自考 英语(二)湘大资料
《英语(二)》复习资料(自考专升本)
《英语（二）》复习资料语法主要考哪些项目？英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。
* 最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。
* 最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。
* 最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。
* 最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+ of + which引导的定语从句。
* 名词性从句：what，whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that 引导的同位语从句。
* 状语从句：now that，in that，in case，as，while 引导的状语从句。
哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。
在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点：* 绝大部分是长度在5-8个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim，gesture等；* 拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb，subtle等。
* 个别非常简单、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube.* 从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。
在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。
一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。
同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。
复习建议针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。
全国高等教育自学考试 大学英语(二)复习资料Unit 2 B
Text B Worlds within WorldsNew Words1.planet n.行星2.revolve vi.旋转；绕转3.solar a.太阳的，日光的；利用太阳光的rgely ad.1.大量地；2.主要地5.glitter vi.闪闪发光，闪烁n.闪光6.cloudless a.无云的，晴朗的7.unlikely a.未必可能的；靠不住的8.astronaut n.宇航员9.thrilling a.1.令人激动的；2.颤动的，震颤的10.outer a.外部的11.whereas conj.而，却；反之12.lesser a.较小的，更少的，次要的13.concerned a.1.有关的；2.关切的，担心的14.microscopic a.1.显微镜的；2.微观的；3.微小的，细微的15.whilst conj.1.当…时；2.然而；3.虽然，尽管16.plateau ([复]plateaus或plateaux) n.高原17.tropical a.1.热带的；2.炎热的18.coloured a.有色的19.religion n.宗教；宗教信仰20.circumstance n.[pl.]情况，环境；境遇Phrases and Expressions1.a great many 很多2.above all 首先，首要3.as a rule 通常；一般说来together with 和First of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun.The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun.These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar systems.How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more of less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know verymuch about them.About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realize what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth.The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect.The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun.In our words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water.Let us consider the water areas first.The total water area is about three times as large as the land area.The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans" and the lesser areas are called "seas."In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction ―that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned.The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance.There currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place.The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains.If one made a journey over the Continents one world find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a vary great many different people ― peoples with different coloured skins, livi ng very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands.Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live.It is true to say that the more we learn about other people , the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.词汇讲解：1.revolve v.旋转，绕转The earth revolves round / around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。
2023年4月成人自考英语(二)级考试真题试卷(附选择、填空答案)
2023年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二)(课程代码00015)本试卷共 8页。
满分100分，考试时间150分钟。
考生答题注意事项：1.本卷所有试题必须在答题卡上作答。
答在试卷上无效，试卷空白处和背面均可作草稿纸。
2.第一、二部分在“选择题答题区”作答。
必须对应试卷上的题号使用 2B铅笔将“答题卡的相应代码涂黑。
3.第三、七部分在“非选择题答题区”作答。
必须注明大、小题号，使用0.5毫米黑色字迹签字笔作答。
4.合理安排答题空间，超出答题区域无效。
第一部分：阅读判断(第1～10题，每题1分，共10分)下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A ；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B ；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
Why Dogs Bury Their Favorite BonesYou may find it crazy that your dog buries his favorite bone or chew toy, only to dig it up a day or two later, but there is actually a reason behind it-it is simply in their nature. For thousands of years, dogs have buried their bones. The practice itself started long before dogs were even pets when they had to bury bones to survive.When dogs lived in the wild, sometimes food was scarce. If they were able to find food dogs became very protective of it. Sometimes they would have more bones than they could eat for one meal. To keep other dogs and animals from stealing their bones, dogs would bury them in the ground. When it was time for the next meal, they would dig up their bones and enjoy them again. This would continue until the bones were gone.Even though most dogs have plenty of food to eat today ,their instincts still tell them to bury their bones and favorite toys. They do this to keep other dogs and animals from stealing them, just like their ancestors did. Some dogs keep at least two bones buried at once. When they want to dig up one, they will bury one more. This may leave a backyard full of holes and bones.How do dogs decide where to bury their bones? A dog cannot bury a bone just anywhere. He must first find the perfect spot. This involves using his nose to find a spot that is free from other dogs and animals. Often it is near a tree or a large rock, but it could be anywhere in the yard. Once the dog finds the perfect spot, he uses his front paws to dig a hole drops the bone in and covers up the hole to protect his treasure.1. Dogs bury their favorite bones or chew toys by natureA.T rueB. FalseC. Not Given2.Dogs started to bury their bones when they became pets.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given3.Dogs in the wild occasionally had enough food.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given4. Dogs would bury their extra food for their babies.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given5. Animals would start a fierce fight over food in ancient times.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given6. Some dogs tend to store up more than one bone at the same time.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given7.The backyard of a dog owner may be full of holes dug by his dog.A.TrueB. FalseC. Not Given8.Dogs often bury their bones far away from trees.A.T rueB. FalseC. Not Given9.Dogs use their paws to find spots for burying bones.A.T rueB. FalseC. Not Given10. Dogs bury more bones than chew toys.A.T rueB. FalseC. Not Given第二部分：阅读选择(第11～15题，每题2分，共l0分)阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项(A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
自学考试《英语（二）》串讲资料（一）
主要内容 试卷分析和最新出题思路 重点语法 备考要诀及学习⽅法 最新英语（⼆）试卷主观题统计数据 考题 满分 平均分 单词拼写 10 2.48 词形填空 10 2.17 汉译英 15 5.53 英译汉 15 10.75 总分 50 20.93 最新出题思路 （1）与课⽂的关系 往年与课⽂有关的⼤题：第⼀、第四、第五和第六⼤题 近年与课⽂有关的⼤题：第四和第六⼤题 建议：熟读课⽂，掌握课⽂中的⼤纲词汇，特别留意课⽂中体现重点语法和经典句型的句⼦。
（2）与课⽂⽆关的⼤题：第⼆、第三、第七⼤题。
⽂章选材：主要涉及社会⽂化、风俗习惯、教育、历史、和⽣活常识等内容。
建议：⼴泛阅读此类题材的⽂章，是中英⽂对照版本。
推荐杂志：《英语沙龙》，《⼤学英语》，《英语学习》。
每道题的考点： 第⼀题：词汇语法题 主要考点：定语从句、名词性从句的引导词；状语从句的连接词；词汇辨析；固定搭配；常⽤句型。
近年来词汇题⽐重增加。
建议：通过学习教材上下册，熟练掌握基本语法，背熟⼤纲词汇，加强同义词、近义词、和形似词的⽐较，牢记固定搭配。
历年试题举例： 1. At the end of 1994 the pitish government introduced new measures to help ____domestic workers from abuse by their employers. [A] protect [B] suspect [C] expect [D]inspect A 2. I‘m wondering why he hasn’t turned ___ at the meeting. [A] down [B] up [C] out [D] over B 3. By using both ears one can tell the direction ___ a sound comes. [A] in which [B] from which[C] over which[D] with which B 第⼆题：完型填空题 主要考点：除了第⼀⼤题已提到的考点外，还注重考察介词、连词、副词、代词等虚词的⽤法。
自学考试《英语(二)》复习资料【2020年最新】
自学考试《英语（二）》复习资料I. ReadingSection A Task1 Directions: after reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 11 to 15. For each questions or statement there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correctchoice and mark the corresponding letter on the paper.If you are a male and you are reading this, congratulations: you are a survivor. According to statistics. You are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer as a woman, and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the endof your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman. There are many reasons for this typically, men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don't go to the doctor. “Men aren't seeing doctors as often as they should，”says Dr.Gullotta，“This is particularly so for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike.”Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45. it should be at least once a year. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year. “When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer，”he says，“Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him，but it would have prolonged this life.”According to a recent survey，95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.“A lot of men think they are invincible（不可战胜的）”Gullotta says“They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and they think.”Geez., ifit could happen to him.Then there is the ostrich approach，“some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know，”says Dr. Ross Cart mill.“Most men get their car serviced more regularly than they service their bodies，”Cartmill says.He believes most diseases t hat commonly affect men could be addressed b y preventive check-ups. Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says.“But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. B esides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is called premature death.”1.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?A.They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.B.Their average life span has been considerably extended.C.They have lived long enough to read this article.D.They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier live.2. What does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on average than women?A. Men drink and smoke much more than women.B. Men don't seek medical care as often as women.C.Men aren't as cautions as women in face of danger.D.Men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases.3.Which of the following best completes the sentence“Geez, if it could happen to him”（line2，para，8）?A. It could happen to me, too.B. I should avoid playing golf.C. I should consider myself lucky.D. It would be a big misfortune.4. What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by“the ostrich approach”（line 1 para.9）?A. A casual attitude towards one's health conditions.B. A new therapy for certain psychological problems.C. Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.D. Unwillingness to find out about one's disease because of fear.5. What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?A. They may increase public expenses.B. They will save money in the long run.C. They may cause psychological strains on men.D. They will enable men to live as long as women.Task 2 Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 16 through 20.Do you know how to use a mobile phone without being rude to the people around you?Talking during a performance irritate(激怒) people. If you are expecting an emergency call, sit near the exit doors and set your phone to vibrate. When your mobile phone vibrates, you can leave quietly and let the others enjoy the performance.Think twice before using mobile phones in elevators, museums, churches or other indoor public places—especially enclosed spaces. Would you want to listen to someone’s conversation in these places? Worse yet, how would you feel if a mobile phone rang suddenly during a funeral! It happens often than you think. Avoid these embarrassing situations by making sure your mobile phone is switched off.When eating at restaurant with friends, don’t place your mobile phone on the table. This conveys the message that your phone calls are more important than those around you.Mobile phones have sensitive microphones that allow you to speak at the volume you would on regular phone. This enables you to speak quietly so that others won’t hear the details of your conversations. If you are calling from a noisy area, use you hand to direct your voice into the microphone.Many people believe that they can’t live without mobile phone. Owning a mobile phone definitely makes life more convenient, but limit your conversations to urgent ones and save the personal calls until you are at home.Choose the best answers to the following questions.6. What should we do when you need to answer a phone call during a performance?A. Call back after the performance.B. Answer it near the exit door.C. Talk outside the exit door.D. Speak in low voice.7. Putting your mobile phone on a restaurant table may make your friends think _______.A. you prefer to talk to your friends at the tableB. you value your calls more than your friendsC.you are enjoying the company of your friendsD.you are polite and considerate of your friends8. When you are calling in a noise area, you are advised to _______.A. use a more sensitive microphoneB. shout loudly into your microphoneC. go away quietly to continue the phone callD. use your hand to hand to help speak into the phone9. The author implies that the use of mobile phones in such p-laces as museums should be _______.A. limitedB. expectedC. discouragedD.recommended10. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. You should limit your mobile phone calls to personal affairs.B. You should speak quietly into your phone while in a church.C. You are supposed to turn off your mobile phone at a funeral.D. You are supposed to use your mobile phone as much as possible.Task 3 Tap DancingMost of the arts in America are a combination of ideas and influences from many sources. Tap dancing certainly fits in this category. It is truly an American art, but it has been influenced by English and Irish dance steps as well as steps from Africa. Some historians argue that tap dancing was first done by slaves on Southern plantations in North America, and that originally steps were done wearing soft-soled shoes. Irish step dancing, which also involves intricate food patterns, contributed the movement of the free leg to one side and the swing of the elbows out ward. Wooden clog shoes were worn as tap dancing evolved, but for long time the steps were done flat-footed.Tap dancing developed into the form we recognize today in the early 20th century. Metal tapd were added to dance shoes, and a number of new techniques were perfected. One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancing on the balls of the feet. This is commonly attributed to dancer Bill Robinson. Another was the “cramp roll”, in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ballof the right foot to the ball of the left, and then to the heal of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improvise even more new patterns. Slides across the floor and movements up and down stairs further enlivened tap. So did relaxed arm and shoulder movements. Challenges became a common part of dance routines, with dancers competing very hard to outperform each other with new and difficult steps. Many dancers excelled at tap and contributed to its development. Besides Bill Robinson and John Bubbles, well-known tappers have included Sammy Davis, Jr., Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Gregory Hines, and Savion Glover.11. This text is mainly about。
自考英语2复习资料
自考英语2复习资料自考英语2复习资料在历次自考中都占据重要的地位，自考的成或败很大程度上也取决于考生的英语，下面请看店铺带来的自考英语2复习资料自考英语2复习资料一、自考英语2复习资料二、常考句型1、范万德尔重病在身，再也不能说清楚话，他知道他没有康复的希望，身体状况正在急剧恶化。
P2Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.2、在让自己的医生注射最后结束生命的那一针之前，范万德尔生命中的最后三个月被拍摄了下来，去年在荷兰电视上首次播出。
P3 Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being give n a final, lethal injection by his doctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.3、从那时开始，已有20 多个国家买下了这个节目，每次播放都引起了对这一的'全国性大辩论。
P3The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.4、那些反对安乐死的人实际在告诉我，临终者没有这个权利。
P9What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven’t the right.三、习题1.词汇英译汉. weaken . deteriorate .debate . legal. request . criterion . ensure . oppose tradition consideration disabled . burdenvulnerable prohibition sensitive词组：. to debate on . to make request for be opposed to . to take … into account2.句子英译汉（重点句）Affected w ith a serious disease, van Wendal w as no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there w as no hope of recovery and that his condition w as rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel’s last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by hisdoctor w ere filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands.The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is show n, it starts a nationw ide debate on the subject.What those people w ho oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people ha ven’t theright.The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering , that there is nochance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia .I think that anything that legally allow s the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.3.句子汉译英 P.59安乐死的确能解除临终病人的痛苦。
自学考试《英语（二）》复习资料【2020年最新】
自学考试《英语（二）》复习资料【2020年最新】自学考试《英语（二）》复习资料I. ReadingSection A Task1 Directions: after reading the following passage, you will find 5 questions or unfinished statements, numbered 11 to 15. For each questions or statement there are 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should make the correct choice and mark the corresponding letter on the paper.If you are a male and you are reading this, congratulations: you are a survivor. According to statistics. You are more than twice as likely to die of skin cancer as a woman, and nine times more likely to die of AIDS. Assuming you make it to the end of your natural term, about 78 years for men in Australia, you will die on average five years before a woman. There are many reasons for this typically, men take more risks than woman and are more likely to drink and smoke but perhaps more importantly, men don't go to the doctor. “Men aren't seeing doctors as often as they should，”says Dr.Gullotta，“Thi s is particularly so for the over-40s, when diseases tend to strike.”Gullotta says a healthy man should visit the doctor every year or two. For those over 45. it should be at least once a year. Two months ago Gullotta saw a 50-year-old man who had delayed doing anything about his smoker's cough for a year. “When I finally saw him it had already spread and he has since died from lung cancer，”he says，“Earlier detection and treatment may not have cured him，but it would have prolonged this life.”According to a recent survey，95%of women aged between 15 and early 40s see a doctor once a year, compared to 70% of men in the same age group.“A lot of men think they are invincible（不可战胜的）”Gullotta says“They only come in when a friend drops dead on the golf course and t hey think.”Geez., ifit could happen to him.Then there is the ostrich approach，“some men are scared of what might be there and would rather not know，”says Dr. Ross Cart mill.“Most men get their car serviced more regularly than they service their bodies，”Ca rtmill says.He believes most diseases t hat commonly affect men could be addressed b y preventive check-ups. Regular check-ups for men would inevitably place strain on the public purse, Cartmill says.“But prevention is cheaper in the long run than having to treat the diseases. B esides, the ultimate cost is far greater: it is called premature death.”1.Why does the author congratulate his male readers at the beginning of the passage?A.They are more likely to survive serious diseases today.B.Their average life span has been considerably extended.C.They have lived long enough to read this article.D.They are sure to enjoy a longer and happier live.2. What does the author state is the most important reason men die five years earlier on average than women?A. Men drink and smoke much more than women.B. Men don't seek medical care as often as women.C.Men aren't as cautions as women in face of danger.D.Men are more likely to suffer from fatal diseases.3.Which of the following best completes the sentence“Geez, if it could happen to him”（line2，para，8）?A. It could happen to me, too.B. I should avoid playing golf.C. I should consider myself lucky.D. It would be a big misfortune.4. What does Dr. Ross Cartmill mean by“the ostrich approach”（line 1 para.9）?A. A casual attitude towards one's health conditions.B. A new therapy for certain psychological problems.C. Refusal to get medical treatment for fear of the pain involved.D. Unwillingness to find out about one's disease because of fear.5. What does Cartmill say about regular check-ups for men?A. They may increase public expenses.B. They will save money in the long run.C. They may cause psychological strains on men.D. They will enable men to live as long as women.Task 2 Directions: This task is the same as Task 1. The 5 questions or unfinished statements are numbered 16 through 20.Do you know how to use a mobile phone without being rude to the people around you?Talking during a performance irritate(激怒) people. If you are expecting an emergency call, sit near the exit doors and set your phone to vibrate. When your mobile phone vibrates, you can leave quietly and let the others enjoy the performance.Think twice before using mobile phones in elevators, museums, churches or other indoor public places—especially enclosed spaces. Would you want to listen to someone’s conversation in these places? Worse yet, how would you feel if a mobile phone rang suddenly during a funeral! It happens often than you think. Avoid these embarrassing situations by making sure your mobile phone is switched off.When eating at restaurant with friends, don’t place yourmobile phone on the table. This conveys the message that your phone calls are more important than those around you.Mobile phones have sensitive microphones that allow you to speak at the volume you would on regular phone. This enables you to speak quietly so that others won’t hear the details of your conversations. If you are calling from a noisy area, use you hand to direct your voice into the microphone.Many people believe that they can’t live without mobile phone. Owning a mobile phone definitely makes life more convenient, but limit your conversations to urgent ones and save the personal calls until you are at home.Choose the best answers to the following questions.6. What should we do when you need to answer a phone call during a performance?A. Call back after the performance.B. Answer it near the exit door.C. Talk outside the exit door.D. Speak in low voice.7. Putting your mobile phone on a restaurant table may make your friends think _______.A. you prefer to talk to your friends at the tableB. you value your calls more than your friendsC.you are enjoying the company of your friendsD.you are polite and considerate of your friends8. When you are calling in a noise area, you are advised to _______.A. use a more sensitive microphoneB. shout loudly into your microphoneC. go away quietly to continue the phone callD. use your hand to hand to help speak into the phone9. The author implies that the use of mobile phones in such p-laces as museums should be _______.A. limitedB. expectedC. discouragedD.recommended10. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. You should limit your mobile phone calls to personal affairs.B. You should speak quietly into your phone while in a church.C. You are supposed to turn off your mobile phone at a funeral.D. You are supposed to use your mobile phone as much as possible.Task 3 Tap DancingMost of the arts in America are a combination of ideas and influences from many sources. Tap dancing certainly fits in this category. It is truly an American art, but it has been influenced by English and Irish dance steps as well as steps from Africa. Some historians argue that tap dancing was first done by slaves on Southern plantations in North America, and that originally steps were done wearing soft-soled shoes. Irish step dancing, which also involves intricate food patterns, contributed the movement of the free leg to one side and the swing of the elbows out ward. Wooden clog shoes were worn as tap dancing evolved, but for long time the steps were done flat-footed.Tap dancing developed into the form we recognize today in the early 20th century. Metal tapd were added to dance shoes, and a number of new techniques were perfected. One of the most important was the change from the flat-footed step to dancingon the balls of the feet. This is commonly attributed to dancer Bill Robinson. Another was the “cramp roll”, in which the dancer would rapidly move from the ballof the right foot to the ball of the left, and then to the heal of each foot. This separation of the steps into distinct areas of the foot, an innovation by dancer John Bubbles, allowed dancers to improvise even more new patterns. Slides across the floor and movements up and down stairs further enlivened tap. So did relaxed arm and shoulder movements. Challenges became a common part of dance routines, with dancers competing very hard to outperform each other with new and difficult steps. Many dancers excelled at tap and contributed to its development. Besides Bill Robinson and John Bubbles, well-known tappers have included Sammy Davis, Jr., Fred Astaire, Eleanor Powell, Gregory Hines, and Savion Glover.11. This text is mainly about。
自考英语（二）最新复习资料
⾃考英语（⼆）最新复习资料课程代码： 0012 ⼤学英语⾃学教程（上册）课程⾃学辅导材料配套教材：《⼤学英语⾃学教程》（上册）主编：⾼远出版社：⾼等教育版次： 1999年版适⽤层次：本科内部教学使⽤⽬录UNIT ONE内容提要 (1)重点和难点 (1)复习思考题 (4)UNIT TWO内容提要 (6)重点和难点 (6)复习思考题 (8)UNIT THREE内容提要 (10)重点和难点 (10)复习思考题 (12)UNIT FOUR内容提要 (14)重点和难点 (14)复习思考题 (17)UNIT FIVE内容提要 (18)复习思考题 (21)UNIT SIX内容提要 (23)重点和难点 (23)复习思考题 (24)UNIT SEVEN内容提要 (26)重点和难点 (26)UNIT EIGHT内容提要 (29)重点和难点 (30)复习思考题 (31) UNIT NINE内容提要 (32)重点和难点 (33)复习思考题 (34) UNIT TEN内容提要 (35)重点和难点 (36) UNIT ELEVEN内容提要 (39)重点和难点 (40)复习思考题 (41) UNIT TWELVE内容提要 (42)重点和难点 (43)复习思考题 (44) UNIT THIRTEEN 内容提要 (45)重点和难点 (46)复习思考题 (48) UNIT FOURTEEN 内容提要 (49)重点和难点 (50)复习思考题 (51) UNIT FIFTEEN内容提要 (52)重点和难点 (53)复习思考题 (53) UNIT SIXTEEN内容提要 (54)重点和难点 (55)UNIT SEVENTEEN内容提要 (56)重点和难点 (57)复习思考题 (58)UNIT EIGHTEEN内容提要 (58)重点和难点 (59)复习思考题 (60)TEST PAPER (1) (62)TEST PAPER (2) (72)KEYS (83)Unit One内容提要:重点和难点Text A1.conversely : ad. 相反地You can add the water to the powder or, conversely, the powder to the water.可以将⽔加到粉末⾥，或者相反，将粉末加到⽔⾥。
6月自考英语(二)试题复习资料.docx
英语(二)试卷I Vocabulary and Structure(lOpoints 1 point each).从下列各句四个选项屮选出一个最佳答案，并在答题纸上将相应的字母涂黑。
1 .You may use bike ___ B _ you give it back to me tomorrow morning・A.unlessB. provided C・ though D・ because2.He could not —B ____ his tears on hearing that he was not admitted to the universityA.hold upB. hold back C・ get over D. get through3.Good parents have the ability to communicate messages of love, trust, and self-worth _ C __ t heir childrenA.onB. forC. withD. to4.The teacher required that all errors should be _ B __ eliminated before the students turn in their term paper.A.deported B・ eliminated C・ deprived D・ implemented5.A person is lucky if his career _ C ____ with his interest and hobby・A.concerns B・ competes C. coinciders D・ compares6.Out sleep influences our mood, our mood, —A ____ .affects our performance.A.in return B・ in vain C・ in short D・ in turn7.It was _____ A __ o f you not to disturb us while we were sleeping.A.considerate B・ considering C・ considerable D・ considered8.Fd appreciate it very much if you could make some _ C ____ o n my recent article at the conference・A. requests B・references C. remarks D・restrictions9.He is __ A—absorbed in his own thoughts that he seems unaware of whafs going on in the room.A・ so B. each C・very D・much10.No sooner (选C)had I reached home than Michael arrived with Jane in his car.A・ did I reach B.I had reachedC. had I reached D・I r eachedII .Cloze Test(10pointJ point each).下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项，根据上下文要求选出最佳答案。
（完整版）自考英语二重点讲解复习资料
（完整版）自考英语二重点讲解复习资料自考英语二重点讲解复习资料自考英语二复习资料第一章重点单词扩充讲解：1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织；organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the high est _________ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade __________. 4). He is the _ _________ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。
Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ___ _ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______a question of proced ure. 4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answer s: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于…，tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency ofgetting fatter. Or old peop le tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。
英语2湘大
英语（二）复习题一、语法和词汇1、被动语态①We shall put off the meeting till Friday.The meeting will be put off till Friday.②Not until 1989 was he set free.③I’m glad to be allowed to visit your school.④He was robbed of wallet last night.2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则、不规则变化①程度相等：He is as busy as before.②程度不相等：It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.③……许多：far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, much.④越…越…：The more, the better.⑤最高级：The Yangtze is the longest river in China.3、介词①at表示某一时间点，地点（小）arrive at airport②in表示某一时间段，地点（大）arrive in HK③on表示某一天，星期几，在…之上，arrive on Friday④between（两个之间）与among（三个以上之间）⑤for所朝向的目标，leave for HK（去香港）⑥from…to…，从…到…，from9AM to 5 PM⑦by后面不加冠词/完成时的标志，by air, by busBy the time I got there, the film had already begun.I have been teaching for 10 years/since 1990.4、情态公司①can. Two eyes. can see more than one.They cannot have gone out because the light’s on.You can go now.②may. May I ask you a question?/He may have seen the movie.③must. We must leave now./ She must have made a mistake.④ouht. You ought to take his advice.When I got there, the film had already begun, I ought to have gotthere earlier.⑤need. You needn’t tell him.⑥dare. How dare they do such a thing?⑦should. He should learn how to drive./ He should have been there earlier.5、定语似句①关系代词：Which, who, whom, whose, that的用法②关系副词：when, why, howThat is the reason why I am not taking your advice.③介词+which/whom(仅有的两个)The girl to whom you speak is my sister.④非限制性定语从句：I have three types of pens in my box, each of them writes smoothly.6、倒装句①否定词在句首：Not until he told me the news, did I know he was killed lastnight.②only 在句首：Only after class was he allowed to go.③so, nor, neither 在句首：The first one wasn’t good enough andneither wasthe second.④虚拟语气中：Had they not working so hard, they wouldn’t havesucceeded.Had we made up our mind, we might have succeeded.If I were you, I would consider it.7、虚拟语气：表示建议、命令、重要性等句子中使用，如suggest/insist/order/propose/require+should+动词原形，should常被省略，这些词的名词、形容词形式也一样，如They suggest that he not smoke here.Their suggestion was we all join the party.It’s important that we do it.8、强调句：It+is/was（仅此两种）+that/who（人）/which（有时）9、as的用法（下册P21-26）10、一致原则、就近原则（下册P73-75）11、虚所语气（续）（下册P233-P236）二、英汉互译1、我们拥有大量的自然资源We have plenty of natural resources.2、Parents, teachers in schools, work associates and communicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the porson.The jore seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitude towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged. (P162)3、他在纠正学生错误时总是采取积极的态度He always takes positive attitude to correct the students’ mistakes.4、他的肤色与他是否是个律师无关His color of skin is not relevant to whether his is a good lawyer or not.5、Some concentrated study each day is better than many study hours one day and nothing the next. As you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours every day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.(P175)6、他同现代生活不合板。
2023年04月自学考试《英语(二)》历年真题及答案
D002?00015绝密★启用前2023年4月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语(二）试卷(专卡）(课程代码00015)本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。
考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。
必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。
第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分）下面的短文后列出了 10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。
在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。
Red Nose DayRed Nose Day takes place every two years in the spring. Itis now so well established that many people consider it to be an unofficial national holiday.The slogan for the last RND was “Do Something Funny forMon ey.” The money that was collected was used to help fund projects in such areas as education and mental health. Money-raising events take place on this day all over the country and many schools participate. People also donatemoney by post, inbanks, by phone using a credit card and online. In the evening of Red Nose Day a telethon takes place on the BBC TV channels. This is like a television marathon (马拉松）that shows some of the events of the day and reports how the money raised will be spent. People also upload videos of local charity events onto the Internet.So, if you are ever in the UK on Red Nose Day，you will know why you find normal people wearing red noses and doing silly things! It’s all for a good cause!1.Red Nose Day is a famous event in Britain. A. TrueB. FalseC. Not GivenB. FalseC. Not Given3. Richard Curtis is a well-known actor and film director. A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Givena red nose on Red Nose Day.4.Many people wear A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given5. Red Nose Day takes place every year. A. TrueB. FalseC. Not GivenB. FalseC. Not Given7.The funnier people look, the more money they collect. A. TrueB- False C. Not GivenB. FalseC. Not Giventakepart in the money-raising events on Red Nose9.Many schools Day. A. TrueB. FalseC. Not Given10. The Red Nose Day telethon has attracted lots of film stars. A. True B. False C. Not Given第二部分：阅读选择（第?15题，每题2分，共10分）阅读下面短文，请从短文后所给各题的4个选项（A、B、C、D)中选出1个最佳选项，并在答题卡相应位置上将该项涂黑。
自考“英语（二）”完整讲义（142）
2. to mistake …for：错把…当作 e.g. I mistake you for your brother. 我错把你当作你的兄弟了。
3. to distinguish between ：分辨，区分 e.g. People who cannot distinguish between colors are said to be colorblind. 不能辨别颜⾊的⼈被称为⾊盲。
The twins look so much alike that it is difficult to distinguish between them. 两个双胞胎如此相似，以⾄于很难区分他们。
4. to come to terms （with）：达成协议；妥协，习惯于 e.g. You need to come to terms with reality. 你必须接受现实。
They came to terms with the enemy secretly. 他们私⾃和敌⼈达成了协议。
When your friends quarrel with each other， you should help them come to terms. 当你的朋友吵架时，你应该帮助他们和解。
5. to reflect on ：仔细考虑，反思 e.g. I need time to reflect on your offer. 我需要时间来考虑你的建议。
We must reflect carefully on the effect of TV violence on children. 我们必须仔细考虑电视中暴⼒⾏为对⼉童的影响。
6. to come about ：发⽣ e.g. Can you tell me how the accident came about？你能告诉我事故是怎么发⽣的吗？ Good books come about as a result of hard work. 好书的产⽣是努⼒⼯作的结果。
湖南大学自考专升本 英语(二)真题及答案
湖南大学自考专升本英语（二）试题及答案一、Vocabulary and Structure（10 points,1 point for each item）从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。
（转自）1.Experts have found that normal sleep can be divided into five______stages.A.moderateB.initialC.distinctD.advanced答案：C2.The student_____described the beautiful mountains and rivers in his home town.A.artificiallyB.vividlyC.criticallyD.viciously答案：B3.What her grandfather said left a_____impression on her mind.She still remembersit. A.finalB.vagueC.deepD.main答案：C4.By the end of next year the bridge _____.A.is to completeB.has been completed C.will be completingD.will have been completed答案：D5.We have greatly _____the procedure according to the chairmans suggestion.A.stimulatedB.perceivedC.obscuredD.simplified答案：D6.We should_____this in mind:Dont judge a person by his appearance.A.bearB.putC.placeD.print答案：A7.Even after decades of _____，the two brothers recognized each otherimmediately.A.separationB.cooperationC.correspondencemunication答案：A8.The spokesman occasionally_____his speech with gestures.A.acknowledgesB.accompanies C.attributesD.anticipates答案：B9.In order to follow fashions，the girl has to_____great discomforts.A.catch up withB.put up withC.keep up withD.fall in with答案：B10.There is something wrong with my mobile phone.I must have it_____.A.repairB.to repairC.repairingD.repaired答案：D二、Cloze Test（10 points,1 point for each item）下列短文中有十个空白，每个空白有四个选项。
全国自考本科《英语(二)》复习资料
全国自考本科《英语（二）》复习资料语法主要考哪些项目？英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。
* 最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。
* 最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。
* 最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。
* 最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+ of + which引导的定语从句。
* 名词性从句：what，whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that 引导的同位语从句。
* 状语从句：now that，in that，in case，as，while 引导的状语从句。
哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。
在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点：* 绝大部分是长度在5-8个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim，gesture等；* 拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb，subtle等。
* 个别非常简单、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube.* 从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。
在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。
一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。
同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。
复习建议针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。
自考本科英语二复习资料
自考“英语（二）”复习资料第一单元1.常考单词：goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity2. 常考词组：in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down3. 常考句子：1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance.3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made.4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like.5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department.第二单元1.常考单词：escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all2. 常考句子：1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape.2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point.3）Some people think that theStart of Bethlehem could have beena supernova.4）If a man fell into a blackhole，he would think that he reachedthe center of it very quickly.5）It is only recently thatastronomers have begun specificresearch into black holes.6）On the other hand，scientistshave suggested that every advancedtechnology could one day make useof the energy of black holes formankind.第三单元1.常考单词：weaken deteriorate debatelegal request criterion ensureoppose tradition considerationdisabled burden vulnerableprohibition sensitive2. 常考词组：to debate on to make requestfor be opposed to to take …into account3. 常考句子：1）Affected with a seriousdisease，van Wendal was no longerable to speak clearly and he knewthere was no hope of recovery andthat his condition was rapidlydeteriorating.2）Van Wendel's last threemonths of life before being givena final，lethal injection by hisdoctor were filmed and first shownon television last year in theNetherlands.3）The programme has since beenbought by 20 countries and eachtime it is shown，it starts anationwide debate on the subject.4）What those people who opposeeuthanasia are telling me is thatdying people haven't the right.第四单元1.常考单词：demestic statisticsdiplomat exploit campaignexecute convict despite deserving shelfminimum status deport2. 常考句子：1）There are estimated to bemore than 20，000 overseas domesticservants working in Britain.2）Of these 20，000，just under2，000 are being exploited andabused by their employers.3）The sad condition of womenworking as domestics around theworld received much mediaattention earlier this year inseveral highly publicized cases.4）A Filipino maid was executedin Singapore after being convictedof murder，despite protests formvarious quarters that her guilt hadnot been adequately established.5）She used to work for a verylow wage at a tea factory in SriLanka.6）Because she found itdifficult to feed her fourchildren，she accepted a jobworking as a domestic in London.7）So if they do complain，theyrisk being deported.第五单元1.常考单词：Musician，rhythmic，distinct，consciousness，originate，readily，instrument，electronic，thereby，passive，participant2. 常考词组：to take place to take overto take on in a sense at astretch to serve as in advancefor the sake of3. 常考句子：1）The new music was built outof materials already in existence.2）Folk music，old and modern，was popular among collegestudents.3）They freely took overelements form jazz，from Americancountry music.4）With records at home，listeners imitated these lightingeffects as best they could.第六单元1.常考单词：efficiency increasingly install personnel expose reduction completion specific switch critical intensity scale defective2. 常考词组：in that in questionplenty of3. 常考句子：1）Most of today's robots areemployed in the automotiveindustry，where they are programmedto take over such jobs as weldingand spray painting automobile andtruck bodies.2）Robots，already taking overhuman tasks in the automotive fieldare beginning to be seen，althoughto a lesser degree，in other industries as well.3）The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials，preventing human personnel from being exposed to radiation.4）Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task，they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one.5）Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developingartificial vision for robots.6）With the ability to “see”，robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials.7）Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.第七单元1.常考单词：research attach underlie r elevant positive possession desirable relaxation occu pation urban acquire parti cipation2. 常考词组：be concerned with be relevant to to set … as objective3. 常考句子：1）People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.2）The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.3）The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.4）Since leisure is basically self-determined，one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.5）Basically，such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that Leisure can and should be put to good use.6）For example，the degree towhich and the ways in which a schoolencourages participation in games，sports and cultural pursuits arelikely to contribute to the shapingof leisure attitudes on the part ofthe students.7）Schools usually set as theireducational objective theattainment of a balanceddevelopment of the person.8）The more seriously this issought，the more likely positiveattitudes towards leisure as wellas academic work will beencouraged.第八单元1.常考单词：flight negotiation transportovercome internal external rhythm feasible assumption promote2. 常考词组：effect on to blame… onto advantage now thatout of step to leave … alone3. 常考句子：1）The problem of Jet Lag is oneevery international traveler comesacross at some time. （para.1）2）The effects of rapid travelon the body are actually far moredisturbing than we realize.（para.2）3）He later blamed his poorjudgement on Jet Lag. （para.3）4）Now that we understand whatJet lag is，we can go some way toovercoming it.（para.4）5）The other belongs in ourinternal clocks which，left alone，would tie the body to a 25 hour -yes，25 - rhythm.（para.5）6）In time the physiologicalsystem will reset itself，but itdoes take time. （para7）7）One reason for thisdiscrepancy is that differentbodily events are controlled bydifferent factors. （para.8）8）It is not feasible to waitfour days until the body is used tothe new time zone. （para.9）第九单元1.常考单词：classify approximate proportion appreciation acknowledgealter lengthen wealthyneglect expectation2. 常考词组：to approximate toresistance to to cope withattribute … to3. 常考句子：1）Nation classified as“aged” when they have 7percent ofmore of their people aged 65 orabove. （para.1）2）The nearer a societyapproximates to zero populationgrowth，the older its population islikely to be - at least，for anyfuture that concerns us now.3）The older you are now，ofcourse，the greater this proportionwill be，and greater still if youare a woman.4）If you are now in yourthirties，you ought to be aware thatyou can expect to live nearly onethird of the rest of your life afterthe age of 60.第十单元1.常考单词：election vote certainty loyalty decline democrat strategy pursue impact headquarters economy stir congress representative2. 常考词组：to identify……as impacton3. 常考句子：1）Candidates try to project astrong leadership image. （para.4）2）Whether voters accept thisimage，however，depends more onexternal factors than on acandidate's personalcharacteristics. （para. 4）此句注意主语从句作主语。
自考 英语(二)课文翻译及练习答案
第一部分 Text A & 第二部分 Text B第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者决策是从可供挑选的行动方案中作出选择，目的在于确定并实现组织机构的目标或目的。
之所以要决策是因为存在问题，或是目标或目的不对，或某种东西妨碍目标或目的实现。
因此，决策过程对于管理人员非常重要。
管理者所做的一切几乎都与决策有关，事实上，有人甚至认为管理过程就是决策过程。
虽然决策者不能预测未来，但他们的许多决策要求他们必须考虑未来可能会发生的情况。
管理者必须对未来的事情作出最佳的猜测，并使偶然性尽可能少地发生。
但因为总是存在着未知情况，所以决策往往伴随着风险。
有时失误的决策带来的后果不很严重，但有时就会不堪设想。
选择就是从多种选项中进行取舍，没有选择，就没有决策。
决策本身就是一个选择的过程，许多决策有着很广的选择范围。
例如，学生为了实现自己获得学位的目标，可能会从多门课程中进行选择，对于管理者来说，每一个决策都受到政策、程序、法律、惯例等方面的制约，这些制约存在于一个组织的各个部门里。
选项就是可供选择的种种可行的行动方案。
没有选项，就没有选择，因而也就没有决策。
如果看不到任何选项，这意味着还没有对问题进行彻底的研究。
例如，管理者有时会用“非此即彼”的方式处理问题，这是他们简化问题的方法。
这种简化问题的习惯常常使他们看不到其他的选项。
在管理这个层次上，制定决策包括：识别选项和缩小选项范围，其范围小到微乎其微，大到近乎无限。
决策者必须有某种方法来断定几种选项中的最佳选项，即哪个选项最有利于实现其组织的目标。
组织的目标是指该组织努力完成或达到的目标或现状。
由于个人(或组织)对于怎样实现其目标的方式都有不同的见解，最佳的选择就在于决策者了。
常常是一个组织的下属部门做出的决策对自己有利，而对上一级的部门来说，就不是较佳选择了。
这种增加部门的局部利益而减少其他部门的局部利益所作出的权衡，叫做局部优化。
2023年4月自考英语(二)
2023年4月自考英语(二)一、考试内容概述2023年4月自考英语(二)考试内容主要包括阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和作文四个部分。
考生需要在规定的时间内完成各部分的答题，以展现自己的英语听、说、读、写能力。
二、阅读理解阅读理解部分是考试的重点，考生需要仔细阅读文章，理解文章的主旨和细节内容。
文章内容涉及社会生活、文化传统、科学技术等各个领域，具有一定的难度。
考生要注意抓住文章的重点，透彻理解作者的观点和立场，准确把握文章的逻辑关系。
三、完形填空完形填空部分考查考生的语法和词汇能力，考生需要根据上下文语境，选择恰当的词语填入空白处，使整篇文章表达通顺、连贯。
考生应该熟悉各种词类和词汇用法，加强对英语语法的学习，提高自己的语言应用能力。
四、翻译翻译是考试中的重要环节，要求考生具备较强的英译汉和汉译英能力。
考生需要熟练掌握英语语法和词汇，能够准确理解和表达原文的意思，翻译出符合语言习惯的流畅译文。
在备考过程中，考生可以多进行翻译练习，积累翻译经验，提高翻译水平。
五、作文作文部分要求考生根据所给的题目或图画写一篇约200词的短文。
考生需要准确理解作文题目的要求，合理安排文章结构，进行语言表达和逻辑思维训练。
在备考阶段，考生可以多进行作文练习，积累写作经验，提升写作水平。
六、备考建议1. 注重基础知识的复习和梳理，扎实打好语法和词汇基础；2. 多进行听力训练，提高英语听力水平；3. 阅读大量英语文章，增强阅读能力，扩大词汇量；4. 多进行写作练习，提高写作表达能力；5. 多进行模拟考试，熟悉考试形式和要求，增强应试能力；6. 根据自己的实际情况，合理安排学习时间，保持学习的持久性和稳定性。
七、总结2023年4月自考英语(二)是一次全面考查考生英语综合能力的考试，要求考生在备考过程中全面提升自己的听、说、读、写能力，熟练掌握考试重点，灵活运用所学知识，顺利完成各项考试任务。
希望广大考生能够扎实备考，取得优异成绩！八、应试技巧1. 阅读理解：在阅读理解部分，考生首先要注意审题，抓住文章的中心思想，对每篇文章的主题和基本观点进行概括。
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英语（二）复习题一、语法和词汇1、被动语态①We shall put off the meeting till Friday.The meeting will be put off till Friday.②Not until 1989 was he set free.③I’m glad to be allowed to visit your school.④He was robbed of wallet last night.2、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的变化规则、不规则变化①程度相等：He is as busy as before.②程度不相等：It is not so (as) cold today as yesterday.③……许多：far, a lot, a great deal, a little, a bit, much.④越…越…：The more, the better.⑤最高级：The Y angtze is the longest river in China.3、介词①at表示某一时间点，地点（小）arrive at airport②in表示某一时间段，地点（大）arrive in HK③on表示某一天，星期几，在…之上，arrive on Friday④between（两个之间）与among（三个以上之间）⑤for所朝向的目标，leave for HK（去香港）⑥from…to…，从…到…，from9AM to 5 PM⑦by后面不加冠词/完成时的标志，by air, by busBy the time I got there, the film had already begun.I have been teaching for 10 years/since 1990.4、情态公司①can. Two eyes. can see more than one.They cannot have gone out because the light’s on.Y ou can go now.②may. May I ask you a question?/He may have seen the movie.③must. We must leave now./ She must have made a mistake.④ouht. Y ou ought to take his advice.When I got there, the film had already begun, I oughtto have got there earlier.⑤need. Y ou needn’t tell him.⑥dare. How dare they do such a thing?⑦should. He should learn how to drive./ He should have been there earlier.5、定语似句①关系代词：Which, who, whom, whose, that的用法②关系副词：when, why, howThat is the reason why I am not taking your advice.③介词+which/whom(仅有的两个)The girl to whom you speak is my sister.④非限制性定语从句：I have three types of pens in my box, each of them writes smoothly.6、倒装句①否定词在句首：Not until he told me the news, did I know he was killed lastnight.②only 在句首：Only after class was he allowed to go.③so, nor, neither 在句首：The first one wasn’t goodenough and neither wasthe second.④虚拟语气中：Had they not working so hard, theywouldn’t have succeeded.Had we made up our mind, we might have succeeded.If I were you, I would consider it.7、虚拟语气：表示建议、命令、重要性等句子中使用，如suggest/insist/order/propose/require+should+动词原形，should常被省略，这些词的名词、形容词形式也一样，如They suggest that he not smoke here.Their suggestion was we all join the party.It’s important that we do it.8、强调句：It+is/was（仅此两种）+that/who（人）/which （有时）9、as的用法（下册P21-26）10、一致原则、就近原则（下册P73-75）11、虚所语气（续）（下册P233-P236）二、英汉互译1、我们拥有大量的自然资源We have plenty of natural resources.2、Parents, teachers in schools, work associates andcommunicators in or using the mass media are all capable of arousing our potential interests. For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the porson.The jore seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitude towards leisure as well as academic word will be encouraged.(P162)3、他在纠正学生错误时总是采取积极的态度He always takes positive attitude to correct the students’mistakes.4、他的肤色与他是否是个律师无关His color of skin is not relevant to whether his is a good lawyer or not.5、Some concentrated study each day is better than manystudy hours one day and nothing the next. As you work out your individual schedule, attempt to include a minimum of two study hours every day. This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to date on your class assignments and projects.(P175)6、他同现代生活不合板。
He is out of step wit modernlife.7、Self-dsteem is what people think aboutthemselves-whether or not they feel valued-and when family members have self-respect, pride, and belief in themselves, this high self-esteem makes it possible to tope with the everyday problems of growing up.(P225)8、每个人都应关心自己国家的未来。
Everybody should be concerned about the future of his own country.9、What we dream at, night isn’t as important to how wefeel in the morning as the number of people who appear in our dreams. The more people, the better we feel.Our sleep influences our mood. Our mood, in turn, affects our performance. And throughout the day, our levels of mood and performance remain cosely linked. (P308)10、广义上说，任何人做的工作都对社会有益。
In a broad sense, the work that anyone does is of social value.11、在商业社会里信息对每个人都有用。
Information is of great value to everyone in the business world.12、门被档住了，有什么东西档在那儿。
The door was blocked, there was something in the way.13、他们昨天来看你时，你在干什么？What were you doing when they came to see you yesterday.14、他通过努力工作赢得了许多人的尊敬。
He earned many people respect by working hard.15、没有你的帮助，我们举取是如此巨大的成功。