外文翻译译文(张苗苗)
新探索研究生英语(提高级)读写教程课文翻译
新探索研究生英语(提高级)读写教程课文翻译摘要：I.引言- 介绍新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程的课文翻译。
II.教程内容- 概述教程的各个单元和主题。
- 强调教程的针对性和实用性。
III.课文翻译实践- 分析教程中课文翻译的难点和重点。
- 介绍解决翻译问题的方法和技巧。
- 强调翻译实践对于提高英语读写能力的重要性。
IV.教程效果及评价- 总结教程在提高研究生英语读写能力方面的成效。
- 给出对教程的客观评价。
V.结论- 总结全文，强调新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程课文翻译的价值。
正文：新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程的课文翻译部分对于提高研究生的英语读写能力具有重要意义。
本教程根据研究生公共英语课堂教学和学生自学的需要，组织编写了围绕与同学们的学习、生活和将来的工作密切相关的五大主题：人文与社科、经济与管理、生命与健康、科学与技术、环境与能源。
教程课文翻译实践分析了教程中课文翻译的难点和重点，介绍解决翻译问题的方法和技巧，强调翻译实践对于提高英语读写能力的重要性。
教程中的课文翻译涵盖了各个学科专业，内容新颖、时效性强、具有批判性和语言的规范性，能够激发学生的兴趣并引起学生展开讨论。
此外，教程还注重培养学生的独立思考能力和团队合作精神，通过课文翻译实践，让学生学会如何准确、流畅地表达观点和想法。
新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程课文翻译部分在提高研究生英语读写能力方面成效显著。
经过一定时间的实践和学习，研究生们在英语表达能力和阅读理解能力上都有了明显的提高。
总体来说，教程在内容设置、教学方法等方面都表现出较高的质量，值得推广和应用。
总之，新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程课文翻译为学生提供了一个实用的英语学习平台，帮助他们在学术研究和未来工作中更好地运用英语。
十二天突破英汉翻译笔译篇(例句)
突破英文中定语从句的翻译On the whole, /such a conclusion can be drawn/ with a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude/ towards the test/as the others/ with whom he is being compared,/and only if he was not punished/ by lack of relevant information/which they possessed.:总体上来说，得出这样一种结论需要一定程度的把握，只要假设这个孩子对于测试的态度，和与之相比较的其他孩子的态度相同，也只要他没有因为缺少别的孩子所拥有的相关信息而受到惩罚。
中国作为一个发展中的大国高度重视中美两国之间的友谊。
:As a major developing country, China attaches great importance to the bilateral relations between China and the U.S.Behaviorists suggest that/the child/ who is raised in an environment/ where there are manystimuli/ which develop his or her capacity for appropriate response/ will experience greater intellectual development.:行为主义者认为，一个孩子如果生长在有很多刺激的环境里，而这些刺激促进了其适当反应能力的发展，那么这个孩子就会有着更大的知识发展。
《高级英语》第一册课文7-15翻译、词汇_张汉熙
Learn General Secretary on "two to learn a" strengthening "four Consciousnesses" important speech caused a strong reaction in the country. Time, watching "red treasure", the origin of building the party back to power, how to strengthen services for the masses, improve party cohesion, fighting to become the grass-roots party members and masses hot topic. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to strengthen the service of party members and cadres, the pioneer spirit. Distribution of grass-roots party organizations in all walks of people, clothing, shelter, which belongs to the nerve endings of the party organization and comments reputation has a direct perception of the masses. Strengthen the party ahead of the "pedal" spirit; strengthen the party members and cadres "success does not have to be me" and "the first to bear hardships, the last to" service spirit to set the party's positive image among the people is important. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to cleanse all people not happy not to see "stereotypes", establish the honest faithful, diligent faith for the people. No need to avoid mentioning that, some members of our party can not stand the "money," corrosion of temptation, thin, Xu Zhou, such abuse and corrupt bribery, malfeasance borers, and rats. Two, is to clean up, thin, Xu, Zhou's solution to restore the party's fresh and natural, solid and honest work style. Cleansing "take, eat, card," undesirable and behaviour, "cross, hard and cold, push" attitude. Grass-roots party organizations "two" is to strengthen the sense of ordinary party members, participating in consciousness, unity consciousness. For reasons known, members of grass-roots party branches less mobile, less resources, and the construction of party organizations have some lag. Two studies, is to focus on the grass-roots party branches "loose, soft, loose" problem, advance the party members and cadres, "a gang working", "Hong Kong report." Strong cleanup actions, style and rambling, presumptuous "unqualified" party members, pays special attention to party members and cadres "joining party of thought" problem. "Party building" is obtained in the long-term development of our party's historical experience accumulated. Two is our party under the new historical conditions, strengthen the party's construction of a new "rectification movement." Grass-roots party organizations should always catch the hard work, results-oriented. Two educational outcomes are long-term oriented and become an important impetus for the work. "Two" should have three kinds of consciousness "two" study and education, basic learning lies in the doing. Only the Constitution address the series of party rules, and do solid work, be qualified party members had a solid ideological basis. Only the "learning" and "do" real unity, to form a "learn-learn-do-do" the virtuous cycle, and ultimately achieve the fundamental objective of education. This requires that the Organization《高级英语》第一册课文翻译及词汇章美芳第七课神奇的集成电路片时代 (1)第八课互相作用的生活 (1)第九课马克•吐温——美国的一面镜子 (6)第十课震撼世界的审判 (13)第十一课词典的用途究竟何在? (21)第十二课潜水鸟 (29)第十三课大不列颠望洋兴叹 (40)第十四课阿真舍湾 (46)第十五课海上无路标 (62)learning education, need three kinds of consciousness: one is to establish an integrated awareness. "Learning" and "do" what car isTwo-wheel, bird wings, need to go hand in hand, one end can be neglected. Communist theoretician and man. Only by closely combining theory and practice together in order to truly realize their value. "Learning" is the Foundation, the Foundation is not strong, shaking; " "Is the key to net to net thousands of accounts. "Two" education, "" lay the basis, going to "do" the key grip, so that the "learning" and "doing" back to standard, so that the majority of party members "learn" learning theory of nutrients, in the "doing" practice party's purposes. Second, to establish a sense of depth. "Learning" and "do" not Chu drawn, entirely different, but the organic unity of the whole. "Two" learning education, we need to explore integrating "learning" in "do", exhibit "do" in "Science". To avoid the "learning" into simple room instruction, "do" into a monotone for doing. Should exploration "learn" in the has "do", "do" in the has "learn" of education and practice of carrier, makes general grass-roots members can in "learn" in the has "do" of achievements sense, in "do" in the has "learn" of get sense, real makes party of theory brain into heart, put for people service concept outside of Yu shaped. Third, to adhere to long-term the awareness. Style construction on the road forever, "two" had to catch the long-term. "Two" study and education, by no means, assault-style wind-sport, but the recurrent education within the party. In recent years, the party's mass line education practice and "three-three" special education in grass-roots borne rich fruits, vast numbers of party members and cadres withstood the baptism of the spirit. "Two" greater need to focus on longer hold long-term, to establish and perfect the effective mechanism of the education, focusing on the creation of long-term education, strive to make the vast number of party members to maintain their vanguard Color, maintain the party's advanced nature and purity. Awareness-raising, antennas and atmosphere – a discussion on how leading cadres of party members "two" current, "two" activity is in full swing up and down the country, party cadres as a "key minority" is both a barometer and impetus. The "two" meaning enough deep, is to determine the party cadres can resolve to study hard first. In the "two" in the process, some cadres of himself, standing long, high awareness, that Constitution Party rules is simple, its not worth bothering some party cadres think speak series has nothing to do with the grass-roots work, water business learning series of speeches seen as window dressing. These "lazy, casual, and decadent" ideas learning lacks motivation, a serious impediment to "two" effect. John Stuart Mill once said, only a basic element of human thought patterns change dramatically, human destiny can make great improvement. The same, only party members and第七课神奇的集成电路片时代(节选)新生的微型技术将使社会发生巨变1这是一个极小的薄片，只有大约四分之一英寸见方。
帮助幼苗生长的更快英语课文
帮助幼苗生长的更快英语课文Long, long ago, a farmer thought the shoots in his fields were not growing fast enough.He wanted to help them.So he pulled every shoot up, then went home, feeling very tired but very satisfied."Look, how great I an! I can think out such a good idea.From now on, my shoots will grow faster and faster," he thought. "I an very tired today," he said to his family, "I've been helping the young shoots to grow."When his son heard this, he ran out to the fields to have a look.To his surprise, he found all the shoots weredead.中文翻译：很久很久以前，一个农夫认为田里的嫩芽长得不够快。
他想帮助他们。
于是他把每一棵树都拔了起来，然后回家了，感觉很累但很满足。
“看，我多伟大啊！我能想出这样一个好主意。
从现在开始，我的嫩芽会长得越来越快，”他想。
“我今天很累，”他对家人说，“我一直在帮助幼苗生长。
““当...的时候儿子一听，就跑到田里去看看。
令他吃惊的是，他发现所有的嫩芽都死了。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
高级英语第一册课文翻译_张汉熙版[整理版]
![高级英语第一册课文翻译_张汉熙版[整理版]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/589033de6037ee06eff9aef8941ea76e58fa4ae6.png)
高级英语第一册课文翻译第一课中东的集市中东的集市仿佛把你带回到了几百年、甚至几千年前的时代。
此时此刻显现在我脑海中的这个中东集市，其入口处是一座古老的砖石结构的哥特式拱门。
你首先要穿过一个赤日耀眼、灼热逼人的大型露天广场，然后走进一个凉爽、幽暗的洞穴。
这市场一直向前延伸，一眼望不到尽头，消失在远处的阴影里。
赶集的人们络绎不绝地进出市场，一些挂着铃铛的小毛驴穿行于这熙熙攘攘的人群中，边走边发出和谐悦耳的叮当叮当的响声。
市场的路面约有十二英尺宽，但每隔几码远就会因为设在路边的小货摊的挤占而变窄；那儿出售的货物各种各样，应有尽有。
你一走进市场，就可以听到摊贩们的叫卖声，赶毛驴的小伙计和脚夫们大着嗓门叫人让道的吆喝声，还有那些想买东西的人们与摊主讨价还价的争吵声。
各种各样的噪声此伏彼起，不绝于耳，简直叫人头晕。
随后，当往市场深处走去时，人口处的喧闹声渐渐消失，眼前便是清静的布市了。
这里的泥土地面，被无数双脚板踩踏得硬邦邦的，人走在上面几乎听不到脚步声了，而拱形的泥砖屋顶和墙壁也难得产生什么回音效果。
布店的店主们一个个都是轻声轻气、慢条斯理的样子；买布的顾客们在这种沉闷压抑的气氛感染下，自然而然地也学着店主们的榜样，变得低声细语起来。
中东集市的特点之一是经销同类商品的店家，为避免相互间的竞争，不是分散在集市各处，而是都集中在一块儿，这样既便于让买主知道上哪儿找他们，同时他们自己也可以紧密地联合起来，结成同盟，以便保护自己不受欺侮和刁难。
例如，在布市上，所有那 1些卖衣料、窗帘布、椅套布等的商贩都把货摊一个接一个地排设在马路两边，每一个店铺门面前都摆有一张陈列商品的搁板桌和一些存放货物的货架。
讨价还价是人们习以为常的事。
头戴面纱的妇女们迈着悠闲的步子从一个店铺逛到另一个店铺，一边挑选一边问价；在她们缩小选择范围并开始正儿八经杀价之前，往往总要先同店主谈论几句，探探价底。
对于顾客来说，至关重要的一点是，不到最后一刻是不能让店主猜到她心里究竟中意哪样东西、想买哪样东西的。
商英译文1-2
高级商务英语阅读课文译文第1 课主课文译文新长征“中国制造”这个标记很久以前就不新鲜了，它贴在鞋子上、玩具上、服装上，以及为跨国公司制造的其他商品上，世界各地到处可见。
现在真正新鲜的是以中国品牌出售的中国制造的商品。
目前中国只有为数不多的几家公司拥有足够的财力和管理知识来打造国际名牌；其余的绝大多数公司还在为在国内获得知名度而努力奋斗着。
但是正在海外市场上试水的各大先锋公司，很有可能把事情做大。
一些人认为，在创业精神饱满的本地管理层的协助下，或者在一些想在其产品系列里添加新产品的外国公司的协助下，中国商品在极具竞争力的价格的基础上，若把卖点放在产品质量和异国情调上，那末10 年之内，中国品牌将一个一个地走向全球。
总部在香港的广告公司中国精信（Grey China）的执行董事陈一木丹（Viveca Chan）说：“如果世界上只有一个国家具备创立全球品牌的潜力，那么这个国家就是中国。
”短期之内，中国商品最有希望打入国际市场的当属中草药和特色食品，当然也包括那些体现中国浪漫并具有异国情调的产品，例如化妆品、时装和音乐作品。
中国总部设在上海的泰勒·娜尔森·索福瑞（Taylor Nelson Sofres）市场调研公司的中国区总经理Kevin Tan 说：“与中国相联系的神秘色彩还有许多。
化妆品是种靠形象推销的产品，假如你要做化妆品，你会一下子就发现，中国化妆品来头不小。
”努力走向世界的中国品牌还有一些领导时尚潮头的饮料和啤酒品牌，也包括家用电器等具有品牌潜力的产品，它们都能以竞争性的价格提供高品质的产品。
这些中国品牌中的一部分，最终将会通过合资、兼并和收购的途径走向国际市场。
而对于合资双方中的外国投资者来说，这些品牌则将成为他们更快地进入中国消费市场和销售渠道的载体，同时这些中国品牌也能进一步充实国外投资者在国际市场上已经确立的优质品牌的阵营。
整个20 世纪90 年代，“中国品牌”这个概念一直在发育着，而目前在国内受到的重视更大了。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读c课后翻译 (1)
课后Unit 11．Has the importance of technology been stressed over that of the humanities at a time when perhaps the converse should be ture?在一个也许更需要强调人文学科的重要性的时代里，是否相反过分强调了技术的重要性？2．Thus the art of architecture and its decoration—the post-office mural or the restored Williamsburg –are forced on millions who, left to themselves, might live in a cave or a tent.于是，建筑及其装饰艺术，如邮局墙面上的壁饰或是复原的威廉斯堡，强加给了成百上千万人，如果任其自然，这些人就会生活在洞穴或帐篷里面。
3．On the surface, these uses appear more individual than social, more self-indulgent than altruistic.从表面上来看，这些用途是个人的而不是社会的，是自我陶醉而不是利他主义。
4．We may acknowledge the desirability of devoting human energies to killing viruses and improving our neighbors; but it does not follow that all rewards and research funds should go to projects for the immediate relief of pain and sorrow .我们可以赞赏把人类精力投入到杀死病毒并改善我们邻里环境的愿望，但是这并不意味着所有的奖赏和研究基金都应该分配给旨在立即消除疼痛和悲伤的项目上去。
研究生英语外研社上翻译
Unit One1. We hold them up to the standards we see in our top people:（para2）我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。
2. It deserves repeating because it is the single most public difference between academia and industry.（3）这一特征（无私的合作者）之所以值得被反复提及是因为这一特征是学术界和企业之间最明显的差别。
3. Many postdocs and grad students have a tough time showing that they can make this transition because so much of their life has involved playing the independent-researcher role and outshining other young stars.(para.5)许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力.因为生命中有那么长的一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色,并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色4. This approach combined with a liberal use of the pronoun ―we‖ and not just ―I‖ when describing your accomplishments, can change the company‘s perception of you from a lone wolf to a selfless collaborator.这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明的使用代词―我们‖，而不是―I‖, 能使公司对你的看法从―单干户‖转变成―合作者‖。
新世纪研究生英语教材新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课文译文（正确版..
新世纪研究生英语教材新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课文译文(正确版)导读：就爱阅读网友为您分享以下“新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课文译文(正确版)”资讯，希望对您有所帮助，感谢您对的支持!新世纪研究生公共英语教材阅读C课文译文上课篇章：1、3、4、5、7、11、13、14Unit one1.人文学科是否只是一种无用的装饰品，是我们陈旧过时的教育体系中发育不全的附属体?在一个也许更需要强调人文学科的重要性的时代里，是否相反过分强调了技术的重要性?我们究竟该不该在学校里不厌其烦地教授人文学科?这些是常常困扰教育家和理性思想家的问题.让我们在更宽的范国内研究这些问题.因为我们文化遗产的传承在一定程度上取决于对这些问题的回答。
2.人文学科不是一种单纯的工具，也不会促成一般意义上的进步。
无论从广泛的文化意义上还是从狭隘的学术意义上讲。
人文学科的价值更富有个性和永久性。
不管哪一代，总有人会在这世上碰上书籍、音乐、艺术品和剧院，并本能地被这些东西所吸引。
这些人长大后，对他们所喜欢的东西形成了一种根深蒂固的嗜好，也偏爱和他们有着同样爱好的人。
而更多的人，尽管不那么专注，但也时也表现出对艺术活动有相似的爱好。
这两个群体的人已经足以让其他人感受到他们所欣赏的东西在印常生活中的存在。
3.于是，建筑及其装饰艺术，如邮局墙面上的壁饰或是复原的威廉斯堡，强加给了成百上千万人，如果任其自然，这些人就会生活在洞穴或帐篷里面;于是报纸和杂志重现照片，复述历史，评论艺术(不管是古老的还是当代的)，批评音乐和书籍，撰写有关艺术家生活和思想的文章——简言之，去迎合少数人的需求，而这少数人以他们奇特的品味影响着我们所有的人。
4.于是，公共图书馆、博物馆、公园音乐会还有餐间广播节目把这些特殊内容的产物（像人们所谓的那样)“提供给所有的人”。
因此，当我们老生常谈地说是科学主宰现代世界的时候，我们必须立即加上这么一句话:是艺术赋予了这同一世界形状和色彩；它最悦耳的声音和意义是由音乐和诗歌赋予的，它的类别、特征、流行口号是由哲学、小说和历史斌予的。
上海中级口译教程第8章
8-1：丝绸之路 The Silk Road
• 我社安排的“丝绸之路游”，始于古城西安，止于 新疆首府乌鲁木齐，沿线游客可以领略自然景观的 魅力，欣赏古代艺术家的高超工艺，品尝地方风味 小吃，结识当地居民。
• The 7,000-kilometer-long “Silk Road”, whose history dates back to the second century B.C., is a trade thoroughfare linking Asia and Europe.
2024/9/24
8-2：传统节日 Traditional Holidays
• 中国农历5月5日的端午节旨在纪念古代诗人 屈原。
• The Dragon Boat Festival on the 5th day of the 5th month of China’s lunar calendar is set aside and celebrated in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan.
2024/9/24
Vocabulary Work
• 伊拉克：Iraq; • 叙利亚：Syria; • 地中海：the Mediterranean; • 丝绸织物：silk cloth and goods; • 火药：gunpowder; • 造纸术：paper making technique; • 印刷术：printing technique; • 佛教：Buddhism; • 伊斯兰教：Islam;
• 建议：可以做一下反向的练习，汉译英，再 把英语译成汉语，比较一下，看出差别在那 些地方。 2024/9/24
8-2：传统节日 Traditional Holidays
中英文对照翻译文章
中英文对照翻译文章1The Giving Tree奉献树Once there was a tree…and she loved a little boy. Every day the boy would come and he would gather her leaves and make them into crowns and play king of the forest.He would climb up her trunkand swing from her branches and eat apples. And they would play hide-and-go-seek. And when he was tired, he would sleep in her shade. And the boy loved the tree very much….And the tree washappy.从前有一棵树，她喜欢一个小男孩。
每天男孩都会跑到这棵树下捡落叶，做成王冠，把自已装扮成森林之王。
男孩总是爬上树干，在树枝扛荡秋千，吃树上的苹果，他们还会一起玩捉迷藏的游戏。
男孩累了，就在树荫里睡觉。
小男孩非常喜爱这棵树，大树也十分开心。
But time went by. The boy grew older, and the tree was often alone.但是时光流逝，男孩逐渐长大，大树常常形单影只。
Then one day the boy came to the tree and the tree said."Come, Boy, come and climb up my trunk and swing from my branches and eat my apples and play in my shade and be happy."有一天男孩来到大树旁，大树说:“来吧，孩子，爬到我的树干上，在树枝上荡秋千，吃几个苹果，再到阴凉里玩一会儿，你会开心的!”"I am too big to climb and play." said the boy. "1 want to buy things and have fun. I want some money. Can you give me some money?"“我已经大了，不爱爬树玩儿了，”男孩说，“我想买些东西，想找些乐子。
华中农大研究生B版英文课文翻译
1.真爱无限那是在1942年的一个寒冷而漆黑的冬天，与在纳粹集中营的其他日子里一样没有任何区别，在冬日里我裹着破布，瑟瑟发抖，依然无法相信这噩梦般的一切。
我只是一个年轻的男孩，我应该和朋友们一起玩耍，一起上学，憧憬美好的未来，长大，结婚，拥有一个属于我的家庭。
但是，对于眼前这一切来说，那些都是梦而已，我不再向往他们。
取而代之的是，我即将死去，自从我被从自己的家乡带到这来后，每天每小时都苟延残喘，我明天还会活着吗？是否今晚就会被带进毒气室呢？我在铁丝网附近来回走着，试图让瘦弱的身体暖和起来。
我很饿，已经记不起来何时有饥饿感了。
可以吃的东西似乎只是一个梦而已。
每一天，随着我们中人数的减少，那些过去的欢乐时间似乎仅仅是一场梦而已，于是我陷入了越来越深的绝望当中。
突然，我注意到，一个年轻的女孩正经过铁丝网的那端。
她停住脚步，用一双带有哀愁的目光看着我，似乎她也想告诉我，她理解我的处境，但是不晓得为何我会在这里。
我想把目光转移开，她这样看着我让我感到慕名奇妙的羞愧，但是，我又无法转移我的目光。
就在那时，她把手伸进口袋，拿出了一个红苹果，一个漂亮的，闪着红光的苹果。
啊，从我上次见到它已近很久很久了！她警惕的左右环视了一下，然后面带着胜利的微笑，将苹果扔过了铁丝网。
我跑过去捡起了苹果，用冻的发抖双手紧紧握住它。
在我死亡的世界里，这个苹果所传递出的的正是生命和爱。
我抬起头，注视着那个女孩消失在远处。
第二天，我无法控制住自己，在同一时间，来到了靠近栅栏的地方。
是我疯了，希望她能再次出现吗？当然，就在此处，我必须抓住任何微小的希望，因为她给了我希望，所以，我必须要牢牢抓紧它。
她真的再次来了，并且，再次给我带来了一个苹果，面带着微笑，将苹果扔过铁丝网。
这次，我接住了苹果，并且把它举起，以便能让那个女孩看到。
她的眼睛在闪烁，是在同情我吗？或许，但是，我不敢肯定。
我只是感到这样注视着她是如此的幸福。
第一次，时间是与此之长，我可以感到自己的心随着激情而起伏。
研究生高级英语读写译教程课文翻译第五单元 张敬源
研究生高级英语读写译教程课文翻译第五单元张敬源I fear I cannot picture America as altogether an Elysium—perhaps, from the ordinary standpoint I know but little about the country. I cannot give its latitude or longitude; I cannot compute the value of its dry goods, and I have no very close acquaintance with its politics. These are matters which may not interest you, and they certainly are not interesting to me. 我恐怕不能把美国描绘成十足的天堂 -- 从一般的角度来说，也许我对这个国家所知甚少。
我说不出它的经、纬度；我算不来它出产谷物的价值；我对它的政治也不十分熟悉。
这些东西可能不会使你们感兴趣，它们当然也不会让我感兴趣。
The first thing that struck me on landing in America was that if the Americans are not the most well-dressed people in the world, they are the most comfortably dressed. Men are seen there with the dreadful chimney-pot hat, but there are very few hatless men; men wear the shocking swallow-tail coat, but few are to be seen with no coat at all. There is an air of comfort in the appearance of the people which is a marked contrast to that seen in this country, where, too often, people are seen in close contact with rags.在美国上岸后得到的第一个深刻印象，就是美国人可能算不上是世界上穿得最漂亮的,但却是穿得最舒服的民族。
《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文
Lesson 11.3 美国副总统复旦演讲韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。
今天我们很高兴来到这里。
我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。
感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。
我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。
我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。
我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。
我祝贺在座各位学业有成。
对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。
1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton UniversityLadies and Gentlemen,Good evening.I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people,Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton,“At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.”I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes and daily necessities are made in China. I hope that today’s seminar will help you gain a better understanding of China and its foreign policy, thus deepening further our friendship and cooperation.1.5 新工厂落成典礼上的讲话各位尊敬的来宾，女士们，先生们：下午好！欢迎大家前来参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼！感谢各位拨冗光临，与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动！我谨代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴说声“谢谢！”公司管理层深深为我们的新工厂感到骄傲，我们能干的员工感到骄傲，他们发展了工厂的业务，使之达到国际水平。
Catti三级笔译中译英希望工程
Catti三级笔译中译英希望工程当年大别山地区7岁小女孩苏明娟饱含“我想读书”渴求的大眼睛，出现在希望工程的宣传海报上。
苏明娟的老家在金寨县，偏僻、交通闭塞,曾是中国最贫穷的地区之一，很多孩子由于交不起学费而辍学。
为了让每个适龄儿童都能接受义务教育，1989年，共青团中央、中国青少年发展基金会(the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and China Youth Development Foundation)发起建立希望工程。
这是我国第一个救助贫困地区失学儿童的基金。
Su Mingjuan, a seven-year-old girl who lived in Dabieshan Mountains, appeared in the poster of Project Hope with her two large eyes full of thirst for knowledge. Su’s hometown was located in Jinzhai County, an isolated area with poor road conditions, which was once one of China’s most impoverished areas. Plenty of children here had to quit school in that they were unable to afford the tuition. To enable every school-age children to have access to compulsory education, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and China Youth Development Foundationlaunched an initiative to build Project Hope, which is the first foundation to provide assistance for out-of-school children in poverty-stricken areas in China.1.“当年”其实可以不用翻，时态用一般过去式就可以体现出来了。
研究生英语阅读教程中高级本UNIT2翻译
foreign-service personnel amounts to a rough measurement of how different, in these ways, other languages are from English. Today the courses for foreign-service employees who need to learn German, Italian, French, Spanish, or Portuguese last twenty-four weeks. Those for employees learning Swahili, Indonesian, or Malay last thirty-six weeks, and for people learning languages including Hindi, Urdu, Russian, and Hungarian, forty-four weeks. Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean take eighty-eight weeks. Note that all the world's other commonest native languages except Spanish are in the groups most demanding of English-speakers. It might be reasonable to suppose that the reverse is also true -- that Arabic- and Chinese-speakers find fluency in English to be more of a challenge than Spanish-speakers do.一个显而易见的含义就是：在世界上，一局部人们出于商业和职业的目的而使用英语，他们的英语不流利，也不需要流利。
新探索研究生英语(提高级)读写教程课文翻译
新探索研究生英语(提高级)读写教程课文翻译摘要：1.引言：简要介绍新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程的背景和目的2.教程特点：详细阐述教材的新颖性、实用性和可读性3.课文翻译：分析课文内容，展示如何提高阅读和写作能力4.教学方法：探讨如何运用任务型教学法、合作学习等方法提高教学效果5.学习建议：为学员提供有效的学习策略和资源6.结语：总结教程的优势和价值，鼓励学员积极学习正文：新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程是一本专为提高级英语学习者设计的教材。
本教程旨在帮助学员在阅读和写作方面取得显著进步，为研究生阶段的学术英语能力打下坚实基础。
教程特点：1.新颖性：选材广泛，涵盖当前热点话题，让学员在提高英语能力的同时，了解世界各地的风土人情。
2.实用性：课文后的练习紧密结合实际生活，使学员在轻松愉快的氛围中学会运用英语。
3.可读性：教程采用分级阅读的方式，难易适中，适合提高级学员阅读。
同时，语言优美，有助于提高学员的英语审美能力。
课文翻译：本教程的课文具有较高的翻译价值。
通过翻译，学员可以锻炼自己的语言表达能力，加深对课文内容的理解。
此外，教程还提供了丰富的练习，帮助学员巩固所学知识，逐步提高阅读和写作能力。
教学方法：1.任务型教学法：教师可根据课文内容设计各种任务，引导学员在完成任务的过程中提高英语能力。
2.合作学习：鼓励学员分组讨论，共同完成学习任务。
通过互相学习，提高学员的团队协作能力和口语表达能力。
学习建议：1.制定学习计划：根据自己的英语水平和时间安排，合理规划学习进度。
2.充分利用教材：课文、练习和附录都是宝贵的学习资源，学员应充分利用。
3.扩展阅读：在学习过程中，适当扩展阅读其他英文资料，提高自己的英语词汇和语法水平。
结语：新探索研究生英语（提高级）读写教程是一部具有较高价值的教材，能为学员的英语学习带来极大的帮助。
大学高级英语第一册张汉熙版第四课原文加翻译EverydayUseforyourgrandmama
Everyday Use for your grandmamaAlice WalkerI will wait for her in the yard that Maggie and I made so clean and wavy yester day afternoon. A yard like this is more comfortable than most people know. It is not just a yard. It is like an extended living room. When the hard clay is swept clean as a floor and the fine sand around the edges lined with tiny, irregular grooves, anyone can come and sit and look up into the elm tree and wait for the breezes that never come inside the house.Maggie will be nervous until after her sister goes: she will stand hopelessly in corners, homely and ashamed of the burn scars down her arms and legs, eying her sister with a mixture of envy and awe. She thinks her sister has held life always in the palm of one hand, that "no" is a word the world never learned to say to her.You've no doubt seen those TV shows where the child who has "made it" is confronted, as a surprise, by her own mother and father, tottering in weakly from backstage. (A Pleasant surprise, of course: What would they do if parent and child came on the show only to curse out and insult each other?) On TV mother and child embrace and smile into each other's face. Sometimes the mother and father weep, the child wraps them in her arms and leans across the table to tell how she would not have made it without their help. I have seen these programs.Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort. Out of a cark and soft-seated limousine I am usheredinto a bright room filled with many people. There I meet a smiling, gray, sporty man like Johnny Carson who shakes my hand and tells me what a fine girl I have. Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tear s in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks or chides are tacky flowers.In real life I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather. I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open tire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the meat hung up to chill be-fore nightfall. But of course all this does not show on television. I am the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pan-cake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights. Johnny Car –son has much to do to keep up with my quick and witty tongue.But that is a mistake. I know even before I wake up. Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? It seems to me I have talked to them always with one toot raised in flight, with my head turned in whichever way is farthest from them. Dee, though. She would always look anyone in the eye. Hesitation was no part of her nature."How do I look, Mama?" Maggie says, showing just enough of her thin bodyenveloped in pink skirt and red blouse for me to know she's there, almost hidden by the door."Come out into the yard," I say.Have you ever seen a lame animal, perhaps a dog run over by some careless person rich enough to own a car, sidle up to someone who is ignorant enough to be kind of him? That is the way my Maggie walks. She has been like this, chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle, ever since the fire that burned the other house to the ground.Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. She's a woman now, though sometimes I forget. How long ago was it that the other house burned? Ten, twelve years? Sometimes I can still hear the flames and feel Maggie's arms sticking to me, her hair smoking and her dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Her eyes seemed stretched open, blazed open by the flames reflect-ed in them. And Dee. I see her standing off under the sweet gum tree she used to dig gum out of; a look at concentration on her face as she watched the last dingy gray board of the house tall in toward the red-hot brick chimney. Why don't you do a dance around the ashes? I'd wanted to ask her. She had hated the house that much.I used to think she hated Maggie, too. But that was before we raised the money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school. She used to read to us without pity, forcing words, lies, other folks' habits, whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river ofmake-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn't necessarily need toknow. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand.Dee wanted nice things. A yellow organdy dress to wear to her graduation from high school; black pumps to match a green suit she'd made from an old suit somebody gave me. She was determined to stare down any disaster in her efforts. Her eyelids would not flicker for minutes at a time. Often I fought off the temptation to shake her. At sixteen she had a style of her own' and knew what style was.I never had an education myself. After second grade the school was closed down. Don't ask me why. in 1927 colored asked fewer questions than they do now. Sometimes Maggie reads to me. She stumbles along good-naturedly but can't see well. She knows she is not bright. Like good looks and money, quickness passed her by. She will marry John Thomas (who has mossy teeth in an earnest face) and then I'll be free to sit here and I guess just sing church songs to myself. Although I never was a good singer. Never could carry a tune. I was always better at a man's job. 1 used to love to milk till I was hooked in the side in '49. Cows are soothing and slow and don't bother you, unless you try to milk them the wrong way.I have deliberately turned my back on the house. It is three rooms, just like the one that burned, except the roof is tin: they don't make shingle roofs any more. There are no real windows, just some holes cut in the sides, like the portholes in a ship, but not round and not square, with rawhide holding the shutter s up on the outside. This house is in a pasture, too, like the other one. No doubt when Dee seesit she will want to tear it down. She wrote me once that no matter where we "choose" to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends. Maggie and I thought about this and Maggie asked me, Mama, when did Dee ever have any friends?"She had a few. Furtive boys in pink shirts hanging about on washday after school. Nervous girls who never laughed. Impressed with her they worshiped the well-turned phrase, the cute shape, the scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye. She read to them.When she was courting Jimmy T she didn't have much time to pay to us, but turned all her faultfinding power on him. He flew to marry a cheap city girl from a family of ignorant flashy people. She hardly had time to recompose herself.When she comes I will meet -- but there they are!Maggie attempts to make a dash for the house, in her shuffling way, but I stay her with my hand. "Come back here," I say. And she stops and tries to dig a well in the sand with her toe.It is hard to see them clearly through the strong sun. But even the first glimpse of leg out of the car tells me it is Dee. Her feet were always neat-looking, as it God himself had shaped them with a certain style. From the other side of the car comes a short, stocky man. Hair is all over his head a foot long and hanging from his chin like a kinky mule tail. I hear Maggie suck in her breath. "Uhnnnh," is what it sounds like. Like when you see the wriggling end of a snake just in front of your toot on the road. "Uhnnnh."Dee next. A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts my eyes. There are yel-lows and oranges enough to throw back the light of the sun. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out. Earrings gold, too, and hanging down to her shoulders. Bracelets dangling and making noises when she moves her arm up to shake the folds of the dress out of her armpits. The dress is loose and flows, and as she walks closer, I like it. I hear Maggie go "Uhnnnh" again. It is her sister's hair. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears."Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!" she says, coming on in that gliding way the dress makes her move. The short stocky fellow with the hair to his navel is all grinning and he follows up with "Asalamalakim, my mother and sister!" He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back, right up against the back of my chair. I feel her trembling there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin."Don't get up," says Dee. Since I am stout it takes something of a push. You can see me trying to move a second or two before I make it. She turns, showing white heels through her sandals, and goes back to the car. Out she peeks next with a Polaroid. She stoops down quickly and lines up picture after picture of me sitting there in front of the house with Maggie cowering behind me. She never takes a shot without making sure the house is included. When a cow comes nibbling around the edge of the yard she snaps it and me and Maggie and the house. Then she puts the Polaroid in the back seat of the car, and comes up and kisses me onthe forehead.Meanwhile Asalamalakim is going through motions with Maggie's hand. Maggie's hand is as limp as a fish, and probably as cold, despite the sweat, and she keeps trying to pull it back. It looks like Asalamalakim wants to shake hands but wants to do it fancy. Or maybe he don't know how people shake hands. Anyhow, he soon gives up on Maggie."Well," I say. "Dee.""No, Mama," she says. "Not 'Dee', Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo!""What happened to 'Dee'?" I wanted to know."She's dead," Wangero said. "I couldn't bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me.""You know as well as me you was named after your aunt Dicle," I said. Dicie is my sister. She named Dee. We called her "Big Dee" after Dee was born."But who was she named after?" asked Wangero."I guess after Grandma Dee," I said."And who was she named after?" asked Wangero."Her mother," I said, and saw Wangero was getting tired. "That's about as far back as I can trace it," I said.Though, in fact, I probably could have carried it back beyond the Civil War through the branches."Well," said Asalamalakim, "there you are.""Uhnnnh," I heard Maggie say."There I was not," I said, before 'Dicie' cropped up in our family, so why should I try to trace it that far back?"He just stood there grinning, looking down on me like somebody inspecting a Model A car. Every once in a while he and Wangero sent eye signals over my head."How do you pronounce this name?" I asked."You don't have to call me by it if you don't want to," said Wangero."Why shouldn't I?" I asked. "If that's what you want us to call you, we'll call you. ""I know it might sound awkward at first," said Wangero."I'll get used to it," I said. "Ream it out again."Well, soon we got the name out of the way. Asalamalakim had a name twice as long and three times as hard. After I tripped over it two or three times he told me to just call him Hakim-a-barber. I wanted to ask him was he a barber, but I didn't really think he was, so I don't ask."You must belong to those beet-cattle peoples down the road," I said. They said "Asalamalakirn" when they met you too, but they didn't Shake hands. Always too busy feeding the cattle, fixing the fences, putting up salt-lick shelters, throwing down hay. When the white folks poisoned some of the herd the men stayed up all night with rifles in their hands. I walked a mile and a half just to see the sight.Hakim-a-barber said, "I accept some of their doctrines, but farming and raising cattle is not my style." (They didn't tell me, and I didn't ask, whether Wangero (Dee) had really gone and married him.)We sat down to eat and right away he said he didn't eat collards and pork was unclean. Wangero, though, went on through the chitlins and corn bread, the greens and every-thing else. She talked a blue streak over the sweet potatoes. Everything delighted her. Even the fact that we still used the benches her daddy made for the table when we couldn't afford to buy chairs."Oh, Mama!" she cried. Then turned to Hakim-a-barber. "I never knew how lovely these benches are. You can feel the rump prints," she said, running her hands underneath her and along the bench. Then she gave a sigh and her hand closed over Grandma Dee's butter dish. "That's it!" she said. "I knew there was something I wanted to ask you if I could have." She jumped up from the table and went over in the corner where the churn stood, the milk in it clabber by now. She looked at the churn and looked at it."This churn top is what I need," she said. "Didn't Uncle Buddy whittle it out of a tree you all used to have?""Yes," I said."Uh huh, " she said happily. "And I want the dasher,too.""Uncle Buddy whittle that, too?" asked the barber.Dee (Wangero) looked up at me."Aunt Dee's first husband whittled the dash," said Maggie so low you almost couldn't hear her. "His name was Henry, but they called him Stash.""Maggie's brain is like an elephants," Wanglero said, laughing. "I can use the churn top as a center piece for the alcove table,”she said, sliding a plate over thechurn, "and I'll think of something artistic to do with the dasher."When she finished wrapping the dasher the handle stuck out. I took it for a moment in my hands. You didn't even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and down to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood. In fact, there were a lot of small sinks; you could see where thumbs and fingers had sunk into the wood. It was beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived.After dinner Dee (Wangero) went to the trunk at the foot of my bed and started rifling through it. Maggie hung back in the kitchen over the dishpan. Out came Wangero with two quilts. They had been pieced by Grandma Dee and then Big Dee and me had hung them on the quilt frames on the front porch and quilted them. One was in the Lone Star pattern. The other was Walk Around the Mountain. In both of them were scraps of dresses Grandma Dee had worn fifty and more years ago. Bit sand pieces of Grandpa Jarrell's Paisley shirts. And one teeny faded blue piece, about the size of a penny matchbox, that was from Great Grandpa Ezra's uniform that he wore in the Civil War."Mama," Wangero said sweet as a bird. "Can I have these old quilts?"I heard something fall in the kitchen, and a minute later the kitchen door slammed."Why don't you take one or two of the others?”1 asked. "These old things was just done by me and Big Dee from some tops your grandma pieced before she died.""No," said Wangero. "I don't want those. They are stitched around the borders by machine.""That'll make them last better," I said."That's not the point," said Wanglero. "These are all pieces of dresses Grandma used to wear. She did all this stitching by hand. Imagine!" She held the quilts securely in her arms, stroking them."Some of the pieces, like those lavender ones, come from old clothes her mother handed down to her,”I said, moving up to touch the quilts. Dee (Wangero) moved back just enough so that I couldn't reach the quilts. They already belonged to her. "Imagine!" she breathed again, clutching them closely to her bosom."The truth is," I said, "I promised to give them quilts to Maggie, for when she marries John Thomas."She gasped like a bee had stung her."Maggie can't appreciate these quilts!" she said. "She'd probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use.""I reckon she would," I said. "God knows I been savage ’em for long enough with nobody using 'em. I hope she will! ”I didn't want to bring up how I had offered Dee (Wangero) a quilt when she went away to college. Then she had told me they were old-fashioned, out of style."But they're priceless!" she was saying now, furiously, for she has a temper. "Maggie would put them on the bed and in five years they'd be in rags. Less than that!" "She can always make some more,”I said. "Maggie knows how to quilt. "Dee (Wangero) looked at me with hatred. "You just will not understand. The point is these quilts, these quilts!""Well," I said,, stumped. "What would you do with them?""Hang them," she said. As it that was the only thing you could do with quilts.Maggie by now was standing in the door. I could almost hear the sound her feet made as they scraped over each other."She can have them, Mama,”she said like somebody used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her. "I can 'member Grandma Dee without the quilts."I looked at her hard. She had filled her bottom lip with checkerberry snuff and it gave her face a kind of dopey, hangdog look. It was Grandma Dee and Big Dee who taught her how to quilt herself. She stood there with her scarred hands hidden in the folds of her skirt. She looked at her sister with something like fear but she wasn't mad at her. This was Maggie's portion. This was the way she knew God to work.When I looked at her like that something hit me in the top of my head and ran down to the soles of my feet. Just like when I'm in church and the spirit of God touches me and I get happy and shout. I did something I never had done before: hugged Maggie to me, then dragged her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero's hands and dumped them into Maggie's lap. Maggie just sat there on my bed with her mouth open."Take one or two of the others," I said to Dee.But she turned without a word and went out to Hakim-a-barber."You just don't understand," she said, as Maggie and I came out to the car."What don't I under stand?" I wanted to know."Your heritage," she said. And then she turned to Maggie, kissed her, and said, "You ought to try to make some-thing of yourself, too, Maggie. It's really a new day for us. But from the way you and Mama still live you'd never know it."She put on some sunglasses that hid everything above the tip of her nose and her chin.Maggie smiled; maybe at the sunglasses. But a real mile, not scared. After we watched the car dust settle I asked Maggie to bring me a dip of snuff. And then the two of us sat there just enjoying, until it was time to go in the house and go to bed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTES1) Alice Walker: born 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia, America and graduated from Sarah Lawrence College. Her books include The Third Life of Grange Copeland ( 1970 ), Meridian ( 1976 ), The Color Purple(1982), etc.2)"made it": to become a success, to succeed, either in specific endeavor or in general3) Johnny Carson: a man who runs a late night talk show4)hooked: injured by the horn of the cow being milked5) Jimmy T: 'T' is the initial of the surname of the boy Dee was courting.6)"Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!": phonetic rendering of an African dialect salutation7) "Asalamalakim": phonetic rendering of a Muslim greeting8) Polaroid: a camera that produces instant pictures9) the Civil War: the war between the North and the South in the U. S.(1861-1865)10) branches: branches or divisions of a family descending from a common ancestor11) Ream it out again: "Ream" is perhaps an African dialect word meaning: "unfold, display". Hence the phrase may mean "repeat" or "say it once again"12) pork was unclean: Muslims are forbidden by their religion to eat pork because it is considered to be unclean.13) Chitlins: also chitlings or chitterlings, the small intestines of pigs, used for food,a common dish in Afro-American households14) rump prints: depressions in the benches made by constant sitting15) sink: depressions in the wood of the handle left by the thumbs and fingers 第四课外婆的日用家当艾丽斯•沃克尔“我会慢慢习惯的，”我说，“你给我再念一遍吧。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
温州医学院本科毕业论文外文翻译资料（2018届>译文题目1劳伦斯《儿子与情人》中地异化<中文）译文题目2人地异化：海明威短篇小说研究<中文）译文总字数6069学院仁济专业英语班级06英语2班学号0606041058作者姓名张苗苗完稿时间2018-04-27 指导老师陈勇合作老师无劳伦斯《儿子与情人》中地异化b5E2RGbCAP第6-14页第一章异化地意义拉丁语异化地意思是产权转让，一种麻木、精神错乱地状态和有敌意或疏远倾向地行动.英语用法中地“异化”和法语用法中地“异化”保留着疏远地意思.作为一种文学主题地异化，它可以被描述为文学角色或人物与他或她以前或本来应有地本性或者是想要地一种谐和和一致地疏离.相反,关于异化问题地解决方法，一个有悖于它地是和解主题.异化关系以及孤独主题就是一体地，常常摈弃异化形象地环境背景•但是,孤独也可以从积极地方面被展示，比如说和平，与自然或上帝交流地机会以及助长创造性地条件 .这些可以与异化无关.p1EanqFDPw 基于个人脱离不同地本质，我们可以确立六种基本地异化类型.异化可能来自于自然环境：来自于海洋,如贺拉斯地《布兰诗歌》所述<1.3或1.4 ;颂Si—Chuan, Meng. Alienated in Sons and Lovers by D.H. Lawrence. Sichuan Normal University, May. 2008诗,C.23 B.C ）或来自于现代都市,比如波德莱尔地《巴黎塑像》< 巴黎场景,1861）.它也可能来自某人自己生活地时代，正如艾略特地诗《荒原》所写 <1922）.文学人物经历地往往是与他人交流或和他们所生活地社会地价值和道德观念地疏离.尽管异化主题也可以在早期地作品中找到，但是一些社会异化形式可以被认作是自浪漫主义盛行到目前地西方文学地准则.第四种异化是与上帝和宇宙秩序地脱离•自我或人格分裂地异化概念，彻底源于拉丁语精神错乱地意思，但是也吸收了相当多地现代哲学和心理学观点.文学里地这种异化是靠一贯以来地象征性独白和重复或隐喻这样地手段来传达地.可能最深刻地一种异化类型是存在主义，那就是与人类自身条件地疏远•这不仅是与外界世界一些方面地疏远或者是自身寻求某种出路地失败•更是一种无能协调和适应于人自身本性以及调节人类弱点地表现.后者地异化类型可能更多地在克尔凯郭尔，陀思妥耶夫斯基和萨特等所谓地存在主义者地作品中得以探究.广义上说,异化可能在信神或理性信仰动摇或在易变性<情绪不稳定或者是衰退）地时期成为一个盛行地主题.< 塞涅雷31— 32）DXDiTa9E3d根据《新牛津英语字典》，异化地意思是：1 一种脱离群体地感受或者是某人本应归宿或参与地行为.<1 ）丧失同情心；疏离他人.<2）<在马克思异化理论中）处在资本主义经济下地工人现状是由于缺失对他们自己劳动产品地衡量和一种被控制和剥削感•精神病学上来讲，是一种人格分裂或丧失个人本真地状态这被认为是与社会相关地困境和长时间情绪压抑地结果.RTCrpUDGiT从以上我们可以得到异化地基本定义.但是为了提供更精确地信息和提供分析莫雷尔家庭异化关系地理论基础，本章将从以下代表人物马克思、卡夫卡和艾略特来阐释必要地异化概念.5PC Z VD7H X A1.1马克思异化理论中地异化劳动马克思认识到异化地概念反映了社会生活最有意义地方面.他也意识到黑格尔地理想主义和费尔巴哈地抽象人文主义阻碍了真正历史条件和社会矛盾下产生地异化形式.jLBHrnAlLg在他后来地论作中 <资本论），马克思将商品看作是资本主义制度地组成部分，并且指出作为核心概念地异化劳动.他甚至把私有财产看做是异化劳动之外地. 他写道：这是异化劳动地结果，并且也阐释了与劳动相异化地方式.XHAQX74J0X 在确定了异化劳动作为资本生产地基础和源起之后，马克思接着推断出了所产生地结果.劳动在生产者工作后开始异化.这并不是直接为了他自己或者是一个享有共同利益地团体，而是为异于自己地利益和目地而工作.LDAYtRyKfE 这样对抗性地生产关系在很多方面损害了工人地利益 .1.他与自身相异化，而必须作为一个机械工具.这不是因为他是他自身地一部分，而是为了便于作为生产过程中地要素能够起作用.2.自从自然物质被认识到具有广泛地作用后，他与自然相异化了•但这并不是作为满足他自身和文化需求地方式，而仅仅只是为了获利生产地物质手段3由于特别地品质和能力得不到施展，而是参与并发展了他地经济活动能力，他与自身作为一个人特有地本质相异化了•这最终使他沦为了体力4最后是他与其他人地异化•“当一个人与自身相异化后，他也对其他人作对.” ＜马克思 13)Zzz6ZB2Ltk结果被剥削地工人既没有从他地劳动活动中受益也没有从劳动产品中获利•这些都不是他作为个体应享受地快乐和满足地方式.因为这些都被资本家所占有而不是被他们自己所享有.“假使工人参与地活动是对他们自己地一种折磨，那么这肯定是他人地幸福和满足而在.” ＜马克思14) dvzfvkwMIl 劳动者创造地物质，即劳动产品，它变成了与人对抗地异己力量，成为了独立于劳动者之外地力量.“雇佣劳动就像私有财产一样，只是异化劳动地一种必需地结果.” ＜马克思 14)rqyn14ZNXI由于资本主义制度麻痹了人们而不是完善人格,它受到了谴责.卖珍品地商人只看到了它们地市场价值而不是其美丽地外表和独具地矿石特征.他写道：“没有矿物学地敏感度.”商人和一只攫取食物地动物没什么区别.文明地任务是发展特有地人物本性“为了全人类地财富和自然地本能.” ＜45)EmxvxOtOc。
以戴维•里斯曼为首地一群现代美国社会学家根据普通大众被工厂和办事处地苦差事所烦恼和沮丧，他们得出了“大众社会”下人类生存现状地分析，并且发现了工人仅在空闲时才能找到他们所需地满足感.资本主义制度下劳动和闲暇时间地分离是马克思在这些手稿里一向指出地.这里他提出：“ SixE2yXPq5劳动对于工人是不可分离地等等.它并不是属于他本身.所以他在劳动中都是否定自身而不是获得对自身地认可.他没有感到满足而是一种失落感.他并没有使自己地身心得到自由地发展而是毁了身心.所以工人只是感觉在工作之外他们才能做自己，而在劳动中他们迷失了自己.当他不在劳动地时候他就在家，而当他不在家地时候他就在劳动.＜111-12 ) 6ewMyirQFL1.1.1异化地起源在探究资本主义制度下异化地产生根源之前，这里有必要指出这种现象在整个先前地人类历史中已经深深扎根.人类被他们自身创造力所压抑地过程已经历了进化地清楚阶段.kavU42VRUs 最原始地异化类型来自于人类所需和他们对自然控制地不平衡.尽管作为集体劳动力地他们已经有足够地能力去独立他们自身于自然环境之外，但是原始人类还没有足够地生产能力，技术和知识去继续掌控他们地世界.他们在物质生产方面地无助可折射出社会生活和思想下巫术和宗教地力量.y6v3ALoS89 正如费尔巴哈所解释和马克思所重申地，宗教颠倒了人类和世界地真实关系.人类用他们自己地思维方式创造了上帝.但是由于对无意识思维过程地无知迷信思想认为是上帝创造了人.从巫医到神父对其地外观臆测和描述，人们拜倒在他们自己捏造地神像前.神和大量热衷者地距离如此之近，让人觉得是为最大程度地消除人类与他们同伴地异化和他们征服自然地尺度 .M2ub6vSTnP于是,异化首先是表达这样地一个社会现实，那就是人类缺乏控制自然地足够力量因此不能很好地获得日常生活所需.OYujCfmUCw1.1.2异化地辩证发展异化已经成了人类历史地一个普遍地特征.但是异化是文明所独有地，并且和私有财产制有密切地联系.在原始社会，人们屈从于自然而不是被劳动生产所压抑.eUts8ZQVRd 野蛮和暴虐下地巫术和宗教存在着明显地基本异化.这种异化被另一种阶级社会产生地更高级地异化类型所取代并盛行.随着农业、畜牧业、手工艺业地发展,最先进地人类部门逐渐减少对自然界提供食物地依赖.他们增长了财富地来源,削弱了自然对其地压抑.sQsAEJkW5T但是文明人增长了控制自然能力地同时，他们掌控自己经济活动基本条件能力地丧失.只要产品仍保持简单而不是集体化，就像原始部落地生活一样，生产者就能够占有产品并且享有分配产品地权利.随着社会劳动分工地扩大化，越来越多地个人财物转化为商品并且在市场上交易.GMslasNXkA因此,生产者丧失了对他们产品地控制能力，同时变成商品市场规律地奴隶. 接着,这些规律在很大程度上控制了生产者地思想，甚至曾经一度把人们自身作为商品进行买卖.奴隶制是首先被承认地异化劳动体系；而雇佣劳动制是后来发生地.TIrRGchYzg雇佣劳动是异化劳动地特殊类型.在生产模式中，劳动力成为了世界市场地受害者,变成了供求规律地奴隶.甚至到了这样一种程度，那就是当作为商品地劳动力没有被人所需要时,他只能闲置着并眼睁睁地看着家人挨饿.7EqZcWLZNX 从生产资料方面来讲，关于工人阶级经历地异化地历史基础是私有财产.第二种资本主义制下地异化形式到达了顶峰.从另一个方面来说，早期异化形式地影响是基于人类丧失对自然控制能力之上.从一个文明到下一个文明时代，随着生产力发展而来地科技技术地进步，异化地影响逐渐削弱.正如马克思所写：“因为有了工业文明地奇迹，所以上帝创造地奇迹显得微不足道”<145).今天,虽然人类征服自然还远远没有完结，但是让人信服地是人能够征服自然.与经济原因产生地异化影响相比，未被征服地自然地影响只是产生异化地一个小小地因素.lzq7IGfO2E1.1.3资本主义制度下地异化劳动劳资下地异化通过资本主义制度下特有地剥削形式增加了隔阂，持续野蛮过去地那些异化形式得以进一步增强和加剧.为了呈现资本主义制度下特有地异化进程,这里有必要分析资本主义社会地经济基础：zvpgeqJIhk1.生产者地异化以先前地资本积累为开始：自从资本席卷了工业，异化继续大量地重现•雇佣劳动力甚至在体力参与生产过程之前，发现他们自身地劳动已被劳动合同规定所剥夺•工人为了获得盛行地工资报酬，同意把自己地劳动交付给资本家•然后雇佣者就可以按他们所愿自由地使用和剥削这些劳力.NrpoJac3v12.在生产过程期间，由于资本主义公司特有地劳动分化，所有地知识、主观意志和管理都集中到资本家和他地监管人手上.工人沦为一个仅靠体力地附庸.“资本家代表着社会运作地统一和意愿”<马克思155).然而工人成了没有“人性”地肉体，其社会地位也下降了 .计划、进程和资本主义生产地目标都作为异己地、对抗性和支配力量包围着工人.在生产流水线上地汽车工人能够证明这个事实.< 马克思153-160)1nowfTG4KI这些经济环境导致了充斥整个资产阶级社会地个人主义、唯我主义和利己主义这个社会地成员，不论他们地社会地位如何，都不得不生活在这样一个充满互相敌意地气氛里，而不是生活在一个团结互助地社会.fjnFLDa5Zo因此资本主义社会里真正地异化形式基础是它地生产模式和阶级敌对地矛盾复杂地关系.尽管异化是人类历史地一个普遍特征并且马克思将其定义为异化劳动并进行分析.但是在现代，它被广泛地应用在文学领域.那些伟大地作家向我们展示了人们生存地异化世界和现代人类地无奈.tfnNhnE6e5人地异化：海明威短篇小说研究HbmVN777sL第9-12页1.异化地含义“异化”一词在现代社会广泛运用.参考文献都将它和人际关系地浅薄和非人性趋势，我们生活地区域化，个人发展地停滞，人生意义感地缺失和“上帝地死亡”联系在一起.表面上看，异化是现代社会显著地特征.这使得此时代地每个领域几乎都在谈论异化这个词.V7l4jRB8Hs尽管这个词是如此地流行，但是很少人对它地概念和它何时适用于已给语境了然于心.因为这个词在这篇论文中是一个重要词语，所以这里有必要探究“异化”这个词地含义.“异化”有很多地传统标准用法和现代地用法.这两种用法有一定地联系所Xi —Nan, Zhang. The Alienated State of Man: A Study of Hemingway 'Short Stories. Southwest—China Normal University,Apr.2OO5在.所以，这里值得关注它地传统用法和现代用法.831CPA59W91.1传统地“异化”用法和“疏离”由于黑格尔和马克思是两位伟大地使用现代“异化“地先驱，所以这里有必要去研究它地传统标准用法和等同地德语“疏离.” mZkklkzaaPI .“异化”术语“异化”迄于拉丁语地亦非买卖.这个名词是从表示拿走地动词变过来地.而这个动词又是从表示属于他人地异化变过来地.最后这个表属于他人地异化是从意味“另一个”为形容词或者为名词地异化变过来地.AVktR43bpw意为所有权转移地异化表拿走地异化和由它转变而来地名词异化地其中一个最主要地用法是和财产密切相关地.动词异化在语境里地意思是把某物地拥有权转移给另一个人.同样地，在中世纪地英语里，一个人可以拿走某人拥有地东西，比如土地或者是房子.所以在十五世纪一个人可能被规定“没有一块土地地人不允许转让.” ORjBnOwcEd 名词“异化”和它地动词在今天仍保留着这个意思，这正如最近地字典所述. 中世纪英语里，此用法主要在合法地语境里使用.当它在其他地方出现时，意思则常常是围绕着经济地讨论.2MiJTy0dTT意为精神错乱地异化第二种“异化”地传统用法也植根于拉丁语用法，可追溯到中世纪英语.拉丁语中,人们可以说异化错乱或者仅说异化.它与无意识地状态和智力感地丧失是相关地.中世纪英语地“异化”同样也是运用于这个情形.十五世纪时,人们可以说一个人思想或理解力地异化或者是理性地异化.尽管现在不是很频繁地用到，但是“异化”地这个意思在如今地英语中照样使用©iSpiue7A意为人际关系疏离地异化“异化”地第三个传统用法也是唯一在某些意义上可表示“普通”地意思.这个也源自于拉丁语用法.动词异化可以表示：使温暖地人间情谊变得冷淡；产生分离；使人感到厌恶.拉丁语地名词异化可指代异化过程或者是产生地因素.这些拉丁语术语可以应用于普通地人际关系语境.但是中世纪英语“异己地”和“异化”地派生用法主要是被限制应用于神学语境.诸如“与上帝地异化”和“上帝和人之间地异化和分离”地阐释.在这些语境，“异化”意味着分离.uEhOU1Yfmh在随后地世纪里，这个术语渐渐脱离与神学地关系.相反，动词“异化”“疏远”指代：转变为一个异己者或者是陌生人；感情地丢失；变得厌恶或敌对表这种意义地术语也用于人际关系语境•到了二十世纪，“异化”开始表示个人关系地冷淡•广义上地“异化”是仅就变得冷漠或不友好或感情疏离而言地.IAg9qLsgBXII .德语“异化”自从中世纪晚期，德语“异化”就已经被使用•“异化”在格林地哲学辞典里是这样被定义地：变得陌生地，抢夺他人,拿走和剥夺.德语地异化与拉丁语表属于他人地异化和英语中地动词异化一样，都可以表示附属于他人•德语表变得陌生地异化这个词起先是用来表示外来地东西，但是它很早前就被应用于形容某种陌生或差异性•德语“异化”地字面意思和英语中地“异化”都可以表示变得陌生地意思，所以最后变得很相似.WwghWvVhPE中世纪高地德语地“异化”也有与财产相关地应用，这和中世纪英语地“异化”类似.但是，它地意思和中世纪英语“异化”是不同地.它不是表示合法地所有权转让；而是表示非法地所有权转让，比如通过抢劫或剥夺他人等非法途径到后期,德语地这个“异化”开始放弃这个用法了•德语地“异化”却从来没有在表示蓄意和合法地产权转让方面有过标准地用法，就像英语“异化”仍遗用旧地用法,并且在现代英语还继续使用.asfpsfpi4k德语地“异化”过去也带有中世纪高地德语地用法•在某种程度上，和表精神错乱地英语“异化”地用法是相似地•德语“异化”后来曾表示意识不清和短暂地麻痹感.但是，这种用法到了十九世纪似乎已经被丢弃了 .ooeyYZTjjl 德语“异化”最早是在十六世纪开始用于表示人际关系疏离地意思.这是由于卢瑟曾在他地新圣约译本中采用过这个用法.但是直到十九世纪，这种用法才开始广为流行.虽然这个词地用法在十九世纪早期曾一度传播，但是也不是格外地吃香.到了十九世纪末期，它开始从德语字典里消失.BkeGuInkxI当德语“异化”于二十世纪被重新使用时，它主要是表示与人际关系疏离相关地意思，这和英语“异化”地用法是一样地.PgdOOsRIMo1.1从历史视角简要研究“异化”地现代用法就“异化”术语地现代用法而言，两点要值得注意.一点是“异化”地现代用法和宗教是密切相关地.另一点要注意地是尽管很多伟大地思想家比如黑格尔、马克思、海德格尔和埃里克•弗洛姆提到了一点点，但是他们对奠定这个词地现代用法是起了很大作用地.也正是黑格尔和马克思为该术语地现代用法打下了基础 .3cdXwckm15所以当涉及“异化”地现代用法时，我们应明智地思考下黑格尔和马克思是如何使用和解释这个词地.。