clause第六节买卖合同中的保险条款4.6 Insurance Clauses of the contract第五章进出口商品的价格8学时Chapter 5 Price第一节定价时应考虑的问题5.1 Points considered in pricing第二节计价货币和支付货币的选择5.2 Choice of currency for account and payment第三节佣金与折扣5.3 Commission and Discounts第四节合同中的价格条款5.4 Clauses of Price第六章国际货款的收付14学时Chapter 6 International T rade Payment第一节支付工具6.1 Instruments of Payment第二节汇付与托收6.2 Remittance and Collection第三节信用证付款6.3 Letter of Credit第四节银行保函6.6 Banker’s Letter of Guarantee第五节合同中的支付条款6.5 Terms of Payment in Contract第七章检验、索赔、不可抗力与仲裁4学时Chapter 7 Inspection, Claim, Force Majeure and Arbitration第一节检验7.1 Inspection第二节索赔7.2 Claim第三节不可抗力7.3 Force Majeure第四节仲裁7.4 Arbitration第八章合同的商订与履行8学时Chapter 8 T rade Negotiation and Contract Performing第一节合同的商订8.1 Trade Negotiation第二节合同的履行8.2 Contract Performing第九章国际贸易方式4学时Chapter 9 International T rade Modes第一节经销与代理9.1 Distributorship and Agency第二节寄售与展卖9.2 Consignment, Fairs and Sales第三节招标投标与拍卖9.3 Invitation to tenders, Submission of tenders and Auction第四节期货交易与套期保值9.4 Futures Trading and Hedging第五节对销贸易9.5 Counter Trade第六节加工贸易9.6 Improvement Trade第七节电子商务9.7 Commercial Business五、教材和参考资料教材：《国际贸易实务》对外经济贸易大学出版社，黎孝先主编《International Trade Theory and Practice》对外经济贸易大学出版社，张素芳编著参考书：1、吴百福主编.《进出口贸易实务教程》.上海人民出版社2003年版2、《对外贸易实务》中国对外经济贸易教育协会主办（月刊）3、《中国海关》中国海关出版社主办（月刊）4、商务部、海关等相关网站5、杨玲等.《国际贸易与国际金融》.武汉大学出版社《国际贸易实务》课程简介课程编号：课程名称：国际贸易实务英文名称：International Trade Practice学时：50 学分：2.5课程简介：国际贸易实务是一门研究国际货物买卖的有关理论和实际业务的课程，也是高等院校国际经济与贸易专业的一门专业基础课程。
第二章 International Trade Policy 《国际贸易实务》PPT课件
Exports Subsidies
Export subsidies are payment made by the government to encourage the export of specified products.
• Domestic supply • Domestic demand • Price floors • Floor price • Shortfall of supply • EEP • DEIP
• Government Procurement Policies: a government procurement policies requires that a specified percentage of purchases by a government be made from domestic firms rather than foreign countries.
• Red-Tape Barriers refer to costly administrative procedures required for the importation of foreign goods.Export NhomakorabeaTaxes
• An export tax is a tax collected on exported goods. As with tariffs, export taxes can be set on a specific or an ad valorem basis.
• Domestic Content Requirements: a domestic content requirement mandates that a product produced and sold in a country must have a specified amount of domestic productive value, in the form of wage paid to local workers or material and components produced within the country.
_International_Trade_国际贸易实务
International Trade 国际贸易课文及翻译Text A An Introduction to International TradeThe Concept of International TradeInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact.International trade represents a significant share of GDP in most of the countries. Most of the countries are engaging in international trade to overcome the various deficiencies in the resources not abundant in their home country and sourcing those resources from the neighboring or other countries to produce the goods and services for their needs and wants. In a modern business world due to globalization international business ventures are rapidly eyeing to establish their reputation firmly.International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics. Increasing international trade is basic to globalization.Economic GlobalizationGlobalization of the economy depends on the role of human migration, international trade, movement of capital, and integration of financial markets. The International Monetary Fund notes the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows, and move rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.The rise of technology has allowed the environment to be characterized as a global one. The global economy gave business the ability to market products and services all over the globe. It has also allowed them to develop partnerships and alliances throughout the world, which has become essential for success in today’s business.Regulation of International TradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between tow nations. For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief become the dominant thought among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, thought they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariff applied to agriculture by the United State and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United State, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However many other countries such as India China and Russia are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non-tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The letter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures.The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 dependent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talk on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed large due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nation. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.Risks in International TradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups:●Economic risks:Risk of insolvency of the buyerRisk of protected defaultRisk of non-acceptanceRisk of exchange rate●Political risks:Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licensesRisk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s companyRisk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goodsTransfer risksWar risksText A 国际贸易简介国际贸易的概念国际贸易是跨越国际边界和领土进行货物和服务的交换。
国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英)What's International Trade?The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services producedin another country。
EXPORTINGExporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary。
The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells。
EXWEXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises (法定地址）or another named place。
The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle。
FASFree alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment。
《国际贸易实务》课程教学课件1-课程入门
3
（三）国际贸易的特点
1. 复杂程度高；（国际贸易流程图）
2. 贸易风险大； 3. 中间环节多；
软件模拟实训 （一周，约27课时）
讲授、课堂练习、作业、技能训练
总评成绩＝基础知识（50）＋ 操作技能（30）＋平日成绩（20）
1、模拟操作（70％），完成实训 项目，系统自动生成成绩。
2、实训表现+实习报告（30％）。
11
课程结束 谢谢大家！
12
涉及哪些风险？ 涉及哪些部门？
4. 受国际局势影响大。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
试举例
4
（四）国际货物贸易的主要方式
1. 一般贸易。是我国目前货物贸易的主要方式。 2. 补偿贸易。近年来外商以设备技术直接投资，补偿贸易日趋减少。 3. 来料加工、来件装配。只赚加工费 。 4. 进料加工贸易。进料后加工外销。 5. 寄售、代销贸易。双方是委托代销关系，代销人对货物没有所有权。 6. 代理。双方属与代理关系。可分为总代理、独家代理和一般代理。 7. 拍卖。增价拍卖、减价拍卖、密封递价拍卖。是买主之间的竞争。 8. 招标与投标。公开招标、选择性招标。招投标是卖主之间的竞争。
直接岗位：外贸经理、外贸业务员、跟单员、单证员等。 相关岗位：报关员、报检员、外贸物流员、国际货代员等。
国际贸易 职业岗位
外贸 经理
外贸 业务员
外贸 跟单员
国际商务 单证员
报关员
报检员
外贸物流员 货代员
9
Internationaltrade英语专业专业必修课国际贸易实务英文版课堂笔记整理
Chapter 1 Introduction to International tradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•International trade(the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries）•Trade in goods (the purchase and sale of visible goods:coffee, chemicals, airplanes, textiles, tobacco)&Trade in services(the purchase and sale of invisible goods: transportation, insurance, tourism, hotel accommodations, commerce)•Self-sufficient (someone who does his own hunting, finds his own shelter, and provides for his own needs)•Barter (the trade of goods without any exchange of money)•Balance of trade (a nation’s rel ationship of exports to imports). A favorable balance of trade, or trade surplus, occurs when the value of the country’s expor ts exceeds that of its imports;An unfavorable balance of trade, or trade deficit, occurs when the value of the country’s imports exceeds that of its exports.•Balance of payments [the difference between money coning into a country (from exports) and money going out of the country (for import) plus money flows coming into or leavinga country from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid.BOP=EM-IM+MF]. Afavorable balance of payments means more money is flowing into a country than flowing out;An unfavorable balance of payments is when more money is flowing out ofa country than coming in.•Dumping(the practic of selling products in foreign country at lower prices than those charged in the producing country). Companies use this tactic to reduce surplus products in foreign markets or to gain a foothold in a new market by offering products for lower prices than domestic competitors do.The foundation of international trade and economic activities：In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills.Questions & Answers (text)•What are major reasons of the exchange of goods between nations?✧First, no nation has all of the commodities that it needs.✧Second, a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.✧Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.✧Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style (fashion).•Why is FDI now more important than trade?✧First, FDI enables host country to build a new manufacturing plant and to payworkers to build it.✧Second, once the plant is operative, it provides both jobs and taxes for host country.✧Third, FDI acts as a catalyst (催化剂) in economic growth for host country.•Why inflows into Sub-Saharan Africa have increased?Tourism is the world's largest industry and every year it pumps billions of dollars into some of the poorest countries in the world. It creates jobs, reduces poverty, builds new roads, airports, hotels and hospitals.•What are major obstacles to Chinese foreign trade?✧Firstly, China should deal with pressure from international markets that aregradually becoming saturated（饱和）.✧Secondly, the cost of Chinese exports is increasing, partly because of the highercost of labor and environmental protection.✧Thirdly, increasing international trade protection has caused China to stumble into（陷入）difficult territory.✧Finally, the trade imbalance between China and other countries is getting worse.Chapter 2 Basic Theory of International TradeQuestions & Answers (terms)•Opportunity Cost机会成本：有一得必有一失(the amount of another goods or service that might otherwise have been produced)•Absolute Advantage两者相权取成本低、效率高者[A commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land, and labor).] Comparative Advantage两利相权取其重，两劣相权取其轻only one of the goods would work "most best" and "least worse"•What the Theory of C-A Shows if we want to maximize total output in the world then:✧first, fully employ all resources worldwide;✧second, allocate those resources within countries to each country's comparativeadvantage industries;✧third, allow the countries to trade freely .•Specialization (there were some things he was more capable of doing and it would benefit him to concentrate his efforts on the production of those goods in which he was particularly proficient)What are the major benefits of exporting?Why export? Y our general objectives will probably be:➢To increase profitability➢To utilise production capacity to the full➢The small domestic market may not big enough for growth➢You may be manufacturing a specialised product and find there are not enough customers in Sweden➢You may be looking for the increased security your company can achieve by spreading its risks over a variety of markets➢You may want to ensure that your product is kept up to date by exposure to competition in international markets➢It provides scope to develop a company's strengths and abilities. Selling in aninternational environment will sharpen your innovative edge and open up opportunities that might never come your way if you limit yourself to the home market.Michael Porter’s Diamond ModelMichael Porter of the Harvard Business School introduced a new competitiveness theory, the so-called diamond model. He argues that national prosperity is not inherited, but created by choices; in other words, national wealth is not set by factor endowments, but created by strategic choices. He intro duced a concept of “clusters”, or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers,related industries, and institutions that arise in particular locations.1. Firm strategy, Structure and RivalryThe world is dominated by dynamic conditions, and it is direct competition that impels firmsto work for increases in productivity and innovation.2. Demand ConditionsThe more demanding the customers in an economy, the greater the pressure facing firms to constantly to improve their competitiveness via innovative products, through high quality, etc.3. Related Supporting IndustriesUpstream or downstream industries facilitates the exchange of information and promotes a continuous exchange of ideas and innovations.4. Factor ConditionsContrary to conventional wisdoms, Po rter argues that the “key” factors of production (or specialized factors) are created, not inherited. Specialized factors are skilled labor, capital and infrastructure. “Non-key” factors or general use factors, such as unskilled labor and raw materials, can be obtained by any company and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. However, specialized factors involve heavy, sustained investment. They are more difficult to duplicate. This leads to a competitive advantage, because if other firms cannot easily duplicate these factors, they are valuable.The role of government in Porter’ Diamond Model is “acting as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage—or even push—companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance…”.They must encourage companies to raise their performance, stimulate early demand for advanced products, focus on specialized factors creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforce anti-trust（反托拉斯，反垄断）regulations.Chapter 5 International Trade TermsRole of International Trade Terms➢Standing for specific obligations of the buyer and the seller.➢Name the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.➢Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.➢Define the nature of the contract, such as FOB contract or CIF contract, to determine expenses and risks as well as their rights and obligations accordingly.➢The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.The price of commodity（refers to the unit price, which is made up of a name of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term, and a name of destination or shipping place .For example,US$ 800 per M/T CIF London）国际贸易合同的主要条款有: 合同对象(标的)：commodities or services 合同总值: total value or quantities 交货条件: trade terms 包装: packaging 装运期: shipment装运口岸和目的地: departure port or destination 保险: insurance 支付条款: payment Procedures of Marine Insurance•To apply for marine insurance;•To determine the insurance value of the goods to be insured;•To determine the insurance average and coverage;•To determine insurance premium;•To sign an insurance policy•To lodge an insurance claim.Proper pricing, complete and accurate quotations, and choice of terms of sale and payment are four critical elements in selling a product or service internationally. Of the four, pricing is the most problematic, even for the experienced exporter.Export product cost structure, involving cost of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs duties.Pricing Considerations•At what price should the firm sell its product in the foreign market?•What type of market positioning does the company want to convey from its pricing structure?•Does the export price reflect the product's quality?•Is the price competitive?•Should the firm pursue market penetration or market-skimming pricing objectives abroad?•What type of discount (trade, cash, quantity) and allowances (advertising, trade-off) should the firm offer its foreign customers?•Laws pose a problem?•Should prices differ by market segment?•What should the firm do about product line pricing?•What pricing options are available if the firm's costs increase or decrease?•Is the demand in the foreign market elastic or inelastic?•Are the prices going to be viewed by the foreign government as reasonable or unfair?•Do the foreign country's antidumping?Pricing Summary Here are the key points to remember when determining your product's price: •Determine the objective in the foreign market.•Compute the actual cost of the export product.•Compute the final consumer price.•Evaluate market demand and competition.•Consider modifying the product to reduce the export price.•Include “non-market" costs, such as tariffs and customs fees.•Exclude cost elements that provide no benefit to the export function, such as domestic advertising.In the cost-plus method of calculation, the exporter starts with the domestic manufacturing cost and adds administration, research and development, overhead, freight forwarding, distributor margins, customs charges, and profit. The effect of this pricing approach may be that the export price escalates into an uncompetitive range.The actual payment= the full invoice of the goods +the additional charges of expenses the seller has paid.Stages in Handling a Bill of Exchange•To draw•Presentation and acceptance•Endorsement•Without recourse•Payment•Dishonor and recourse。
国际贸易实务Practical International Trade
Legal Foundation
Relative legal bases in the world
“United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods” (1980) “British Sales of Goods Act” (1893) “Warsaw-Oxford Rules” (1932) “Uniform Commercial Code in the United States” (1977) “Law of economic Contracts Involving Foreign Interests (1985) (China)
贸易合同
School of International Economics
1. What is business contract?
In international trade, the business contract normally refers to the agreement concluded by both parties and enforceable by law, by which they mutually promise to sell or buy some particular commodity, transfer or acquire a certain industrial property or knowhow, or render or accept a certain service.
Buyers shall be responsible for any losses thus incurred as well as for late shipment thus caused
中国大学MOOC《国际贸易实务》期末考试试卷答案
D.
100%
正确答案：B你没选择任何选项
18单选(1分)
如果采用信用证付款，根据UCP 600第30条b款，在信用证未以包装单位件数或货物自身件数的方式规定货物数量时，货物数量允许有( )的增减幅度，只要总支取金额不超过信用证金额。
得分/总分
A.
20%
B.
10%
C.
1%
D.
5%
正确答案：D你没选择任何选项
12单选(1分)
根据《2010通则》，买方负责办理出口清关手续的贸易术语是( )。
得分/总分
A.
FAS
B.
EXW
C.
DDP
D.
CPT
正确答案：B你没选择任何选项
13单选(1分)
根据《2010通则》，卖方负责将货物运至进口国指定地点并卸货，但是不负责进口清关的贸易术语是( )。
得分/总分
A.
CPT
B.
得分/总分
A.
临时议定价
B.
合同价
C.
到岸市价
D.
到岸市价与离岸市价的平均价
正确答案：B你没选择任何选项
17单选(1分)
根据UCP 600第30条a款，‘约’或‘大约’用于信用证金额或信用证规定的数量或单价时，应解释为允许有关金额或数量或单价有不超过( )的增减幅度。
得分/总分
A.
50%
B.
10%
C.
得分/总分
A.
办理进口清关手续的责任方
B.
适用的运输方式
C.
肩负租船订舱义务的主体
D.
用该贸易术语所签订的合同的性质
正确答案：A你没选择任何选项
10单选(1分)
国际贸易实务课后习题
Chapter 1 International Trade1.What are the reasons for international trade?There are three main reasons: resource reasons, economic reasons, and political reasons. The resource reasons refer to the uneven distribution of resources such as natural resources, capital, and labor. The economic reasons are explained by the principal of absolute advantage and the principal of comparative advantage. Besides, nations are motivated to trade or not to trade with each other by international and domestic political needs.2.What is the principal of comparative advantage?Created by David Ricardo, the principal of comparative advantage is a basic theory for specialization and trade which says trade will benefit both nations provided only that their relative costs, that is, the ratios of their real costs measured by labor-hour or another commodity, are different for two or more commodities. In other words, trade depends on differences in comparative cost or opportunity cost, and one nation can profitably trade with another even though its real costs are higher (lower) in every commodity.3.What are the benefits of international trade?The benefits of international trade include cheaper goods, more choices of goods, wider market for domestic producers, and the growth of domestic and world economy.4. Why does trade protectionism still exist despite the benefits of international trade?Trade protectionism exists for economic and political reasons. Nations want to protect their infant industries and jobs from foreign competition, to maintain balance of payment, and not to support their foes.5.Want are some of the forms of trade restrictions?Trade restrictions take the forms of tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.6.What is a tariff barrier and what is a non-tariff barrier?A tariff barrier is a direct monetary burden to discourage trade in which a duty or fee is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) a country. A non-tariff barrier, on the other hand, is not directly a monetary burden though it often costs more time and money. Non-tariff barriers include quota, license, foreign exchange control, technical standards, and regulations, etc.Terms1. A tariff: is a duty or fee that is levied on goods being imported into (or exported out of) acountry.2.Surtax: is an additional tax. It may also be temporary and discriminatory. In internationaltrade, import surtax is often collected to cope with international payment difficulties and to prevent dumping.3.Anti-dumping duty: is a fee that is collected by the importing country when it believes thatthe exporting country is selling a significant amount goods to the importing country at prices much lower than in the exporting country.4.Specific duty: is a tax of a certain sum assessed and collected on an article without referenceto its value or market.5.Ad valorem duty: is a tax which is graded according to the cost, or market value, of thearticle taxed.6. A quota: is a quantitative restriction or an upper limit in terms of physical quantity or value.7.An import license: is a permit for import issued by the government to control the import ofgoods.8.Foreign exchange control: means various forms of restriction imposed by a government onthe purchase/sale of foreign currencies by residents or on the purchase/sale of local currency by nonresidents.Chapter 2 Terms of Delivery1.What are the key issues that a contract must spell out clearly?Seller’s and buyer’s responsibilities and associated costsTime and place of deliveryDocuments and expensesTitle to the goods2.Why are Incoterms created?Incoterms are created to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.3.How are the terms structured in Incoterms?The terms are grouped in four basically different categories: E-term, F-terms, C-terms, and D-terms. E-term requires the seller to make the goods available to the buyer usually at the seller’s own premises. F-terms require the seller to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed and paid by the buyer. C-terms require the seller to contract and pay for carriage without assuming the risk of loss of or damage to the goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch. D-terms require the seller to bear all costs and risks needed to bring the goods to the place of destination.4.Do you have to use Incoterms in every transaction? Why or why not?No, sellers and buyers don’t need to use Incoterms in their transaction because Incoterms are created only to provide an option, not an obligation.5.What should be considered in the choice of terms of delivery?Transport capacityCustomer’s locationFreight rateLoading/unloading facilities and local port customRisks in transitChapter 3 Cargo Packaging, Stowage & Marking1.Generally speaking, what are the main reasons for cargo packaging?Generally speaking, there are four main reasons for cargo packaging:a.protective function that essentially involves protecting the contents from the environment andvice versa;b.loading and transport function that requires proper packaging design for easy handling andspace-saving transportationc.stowage function that facilitates stowage and distribution; andd.promotion function that helps generate product awareness and sales2.The protective function of packaging essentially involves protecting the contents fromthe environment. Is this statement true or false and why?This statement is only partially true because the protective function of packaging involves protecting people and the environment, not only the contents, particularly for hazardous materials.3.What is the most efficient method of handling general cargo?The most efficient method of handling general cargo is to make up cargo unit.4.What are the main factors influencing types of cargo packaging?The main factors influencing types of cargo packaging are:a.nature of cargo;b.transport;c.Customs and statutory requirements;d.Insurance acceptance conditions;e.Cost; andf.Ease of handling and stowage5.What should be considered in the stowage of cargo?The following should be considered in the stowage of cargo:a.observation of weight limitations and distributions;b.prevention of damage to transport vehicle;c.best use of available deadweight or cubic capacity to minimize the broken stowage;d.avoidance of mixing incompatible cargo;e.plan for ease of unloading6.What purposes does correct and complete marking serve?Correct and complete marking of packages helps prevent incorrect handling, accidents, incorrect delivery, losses of weight and volume and Customs fines7.What are the main types of marks?The main types of marks include shipping marks, information marks, indicative marks and warning marks.8.What are the marking requirements?The marking requirements are internationality, visibility, legibility and indelibilityChapter 4 Transport1.What are the key differences between liners and tramps?A liner operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table but a tramp does not operate this way. Instead, a tramp is a vessel hired to pick up cargo from almost any port and go directly to the port of destination.2.What does the abbreviation FIO stand for? What does it mean?FIO stands for “free in and out”, which means that the charterer of a vessel, not the ship operator, is responsible for the costs of loading and unloading.3.What key purposes does a B/L serve?A B/L serves three key purposes. First, it is evidence that a valid contract of carriage exists between the carrier and the shipper, and it may incorporate the full terms of the contract between them. Second, it is a receipt signed by the carrier confirming whether goods matching the contract description have been received from the shipper in good condition. Third, it is also a document of title, creating ownership of the goods shipped.4.What should a clause of shipment include?A clause of shipment should include time of shipment, port of shipment and port of destination, advice of shipment, partial shipment and transshipment.5.What is Air Waybill and what is the key difference between the document and an OceanB/L?An air waybill is a transport document issued by airlines or air cargo companies or their agents. The key difference between this document and an ocean B/L is that air waybill is not a title document. As a straight waybill, an air waybill is not transferrable or negotiable and a shipper does not lose his ownership of the cargo by handing the air waybill to the airline. However, as the buyer is named the consignee on the waybill and he/she can claim the consignment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity.6.What is international multimodal transport?International multimodal transport is the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport on the basis of a multimodal transport contract from a place in one country at which the goods are taken in charge by the multimodal transport operator to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country.7.What are the general considerations in cargo transport?Reliability, speed and frequency, and cost.Chapter 5 Foreign exchange rate & Contract formation- Offer & Acceptance1.How is the exchange rate between any two currencies expressed?There are two ways to express the exchange rate between any two currencies, i.e., the price of Currency A can be quoted in terms of Currency B or vice versa. Depending on whether home currency is used to express the price of foreign currencies or foreign countries are used to express the price of home currency, we have direct quotation and indirect quotation.2.How many rates does a bank normally quote?Two, a buying (bid) rate and a selling（ask）rate.3.Why is exchange rate an important issue for international traders?While the exchange rates between currencies float, payment is normally made sometime after the contract is concluded. The final earnings in the home currency (if the contract currency is a foreign currency) will only be known with the prevailing exchange rate at the time the payment is made. A favorable exchange rate will give the exporter more home currency. On the other hand, an adverse movement of the exchange rates will bring him a loss in terms of home currency.4.How can we manage the exchange rate risks (foreign exchange risks)?There are a number of choices: choosing the right currency for a transaction, booking a forward contract, and using other products that banks offer.5.If you intend to make your offer indefinite, what can you do to avoid misinterpretation?If an offerer wants to make an offer indefinite, he should make clear reservations to avoid misinterpretation.6.How can you terminate an offer?An offer can be terminated by:The party offering may revoke the offer if no consideration has been given.The offer may lapse (either after a specified time, or it may just become stale).Offer may come to an end after a stipulated event occurs or does not occur.Offer may lapse on death of the party offeringOffer is killed by a counter-offer.7.Who can accept an offer?Only the offeree can accept an offer.8.What does acceptance mean to a contract?Since an acceptance indicates assent to an offer, it validates the contract and means that boththe offerer and the offeree will be bound by the terms and conditions in the offer.9.What is a counter-offer?A counter-offer is either the office’s proposal of a new set of terms for the transaction or his conditional acceptance by making actual, material changes in the offer.1.Foreign exchange: is the currency of any foreign country which is the authorized instrumentof settlement and the basis for record keeping in that country.2.Like any other commodities, a foreign exchange has a price, which is expressed in anothercurrency. Exchange rate is the price relationship between the currencies of two countries or the price of one currency in terms of the other.3.Offer rate（of foreign exchange）:is the price at which a bank is willing to sell foreignexchange to its customers4. A definite offer:is one that clearly expresses the offerer’s willingness in concluding atransaction by providing complete and clear information for the deal. Normally it includes all the necessary items for a transaction, specifies the time by which the offer is valid and the time the acceptance must be received, and uses the phrase “offer firm” meaning that the offer is made without reservations.5.An acceptance: is a statement made by the offeree indicating assent to an offer.。
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International Trade 国际贸易课文及翻译Text A An Introduction to International TradeThe Concept of International TradeInternational trade is the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries or territories. While international trade has been present throughout much of history, its economic, social, and political importance has been on the rise in recent centuries. Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact.International trade represents a significant share of GDP in most of the countries. Most of the countries are engaging in international trade to overcome the various deficiencies in the resources not abundant in their home country and sourcing those resources from the neighboring or other countries to produce the goods and services for their needs and wants. In a modern business world due to globalization international business ventures are rapidly eyeing to establish their reputation firmly.International trade is also a branch of economics, which, together with international finance, forms the larger branch of international economics. Increasing international trade is basic to globalization.Economic GlobalizationGlobalization of the economy depends on the role of human migration, international trade, movement of capital, and integration of financial markets. The International Monetary Fund notes the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions, free international capital flows, and move rapid and widespread diffusion of technology.The rise of technology has allowed the environment to be characterized as a global one. The global economy gave business the ability to market products and services all over the globe. It has also allowed them to develop partnerships and alliances throughout the world, which has become essential for success in today’s business.Regulation of International TradeTraditionally trade was regulated through bilateral treaties between tow nations. For centuries under the belief in mercantilism most nations had tariffs and many restrictions on international trade. In the 19th century, especially in Britain, a belief in free trade became paramount. This belief become the dominant thought among western nations since then despite the acknowledgement that adoption of the policy coincided with the general decline of Great Britain. In the years since the Second World War, controversial multilateral treaties like the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and World Trade Organization have attempted to create a globally regulated trade structure. These trade agreements have often resulted in protest and discontent with claims of unfair trade that is not mutually beneficial.Free trade is usually most strongly supported by the most economically powerful nations, thought they often engage in selective protectionism for those industries which are strategically important such as the protective tariff applied to agriculture by the United State and Europe. The Netherlands and the United Kingdom were both strong advocates of free trade when they were economically dominant, today the United State, the United Kingdom, Australia and Japan are its greatest proponents. However many other countries such as India China and Russia are increasingly becoming advocates of free trade as they become more economically powerful themselves. As tariff levels fall there is also an increasing willingness to negotiate non-tariff measures, including foreign direct investment, procurement and trade facilitation. The letter looks at the transaction cost associated with meeting trade and customs procedures.The regulation of international trade is done through the World Trade Organization at the global level, and through several other regional arrangements such as MERCOSUR in South America, NAFTA between the United States, Canada and Mexico, and the European Union between 27 dependent states. The 2005 Buenos Aires talk on the planned establishment of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) failed large due to opposition from the populations of Latin American nation. Similar agreements such as the MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment) have also failed in recent years.Risks in International TradeThe risks that exist in international trade can be divided into two major groups:●Economic risks:Risk of insolvency of the buyerRisk of protected defaultRisk of non-acceptanceRisk of exchange rate●Political risks:Risk of cancellation or non-renewal of export or import licensesRisk of expropriation or confiscation of the importer’s companyRisk of the imposition of an import ban after the shipment of the goodsTransfer risksWar risksText A 国际贸易简介国际贸易的概念国际贸易是跨越国际边界和领土进行货物和服务的交换。