英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习
英语专八人文知识
1 英语词汇分为两大类：开放类词和封闭类词前者包括名词，动词，形容词和副词。
后者包括介词，冠词和连词等。
2 伦敦学派是现代语言学重要学派之一，创始人John Firth3 The national flag of the United States is known as the Star-Spangled Banner.4黑人在美国的经济和社会地位都最为低下。
5首都命名为华盛顿是为了纪念美国的第一任总统乔治•华盛顿，而联邦直辖区命名为哥伦比亚特区是为了纪念第一位从欧洲横渡大西洋到达西半球的探险家克里斯多拂•哥伦布。
6 John Fitzgerald Kennedy is __35h ___ president.7 The Missouri River 密苏里河 is the dividing line between the South and North.8美国内战爆发于1861年，结束于1865年。
9 (Washington D.C)华盛顿特区位于波托马克河上。
华盛顿州（Washington）的最大城市是西雅图。
10 In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminar y , opened in __ Massachusetts ___ to serve the “ Muslim sex”.,美国的第一所女子学院开设于马萨诸塞州。
11 the capital of U.S. is situated on the __ Potomac ___River banks.12 The Wars of Roses was ended by Henry VII13 All his novels reveal that, as time went on, Mark Twain became increasingly Pessimistic14 Edward I 在1301年征服了威尔士，收并为英国领土，为了稳定在那里的统治，他把儿子命名为威尔士王子。
英语专业八级人文知识精讲
What is not a nationally observed holiday of American?A. Easter SundayB. Veterans’ DayC. Independence DayD.Christmas解答:在美国有10个节日是全国性的节日:圣诞节(Christmas, Dec 25) 、新年(New Year’s Day, Jan. 1)、感恩节(Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thurs in Nov.)、劳动节(Labour Day, 1st Mon. in Sept.)、退伍军人节(Veterans’Day, Nov.11)、独立纪念日(Independence Day, July 4)、华盛顿诞辰纪念日(Washington’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Feb.)、哥伦布纪念日(Columbus Day, 2nd Mon. in Oct.)、阵亡将士纪念日(Memorial Day, May 30)、马丁.路德金诞辰纪念日(Martin Luther King’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Jan.)Easter Sunday (复活节)是基督教的重要节日,但不是全国同庆的节日.1.Where is Edinburgh?A. In WalesB. In ScotlandC. In Northern IrelandD. In Ireland 解答:B。
Wales的首府为Cardiff(加的夫), Scotland的首府为Edinburgh(爱丁堡), Northern Ireland 的首府为Belfast(贝尔法斯特), Ireland的首府为Dublin(都柏林)。
2.Which of the following is NOT a U.S. news and cable network?A. ABCNC.CBSD.BBC解答:D。
专八人文知识讲义完整版
人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲，2005年正式实施，开始新增人文知识的内容。
主要包括：英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。
测试要求：1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有（地理、历史、文化和政治），加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括，爱尔兰没有出现，2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品，流派、文学贡献也会出现，及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念，及其代表理论、代表著作注意：人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理：东南西北地理位置、人口3亿（人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等，主要为印第安人，首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人）、星条旗为国旗（13和50）、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》（1931年通过）、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，属于中央政府管理。
50州，最大阿拉斯加，最小罗得岛州，美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam（1961年美国国会正式承认），国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区：New England：6州，最重要为马萨诸塞州（波士顿）、罗德岛州（普罗维登斯）和新罕布什尔（康科德）。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市，有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市，联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区：分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州，林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
专八人文知识总结
专八人文知识总结人文知识广泛涵盖了人类文化、历史、艺术、哲学等领域的知识内容，是对人类智慧和精神创造的总结与归纳。
在专八考试中，人文知识是一个重要的考察点，下面将对人文知识进行总结与梳理。
一、文化艺术1. 中国传统文化：中国悠久的历史和深厚的文化底蕴是中华民族的瑰宝，包括中国儒家思想、道家思想、佛教文化、中国古代文学、绘画、书法以及传统音乐、舞蹈等。
这些都是中国文化的精髓，也是中国人民的精神支柱。
2. 西方文化：西方文化源远流长，包括希腊罗马文化、基督教文化、文艺复兴运动、启蒙运动、现代主义艺术等。
西方文化对世界文化的发展和影响不可忽视，它形成了独特的西方审美观和艺术风格。
3. 艺术形式与艺术家：艺术是人类精神的表达和创造，包括音乐、绘画、雕塑、建筑、文学等艺术形式。
世界上有很多伟大的艺术家，如达·芬奇、米开朗基罗、莎士比亚、贝多芬等，他们的作品影响了世界，并成为人类文化的瑰宝。
二、历史1. 世界古代史：古代文明的兴衰是人类社会发展的缩影，从埃及、希腊、罗马到中国、印度等，每个古代文明都有其独特的历史背景和文化特点。
了解这些古代文明对于理解人类文明发展的脉络和演变具有重要意义。
2. 中国近现代史：中国的近现代史经历了清朝的衰落、封建社会的瓦解、列强入侵、辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放战争和新中国的建立等重大事件。
深入了解中国近现代史，可以理解中国社会的变革和现代化进程。
3. 世界现代史：20世纪是世界历史上变革最为剧烈的时期，包括两次世界大战、冷战、殖民地解放、科技革命等重大事件。
掌握世界现代史的知识，可以理解世界格局的演变和国际关系的发展。
三、哲学思想1. 中国哲学思想：中国哲学思想独具特色，包括儒家思想、道家思想、墨家思想、法家思想、名家思想等。
这些思想体系对中国社会和人民的思维方式和行为准则产生了深远影响。
2. 西方哲学思想：西方哲学思想源远流长，包括柏拉图主义、亚里士多德主义、康德哲学、黑格尔哲学、存在主义等。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级考试人文知识点
英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。
英语专八人文知识复习共85页文档
英语专八人文知识复习
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见Байду номын сангаас杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
谢谢
英语专八人文知识复习
英语专八人文知识复习英语专八人文知识复习随着新年的到来，专八考试也近在咫尺了，大家准备好了吗？下面是小编帮大家整理的英语专八人文知识复习，欢迎阅读与收藏。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
专八人文知识
1、英语国家地理概况4分2、英美文学部分3分3、词汇部分3分这十分分值虽然相对较小，但覆盖面挺大，比如地理概况就包括六个英语国家的基本知识，复习起来似乎有点力不从心，其实不然。
I、先拿第一个来说，地理概况无非是注重英美两国方面，在复习其他四个国家时不用那么深入，只要知其一二即可（首都/首府总得记吧？），而英美方面的知识对于我们英语专业的学生来说应该有所了解，只是没有系统地去整理，如果在整理一遍之后，我想会柳暗花明！当然如果你本身一直以来对各个国家都相当了解，那我说你已吃定这4分。
II、英美文学方面就有点头疼了，特别对于那些在平时对它忽略不计的朋友们此时根本不知道从何下手，不用慌，你慌也没用，只有拿起课本，将一个个作家对应他们最有名的著作（最简单的复习方式）列在一起，进行归类，即可。
如果想全部拿下这3分就要再关注一些他们的写作特点，作品中的主人公等。
III、这部分在我看来是最容易拿分的，复习的时候只要将sytax, semantics, pragmatics,等概念弄清楚，把Chomski和另外有名的语言学家对应的理论记一下就可。
当然这是对那些平时不鸟语言学的朋友说的。
对于平时认真听讲也想稳拿这3分的还要系统的总结一下，做到疏而不漏。
希望对赴考途中的朋友们有所帮助！人文知识总结,希望在临考前有最好的冲刺状态.加油!美国概况:1.The traditional dividing line in America between " east" and " west" is The Mississippi River.2.The traditional dividing line in America between "South " and "North" is The Missouri River.3.The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain.4.Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is Africa Americans .5.America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6.The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by The World War 2.7.In the United States, primary education requires6 years.8.Most college students in the United States are in public institutions.9.The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court.10.Louisana (which state ) is not governed by the common law.11.Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.12.The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Mid-west, West.13.The New England (Northeast)region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit.14.California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America.15.＂Hollywood＂is often used as a synonym for American film.16.The north-eastern part of the United States ――New England enjoys a Typical Continental climate.17.Detroit, a U.S. city bordering Lake Erie, is famous for its Automobile industry.18.The natives of the continent of the America are the Indians.19.New York is the largest city and the chief port of the United States.20.Washington D.C. is named after both George Washington and Christopher Columbus.21.American and British English are two varieties of the English language.22.The first American president to be elected from the Republican Party was Abraham Lincon.23.Of the fifty states, the smallest state in area is Rohode Island.24.The number of the Representatives (众议院)from each American state depends on the population.25.The statue of liberty was given to American people by French as a gift in 1884.26.John Fitzgerald Kennedy is 35th president.27.In 1837, the first college-level institution for women , Mount Holyoke Female Seminary ,opened in Massachusetts to serve the “ Muslim sex”.28.The capital of Massachusetts is Boston.29.Seattle is Washington’s largest city.30.Washington D.C., the capital of U.S. is situated on the Potomac River banks.31.When did the American Civil War break out? 1861.32.In which day is Halloween celebrated? 31 October.33.The founding fathers of the American Republic :George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin.34.The New Deal was started by Franklin Roosevelt.35.The United States was rated 4 in the world in terms of land areas.36.The expenditure in American public schools is guided or decided by boards of education.37.The Bill of Rights consists of 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791 .38.The United States produces as much as much as half of the world’s soybeans and corn.39.Televison invention marked the beginning of “The Age of Visual Information”.40.The theory of American politics and the American Revolution originated mainly from John Locke.41.The District of Manhattan is in the city of New York.42.The seats in the Senate(参议院) are allocated to different states equality (have two seats).43.The Rocky Mountains is located in the Northwest of America,44.Hollywood, the centre of American movie industry, is closest to Los Angles.45.Newsweek is American newspaper, The Guardian , The Daily Telegraph is England, The International Herald Tribune is French.46.The U.S. is called a “melting pot” because people from different races live there together .47.The first Puritans came to America on the ship May Flower.48.Americans celebrate Memorial Day on the last Monday in May to honor those who have given their life for country.(阵亡将士纪念日)49.“Trick or Treat” is a phrase that children often use when they celebrated Halloween.50.The Easter egg and the hare, two of the symbols most frequently associated with Easter,are considered to present fertility and new life.51.The world-famous Havard University is in Massachusetts (Cambridge).52.Broadway (百老汇) is a symbol of American theatre and world-class entertainment.53.Yellowstone National Park (黄石国家公园), Grand Canyon(大峡谷), St. Patrick’s Cathedral(圣派翠克大教堂) are the tourist attraction in the United States.54.Ronald Reagan was an actor before he became the President.55.New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which come to stand for all Americans.56.On the 30th of April 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in New York, which housed the government then.57.Henry Fond was the first man to mass production.The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
英语专八考试人文知识备考资料
英语专八考试人文知识备考资料英语专八考试人文知识备考资料"There are long forgotten, habits are good friends that are good, but then stranger confess their minds."以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的英语专八考试人文知识备考资料，希望能给大家带来帮助!1.The Old Man and the Sea is one of the great works by ____A Jack LondonB Charles DickensC Samuel ColeridgeD Ernest Hemingway2.In which novel can "Yahoo" be found?A John Bunyan's Pilgrim's ProgressB Edmund Spencer's The Faerie QueenC Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's TravelsD Henry Fielding's Tom Jones3.The Catcher in the Rye is written by ____A J.D. SalingerB Jack LondonC Flannery O'ConnorD Saul Bellow4.The image of the famous "henpecked husband" is created by____A Washington IrvingB Fennimore CooperC Edith WhartonD William Dean Howells5.The literary spokesman of the Jazz is often thought to be ____A O'NeilB PoundC Robert Frost DScott Fitzgerald6.____ is the most important person of the transcendental club.A HawthornB WhitmanC EmersonD Hemingway7. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except____A fridendshipB love and marriageC life and deathD war andpeace8.Robert Frost is a famous ____A novelistB playwrightC poetD literary critic9.Dover Beach is written by ____A Robert BrowningB Alfred TennysonC Mathew ArnoldD Dylan Thomas10.The period from 1865-1914 has been referred to as the ____ in the literary history of the United States.A Age of RealismB Age of ClasicalismC Age of RomanticismD Age of Renaissance答案1.D 《老人与海》是海明威的作品。
英语专八人文知识汇总-
o GeographyGreat Britain America Canada Australia New Zealandmountain Ben Nevis(Highest mountain)Scafell(highest peak)The Pennies(mountain chain)Rocky Mountains(‘backbone‘or ‘continental divide’)The great central plainThe Appalachian mountainsMount Logan(highest peak)Mount cook(highest peak)Mount ruapehu(highest hill innorth island)river Severn River(longest)Thames River(most important) the Mississippi river(‘fatherof waters,’ old man river’)Ohio river(‘American Ruhr’)St. Lawrence(most important)the Mackenzie(longest)The Murray river(longest andBiggest)Lake Taupo(largest)lakes Lough Neigh(largest)Loch Lomond(largest in Scot)Windermere(largest in England)Lake Vyrnwy(largest in Wales) The great lakeslake Michigan: entirely in USothers: Superior, Huron,Erie, OntarioGreat bear lake(largest)Great slave lake(deepest)The great lakesLake Eyre(largest) The Clutha river(largest in southWaikato river and Wanganuiriver(largest in north)climate Maritime typeReasons: surrounding watersThe prevailing southeast windsThe North Atlantic Drift Northeastern: humidcontinental climateSoutheastern: humidsubtropical climateThe great plains: continentalSteppe climateIntermountain: continentalDesert climatePacific northwest: maritimeclimateMainly: temperatecontinental climateThe north: polar climateThe west: TemperateMaritime ClimateDesert or semiaridPlants: Eucalypts, wattlesAnimals: kangaroos, emus,budgerigarsFrom cool temperate to warmtemperate(January—warmest,July—coldest)Christchurch—the driest cityAuckland—the wettest cityReasons: its latitude zoneOceanic environmentMountains especially thesouthern AlpsEthnic groups First settlers: the IberiansTheEnglish(mainly) :Anglo-SaxonThe Scottish, the welsh, theIrish, the north Irish: CeltsOriginal habitant s：IndianImmigrants from all over theworld(mainly from EuropeOriginal habitant s:theEskimos or Inuit and IndiansImmigrations(mainlydescendant of Britain andFrance)First inhabitants: indigenousAustraliansImmigration(mainly fromBritain)First inhabitants: Maori(10%)Immigration: all around the world加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息1cities London(capital, largest city,largest port)Birmingham(second largest)Edinburgh(capital of Scotland)Cardiff(capital of Wales)Belfast(capital of northernIreland)Glasgow(third largest, largestcity and port in Scotland)Manchester(center of textile) Washington D.C.(capital)New York(biggest city andport,’the bigapple’, ’Gotham’,The city that never sleeps’,‘the capital of theworld’, ’theEmpire city’)Boston(美国雅典)Los Angeles（加州最大城市，second largest）Chicago（third largest city，Called’ the second city’, ’thewindy city’)San Francisco(西海岸门户)Quebec(largest province,French culture)Toronto(largest)Montreal(second)Vancouver(third)Ottawa(capital)Canberra（capital）Sydney（largest）Melbourne(second, culturalAnd sports center)States:New south wales（oldest,Largest population)Western Australia(biggestState)Tasmania(smallest state)Wellington（capital）Auckland（largest）HistoryGreat Britain America Canada Australia New ZealandIn 700BC,The Celts came into Britain 1600-1900Pre-Columbian periodThe continent was foundedBy an Italian explorer johnCabotWilliam Dampier was thefirst English man to reachAustralia and James cookfinally put it on the mapThe first Englishman to this country was captainJames Cook（55BC-410AD）In 55BC,JuliusCaesar attacked But failedIn 43AD,Claudius conquered the country without Scotland 1492,ChristopherColumbusFound the new continent1607,first colony was foundedAt Jamestown, VirginiaIn 1608,Samuel de ChamplainEstablished the habitation inQuebec cityOn January 1th,1901,thecommonwealth ofAustralia came into being,the first minister wasEdmund BartonIn 1840,the Treaty of Waitangi was signedbetween William Hobson and various Maorichiefs, which brought the country into the BritainEmpire and gave Maori the same rights（446-871）The angles, Saxons and jutes came to Britain In 1776,the colonies proclaimThe independence and theDeclaration of independenceWas draftedAfter the seven years’ war,The French were forced to givethe Canada to Britain1916,Anzac Day(澳新军团节) was Australia’s mostimportant holidayIn 1865,the capital Wallington was settled加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息2In 1066，The Norman conquest built the Feudal system in England Introduced Christianity In 1783,the treaty of PariesRecognized the USA1789,the government was setThe Quebec act of 1774 grantedthe people of QuebecRights as French Canadians1950-1966，there was aboom in economic growthunder menzies’s ruleIn 1893,New Zealand became the first country togive woman theRight to voteIn 1215,The great charter—a limitation Of the power of the king 1861-1865,the civil war andLincoln declared EmancipationProclamation, in 1865,theThirteenth Amendmentbanned slaveryIn 1867,three colonies-QuebecNew Brunswick and nova scotiajoined in a confederation by theBritish North America ActIn 1972,gough Whitlamestablished relationshipWith ChinaIn 1216,The summon of the great Council later developed into The house of lords and the House of commons US joint the world war in April1917In 1931,Canadabecame amember of the commonwealthOf nations(1337-1453)The hundred years war with France(reduced labor largely) In 1920s,America enjoyed aperiod of unbalancedprosperity-material successbut spiritual frustration orconfusionIn 1949,newfoundland becameCanada’s tenth province(1455-1485)The war of roses Lancaster-red roseYork-white roseHenry Tudor won the battle In 1920s,America experienced The great depression and franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal(1642-1651)The civil warsCharles（support from north And west)The parliament(southeast) Charles was executed in 1649 In 1660,The restorationKing Charles 2nd return from France) In 1941,japan attack the pearl Harbor and the next day USA joint the second world war‘a date which will live in infamy’加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息3加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息4In 1688,The glorious revolution William of orange and Mary passed Bill of Rights 1707 The Act of Union united England and Scotland In 1949,the north Atlantic treaty was signed-military alliance(1780-1830)The industrial revolution1950-1975,the Vietnam war, The policy of containment badly influence the country(1830-1848) The chartist movement The parliament passed The People ’s Charter 1945-1989,the cold war between America and the soviet union-the Korean war and the Cuban missile crisisPoliticsGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNew ZealandTthe state systemConstitutional monarchyEstablished on the basis ofthree main principles:Federalism, the separation of Powers(checks and balance) and respect for the constitution(oldest in the world) and the rule of law名义上是constitutional Monarchy 实际上是 Parliamentary democracyThe head of state: Elizabeth 2th The viceroy(总督) Prime ministerFederationThe head: the queen of UK It consists of the federal parliament, six state Parliaments and governments, about 900 local governments and six state governorsA sovereign independent State, with a parliamentary Government and a Constitutional monarchy Head: queen Elizabeth 2thE executive powerUK government, prime minister is the head of government and 20 ministers make up the cabinet President is elected to a 4 year Term with only two terms The governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister usually for 5-year term The cabinet The government is formed by The party that holds a majority of seats The governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the prime minister usually for 5-year term The cabinet加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息5L legislative powerThe government and the two chambers of parliament The house of representatives(2-year term with 435 members)And the senate(6- year term with 100 members)J judiciaryIndependent of the above two, Britain had no written constitutions and the constitution consists of state law, the common laws and conventionsThe supreme court(created by the constitution,1chief justice And 8 associate justices) Federal courts of appeal(11) Federal district(91)Supreme court(1 chief justice and 8 puisne justice until the age of 75) Province court Native courtIt is independent of the governmentp parliamentThe supreme legislative body, it consists of the sovereign, the house of lords(temporal and spiritual) and the house of commons(651 members and election held every 5 years)The monarch, the senate(105 members until the age of 75) and The house of commons(308 members, less than 5 years)The house of representatives(150members for 3-year term) and the senate(76 members for 6-year term)Election take place every 3 yearsHas only one chamber- The house of representatives(120 members and elected for 3 yearsp partiesMain parties Conservative party Labor partyThe liberal democrats( Third largest party)The democratic party The republican partyThe liberal partyThe progressive conservative partyAustralian labor party Liberal party of Australia National party of AustraliaThe national party(center- Right conservative)The labor party(center-left Progressive)EconomyGreat BritainAmericaCanadaAustralia New ZealandPrimaryAgriculture:2% population Manage 70% land The best land is in the SoutheastProduce 1/4 of world grain and sell 1/2 of the grainProduce 50% of the corn in the world(Midwest, Iowa)One of the world ’s largest Supplier of agricultural productsMainly produce WheatNatural resources mainly export to Japan, China, the US, South Korea and NewImport raw materials and mineralsindustries Main crops: wheat, barleyFishingMining: coal Biggest producer and user ofTobacco in the worldZealandWorld largest export of wool,Second largest of meat andThird largest of wheatSecondary industries ManufacturingShipbuilding(river Tyne ,Newcastle)Engineering:8 car brandsElectronics: fourth inworldCenter of heavy industry:MidwestMainly produce motor vehicleAnd transportation equipmentBiggest producers of mineralsand metals and world’sLargest exporter of coalMajor export of uranium(铀)Crude oil and natural gasThe world’s biggestfarmWorld largest exporterofLamb, mutton, dairyproducts and woolLeader in CNG(压缩天然气Tertiary(service) industries Produce 65% wealth andEmploy 70% workforceLondon: financial center,Media, culture centerManufacturing is the mostImportant economic activityCultureGreat Britain America Canada Australia New Zealandsports Cricket(most English)Football(most popular inEngland)Tennis(origin in England)Golf(origin in Scotland)Football(24 teams, AFC, NFC)Baseball: oldest sport in USBasketball(NBA)Cricket: national sportRugby: most popular wintersportmedia BBC(founded in 1926,43Languages)TV:bbc1,bbc2,ITV,channel4Newspapers:The times(1785,Britain’soldest daily newspaper) Newspapers:The wall street journalUSA todayThe New York timesMagazinesReader’s digestBroadcasting:CBC NFBNewspapers:The Toronto starThe globe and mailLe journal de MontrealNewspapersThe AustraliaThe Sydney morning heraldThe ageThe Australia financial reviewMagazines:加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息6The observer(world’s oldest national newspaper) Periodicals: the economist SpectatorNews agencies: Reuters Press associationExcel financial Ltd. TV guideNational geographicTimeNewsweekElectronic media:CBS NBS ABC PBSFestivals: skyscraper by LouisSullivan, jazz, rock and rollMagazines:Maclean’sNews weeklyThe Australian woman’sWeeklySydney gazetteNews agencyAustraliafestivals Christmas day(biggest)Easter(spring time, womenWear new clothes, childrenGet Easter eggNew year’s day(ScottishHogmanay, important)Bonfire night(guy Fawkes)Halloween(wear strangeCloth and girls see theirfuture husband)Eisteddfod in wales(poeticTradition, in august) Christmas day(biggest)New year’s day(mummers Parade, the rose tournament) Valentine’s day(for lovers) Easter day(second important) Independent day(July 4th) Halloween(night-time children’s holiday) Thanksgiving(fourth Thursday In November)religion Christianity-Islam-Hinduism-Sikism-judaismChurch of England(ChristianChurch)Church province:CanterburyAnd YorkThe free churches: theMethodist church（largestfree church）Religious fervencyProtestants(60% population，Largest group is the Baptists,second is Methodists)Roman catholic:(more than1/4mainly in New York and Massachusetts)Judaism: small minorityEducation加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息7Great Britain America Canada Australia New ZealandEducation system Government responsible forEducationThe local educationAuthorities are responsiblefor the state schoolsCompulsory education(5-16)Two categories:The state schools(localGovernment support, 93%)The private schools(privateSectors and tuition rates) Government responsible forEducation and systemdecentralized by stateThree levels:FederalStateLocalEducation is provincialResponsibilityThe same as Britain The same as BritainPrimary education Begin at 5 in England andWalesBegin at 3 in Scotland Pre-school:Pre-kindergarten:4-5 Kindergarten:5-6Elementary education:Public schools (85%)elementarySecondary education From 11 to 16Comprehensive schools:90%Pupils without academicreferenceGrammar schools: the11-plusMust learn English, math andScienceAfter 16A-level exams(at 18)GNVQs Junior high schoolSenior high schoolPublic school supported by Local, state, federal funding Private school are mainly run by Churches加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息8University education Get funds from the centralGovernmentGet a 3-year courseThe university of OxfordThe university of CambridgeThe university ofBuckingham(only privatefunded university) Get 4-year courseFunction: teaching, research,EndowmentsHigher education began withThe founding with the foundingOf Harvard collageYale universityMIT, Stanford, BerkeleyPost –secondaryOldest university: LavalUniversity in Quebec cityfounded in 1663Largest university: universityof TorontoAuckland universityLincoln universityMassey universityUniversity of AucklandUniversity of Canterbury LiteratureBritish literature中古时期-before 15th1. Beowulf represents the highest achievement of the old English2. Caedmon is the earliest English poet3. Sir Gawain and the green knight is one of the best Middle English romance4. William Langland-piers the plowman-the great work along with the Canterbury tales5. Geoffrey Chaucer-“the father of English poetry”and “the father of English fiction”6. The Robin Hood Ballads-English folk literature文艺复兴时期-14th—17thDrama is the most distinctive achievementPoetry1. Thomas Wyatt is the first to introduce sonnet into English2. Edmund Spenser is “the poets’ poet” and poet laureateMasterpiece: the faerie queen (Spenserian stanza-eight iambic pentameter lines and a line of six iambic feet) Other works: the shepherd’s calendar epithalamionProse1. Thomas More Masterpiece-utopia2. Francis Bacon is England’s first essayist3.John Lyly-euphues(the use of euphuism夸饰文体)加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息9Drama1.Christopher Marlowe-the greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted universitywriterHe first use blank verse in drama and paved the way for ShakespeareWorks: Tamburlaine the tragic history of doctor Faustus (best play) the Jew of Malta2.William Shakespeare(37 plays,154 sonnets)Four great Comedies: a midsummer night’s dream, as you like it, the merchant of Venice, twelfth nightFour great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth3.Ben Johnson-vulpine-satirical comedy资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期-17thLiterature of the revolution period (age of Milton) of restoration period (age of Dryden)PoetsJohn Milton (a master of blank verse)Masterpiece: paradise lost others: Samson agonist’s paradise regainedJohn Donne-the founder of the metaphysical schoolMasterpiece: a valediction: forbidding mourningProses1. John Bunyan-the pilgrim’s progressWritersJeremy Collier-a short view of the immorality and profaneness of the English stage1. John Dryden-the father of English criticismForerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th and poet laureate for 20 years, he also created the heroic coupletan essay of dramatic poesy(best work) all for love Absalom and acidophil the hind and the panthe r启蒙运动时期-18thThe age of enlightenment/reasonEnlightenment movement (reason, equality, science)Neoclassicism (a revival of classical standards of order, balance and harmony, john Dryden and alexander pope)SentimentalismThe graveyard school (sentimental lamentation or meditation, Thomas gray is the leading figure)Writers of Neoclassicism1.Alexander Pope-the greatest English poet of the 18th centuryBest known for his satirical verse, one of the first to introduce rationalism加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息10Works: an essay on criticism the rape of the lock essay on man2.Samuel Johnson-“grand champion in literature of that age”Works: the dictionary of the English language the lives of English poetsWriters of realistic tradition1.Daniel Defoe-the discoverer of the modern novel “father of English and European novels”Robinson Crusoe-the first English novelOther works: captain singleton colonel Jacque moll Flanders2.Jonathan Swift(an Irish master of satires)Works: a tale of a tub (established his name as a satirist) a modest proposalMasterpiece: Gull iver’s travels3.Henry Fielding-father of the English novelPlaywrights: the welsh opera pasquinNovels: Joseph Andrew-“a comic epic poem in prose “Jonathan wild the greatThe history of tom jones, a founding (masterpiece)Writers of sentimental tradition1.Samuel RichardsonWorks: Pamela, virtue rewarded (letters); Clarissa harlowe (letter) sir Richard grandsonurence SterneTristram Shandy (his most famous book) a sentimental journey3.Oliver Coldsmish(an outstanding representative of the English sentimentalist)Works: the traveler (heroic couplet) the deserted village (his best poet) the vicar of Wakefield4.Thomas GrayThe leader of the graveyard school5.Edward Young-from night thoughtsEnglish drama1.John Gay-the beggar’s opera2.Richard Brinsley SheridanWorks: the rival the school for scandal (the best English comedy since Shakespeare)浪漫主义时期-18th—19thIt began with the publication of lyrical balladsRomanticism (passion, emotion, natural beauty)Pre-romantic poets加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息111.James Thomson(the first significant poem)2.William BlakeWorks: songs of innocence songs of experience the marriage of heaven and hell3.Robert Burns-“national poet of Scotland”Works: my heart’s in the highlands a red red rose auld langsyneLake poets of the first generation1.William Wordsworth(poet laureate)Finish the lyrical ballad with Samuel Taylor ColeridgeWorks: an evening walk Lucy poems I wondered lonely as a cloud the solitary reaper2.Samuel Taylor ColeridgeMasterpiece: the rime of the ancient mariner (ballad)Others: christabelkubla khan the fall of the bastille3.Robert SoutheyWorks: Joan of arc wattyler the inch cape rock the battle of BlenheimLake poets of the second generation1.George Gordon Byron-“Byronic hero”Masterpiece: son JuanWorks: she walks in beauty when we two parted Hebrew melodies2.Percy Bysshe ShelleyMasterpiece: Prometheus unboundOthers: ode to the west wind ode to a skylark3.John Keats“Beauty is truth, truth beauty”“pure poetry”“art for art’s sake”Works: when I have a fear on melancholy on a Grecian urn to psycheProse writers1.Charles LambTales from Shakespeare essays of Elias old china2.William Hazlitt(the representative of romantic criticism) Critics: lectures on the English poets the spirit of the ageEssays: table talks the plain speaker sketches and essays3.Thomas de QuinceMasterpiece: the confession of an English opium-ente r加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息12Fictions1. Walter Scott (historical novelist)He paves the way to the realism and marked the transition from the romanticism to realismWorks: Ivanhoe (best-known novel) Waverley Marmon3.Jane Austen-the first English woman novelist Pride and prejudice sense and sensibility Emma Mansfield park persuasion Northanger abbey维多利亚时期（1836-1901）Critical realism (novel)The greatest novelist of this time is Charles DickensNaturalism-Darwin’s biological theories-Emile ZolaCritical realist novelists1.Charles DickensThe Pickwick papers Oliver twist Dumbly and son David copper field bleak house hard timesa tale of two cities-“where there is oppression, there is revolution”great expectation2.William Makepeace Thackeray Masterpiece: vanity FairOthers: the book of snobs the newcomes the Virginians3.Charlotte BronteShe is the forerunner of the feminism and the feminism literaryMasterpiece: Jane EyreOthers: Professor Shirley villette4.Emily BronteWuthering heights5.Anne BronteAgnes grey the tenant of the wild fell hall6.Mrs. Gaskell(female writer)Life of charlotte brontemary barton (masterpiece)7.George Eliot(female writer)Adam bede the mill on the floss silasmarner8.Thomas HardyRegarded as transitional writer for “regional novels”Masterpiece: Tess of D’Urbervilles加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息13Others: Jude the obscure under the greenwood tree the return of the native the mayor of caster bridgePoetry1.Alfred Tennyson(“poet of the people”)“T he big three”-Tennyson, browning, ArnoldWorks: break, break, and break in memoriam Ulysses2.Robert BrowningThe most original poet in Victorian age (contribution: dramatic monologues)Works: men and women my last duchess parting at morning meeting at night3.Matthew ArnoldDover Beach (masterpiece) on translating homer现代主义（19世纪末）Modernism (philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis, focusing on private, subjunctive, inner and individual)Novelists1.John Galsworthymasterpiece: the Forsyth saga(福尔赛世家三部曲) includes the man of property, the Indian summer of a Forsyth, in chancery, awakening, to leta modern comedy(现代戏剧三部曲) includes the white monkey, the silver spoon, swan song2.Katherine MansfieldShe is a famous woman writer of short storiesWorks: in a German pension bliss the garden party the dove’s nest something childishPlaywrights1.Oscar WildeThe picture of Dorian gray the happy prince and other tales2.Bernard ShawHe was the greatest dramatist since Shakespeare and accepted Nobel Prize in 1925Works: man and superman major Barbara heartbreak house Pygmalion3.John James OsborneMasterpiece: look back in anger4.Samuel Beckett(爱尔兰戏剧家和小说家，荒诞派戏剧的重要代表人物) Masterpiece: waiting for godotPoets1.W．B．YeatsOne of the greatest poets in the English literature and got Nobel Prize in 1923加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息14Works: sailing to Byzantium Leda and the swan the second coming2. T.S. Eliot Got Nobel prize in 1948The waste land (long poet) four quartets murder in the cathedralThe psychological fictions(心理小说)1. D.H. LawrenceSons and lovers the rainbow woman in love lady Chatterley’s lover the white peacockThe daughter of the vicar the horse dealer’s daughter2. James JoyceForerunner of “stream of consciousness”Works: Dubliners a portrait of the artist as a young man Ulysses Finnegan’s wake Araby3.Virginia Woolf advocator of the feminist movement Mrs. Dalloway to the lighthouse the waves Orlando美国文学殖民地时期和独立革命时期American puritanism (predestination, original sin, total depravity, limited atonement)Writers in colonial period1.John Smith-“the first author”A true relation of Virginia-“the first book”2.William BradfordOf Plymouth plantation3.John WinthropThe history of New EnglandWriters of puritanism1.Anne Bradstreet(female)The tenth muse lately sprung up in America contemplations the flesh and the spirit2.Jonathan EdwardsThe freedom of the will the great doctrine of original sin defended the nature of true virtueWriters in the revolution1.Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s almanac (many practical sayings about life)The autobiography (representative work of franklin)加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息152.Roger Williams(puritan dissenters)3.Thomas Paine-the father of American revolutionThe common sense-the greatest of the revolutionary pamphletsThe American crisis the rights of man the age of reason4.Philip Freneau-“a poet if the American Revolution” and “the father of American poetry”The rising glory of American the wild honey suckle5.Thomas JeffersonDeclaration of Independence浪漫主义时期（18世纪末-19中后期）American romanticism advocate individualism and every should fight for individual rightAnd happiness bravelyWriters of pre-romanticism1.Washington Irving-the father of American literatureThe sketch book-mark the beginning of American romanticism2.James Fennimore cooper描写西进运动开创边疆传奇小说Leather stocking tales（the pioneer, the last of Mohicans, the prairie, the pathfinder, the deep slayer）Writers in transcendentalism1. Ralph Waldo EmersonNature-the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalismThe American scholar2. Henry David ThoreauMasterpiece: Walden3.Nathaniel Hawthorne-first great American writer of fictionMasterpiece-the scarlet letterThe house of the seven gables twice-told tales mosses from an old manseMosses from an old manse the blithe dale romance4.Herman Melville美国浪漫主义时期成就最高的小说家，擅长写航海奇遇和异域风情Type eomoomoby dick5.Walt Whiteman-the father of free verseLeaves of grass-marked the birth of truly American poetry and praised as democratic bible and American epic6.Emily DickinsonBecause could not stop for death this is my letter to the world加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息167.Edgar Allan PoeHe is the first American professional writer and first writer of detective storyWorks: the fall of the house of usher the raven tales of the grotesque and arabesqueFireside poets1.William Cullen BryantThe Fountain to a waterfowl song of Marion’s men2.Hennery Wadsworth LongfellowHe use native themesA psalm of life voiced of the night现实主义时期（19世纪中期-20世纪初）American realism-concern for common place and the low, offering an objective viewOf human natureAmerican naturalism-evolved from realism and have ironic and pessimistic view to reality改革和废奴主义者1. Harriet Beecher Stowe (female)Uncle Tom’s cabin-“the little woman that wrote the book that made this great war”2. Frederick DouglassMy bondage and freedom现实主义作家1. William Dean Howells (champion of realism)He wrote about middle class and their lifestyleMasterpiece: The Rise of Silas LaphamOthers: Venetian life criticism and fiction a modern instance3.Henry James(描写心里活动)The portrait of a lady the American the turn of the screw乡土文学1.Mark TwainFamous for his colloquial style and localismthe adventure of huckleberry Finn the adventure of tom sawyer roughing it（first）the prince and the pauper(historical romance) 2.Bret HarteThe luck of roaring camp the outcasts of poker flat3.Hamlin Garland加微信：zdwzw001获取更多最新考研信息17。
英语专业八级人文知识（总结）
英语专业⼋级⼈⽂知识（总结）⼈⽂知识英语国家社会与⽂化考题回顾：1999 年:1. The Observer2. The geographical location of North America3. The old universities in U.K.4. Westminster Palace2000年:1.The titles of English nobility2.The features of Irish landscape3.The longest river in Britain4.The legislative branch in U.K.5.The Hundred Years’ War2001年:1.The founding of Harvard2.The settlement of Anglo-Saxons3.The official name of U.K.4.The economic activity of Canada2002年:1.Wall Street—the financial center2.Big Ben, Benjamin Hall3.The compulsory education in U.K.4.Three branches of U.S.A. government2003年:1.The location of California2.British news agency3.The founding fathers of U.S.A.4.The geography of Canada2004年:1.1920s in U.S.A.2.The largest river in U.S.A.3.The discovery of the New World4.The first settlement in America2005年:1.The capital city of Canada2.How long the U.S. President serves3.The important cities in U.S.A.4.The state church in England2006年:1.The President in the Civil War2. The capital city of New Zealand3. The natives of Australia4. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of the Cabinet2007年:1. The origin of the current British population2. The Head of State of Canada is represented by the Governor-general3. The author of the Declaration of Independence4. The original inhabitants of Australia2008年:1.The largest city in Canada.2.The legislative branch of the U.S. government3.The oldest sport in U.S.A.4.The head of the executive branch in New Zealand2009年:1.The Head of State of New Zealand2.The capital of Scotland3.The author of the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. president4.The cities located on the eastern coast of Australia.2010年1. The British Constitution2. The first city in Canada3. The founding of Australian Federation4. The Emancipation ProclamationThe United Kingdom地理、⼈⼝及基本事实:1. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Geographical Names: British Isles, Great Britain and England2. Geographical position: the English Channel3. Four political divisions: England (London), Scotland (Edinburgh), Wales (Cardiff), Northern Ireland (Belfast)4. The Commonwealth: a free association of independent countries, from 1931 to 1991, 50 member nations4. Rivers and Lakes: the longest—the Severn; Thames—the second longest and the most important; River Clyde—the most important in Scotland; Lough Neagh—the largest lake5. Mountains: Ben Nevis (the highest); Scafell (the highest in England); Snowdonia (the highest in Wales)6. The People: English (Anglo-Saxons); (the Celts) Welsh; Scottish; Irish.7. Eisteddfodau—the annual festival for Welsh poetry, music, singing and art历史备考点:The Origins of a Nation1. The first known settlers—Iberians2. The Celts (700 B.C.): three waves—Gaels; Brythons; Belgae3. Romans:Julius Caesar; Claudius (43AD, successful invasion); Christianity4. The Anglo-Saxons: Three Germanic tribes (Jutes, Anglos, Saxons)The foundation of the English state—shires; narrow-strip, three-field farming system; the manorial system; the Witan (贤⼈会议)5. The Viking and Danes:Alfred the Great—“the father of the British navy”; translate into English Ecclesiastical History of the English People (英国⼈民教会史)；established schools; formulate a legal system6. The Norman Conquest: 1066, the best-known event in English history, William the Conqueror; the establishment of the feudal system; the introduction of Norman French culture, language, manners and architecture; closer connection with RomeThe Shaping of the Nation1. The Great Charter: 1215, King John, 63 clauses. The statement of the relationship between the Crown and the baron; a guarantee of the freedom of the Church; a limitation of the power of the king (the spirit of the Great Charter or Magna Carta)2. All Estates Parliament—Simon de Montfort, 1265, the Great Council, the House of Lords, the House of Commons, the beginning of Parliament3. Black Death: the deadly epidemic disease; the 14th century; reduced the population from 4 million to 2 million;4. The Hundred Years’ War (1337—1453): blessing for both countries,4. The Peasant Uprising: 1381, Wat Tyler (killed) and Jack Straw; a telling blow to villeinage.Transition to the Modern Age1. The Wars of Roses (1455-1485): the battles between Lancaster (red rose) and York (white rose); Henry Tudor (the descendant of Duke of Lancaster) won, thus the rule of Tudors; the death blow to feudalism.2. The English Reformation: (1529-1534) Henry VIII, began with a struggle for divorce (Catherine of Aragon) and ended in the freedom from the Papacy; an independent Church of England; the king—the Supreme Head of the Church of England.3. Bloody Mary: 300 Protestants; the French port of Calais4. Elizabeth I: the defeat of Armada (the Spanish fleet)5. The English Renaissance: (rebirth) largely artistic; Elizabethan Drama (Christopher Marlowe, Ben Johnson and William Shakespeare)6. The Divine Rights of Kings: Charles I7. The Civil Wars (1642-1651): between the Cavaliers (the king’s men) and Roundheads (the Parliamentary supporters); Oliver Cromwell (New Model Army) (Lord Protector); the Puritan Revolution; overthrew the feudal system; the beginning ofthe modern history8. The Restoration; the return of Charles II from his exile in France;9. The Glorious Revolution: 1688, the smooth takeover of English throne by William ofOrange, replacing James II (a Catholic king, the brother of Charles II), with no bloodshed, nor execution of the king.10. The Gunpowder Plot of 1605: Guy Fawkes (Catholic) planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellar of the Parliament; the execution of Fawkes; a national annual celebration (bonfire and firework display)The British Empire1. Whigs and Tories (the forerunner of the Conservative Party)2. The Enclosure Movement:3. The Industrial Revolution: the mechanization of industry; the late 18th and early 19th century; after the revolution, by 1830,“the workshop of the world”; the industrial working class—the proletariat4. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)—“the first broad, really mass, political formed, proletarian revolutionary movement”(Lenin)5. The Labor Party—the Independent Labor Party(the origin); then the Labor Representation Committee; the Labor Party (1906).6. The first colony—Newfoundland, 15837. The East Indian Company: 1600, the economic penetration; 1858, ruled by the British crown; 1877, Queen Victoria, Empress of India.8. The Opium War: 18409. WWI: the Central Power (Germany and Austria-Hungary); the “Allies”(Britain, France and Russia); The Treaty of Versailles (1919); the League of Nations10. The Roaring Twenties: women with cropped hair and short dresses; two imports from America: jazz, silent films11. The Swinging Sixties—the permissive age; pop music (the Beatles turned their hometown of Liverpool into a place of pilgrimage)12. 1973: a full member of the European Economic Committee13. Thatcherism: the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher (the iron lady), the return to private ownership of the state-owned industries, the strengthening of the role of market forces, and an emphasis on law and order.14. The Statute of Westminster (1931)政治1. The Constitutional Monarchy2. The monarch: the symbol of the whole nation, the head of the executive, head of judiciary, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England.3. The components of the English Parliament: the Sovereign, the House of Lords (the oldest part of the Parliament) and the House of Commons (the real center of power in the Parliament) (651 members of Parliament); the maximum duration—five years4. The British Constitution: unwritten, including statute law, common law and conventions.5. Prime Minister—the leader of the majority party; the Cabinet—the core of leadership6. The Official Opposition—the party which wins the second largest number of seats, the“shadow cabinet”7. Downing Street No. 10—the official residence of the Prime Minister8. The Speaker—presiding over the House and enforcing the rules of order教育,社会,⽂化传统1. NHS—the National Health Service, a full range of medical services, the largest single employer of labor in U.K.2. Established religion: the Church of England (the Sovereign as the “Defender of Faith”) (changes only with the consent of the Parliament); the Presbyterian in Scotland3. Football: soccer, 19th century4. Rugby—invented at Rugby school in Warwich shire in the 19th century5. Cricket—the most typical English sport6. The home of golf is Scotland7. Magazines and newspapers: the Spectator; the Times; the Economist8. The most famous music and art festival in Britain9. Easter: the resurrection of Christ, the first Sunday after the first full moon after the spring equinox10. Hogmanay—Scottish New Year’s Eve11. Boxing Day: December 26th, the gift to give “Christmas boxes”, or gifts of money, to servants or tradesmanIreland1.The Emerald Isle: rich green countryside2.The largest river—the Shannon River3.Two official languages: Irish, English4.National Day: March 17th, St. Patrick’s Day (the arrival of St. Patrick—the mostimportant event in Irish history)5.Parliament: the House of Representatives (Dail Eireann); the Senate (Seanad)6.The two political parties: Fianna Fail; Fine Gael7.The oldest university in Ireland: the University of Dublin8.Roman Catholics: 93% of the Irish population9.Ulysses: James Joyce’s masterpieceThe United States of America:地理, ⼈⼝及基本事实1.The Rocky Mountains—the backbone the continent2.The Mississippi—the world’s third longest continental river, “Father of Waters”,“Old Man River”.3.The Five Great Lakes: Huron; Ontario; Michigan; Erie; Superior4.The Niagara Falls—between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie5.Yellowstone National Park—the oldest national park in the world and the largestwildlife preserve in the U.S.A.6.The Statute of Liberty—New York Harbor7.Grand Canyon—the state of Arizona8.Alaska and Hawaii—the two newest states in USA9.Alaska—the largest state in area; Rhode Island—the smallest; Texas—the largeststate on the mainland10.New England—the birthplace of America11.The nickname of the U.S.A.: Yankees1600—1900:1. The discoverer of America2. Magellan3. The 13 colonies4. May Flower5. Stamp Tax6. The Boston Tea Party7. The First Continental Congress8. The Second Continental Congress9. The beginning of the War of Independence10. The turning point of the War of Independence11. The Treaty of Paris12. The Constitutional Convention13. The Bill of Rights:14. The turning point of the Civil War15. Lincoln16. The Louisiana Territory17. The Westward Movement:18. KKK: Ku Klux Klan, terrorized and attacked the black, progressives, Communists and social party members. 1900—1945:1. The “Open Door Policy”—Theodore Roosevelt2. The 1920s—material success and spiritual frustration, confusion and purposelessness3. The Great Depression—1929-1933, the stock market crash, from prosperity to bleak despair,3. “N ew deal”—to save American democracy and capitalist system, social security systems,4. WWI—pro-Ally partiality5. Isolationism—1930s, to keep the U.S. out of the war in Europe and Asia6. WWII—(guiding principles) establish postwar political structure in accordance with American interests and; prevent Soviet Union from over-expansion1945—:1. The containment policy2. The Civil Rights Movement: Martin Luther King (non-violence) and Malcolm X(violence)3. The Sino-US relations: 1972, the Shanghai (Joint) Communique; 1979, the diplomatic relations was established4. The Vietnam War5. Baby-boomer: 1946-1961, helped to bring an end to the Vietnam War5. The Counterculture Movement6. The New Frontier.7. The Watergate Scandal—Nixon, the first to resign in American history8. New Right conservatism9. Desert Storm政治1. The American constitution; 1787, 1789; the oldest written constitution; principles—rule by law: popular sovereignty; separation of power; judicial review; civilian supremacy in military matters; protection of individual rights and federalism2. The Bill of Rights3. The Separation of three powers: Congress (the legislative branch); President (the executive branch); the judicial branch4. The Congress: the Senate (2 members from each state) (vice president as the president of the Senate 副总统为参议院议长); the House of Representatives (based on population) (the presiding officer—the Speaker of the House众议院主持官员)5. The President can appoint the federal court judges, preside over the government, sign and veto laws passed by the Congress;6. Impeachment7. The judicial branch: the Supreme Court; the circuit court of appeals (巡回上诉法院); district court8. The bipartisanship (the two party system)—the Republican; the Democratic The emblem of the two parties9. The Democratic: Anti-Federalists; Thomas Jefferson; greater federal involvement in economic issues and less state’s rights10. The Republican: a less powerful central government; more rights to the states11. “Winner-take-all” principle: applied in all states except Maine教育,社会,⽂化传统1. The higher education: two-year colleges, four-year colleges and universities.2. The best research universities: Harvard (1636), Yale, Princeton, Columbia, MIT (on the east); Stanford, Berkeley (on the west)—private.3. Three functions of the higher education: teaching, research and public service.4. The age of the students admitted by schools: 65. Graded schools: elementary schools (grades 1—8); high school (9—12).6. No national system of education, the state establishes policies for the education within its boundary7. Three main types of popular music: Jazz (U.S.’unique contribution to music);Rock-and-roll; the Western Country music.8. “The Lost Generation”9. Nationally observed holiday of America10. Important cities:Washington D.C.(1800, John Adams ordered the transfer of the capital from Philadelphia to Washington D.C.);New York City (city of the world; Times Square; the United Nations; Manhattan—the heart of the city; Wall Street; Broadway); Chicago—the second largest city; “Great Center Market of U.S.”San Francisco—the Golden Gate BridgeLos Angeles—Hollywood and DisneylandPhiladelphia—the city for two Continental Congress; the capital city from 1790 to 1800 Huston—“the Pearl in the Gulf”; “the Space City of the U.S.A.”Detroit—the motor city;11. Independence Day: July 4th, the birthday of the nation;12. Halloween: October 31st, “Trick or Treat”;13. Thanksgiving Day: a typical American holiday; (began with) the Pilgrims; the first celebrated on December 13th, 1621.14. Veterans’ Day: (or the Armistice Day); (celebrated) the signing of 1918 Armistice15. The plane—1903, the Wright brothers16. Newspaper and magazines: the New York Times; Washington Post; the Los Angeles Times; the Wall Street Journal; Time; Newsweek; Readers’ DigestCanada1.The National Day: July 1 (1867)2.The origin of the name “Canada”: “kanata”, a settlement, Indian3.The national flag: Maple Leaf Flag, white square in the centre, a red stylized11-pointed maple leaf4.Two discoverers of Canada: John Cabot (Newfoundland, east coast); JacquesCartier (the St. Lawrence river)5.Official languages: Bilingualism—English, French; the official Language Act (1969)6.Important cities: Ottawa (the capital, the 4th largest city); Vancouver (the thirdlargest city, ice-free harbor); Montreal (the second largest city); Toronto (the largest city, Toronto university—the largest university)7.Seven Years’ War: 1756-1763; between France (defeated) and England8.Quebec: the largest province; strong French culture9.The Constitutional Act of 1791: Upper Canada (English law and constitution);Lower Canada (French law and institutions)10.The British North America Acts in 1867: the dominion; the Statute of Westminster in1931: independence.11.The Parliament: the Crown, the Senate and the House of Commons12.Constitution: partly written, partly unwritten, including fundamental acts, customsand parliamentary traditions of British originAustralia1. “T he Land Down Under”.2. Australia’s National Day: January 26 (1788), the date of the first European settlement of the continent3. Great Barrier Reef: the longest coral reef in the world, from southern Queensland to the Gulf of Papua4. National flower: wattle; national bird: lyrebird5. Important cities: Canberra (the capital); Sydney (New South Wales); Melbourne (Victoria); Brisbane (Queensland); Adelaide (South Australia); Perth (West Australia); Hobart (Tasmania); Darwin (the Northern Territory);6. 1901: the Commonwealth of Australia; 1931: independence, the Statute of Westminster 《威斯敏斯特法案》7. Elementary education: 5-11; secondary education: 11-188. Animals: koala; kangaroos9. William Dampier: the first Englishman to reach Australia, the author of the book A New V oyage Around the World; James Cook: the English put Australia on map, British colony;10. Convicts from Britain11. Multiculturalism: coined in Canada in 1960s, adopted by Australia in 1973, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures in the world .12. Politics: a written Constitution; Legislature: the Queen, the House of Representatives, the Senate13. The gold rushes: 1850s, the discoveries of gold in New South Wales and Victoria New Zealand1.National Day: December 6th, 1840, the anniversary of the signing of the Treaty ofWaitangi, Waitangi Day2.The land of the long white cloud3.Cities: Auckland (the largest city, the North Island), Wellington (the capital, theNorth Island)4.Official languages: English, Maori5.Haka: a dance performed to daunt the enemy and to prepare warriors for the battle6.The International Date Line—just west of the line, the first country to get the newday7.fault line: the cause of the frequent earthquakes8.The Kiwis: the national symbol, the name the New Zealanders called themselves9.Abel Tasman: the first European to visitor, who named the area Statenland, laterNieuw Zeeland10.No single written constitution, including parliamentary statutes, judiciary rulings,administrative practices.11.Only one chamber: the House of Representatives12.the world’s biggest farm, the world’s largest exporter of lamb and mutton, diaryproducts。
专八英语人文知识
专八英语人文知识专八英语人文知识引导语：专八英语人文知识精选，希望能够帮助到您，谢谢您的阅读。
Colonial America 殖民地时期的美国文学Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩(1737-1809)：The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题;Common Sense常识;American Crisis美国危机;Rights of Man:Downfall of Despotism人的权利：****体制的崩溃;The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺(1752-1832)：The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲;The British Prison Ship英国囚船;To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士;The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花;The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards 乔纳森·爱德华(1702—1758)：The Freedom of the Will自由意志论;The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended伟哉原罪论辩;The Nature of True Virtue 真美德的性质Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林(1706-1790):A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Money;Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书;The Way to Wealth致富之道;The Autobiography自传American Romanticism 美国浪漫主义文学Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文(1783-1859)：A History of New York纽约的历史——美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作;The SketchBook见闻札记;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说——使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家;Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄;Talks of Travellers旅客谈;The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀(1789-1851)：The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集：The Pioneer拓荒者;The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义文学Ralf Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生(1803-1882)：Essays:Nature散文集：论自然——新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity:TheOversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说;Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子——首开自由诗之先河Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗(1817-1862)：Wadden, or Life in the Woods瓦尔登湖，或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience论公民的不服从;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers在康科德河与梅里麦克河上一周Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗(1807-1882)：The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌——美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poems民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and OtherPoems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事：AnApril Day四月的一天;A Psalm of Life人生礼物;Paul Revere’s Ride保罗·里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯·斯坦迪什的求婚;Poems on Slavery奴役篇Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑(1804-1864)：Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔：Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼·布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman Melville 赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(1819-1891)：Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比·迪克/白鲸;Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣;Pierre皮尔埃;Piazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利·巴德Walt Whitman 沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)：Leaves of Grass草叶集：Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Doo ryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的`前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song ofMyself自我之歌Emily Dickinson 埃米莉·迪金森(1830-1886)：The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉·迪金森诗集Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡(1809-1849)：。
专八人文知识总汇
美国概况练习题：1 The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is_____.2 The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is ____.3 The largest racial group in the whole population of U.S.A is____.4 Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is____.5 ____has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party.6 The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by____.7 In the United States, primary education requires____years.8 Most college students in the United States are in____institutions.9 The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are____________ _______________________________________________________________.10 _____(which state )is not governed by the common law.练习题答案及题解:1. The Mississippi River, 密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线。
英语专业八级考试人文学习知识学习复习模板计划练习题与标准答案3.doc
2019 年英语专业八级考试人文知识精选练习题及答案31.Which of the following tribes first came to Britain?A RomanB Anglo-SaxonsC JutesD Celts2.The Hundred Years ’ War between Britain and France was fought ____.A from 1327 to 1453B from 1337 to 1453C from 1347 to 1453D from 1357 to 14533.The Republic of Ireland became independent in the year____A1918B1920C1945D19494.The English Civil War is also called ____A the Puritan RevolutionB the second Magna CartaC the Long ParliamentD the Anglican War5.Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the ____ and the North Sea in the east,A eastB southC westD north6.The largest lake in Britain is ____.C WindermereD Ullswater7.Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?A In the HighlandsB In the central LowlandsC In the UplandsD In the west of Scotland8.The two important crops in Britain are ____A barley and cornB wheat and riceC barley and oatsD wheat and barley9 Which is the largest city in Scotland?A CardiffB EdinburghC GlasgowD Manchester10 Which is the correct name to use to refer to Britain in apolitical way?A Great BritainB The British IslesC The United KingdomD England答案1.D凯尔特在公元前700 年到英国，罗马人在公元 1 到 5 世纪统治英国， 5 世纪中期盎格鲁撒克逊人侵占英国，所以凯尔特人是最早踏入英国的。
专八人文知识必背篇
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４ ａｃｒｏｎｙｍ ：首字母组合词 ．首字母 缩略 ｈａｖｉｎｇ ｏｎｅ ｏｆ ｓｅｖｅｒａｌ ｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌ ｒｈｙｍｅ 书有一吨重 。
词 ． 比 如 ．ＮＡＴＯ，ＵＮＥＳＣＯ，ＢＡＳＩＣ，它 们 可 ｓｃｈｅｍｅｓ．十四行诗体。一种由十四行组成 １４ ｏｎｏｍ ａｔｏｐｏｅｉａ：Ｔｈｅ ｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ ｏｒ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ
专业英语八级人文知识
专业英语八级人文知识第一篇：专业英语八级人文知识英国文学一、古英语时期的英国文学（499-1066）1、贝奥武夫2、阿尔弗雷德大帝：英国散文之父二、中古英语时期的英国文学1、allegory体非常盛行2、Romance开始上升到一定的高度3、高文爵士和绿衣骑士4、Willian Langlaud 《农夫皮尔斯的幻象》5、乔叟坎特伯雷故事集（英雄双韵体）6、托马斯.马洛礼《亚瑟王之死》三、文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）1、托马斯.莫尔《乌托邦》2、Thomas Wyatt 和 Henry Howard引入sonnet3、Philips Sidney 《The defense of Poesie》《阿卡迪亚》描述田园生活；现代长篇小说的先驱4、斯宾塞《仙后》诗人中的诗人；斯宾塞体诗节；5、莎士比亚：长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯和阿多尼斯》、《露克丝受辱记》四大悲剧：哈姆雷特、李尔王、奥赛罗、麦克白7、本.琼森风俗喜剧（comedy of manners）《人性互异》8、约翰.多恩“玄学派”诗歌创始人9、George Herbert 玄学派诗圣10、弗朗西斯.培根现代科学和唯物主义哲学创始人之一《Essays》英国发展史上的里程碑《学术的推进》和《新工具》四、启蒙时期（18世纪）1、约翰、弥尔顿：《失乐园》、《为英国人民争辩》2、约翰、班扬：《天路历程》religious allegory3、约翰、德莱顿：英国新古典主义的杰出代表、桂冠诗人；《论戏剧诗》4、亚历山大.蒲柏：英国新古典主义诗歌的重要代表；英雄双韵体的使用达到登峰造极的使用；《田园组诗》是其最早田园诗歌代表作5、托马斯、格雷：感伤主义中墓园诗派的代表人物《墓园挽歌》6、威廉、布莱克：天真之歌、经验之歌；7、罗伯特、彭斯：苏格兰最杰出的农民诗人；8、Richard Steel和Joseph Addison合作创办《The tatler》和《the spectator》9、Samuel defoe 英国现实主义小说的奠基人之一；《鲁滨逊漂流记》；《铲除非国教徒的捷径》，仪表达自己的不满；10、Jonathan Swift 《一个小小的建议》；《格列佛游记》；《桶的故事》；11、Samuel Richardson 英国现代小说的创始人；帕米拉；克拉丽莎；查尔斯.格蓝迪森爵士的历史；12、Henry Fielding 英国现实主义小说理论的奠基人；《约瑟夫。
英语专八人文知识复习共85页文档
51、山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。 52、木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。
53、富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。 54、雄发指危冠，猛气冲长缨。 55、土地平旷，屋舍俨然，有良田美 池桑竹 之属， 阡陌交 通，鸡 犬相闻 。
பைடு நூலகம்
21、要知道对好事的称颂过于夸大，也会招来人们的反感轻蔑和嫉妒。——培根 22、业精于勤，荒于嬉；行成于思，毁于随。——韩愈
23、一切节省，归根到底都归结为时间的节省。——马克思 24、意志命运往往背道而驰，决心到最后会全部推倒。——莎士比亚
25、学习是劳动，是充满思想的劳动。——乌申斯基
谢谢！
英语专八人文知识点
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在 我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is k
尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
owable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
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英语专业八级考试人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
它的流域面积达3225000平方公里。
The Five Great Lakes北美五大湖：Lake Michigan, Superior, Erie, Huron and Ontario.北美五太湖指的是密歇根湖、苏必利尔湖、伊利湖、休伦湖以及安大略湖。
The Niagara Falls尼亚加拉瀑布：Famous falls in North America, 1240 meters wide, the drop averages 49 meters.尼亚加拉瀑布是北美最著名的瀑布，有1240米宽，平均落差为49米。
Yellow stone National Park黄石国家公园：Located in the northern part of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world and the largest wildlife preserve in the U.S.A.黄石国家公园位于怀俄明州的北部地区。
是世界上最古老的国家公园，是美国最大的野生保护区。
Grand Canyon大峡谷：In northern Arizona, one of the great natural wonders of the world. It measures about 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide, and more than a mile deep. Its walls show layers that tell the story of the formation of the earth.大峡谷在亚利桑那州的北部，是世界上最伟大的自然奇迹之一。
它约有277英里长，18英里宽，约1英里深。
它的墙壁断层记录了地球形成的过程。
Old Faithful老忠实喷泉：The most famous gayer in Yellowstone National Park, erupting more than l00 feet in the air about every 73 minutes.老忠实喷泉是黄石国家公园最著名的喷泉，每73分钟向空中喷水100英尺多高。
Chinatown唐人街：An area in a city where many Chinese people live and where are Chinese shops, restaurants, clubs; two, important Chinatowns: New York City and San Francisco.唐人街是许多中国人生活、居住的地区，那里有许多中国店铺、饭店、夜总会。
两条最重要的唐人街分别在纽约和旧金山。
Indian Reservation印第安保留地：It refers to the barren desert regions where only Indians live exclusively.印第安保留地指的是专门给印第安人居住的贫瘠的沙漠地区。
New England新英格兰：It consists of six states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut. This region is featured with mountains, valleys, rivers.新英格兰由六个州组成：缅因州、新罕布什尔州、佛蒙特州、马萨诸塞州、罗德岛州以及康涅狄格。
这个地区主要以多山、多山谷、河流为特征。
The Mountain States山地诸州：Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico.山地诸州指的是蒙大拿州、怀俄明州、科罗拉多州以及新墨西哥州。
The Pacific Coast States太平洋沿岸诸州：Washington, Oregon and California.太平洋沿岸诸州包括华盛顿州、俄勒冈州以及加利弗尼亚州。
Mount McKinley 麦金利山：6187 meters high, on the middle of the Alaska, the highest peak on this continent.麦金利山高达6187米。
在阿拉斯加的中部。
是这片大陆上最高的山峰。
Pearl Harbor 珍珠港：The base of the Pacific Fleet of the U.S.A. near the city of Honolulu in Hawaii.珍珠港是美国太平洋舰队的基地，在夏威夷的火奴鲁鲁市附近。
专八人文常识1. A Tale of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens.2. Phonology: The study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.音位学;在语言或一门语言中，对有关其分类和模式以及为大家所默认的发音规则的研究音韵学,音系学3. Syntax: The study of the rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.句法，研究词或其它句子成分如何联合起来形成合乎语法的句子规则的学科4. Semantics: The study or science of meaning in language forms.语义学，以语言形式表示意思的研究或科学5. acronym :首字母组合词，首字母缩略词，比如，NATO, UNESCO, BASIC,它们可以连拼，但VOA是Initialism。
6. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated, as in the use of Washington for the United States government or of the sword for military power.换喻或转喻，一种,一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法，如用华盛顿代替美==或用剑代替军事力量，对面来了三个“红领巾”也是，以红领巾指代少先队员。
7. Simile: A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as, as in How like the winter hath my absence been or So are you to my thoughts as food to life (Shakespeare).明喻,一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，通常在由like或as引导的短语中，如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）8. Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison, as in a sea of troubles or All the world's a stage(Shakespeare)隐喻一种语言表达手法，通常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从而暗示它们之间的相似之处，如“忧愁之海”或“整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚) the ship of desert沙漠之舟9. Oxymoron: A rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence anda mournful optimist.矛盾修饰法,一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在震耳欲聋的沉默和悲伤的乐观cruel kindness10. The affection name given to the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, Westminster is Big Ben.11. John Milton the poet wrote of Adam and Eve’s expulsion from the Garden of Eden in Paradise Lost. Paradise Regained was also written by him.12. Sonnet: A 14-line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes.十四行诗体,一种由十四行组成的诗歌形式，通常有一种传统的押韵形式,莎士比亚用过此诗体。