英语国家概况——美国篇(中译英自测)
英语国家概况——美国篇
Los Angeles
the second largest city
4 times larger in area than San Francisco
Important electronic center
atomic research center
industry—tires, automobiles & aircrafts
(1)
the eastern part
(2)
(3)
the western part
the Great Plains
——five
Great Lakes
River
——Mississippi
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The Great Lakes (freshwater) Lake Superior Lake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Michigan Niagara Falls between Lake Erie & Lake Ontario on U.S.- Can. navigation linkage of many industrial areas
50 states mainland - 48 states detached territory - Alaska offshore islands - Hawaii Washington D.C. a federal district of Columbia
Three distinct areas
——
The Mississippi River (the father of waters) longest in North America originate from the Lake Itasca (in MN) to the Gulf of Mexico 3780km long 3 million skm of drainage area
英语国家概况 The United States of American
6
The western part :
It consists of high plateaus and mountains, which extend from Canada through the western part of the United States to Mexico and further south. The whole area of this part holds one-third of the country's territory on the continent. The Rocky Mountains are a spectacular scene .
1
Geography Climate Major Cities People
2
Where is the America？
3
4
Location: The United States is located in the central part of
North America, except Alaska and Hawaii. The country is bordered by Canada to the north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the wes. The total area of the country is 9.6 million square kilometers. The country includes 50 states and a federal district of Columbia. On the mainland Texas is the largest state.
《英语国家概况》美国篇The United States of America
The United States of AmericaPart 1The Country and The American IdentityCommon-sense Knowledge1、全称：The United States of America (美利坚合众国)2、简称： the United States;the U.S.; America.3、National Anthem：《星条旗永不落》 "The Star-Spangled Banner（同时可以叫做国旗）"1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。
4、National Flower：Rose5、Jet lag: About 16 hours (west of America), and 13 hours (east of America).（了解）6、The Capital: Washington D.C.为纪念美国国父乔治-华盛顿和发现美洲新大陆的哥伦布Christophe而定名7、绰号：山姆大叔（Uncle Sam）Location1、Canada on the north； Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south ；Atlantic Ocean on the east； Pacific Ocean on the west.2、The largest country in the world：Russia，Canada， China，America，brazil，Australia.3、50 states in totalAlaska—the largest ；Rhode Island (罗德岛州)—the smallest ；Texas（德克萨斯州）—the largest on the mainland4、著名城市Boston是Massachusetts 马萨诸塞州的首府5、两边两座山，中间一条河。
英语国家概况名词解释美国篇
美国部分Chapter14WASPs：Traditionally, the mainstreams American were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo—Saxon Protestants.Indentured Servants契约劳工：Indentured servants refer to some immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross—Atlantic fare and debts.Ellis Island爱利斯岛：Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1980s and at the turn of the century.Sunbelt areas阳光地带：Chapter15Bill of Right人权法案：(1)In 1789,James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.(2)Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and this first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bill of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋：It’s written by Beecher Stowe’s novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin, public feeling against slavery was increased. Many people joined the abolitionists. They considered slavery inhuman and brutal.Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言：Lincoln issues it during the Civil War, when Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making war a just war against slavery. Under the Emancipation of Proclamation, all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy were freed.Abolitionists废奴主义者：They were people, mostly Northern humanitarians, who strongly opposed slavery and aimed to abolish the system.The Constitutional Convention制宪会议：(1)Since 1781, the thirteen states had been governed by the Articles of Confederation which set up a very weak central government.(2)In May,1787,the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation.(3)After much debate, the Constitution was later ratified.The “Great Compromise”大妥协：On the American constitutional Convention, contradictions emerged between the bigger and smaller states, between the industrial—commercial interests and landed interests, etc. The Great Compromise of July 16,1787,gave each state an equal vote in the Senate, making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.The Federalist Papers联邦文集：(1)During the ratification period, beginning on October 27,1787, the newspapers of New York City carried at short intervals a total of 85 letters to the public written under the name of Publius.(2) Later it was known that these letters were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay and they came to be called the Federalist Papers.The Compromise of 18501850年妥协：(1)With the territorial expansion towards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose.(2)The compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for oragainst slavery and more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件：In 1773,when ships carried tea reached Boston, the governor decided to protest the distribution of tea. Several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party ”.。
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
英语国家概况美国部分
英语国家概况美国部分英语国家概况—美国部分测试题姓名____________ 班级_______________ 分数______________1. America was named after（）.A. Italian navigator ColumbusB. navigator Amerigo VespucciC. some Indian chieftainD. George Washington, founding father of the United States2. Between 1860 and 1990, the United States witnessed（）large-scale population movements.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 53.At the beginning of the Berlin Blockade, President Truman turned down the option of（）.A. sending supplies through the highways, protected by tanks and troopsB. sending supplies through the waterwaysC. starting large-scale airliftingD. staring limited airlifting to test the Soviets4.In 1900, the United States ranked first in the production of （）.A. coalB. electricityC. oilD. wheat5.The Constitutional Convention in America was attended by （）.A. all of the 13 statesB. all of the states except MarylandC. all of the states except Rhode IslandD. all of the states, but later Rhode Island withdrew from the convention6.In the United States, Henry Ford became famous（）.A. because of his wealthB. because he set up the Standard Oil CorporationC. because he was the first to invent carsD. because of his Model T automobile7.The attitude of many Americans toward different political views after WWⅡcan be described as（）.A. following the main trend of viewB. intolerantC. indifferentD. tolerant8.In the U.S., the Red Scare refers to（）.A. a senseless hysteria about the danger of communismB. a fear of Soviet subversionC. a senseless hate of anything foreignD. an intolerance of any idea different from the mainstream idea9.In the United States, the“winner-take-all”system applies to（）.A. all the statesB. a majority of the statesC. all states except MaineD. only Maine10.In “Old Man and Sea”, Hemingway praises the old man’s attitude towards（）.A. defeat and failureB. the seaC. his workD. nature11. Which of the following is NOT among the five biggest cities in the United States?( )A. Chicago.B. New York.C. Miami.D. Los Angeles.12.____, which banned slavery, was added to the American Constitution in December, 1865.( )A. The Bill of RightsB. The Thirteenth AmendmentC. The Civil Rights ActD. The Voting Rights Act13.___ have made it possible for all sections of the American population to have higher education.A. The research universitiesB. The doctoral universitiesC. The community collegesD. The liberal arts colleges14. Colored eggs and bunny are traditional symbols of___.( )A. EasterB. ChristmasC. ValentineD. New Year's Day15. ____is one of the most popular places in the United States to celebrate the New Year's Day.A. The Disney I.and in FloridaB. The White House Lawn in Washington D.C.C. Hollywood in CaliforniaD. Times Square in New York City16. The best-known speech made by civil fights leader Martin Luther King is_____.A. "Guess who?"B. "I have a dream"C. "United we stand, divided we fall"D. "First in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen"17. The real American literature began_____.A. before the Civil WarB. after the Civil WarC. before the War of IndependenceD. after the War of Independence18. MIT stands for_____.A. the Military Institute of TexasB. the Macy's Instigation of ThanksgivingC. the Miami Institution of TradeD. the Massachusetts Institute of Technology19. At the Constitutional Convention in September 1787, the delegates who argued for a national system called themselves______.A. RepublicansB. DemocratsC. Anti-FederalistsD. Federalists19. The Purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803 from France______.( )A. increased the American territory by one thirdB. increased the American territory by a halfC. almost doubled the size of the United StatesD. almost tripled the size of the United States20. In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion after WWII, the United States decided to offer Western European countries economic aid, which later came to be called _____.( )A. the Fourteen PointsB. the New FreedomsC. the New DealD. the Marshall Plan21. In view of the problem of poverty in the 1960s, President Kennedy had onceadmitted that_____of the American population went to bed hungry.( )A. about one quarterB. about one thirdC. about halfD. about two thirds22. Membership in the House of Representatives is based on_____.( )A. the number of cities in each stateB. the number of families in each stateC. the size of population in each stateD. the size of cities in each state23. In the United States, if the parents don't send their children to school at certain age,____ .A. the state government will be responsible for itB. they will educate the children themselvesC. they can save a lot of moneyD. they are breaking the law24．Most of the first Chinese immigrants who came to the United States between 1850—1880 settled down in ______.A．Florida B．Washington C．California D．New Jersey25．In September, 1774 the First Continental Congress was held in ______, which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.A．New York B．Boston C．Philadelphia D．Concord 26．During the American westward movement, Democratic politician John L. O’Sullivan produced the famous theory of ______.A．“Isolationism”B．“Good Neighbor Policy”C．“Social Darwinism”D．“Manifest Destiny”27．In 1972, U.S. President ______ visited China, which led to the establishment of diplomatic relations with China in January 1979.A．Ronald Reagan B．Richard Nixon C．Jimmy Carter D．Gerald Ford 28．Which work praised the idea of equality and democracy and also celebrated the dignity, the self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common man?A．Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman. B．Self-reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson. C．Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain. D．Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser. 29．The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least ______ years of age.A．30 B．35 C．40 D．4530．On April 30th of 1789, George Washington took the oath of office in ______ which housed the first American government.A．New York B．Washington C．Philadelphia D．Boston31．The conference that decided to set up a world organization ——the United Nations was held in ______.A．T eheran B．Cairo C．Yalta D．Washington32．Which statement is NOT true about the Great Depression in the 1930s?A．Billions of dollars of paper profits were wiped out within a few days.B．Misery and personal sufferings were widespread.C．Many lost their land and other properties because of foreclosures.D．The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic recovery.33．During the American Civil War, the victory at ______ proved to be the turning point for the Union Army.A．Harrisburg B．Gettysburg C．Lexington D．Fort Sumter 34．A typical example of American intolerant nationalism from 1919—1920 was ______ that exaggerated the danger of Communism.A．McCarthyism B．the Ku Klux Klan C．the Red Scare D．Desegregation 35．In the U.S. each local school district has a governing board which is usually ______. A．elected by the voters B．chosen from the teaching staff C．selected from the local community D．appointed by the county magistrate 36．In America, the Constitution provides that ______ shall be President of the Senate.（）A．the Speaker of the House B．the Secretary of StateC．the Chief Justice D．the Vice President37．Higher education in the United States began with the founding of ______ in 1636.（）A．MIT B．Yale University C．Harvard College D．PrincetonUniversity 38．Theodore Dreiser was the literary representative of American______.（）A．Romanticists B．Transcendentalists C．Modernists D．Naturalists 39. The largest racial and ethnic minority in the U.S. is the ______, which accounts over 12.1% of the population.A. blacksB. AsiansC. IndiansD. Hispanics40. The three well-known authors who penned the Federalist Papers are ______.A. Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and John JayB. George Washington, James Madison and John JayC. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John JayD. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Adams41. When Abraham Lincoln was elected president, the southern states broke away and formed a new nation called ______.A. the Southern States of AmericaB. the Federalist States of AmericaC. the Confederate States of AmericaD. the Anti-confederate States of America42. With the development of industry and extension of railroad network in the early 20th century in the U.S.A., there appeared ______.A. a rapid growth of citiesB. an influx of foreign goodsC. an increase of urban ghettosD. a great increase in the number of farms43. In the early part of the 19th century, ______ was the centerof American writing.A. BostonB. DetroitC. New York CityD. Philadelphia44. The most important patriotic holiday in the U.S. is ______.A. HalloweenB. Veterans’ DayC. Thanksgiving DayD. Independence Day 25．______ to the Constitution, as the foundation of the American constitutional system, were called the Bill of Rights.（）A．The first three amendments B．The first five amendmentsC．The first ten amendments D．The first twelve amendments46．The Articles of Confederation in 1781 was unusual because it provided for ______.（）A．no king B．a strong central government C．civil rights D．taxation powers 47．In his inaugural speech,______ said that“the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”. A．Lyndon Johnson B．Theodore Roosevelt C．John F. Kennedy D．Franklin Roosevelt48．The Second World War came to an end in ______.（）A．1945 B．1946 C．1947 D．194949. The four problems that face the economy of the United States are______.A. unemployment, inflation, financial crisis and trade deficitB. unemployment, inflation, financial deficit and trade deficitC. mortgage losses, inflation, financial deficit and trade deficitD. unemployment, market failures, financial deficit and trade deficit50. Which statement about the U.S. Constitution is NOT true?A. It is the supreme law of the land.B. It is the oldest written constitution in the world.C. It was adopted in 1781 at the Second Continental Congress.D. It provides the basis for political stability, economic growth and social progress.。
英语国家概况——美国篇(中译英自测)
第三部分美国第十一章人口与民族1移民是人口增长的一个主要来源.自从美国独立到20世纪60年代,美国的移民政策基本上是开放的.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点.2如今,80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和西班牙国家.3美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人,大约占总人口的12.1%.1619年,第一批黑人作为奴隶被运到北美洲.4《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》这两部小说生动地描述了黑人奴隶的悲惨生活。
5、1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865年的宪法第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。
6、1964年《人民权法案》加强了对黑人的选举权、使用公共设施以及和白人享受同等教育的保护。
此法案还包括保证黑人享有同等就业机会的条款。
1965年《选举权法案》皆在保护黑人和其他人种的选举权。
第十二章美国历史（一）1“最初的美国人”是印第安人。
2美洲的第一块土地英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立。
1607年至1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
3、在1620年，102名英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫“五月花号”的船来到新大陆。
他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
4、殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。
这些生活方式的特征在美国人的性格形成的过程中发挥了作用。
这些特征是：建立代议制政府，法制，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
5、1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国商品。
6.《独立宣言》是由弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰弗逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。
7.1776年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西州的特伦顿击败了英军。
之后不久，美军又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。
这次胜利是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的独立。
8、美国独立战争表明，在争议的战争中，弱国是可以击败强国的。
英语国家概况测试
英语国家概况测试英语国家概况测试（美国、加拿大）1.What is the nickname(s) of the U.S.A.?A. Uncle SamB. Brother JonathanC. Y ankeeD. All of the above2. Name the largest freshwater lake in the world.A. ErieB. OntarioC. SuperiorD. Mic higan3. America celebrates its National Day on _______.A. July 4B. June 4C. July 14D. June 144. In which city was President John F. Kennedy assassinated in 1963?A. San Francisco, CaliforniaB. Washington. D.C.C. Seattle, WashingtonD. Dallas, Texas5. Give the names of the two American presidents who were assassinated during their presidency.A. John Kennedy and Franklin RooseveltB. Abraham Lincoln and John KennedyC. Abraham Lincoln and Ronald ReaganD. Ronald Reagan and Franklin Roosevelt6. Which sport is supposed to be America’s national sport and used to be called “American’favorable pastime”?A. BaseballB. BasketballC. RugbyD. Cricket7. How many dimes are there in a dollar?A. 10B. 7C. 5D. 38. What was the name of the first man who walked on the moon?A. Neil ArmstrongB. Eugene O’NealC. Louise StrongD. V an Gau9. Which city is called Motor city?A. DetroitB. ChicagoC. BostonD. Denver10. What is the American national anthem?A. MarseillaiseB. God Save the King/QueenC. March of the V olunteersD. The Star-Spangled Banner11. Name the two major political parties of the U.S.A.A. The national Party and the Free PartyB. The Labor Party and the Conservative PartyC. The Democratic Party and the Republican PartyD. The People’s Party and the Union Party12. How many branches of government are outlined in the U.S.A.?A. FourB. ThreeC. TwoD. One13. In which university did the first computer come into being?A. Stanford UniversityB. Princeton UniversityC. Pennsylvania UniversityD. Harvard University14. When did China and the United States of America normalized their diplomatic relations ？A．1972 B.1975 C. 1977D.197915. The smallest state in terms of size in the U.S.A. is ________.A. NevadaB. Rhode IslandC. HawaiiD. Maine16. What is meant by CIA?A. Central Intelligence AssociationB. Communication Information AssociationC. Cultural Institute of AustraliaD. Concentration of Investigation Application17. What city in the U.S.A. is considered the birthplace of jazz music?A. Salt Lake CityB. BostonC. SeattleD. New Orleans18. Name the river that flows by Washington D.C., on which the capital of the USA is located.A. ColoradoB. PotomacC. ColumbiaD. Missouri19. The American Negro leader who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1964 was ______.A. A. Martin LutherB. Toni MorrisonC. Martin Luther KingD. Nelson Mandela20. What is the name of the American national flag?A. The Star-Spangled BannerB. The Stars and StripesC. The Old GloryD. All of the above21. The Great Plain along the Mississippi River is known as the ________.A. American Wine JarB. American GranaryC. American GardenD. American Fishing Center22. One of the famous national park in the US is the __________.A. Yellowstone National ParkB. Hyde ParkC. Kakadu National ParkD. Rose Garden23. The largest and one of the oldest trees in the USA and in the world is ________.A. thistleB. wattleC. sequoiaD. eucalypt24. Which of the following is NOT a place in the USA?A. Empire State BuildingB. Fifth A venueC. Trafalgar SquareD. United Nations Plaza25. What country is known as the Land of Maple Leaf?A. United States Of AmericaB. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandC. New ZealandD. Canada26. The national anthem of Canada is _________.A. Canada The BeautifulB. O CanadaC. God Defend CanadaD. Advance Canada Fair27. The capital city of Canada is _________.A. MontrealB. TorontoC. AlbertD. Ottawa28. According to the Official Language Act of Canada, there are two official languages in this country. they are: ________.A. English and SpanishB. English and PortugueseC. English and FrenchD. English and Celtic29. Canada is a world _________ producer of nickel, zinc, and asbestos….A. primaryB. secondC. thirdD. fourth30. The highest peak in Canada is ________, which is the Y ukon Territory of northwest Canada.A. Mount LawrenceB. Mount SuperiorC. Mount LoganD. Mount Huron31. St. Lawrence and River Columbia are shared by both _________.A. American and MexicoB. American and CanadaC. America and CubaD. America and Brazil32. Apart from Paris, France, Montreal is regarded as the largest______ city in the world, known as “Paris the Second”.A. Spanish-speakingB. Portuguese-speakingC. German-speakingD. French-speaking33. ______, the third largest city in Canada, is well known as Ice-Free Harbor.A. MontrealB. QuebecC. TorontoD. V ancouver34. Canada is the world’s ________ country in terms of land area.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest35. In Canada, nearly _______ of the land has no permanent population.A. 98%B. 89%C. 68%D. 57%36. The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the ________ century.A. 15thB. 16thC. 17thD. 18th37. The Canadian federal state was established in _________.A. 1847B. 1857C. 1867D. 187738. The Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General, who is appointed on the recommendation of the ________.A. PresidentB. SpeakerC. Prime MinisterD. Chancellor39. It was ________ who established the settlement in Canada in 1608.A. John CabotB. ChamplainC. Jacques CartierD. Henry Hudson40. Canada ranks thirty-_______ in population in the world.A. fourthB. thirdC. secondD. first41. _________ of Canadians speak English and _______ French only.A. 67%; 18%B. 68%; 10%C.79%; 16%D. 77%;15%42. The largest university in Canada is _________ University.A. LavalB. QuebecC. TorontoD. Montreal43. A survey of Canadian leisure activities showed that _______ was the most popular form of recreation in the summer.A. tennisB. swimmingC. golfD. baseball44. ________ wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President.A. Thomas JeffersonB. John AdamsC. Thomas PaineD. George Washington45. Who was the President during the American Civil War?A. George WashingtonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. Andrew Jackson46. In America, community colleges, sometimes called technical colleges or city colleges, are primarily two-year public institutions providing higher education and lower-lever tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and _______.A. bachelor’s degrees master’s degrees C. associate’s degrees D. college’s degrees47. The New Deal was a series of economic programs implemented in America between 1933 and 1936 during the first term of President ________.A. Theodore RooseveltB. Franklin RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. John F. Kennedy48. 1. ____ has the power to impeach the President of the United States when he abuses his power.A. The SenateB. The Justice of the Supreme CourtC. The CongressD. The Supreme court49. The highest authority of the Supreme Court is ______.A. to review decisions of the courts of appealB. to review decisions of the federal district courtsC. to try the impeachment caseD. to interpret the US Constitution50. The symbol of the Republican Party is ______.A. a bearB. a lionC. an oxD. an elephant。
自考英语国家概况一句话简答题美国、英国部分
1. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in population and area?The United States of America is the third-largest country in the world in population and the fourth-largest country in area.人口：印度-中国-美国-面积：俄罗斯-加拿大-中国-美国-巴西-澳大利亚-印度2. What are the two major mountain ranges in the United States?They are the Appalachian Highlands 阿巴拉契亚山脉and the Rocky Mountains. 落基山脉3. What is the Continental Divide, or Great Divide?The Continental Divide, or Great Divide, is an imaginary line that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic.4. What are the five Great Lakes of the United States?They are Erie, Huron, Michigan, Ontario, and Superior.5. How many geographical regions can be found in the United States? What are they? There are seven geographical regions in the United States. They are New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the southern States, the Midwestern States, the Rocky Mountain states, the Southwestern States, and the Pacific Coast States and the New States.6. What states are in New England?New England is made up of six states of the North-East. They are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.7. Apart from Now York City, what other large cites are located in the Middle Atlantic region? Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Buffalo, and Newark.8. What is the Midwest famous for?The Midwest is famous for its large stretches of fertile soil.9. What states make up the Pacific Coast Region?The region known as the Pacific Coast includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon and nearly all of California.10. What role does tourism play in Hawaii’s economy?Tourism is Hawaii’s most important industry.11. What is the population of the United States? How does it rank in the world?The United States is the third most populous country in the world after China and India, with a population of 267 million (estimated) in April 1997.12. What is the reason for the growth of population in Florida?It is because of its warm climate and convenience in doing business with and traveling to Central and South America.13. Which are the five biggest cities, in terms of population, in the United States?New York,Los Angeles,Chicago, San Francisco, Philadelphia.14. Why are people moving so often in the United States?People often move from one place to another for various reasons:to look for better job opportunity or for better climate or for other goals.15. What are some of the consequences of the outflow of city residents to the suburbs?The movement brings serious consequences to big cities:1）rising unemployment rate,2）the increase of the number of poor people,3）the worsening of city living conditions4）and the fall of government revenues.16. Which are the three largest groups of Hispanics?The Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.17. Why do many Puerto Ricans go to the United States?They are drawn to the United States by better job opportunities.18. What explanation do experts give for the success of Asian-Americans?The experts attribute the success to Asian cultural tradition: emphasis on education, hard work and family.19. What was the fate of Japanese-Americans in WWII?The Japanese-Americans were taken to relocation centers in isolated parts of the western mountain and plains states and stayed behind barbed wires.20. Can you give an example to show the awakening of American Indians?Many Indians are taking legal steps to demand compensation for land and resources grabbed from them illegally.21. What is one of the explanations of how the early Indians came to the Americans?One of the explanations is the Indians crossed from Asia on the landbridge that connected Siberia and Alaska.22. How did the Plymouth settlers manage to survive?The neighboring Indians came to teach them how to grow corn and they succeeded in having a good harvest.23. In what way were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims?The Pilgrims were mostly poor, labouring people while the Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen.24. Did the War of Independence start with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence? No. It started when clashes （冲突）took place at Concord and Lexington.25. What was the chief weakness of the Articles of Confederation?The chief weakness was the document failed to set up a government that couldfunction.26. What was the significance of the adoption of the Bill of Rights?The adoption of the Bill of Rights in addition to the Constitution completed the foundation of the American constitutional system.27. Why did American territorial expansion threaten British interest?Because some Americans wanted to take advantage of the war in Europe to expand into Canada. This ran counter to British interest.28. What was the Compromise of 1850?The Compromise of 1850 was an arrangement which kept a balance between free and slave states in the Senate（参议院）.29. Why did the Civil War break out?The Civil War broke out because the southern states left the Union and formed a new nation but president Lincoln was determined to maintain the Union.30. How did the government help in the development of American economy?The government carried out the policy of trade protectionism.（贸易保护政策-提高进口产品的关税，降低出口产品的关税）31. What were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century?Large corporation, 联合企业urbanization 城市化and new technology 新技术were the three features.32. What was the basic demand of the Progressive Movement?The basic demand was government regulation of economic and social conditions. 33. Why did the United States pursue a policy of pro-Ally partiality in the early part of WWI?Because of ethnic ties, cultural tradition, social background, economic interests and successful British propaganda（宣传）, the U.S. government pursued such a policy. 34. What were the immediate causes that led the United States into the war?The immediate causes were Germany’s unlimited submarine warfare and Germany’s attempt to get Mexico into the war against the United States.35. What government policies in the 1920s helped big business?The policies of tariff protection, favorable tax rates and little government restrictions contributed to high profits of big businesses.36. How did many Americans view their country after WWI?They believed that American political, economic and social institutions were the best in the world.37. What was the experience of WWI veterans demanding payment of bonuses in WashingtonD.C. in 1932?They were driven out of the capital by military force directed by General McArthur. 38. What were some of the personal characteristics of F.D.R. that helped him in doing his work as president?He had a sure sense of what was practical or possible, a strong sense of timing and was a great communicator.39. What were the two guiding principles underlying American diplomatic activities in WWII? The first was to win the war; 打胜仗the second was to bring the Soviet Union into a postwar world order under American leadership. 控制战后世界格局40. What was the basic reason for the postponement of the opening of the Second Front?It was a reflection of the desire of not letting the Soviet Union expand into eastern and central Europe too quickly.41. What was the postwar strategy of the United States?The strategy was American leadership of the world and open market for American goods and capital.42. What was the theory put forward by the Soviet Union in around 1946?There could be no long-term peaceful co-existence between socialism and capitalism.43. What was the immediate cause of the Berlin crisis in 1948?The Soviet Union cut off Western routes to West Berlin.44. What decision did President Truman make to deal with the Berlin crisis?He decided to mobilize all possible American cargo planes to airlift supplies into West Berlin.45. What effect did the Berlin blockade have on the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones?it pushed the people in West Berlin and western occupied zones further to the side of the United States because they were grateful for American airlifts.46. What measure did the United States take in the Cuban Missile Crisis?The United States introduced a naval blockade 封锁，阻塞around Cuba and demanded the dismantlement拆除and withdrawal 撤走of the missiles from Cuba.47. Did the allies of the United States give their full support to the U.S. in the Vietnam War? No , some criticized the United States for escalation 扩大of the war, some refused to support American war efforts.48. What is the significance of the Shanghai Communique?The key thing is American commitment to a one China policy.49. What is the importance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?The Act outlawed 被剥夺法律权利racial discrimination in housing and employment.50. What is the Port Huron Statement about?The Port Huron Statement was the platform of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) which condemned racism, poverty amidst plenty, big corporations and the Cold War.51. How does the United States rank among the countries of the world in the total value of its economic production?The United States ranks first among the countries of the world in the value of its economic production.52. What kind of system is the United States economy based on?The United States economy is based on a free enterprise system.53. What are the factors that have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today?The United States has one of the world’s most varied populations, and the vast space and resources of the land, the ideals of freedom and economic opportunity, and hard work by the people have helped build the United States into the economic giant it is today.54. What are the major natural resources in the United States?Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the United States.55. What are some of the leading farm products in the United States?They are corn, wheat, beef cattle, milk, soybeans, cotton, chickens and eggs, and hogs.56. What has helped make U.S farms the most efficient in the world?The use of modern farm machinery and agricultural methods has helped make U.S. farms the most efficient in the world.57. What areas have long been major U.S centers of manufacturing?The Midwest and Northeast.58. How does California rank among the states in the value of its manufactured goods? California ranks first among the states in the value of its manufactured goods.59. What are the problems the U.S economy has faced form time to time?They are recessions, depressions and inflation.60. Why is the poverty rate higher in the United States than in several other industrialized nations, including Canada, Australia, and Germany?Because they have more generous social programs for the poor and a higher minimum wage than the United States.61. What role has the Constitution played?The Constitution has been the basis for the evolution of governmental institutions and for political stability, economic growth and social progress in the United States.62. What were the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?The weaknesses were: there was no national executive to enforce the laws and there was no national court system and Congress had no power to tax, nor to regulate trade between states.63. What mechanism did the writers of the Constitution introduce to provide safeguards? They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances. 64. What are the three branches of the government?They are the legislative, the executive and the judicial.65. How is the American president elected?The voters vote for the electors and the electors vote for the president. But as soon as the votes of the voters are counted the number of electors for each candidate is known and who has won the election is known.66. According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?He has the power to give reprieves and pardons in federal criminal cases.67. How are the two chambers of Congress made up?The Senate is composed of two members from each state, with a total number of 100 while membership in the House of Representatives is based on population. Currently the House has 435 members.68. What are the two special powers of the Senate?One is to confirm presidential appointments and the other is to ratify treaties by a tow-thirds vote.69. What is the composition of the federal court system?The federal court system consists of a supreme court, 11 courts of appeals, 91 district courts ( including one for the District of Columbia and one for Puerto Rico ) and three courts of special jurisdiction.70. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?The near destruction of the patronage system and the wide use of direct primaries in the selection of delegates to the party national conventions contribute to the decline of the influence of political parties.71. Is there any single sex educational institution in the U.S.?Yes, there are quite a number.72. Why is it that responsibility for education fall on the state?Because it is laid down in the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution.73. Why are there many variations in the education system of the 50 states?Because each state is expected to develop policies for the education within its boundary.74. Who is the chief executive officer under the local board of education?The superintendent of schools.75. What are the three types of high schools?They are comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools.76. Why does the number of graduate school enrollment keep climbing?Because an advanced degree is viewed as a major way to move ahead in the career.77. What are the fields favored by postgraduates?Those fields that would not only make students easily employed but would provide them with rewarding jobs.78. What is the guiding principle of community college?It is higher education for everyone and the philosophy that equality must mena equal opportunity for self-realization and for the recognition of individual difference.79. What are the two focuses of the reform in the 1980s?They are the raising of the standards of teaching and learning and the restructuring of the schools.80. Are the goals set out in the plan “America 2000” easy to achieve?No, they are very difficult to achieve.81. Who were the writers of the first American writings?They were the first settlers.82. How does the story “Rip Van Winkle” end?When the story ends, Rip Van Winkle’s fierce wife is dead and he lives happily with his daughter.83. What is Emerson’s view o f man and nature?He holds that man’s relationship with nature should not be confined to making use of nature.84. Why did Hawthorne attack transcendentalism?Because it glorified absolute individualism without any regard for social impact.85. What does Mark Twain want to put across in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?He wants to show the basic goodness and wisdom of ordinary people.86. What does “leaf of grass” stand for?It stands for all ordinary things and common people.87. What were the two guides for Dickinson in her search for faith?They wee the Bible and the philosophy of Emerson.88. What contrast did Dreiser make in Sister Carrie?He made sharp contrast of wealth and poverty in Chicago and New York.89. What was the first uniquely American contribution to architecture?It was skyscraper.90. When did rock ‘n’ roll become the standard form of popular music for teenagers?By the early 1960s it had become the standard popular m91. What do people say to each other at Time Square when the clock strikes at twelve o’clock on New Year’s Day?They say Happy New Year.92. Why did Congress vote to set a day in honor of Martin Luther King?Because he was respected and loved by the Americans, black and white, for his leadership of the Civil Rights Movement.93. Why was Lincoln considered to be a man who lived out the American Dream? Because Lincoln was born in a poor family in Kentucky and through hard work and study , honesty, he became America’s sixteenth President.94. What do peop le usually do on Valentine’s Day?It is popular to send cards decorated with hearts and flowers to express love.95. Why do children eat cherry pies on Washington’s birthday?Because they are familiar with the story of Washington and the cherry tree and they eat cherry pie to remember him as an honest man.96. What are the two symbols frequently associated with EasterThey are the egg and the hare ( or the bunny ).97. What did a group of women in the south do on May 30, 1868?They decorated the graves of both Union and Confederate soldiers.98. Why were American children awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize for peace?They were awarded the prize for their collection of money for UNICEF to help children in developing countries.99. Why was the unknown soldier buried at Arlington in 1921 awarded two medals?The honors were not for one but for all who had given their lives in the war.100. What is the typical food for Thanksgiving dinner?The typical food is roast turkey, pumpkin pie and cranberry sauce.。
英语国家概况-美国篇中英翻译
美国的全称是美利坚合众国。
我们通常简称它为美国。
The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(1959年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。
就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。
The has a land area of million square is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。
英语国家概况中文版Chapter19PoliticalInstitutions
第十九章美国政治制度Ⅰ.美国宪法美国宪法是美国政府的基本工具也是美国的最高法律。
两个多世纪以来，它一直引导政治制度的逐渐成长，并为政治稳定，经济发展和社会进步提供了基础。
美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法。
它起草于1787年，于1789年生效。
独立战争刚胜利的时候，最早的十三个殖民地就像是十三个独立的国家。
由于殖民地刚刚摆脱英国的统治，他们不想把自己的独立权交给一个强大的中央政府。
但他们也清楚地知道，他们互相需要，于是他们选择了建立一个由各州组成的松散的联合体。
1781年，第二次大陆会议通过一部宪法--《邦联宪法》。
《邦联宪法》规定各州在国会中只有一票，国会是根据该宪法设立的立法机构，但是国会没有征税权，不能控制各州间的贸易，也就没有办法实施国会通过的法律。
不但没有全国的行政或执法部门，而且也没有全国的法院体制。
《邦联宪法》做了一件很重要的事情，那就是它建立了一个新的国家--美利坚合众国。
人们开始把他们自己看作是美国的公民。
《邦联宪法》的缺点变得越来越明显，到1787年，很多人认为应当采取一些措施来克服这些缺点。
1787年，国会召集了由所有各州代表参加的会议，对《邦联宪法》进行修改，会议在费城举行，从5月一直开到9月--到会55名代表，除罗得岛外，各州都派了代表参加会议。
尽管他们仅被授权修改《邦联宪法》，但最后他们还是制定了一个与《邦联宪法》完全不同的宪法。
这部新宪法于1789年8月4日被正式通过。
1.联邦制美国宪法建立了联邦制政府，有两个治理层。
一个是全国的中央或联邦政府，有权对影响整个国家的问题独自做出决定；另一个是州和地方政府。
两个政府各拥有宪法分别规定的不同权力。
2.分权制：制约与平衡(制衡原则)宪法的作者们想要确保新政府不滥用自己的权力，如果新联邦政府要强有力，就必须有保护措施，这种保护措施以分权制的形式出现。
政府被分为三部分:立法、行政和司法。
每个部门只有部分权力而不是全部权力，每个政府部门都可以制约或阻止其他部门的行为。
英语国家概况海量练习题(美国)
29. The first Puritans came to America on the ship _____.
A. Codpeed C. May Flower B. Susan Constant D. Discovery
30. The Judicial Branch is headed by _____. A. the Supreme Court B. Congress C. President 31. The general election in America is held every _____ years. A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 3 32. _____ has the sole right to interpret the Constitution. A. The Cabinet B. The Supreme Court C. President D. Congress
22. The following were the founding fathers of the American Republic except _____. A. George Washington B. Thomas Jefferson C. William Penn D. Benjamin Franklin 23. _____ of all crops planted in America are destined for export to other countries. A. 1/3 B 1/4 C. 2/3 D. 2/5
5. The US formally entered the Second World War in ____
A 1937 B 1939 C 1941 D 1943
英语国家概况(汉英对照)
英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。
The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。
Scotland。
XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。
the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。
due to its length。
people often refer to it as Britain。
the United Kingdom。
or simply the UK。
The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。
with its capital in London。
Another country。
the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。
is also located on the island of Ireland。
It occupies the rest of the island。
in the south。
It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部，是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。
英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积，而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。
英国地形多样，有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。
英国的气候温和而多雨，因为受到暖流的影响，所以冬季不会太冷，夏季也不会太热。
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分
《英语国家概况》各章节概要知识点——美国部分1. Population, Race and Ethnic Groups 人口与民族世界第三人口大国，20世纪90年代人口增长更加迅速，将来60年还将迅猛增加。
预计将从1992年的25，550万，增加到2000年的27，500万。
移民是人口增长的主要来源，基本开放的移民政策。
现在多数移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲。
城市化高，最大的城市：纽约，洛杉矶，芝加哥，旧金山，费城。
1946-1964是生育高峰，20世纪80年代人口老龄化趋势。
美国是移民国家。
第一批移民来自英国和荷兰，为了逃避宗教迫害，寻求更好的生活，契约劳工。
三次移民浪潮：第一次移民浪潮始于1805年，1845年到达高峰，许多爱尔兰人迁入。
第二次移民浪潮从1860-1890。
第三次移民浪潮从1890-1914，是最大的一次。
来自奥匈帝国，意大利，俄国，希腊，罗马尼亚和土耳其。
Characteristics of the American population 美国人口的特征流动性。
四次大规模的人口流动：第一次从内战结束到1880年，西进运动。
从东海岸向西部迁移。
第二次从1890-1920年，随着工业化和城市化的实现，人口从农村涌向城市。
第三次从1920-1960年，大批黑人离开南方涌入外地。
第四次从60年代至今，从东北部向西南部的阳光地带迁移。
Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人与民权运动黑人是美国人口最多的少数民族。
自1619年作为奴隶贩运到北美洲，集中在南部农业区，生活悲惨。
代表小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》。
1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865《宪法》第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制，但仍存在歧视。
1954年布朗诉教育委员会一案，开始了漫长的废除种族隔离的进程。
60年代爆发民权运动。
1964年通过《民权法案》，1965年通过《选举权法案》。
自考英语国家概况(美国)
英语国家概况美国部分Chapter 14 Population, Race and Ethnic Groups1. The first immigrants in American history came from England and Netherlands.2. By the year 2050, the population is expected to climb to 383 million, a 50% increase.3. About 77% of the population in the United States lived in more than 283 city areas in 1988.4. Mobility (one the move) is the one of the characteristics of the American people.5. The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.6. The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is the blacks who number about 12.1% of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，大约占总人口的12.1%，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。
7. A large number of blank people move out of the south to other areas during the period between 1920-1960.大批黑人离开南方涌向外地发生在1920-1960年间。
英语国家概况-美国unit 3 America
Now
Discrimination still persists
From 1619 to 1860: The tragic history of African Americans
When Africans were brought to the American South in the early 1600s, they were initially treated as indentured servants rather than as permanent slaves. But why the white change their minds? The basic reason is the driving force of economic benefits. For Blacks, slavery meant extremely hard work, miserable living conditions and indescribable humiliation
Influence
America exercising far greater influence on Europe than Europe on America.
II. Black Americans
1. African Americans 2. the largest minority group
Dutch Swedish
Norwegian
Russian Czech Hungarian
Immigrants
Founding of the US “early immigrants”
“old immigrants”
Before 1880
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第三部分美国
第十一章人口与民族
1移民是人口增长的一个主要来源.自从美国独立到20世纪60年代,美国的移民政策基本上是开放的.19世纪末20世纪初,纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点.
2如今,80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和西班牙国家.
3美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人,大约占总人口的12.1%.1619年,第一批黑人作为奴隶被运到北美洲.
4《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和《根》这两部小说生动地描述了黑人奴隶的悲惨生活。
5、1863年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和1865年的宪法第13条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。
6、1964年《人民权法案》加强了对黑人的选举权、使用公共设施以及和白人享受同等教育的保护。
此法案还包括保证黑人享有同等就业机会的条款。
1965年《选举权法案》皆在保护黑人和其他人种的选举权。
第十二章美国历史（一）
1“最初的美国人”是印第安人。
2美洲的第一块土地英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯顿建立。
1607年至1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。
3、在1620年，102名英国清教徒乘坐一艘叫“五月花号”的船来到新大陆。
他们来到普利茅斯建立了普利茅斯殖民地。
4、殖民主义者正在新大陆上建立一种崭新的生活方式。
这些生活方式的特征在美国人的性格形成的过程中发挥了作用。
这些特征是：建立代议制政府，法制，对个人权利的尊重，宗教上的宽容以及强烈的个人进取心。
5、1774年9月，第一次大陆会议在费城召开，号召北美人民拒绝购买英国商品。
6.《独立宣言》是由弗吉尼亚的托马斯·杰弗逊起草的，它明确阐述了支撑这场革命的政治理论，这一理论来源于英国的哲学家约翰·洛克。
7.1776年的圣诞节，美军在新泽西州的特伦顿击败了英军。
之后不久，美军又在纽约州北部的萨拉托加击败了英军。
这次胜利是北美独立战争的转折点，并直接导致美法联军的独立。
8、美国独立战争表明，在争议的战争中，弱国是可以击败强国的。
这是一次历史性的事件：美国人民打碎了英国殖民统治的枷锁获得了独立，这也使资本主义得到了更加自由的发展机会。
它还有巨大的国际影响。
比如，西班牙在美洲的殖民地也相继起来推翻西班牙的殖民统治。
9、《联邦条例》在许多方面与众不同。
第一，它不设国王。
第二，条例把国会作为中央政府，但仍然侧重各州的权利。
第三，《联邦条例》是美国的一部成文宪法。
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10、1787年5月，各州代表在费城召开会议，讨论怎样使《联邦条例》更充分。
除罗德岛外，所有的州都派代表出席了这次制宪会议。
11、1781年3月，美国各州同意了《联邦条例》。
《联邦条例》有两大严重缺陷：一是没有执法部门的执行机构；二是国会由于过于庞大起不到政府的作用，而且国会无权征税。
12.扩张主义运动产生了“天定命运”理论。
这个短语最早出现在民主党政治家约翰·奥沙利文的文章中。
13、美国和墨西哥之间的战争开始于1846年，结束语1848年。
由于签订了和平条约，墨西哥被迫同意把加利福尼亚和新墨西哥割让给美国。
作为交换，美国同意付给墨西哥1500万美元。
1853年，在加兹登购买计划中，美国又花了1000万美元把30000平方英里的墨西哥领土（即现在南部的亚利桑那州和新墨西哥州）增加到其领土中。
14.亚伯拉罕·林肯当选总统后，南方诸州退出了联邦，成立了一个新的国家——“美利坚联盟”。
林肯决心维护联邦的同意，于是在1861年4月12日，战争爆发了。
15.战争初期，林肯认为通过把这场战争变反对奴隶制的正义战争，他就可以赢得国内外对联邦的支持。
于是，他发表了著名的《解放奴隶宣言》。
16.在尤利西斯·格兰特的指挥下，联邦军在宾西法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了联盟军，这次胜利是内战的转折点。
17.1863年11月19日，林肯在葛底斯堡国家公墓揭幕仪式上发表了简短的演说。
他以令人难忘的语言结束了演说：“民有、民治、民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。
”
18.内战之后,美国的工业、农业、科技迅速发展，人口迅速增加。
19、原因有：
(1)由于战争结束，美国再次进入稳定的政治环境，引来了国内外的资本投资。
（2）黑奴自由了，大量的欧洲和亚洲的移民涌入美国。
因此，美国有了足够的劳动力来满足工业的发展。
（3）科学和发明在加速美国工业的发展中起了非常重要的作用。
（4）联邦政府向外国进口产品征收高额关税，从而鼓励美国人购买美国制造的商品。
（5）美国自然资源丰富。
第十三章美国历史（二）
1黑幕揭发者是一群富有改革思想的记者，他们进行了调查，并揭露了表面繁荣的社会的各种阴暗面。
2.进步运动是一种要求政府规范经济和社会状况的运动，它迅速在全国蔓延并得到广泛的支持。
进步运动不是一个有组织和明确目标的运动，而是为改革政治、社会、和经济所作的多种努力。
3.西奥多·罗斯福总统的贡献：
（1）收回2亿荧幕公用地作为森林保护区，开始大规模灌溉工程建设，比如由联邦政府出资并兼管的亚利桑那的罗斯福水坝。
（2）积极利用《谢尔曼反托拉斯法》阻止垄断性的商业合并。
（3）利用1906年《赫伯恩法》规范铁路运价，废除回扣。
4.威尔逊总统推行他的“新自由”政策，成就如下：
（1）内战以来第一次降低10%的关税，而且一些商品都被免关税。
（2）通过《联邦储蓄法》，对银行系统不再实行要权管理，想蹭被忽略的南部和西部提供更好的银行设施，在政府的监控下，保证联邦银行发行的货币能适应需要。
（3）会听取投诉，并进行调查来接旨托拉斯。
（4）给农民提供低息款
（5）规定铁路工人8小时工作日，改善船员待遇
（6）采用所得税
（7）宪法第19条修正案通过了妇女的选举权
5.许多历史学家都把美国的20世纪20年代描绘成一个物质上成功、精神颓废的时期。
6.战争结束后，有一段时期，具有很强侵略性和偏狭性的民族主义高涨，就是不允许与主流观点或相违背的意见或信仰存在。
许多人认为美国的政治、经济和社会制度比世界上任何其他地方的都好。
这种偏狭性的一个典型例子就是1919年到1920年的“红色恐惧”。
7.对股票市场的第一次重击发生在1929年10月24日，这一天被称为“黑色星期四”。
数千万的股票在市场上倾销，是股票价格大跌。
数10亿美元的账面利润在几个小时之内被彻底毁掉。
股票市场崩溃是一个长期经济萧条的开端。
8.1932年，在大萧条期间，美国人民选举富兰克林·罗斯福为他们下一任总统，因为他许诺实施“新政”使美国走出萧条。
罗斯福既不是一个理想主义者，也不是一个梦想家，但是他却知道什么是可行的或可能的。
9.罗斯福总统新政的目的在于“拯救美国民主”，这些措施确实有助于克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济危机。
10.在20世纪30年代初期，美国奉行的是鼓励注意的外交政策，也就是说，使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的战争。
1941年，美国太平洋海军基地珍珠港突然遭到日本的袭击，这一事件改变了整个战争形势，美国正式对日宣战，参加第二次世界大战。
11第二次世界大战期间，美国的外交政策主要是针对英国和苏联的。
所有外交活动的两个主导原则是：第一，要夺取战争的胜利；第二，是以符合美国的利益为基础建立战争后政治格局并阻止苏联的过度扩张。
12.美国、苏联和英国的首脑在战争期间共会晤了3次。
第一次首脑会议于1943年11月在德黑兰举行；第二次首脑会议于1945年2月在雅尔塔举行；第三次首脑会议于1945年7
月至8月间在柏林城外的波茨坦举行。
13.1945年2月，美国、英国和苏联三国首脑在雅尔塔召开会议。
回忆实际上通过了三大国势力范围的重新划分，并决定建立一个世界组织——联合国。
在这次会议上，斯大林承诺在打败德国3个月后对日本宣战。
第十四章美国历史（三）
1.1946年2月22日，美国驻莫斯科大使馆高级官员乔治·凯南向美国国务院发挥意蜂场电报，分析了苏联的意图并提出建议。
他在电报中写道，美国的政策应该是“长期的、耐心的，但又要坚决、谨慎地遏制苏联的扩张倾向”。
后来，遏制政策成为对苏联的官方政策，一直持续到1989年。
2.1949年3月12日，杜鲁门总统在国会的演讲中突出了杜鲁门主义，大一时美国将支持反对共产主义的任何国家。
3.1947年6月5日，乔治·马歇尔正式提出了援助西欧经济的“马歇尔计划”。