浙江新高考 概要写作-同义替换
概要写作微技能3.3：同义替换(词性替换与正话反说实例)
词性替换
1. prefer (v.) 2. compare (v.) 3. discuss (v.) 4. tend to 5. lack (v.) 6. need (v.) 7. decide (v.) 8. study (v.)
preference (n.) comparison (n.) have a discussion of
while as
because because
although
although must
may
其它替换
9. with regard to 10. in connect with
for(关于) about
presence
2. abundance(丰富)
lack
3. accept
refuse
4. alive
dead
5. admit(承认)
deny
6. against 7. different 8. accidental
for same / alike / similar
intentional
9. always
give an explanation of put an emphasis on creativity (n.)
conduct an investigation a variety of of great importance make a contribution to
反义词（正话反说）
1. absence
17. attack
defend
18. beauty
ugliness
反义词（正话反说）
19. bad luck
概要写作三步曲
55Crazy English Teachers摘 要：为适应2016年浙江省新推出的一年两考高考英语发生的重大变化，尤其是在写作部分新增了概要写作题型，本文从《考试说明》上对概要写作的给分范围和要求出发，联系教学实际，阐述了概要写作的三个步骤，即要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接，从而作为概要写作训练的指导方法。
关键词：概要写作；要点获取；要点转述；要点衔接浙江省衢州市高级中学 陈 盈1.引言概要写作是浙江新高考英语中出现的新题型，不同于应用文写作强调范文模仿和词汇运用的重要性，概要写作更侧重考查学生阅读和写作的双项能力。
写作要求的变化，不仅促使了课堂教学的转型，也对学生提出了更高要求。
但学生经常在概要写作练习中没有思路，找不到突破点。
为达到相应的写作效果，笔者在课堂实践中推行概要写作的三个步骤，以期为学生提供写作的思考方向。
2.概要写作三步曲结合《考试说明》中对概要写作的要求，我们不难发现一篇优秀的概要要求用自己的语言概括原文要点；要点间有衔接。
所以笔者认为概要写作可以分为三个步骤：要点获取、要点转述和要点衔接。
2.1 要点获取要点的获取过程就是文本的解读过程，对于结构清晰的段落，可以通过筛选主题句找出要点，但是并不是所有文章都可以直接找出主题句，对于主题句不明确的文章或段落，也可以使用找关键词或设计主问题的方法。
（1）筛选主题句主题句（topic sentence ）是指能够概括全文或者整个段落的关键句（孙鑫 1991）。
通常情况下自然段是由主题句和细节句（supporting details ）组成的，段落可以是总—分或是分—总的结构。
因此一个段落的主题句通常位于段落的首尾。
如人教版Module 3 Unit 1 Festivals and celebrations 的第一段，该段第一句陈述人们用节日来纪念名人，并举了屈原、哥伦布和甘地的例子来说明，学生比较容易就能找到主题句，从而抓住该段落的要点。
浙江新高考之概要写作summarywriting
7.基本句型间灵活转换
Dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
S+V+P
S+V+O
Dirt on the skin could protect people from getting ill.
8. 特殊句式（强调句，倒装句，there be） 和正常语序句式的转化 To research whether such a “sixth sense” really exists, Robert Baker, …
keep…free from
✓In the early 16th century, people, especially those
in some European countries, thought that dirt on
the skin could protect them from getting ill.
2. 消减事例 （尽量减少实事，大胆省略实事）
3. 省略细节
essential information
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of English in 1546.
读后续写和概要写作讲义 概要中词的替换
潜在的
hidden
potential
筋疲力尽的
tired
exhausted
建议
suggest
recommend
能力
ability
competence
准确的
exact
accurate
勤奋的
hardworking
diligent
困难的
difficult
challenging
变得越来越少
become less and less
be on the decrease
能够得到
sb can get sth
(sb ) have access to sth
(sth) be available to sb
大多数人
most people
the majority of people
有意义
enablesb to do sth
allow sb to do sth
make it possible for sb to do sth
使某人不能…
make sb unable to do sth
make it impossible for sb to do
不同于
be different from
能够
can
be capable of
和；以及
and
as well as
in addition to
apart from
大的
large
enormous
发生
happen
occur/come about
体现，显示
show
(浙江专用)2020版高考总复习：第3部分 第11讲 概要写作
第十一讲概要写作命题特点概要写作是一种新型的写作模式，既对学生的写作能力有一定的要求，也对学生的阅读能力有一定的要求，能够有效突破传统英语写作的局限性。
该题型主要考查考生对大段阅读文字的概括能力，如考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力。
同时，考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
进行概要写作时，考生要把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词或句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心。
考生要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表达出来。
根据《考试说明》，读后续写和概要写作两种题型交替使用。
浙江2016年10月高考和2017年6月高考以及2017年10月高考均为读后续写，下次高考考概要写作的可能性比较大。
题型特点根据《考试说明》，概要写作题型的命题形式为：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
概要写作属于限制性写作。
它是阅读理解和书面表达的有机结合。
所给短文的文体以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
概要写作旨在考查考生的阅读理解能力和概括运用英语语言知识的能力。
随着新课改的全面实施，高中英语写作课堂教学模式也需要进行改革，教师不仅要培养学生的英语写作能力，还要提高学生的思维能力和语言应用能力。
本部分在此基础上引入“概要写作”这种新型课堂模式，并对这种课堂模式的应用步骤做出详细的分析。
【典题感悟】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps people lose weight.The Grapefruit Diet, also called the Hollywood Diet, dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue.It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control—a key part of managing diabetes(糖尿病)．The experiments were conducted on mice—but researchers say the results justify studies on humans.Professor Joseph Napoli, of the University of California, Berkeley, said，“We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results, based on controlled experiments, warrant further study of the potential health—promoting properties of grapefruit juice.”The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months, those given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.They also had lower blood sugar and insulin(胰岛素) levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact, grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin(二甲双胍), the journal PLOSONE reports.However, the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food.The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.Spokesman Mariette Abrahams, a dietician, said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets.“Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced diet，but it shouldn’t be the focus of the diet，”she said.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________[写作指导]本文是一篇科普类说明文，主要介绍了葡萄柚的减肥功效。
热点02 书面表达概要写作(新高考)-2021解析版
根据《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语考试说明〈高考综合改革试验省份试用〉》（第一版）可知，概要写作的设题形式如下：
提供一篇350字以内的短文，短文体裁以说明文和议论文为主，要求考生在正确理解文章的基础上，在不改变原文中心思想的前提下，用简明、精炼的语言高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点，写出一篇60字左右的内容概要。
本段落的主要内容分为：研究者呼吁世界各国加强合作，为过境的鸟儿提供一个安全的栖息地。小小的善行能带来大大不同。主题句为：The researchers say countries need to work together and come up with safe stopover areas for birds that pass through their boundaries…small changes…could make a big difference.可同义替换为contribute a lot; small changes可转换为a little kindness，同时可用关联词for来连接两个句子，表述承接关系。由此，要点可整合为：Researchers urge countries to make joint efforts to provide a safe place for birds passing through their boundaries, for a small kindness can really contribute a lot.。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【答案】CCTV 9 broadcastDu Fu: China’s Greatest Poet, a documentary produced by BBC. This well-made film provides foreign audiences with a fresh way of better knowing China’s past and present.
高中英语概要写作课件同义可替换词汇总
Commonly used words and their synonyms
tired
weary sleepy exhausted worn out burned out lazy lifeless heavy-eyed
scared
frightened afraid fearful terrified alarmed worried anxious panicked
little
bigsaid
tiny pocket-sized minor slight slim
giant vast enormous massive abundant oversize
Commonly used words and their synonyms
fun
laughed
interesting entertaining amusing fascinating enjoyable engaging
Commonly used words and their synonyms
mad
furious irritated annoyed outraged enraged
excsiateidd
eager enthusiastic thrilled stimulated fired up anxious
Commonly used words and their synonyms
happy
glad Joyful delighted content pleasant cheerful ecstatic overjoyed thrilled
sadsaid
miserable depressed gloomy down sorrowful heartbroken
01 高考英语概要写作：高频替换词 (1)
概要写作高频替换词（1）Part1：同义词转换011.受到…的欢迎be/become popular with sb…..开始流行起来，越来越流行..gain/grow in popularity.受到欢迎gain/enjoy(growing/great)popularity受到…青睐find/win/gain favor(with sb)疯狂传播;十分流行①Nowadays.shopping online has gained increasing popularity as we can get cheaper products如今，网购越来越流行，因为我们能买到比较便宜的产品。
②His books began to find favor with young people.他的书开始受到年轻人的追捧。
③Once opened,the museum will be very popular with the citizens.博物馆一旦开放，肯定会受到市民的欢迎。
④In recent years,cycling has grown in popularity.近些年来，自行车运动变得流行起来。
2.…成为关心的热门话题be/become a hot topic of concern成为公众的最大关切/焦点become the focus/concern of the public引起很大争议arouse/cause/spark great controversy①Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a hot topic of worldwide concern.温室气体减排是全世界关心的热门话题。
②It is well-known that competition and cooperation has become a hot topic in modern society.众所周知，竞争和合作是当代社会的一个热点话题。
概要写作同义替换常用词
概要写作同义替换常用词1.词义替换(1)名词①担忧:worry→concern②建议:suggestion→proposal③影响:influence→impact④目标:target→goal⑤难题:problem→issue⑥机会:chance→opportunity⑦垃圾:litter→rubbish, trash ⑧发展:development→advance, progress⑨住所:house→shelter⑩困难:difficulty→obstacle, barrier, challenge人:people→individual, person, human优势:advantage→merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength老人:old people→the aged, the elderly缺陷:disadvantage→drawback, downside, weakness干旱:with no rain at all→drought方法:method→way, approach地区:district→zone, place, region, area姿势:pose→gesture冒险:adventure→expedition财富,财产:wealth→fortune, property高速公路:expressway→freeway居民:resident→citizen塞车:jam→congestion原因:reason→factor(2)动词①减轻:ease→relieve②提倡:propose→advocate③讨厌:hate→dislike, be fed up with, be boredwith④鼓励,激发:encourage→motivate, fuel⑤对……感兴趣:be interested in→be caught upin, be crazy about, be keen on, be fond of⑥阻止:prevent→stop⑦充分利用:make full use of→make themost/best of,take advantage of⑧相似:look like→resemble⑨完成:accomplish→achieve, finish⑩抵挡:stand up to→withstand, resist, oppose处理:deal with→handle采取措施:take action→take measures, take steps 加速:speed up→accelerate出发去某地:set off for→head for, leave for经历:undergo→experience降低至:fall to→decline to, decrease to, drop to 要求:request→demand, require消除:clear→eliminate, remove确保:ensure→assure, guarantee, make sure宣称:declare→claim给予:give→offer, provide, supply保持:keep→preserve, reserve, maintain导致:lead to→cause, give rise to, result in暴露:reveal→expose使:make→enable提高:improve→enhance改变:change→transform, alter与……联系:associate with→connect with建立:build→establish, set up 得到:get→acquire, obtain拥有:have→possess, own感谢:thank→appreciate表达:express→convey解决:solve→cope with, deal with, resolve帮助:help→assist, aid步行:walk→cover确信:make sure→ensure认为:think→claim, consider, believe, insist, hold 损害:damage→hurt, injure, harm, impair,endanger保护:protect→conserve, preserve致力于:be devoted to→be committed to展示:show→reveal, illustrate, present允许某人做某事:give sb. permission to dosth.→allow sb. to do sth.预订:book→reserve推迟:put off→delay转换:switch→convert, transform禁止:forbid→ban, prohibit区分:tell sth./sb. apart→distinguish由……构成:be made up of→be composed of,consist of维持:sustain→support, maintain承担责任:shoulder/undertake one's duty→beresponsible for, take responsibility增加:be on the rise→increase, multiply尽力做某事:do sth. to the best of one's ability→try one's best to do sth., spare no effort to do sth., make every effort to do sth.专心致志于:put one's heart into→be absorbed in, be bent on, be buried in(3)形容词①乏味的:boring→dull, tiresome②害怕的:afraid→frightened, scared③出名的:famous→notable, renowned④显然的:obvious→apparent, evident, clear⑤严重的:severe→serious ⑥有益的:useful→helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding⑦新的:new→fresh, brand new, novel⑧粗鲁的:rude→impolite ⑨怀疑的:doubtful→skeptical, sus picious,incredulous⑩快速的:fast→speedy最便宜的:the least expensive→the cheapest许多:many→a sea of, an ocean of, abundant, numerous, considerable巨大的:big→enormous, vast, massive,tremendous聪明的:clever→smart, gifted, sharp-minded 好的:good→fantastic, magnificent,outstanding, remarkable穷的:in poverty→poor, needy悲伤的:sad→depressed, frustrated重要的:important→significant, essential, critical, vital, crucial基本的:fundamental→basic, essential神圣的:sacred→holy充足的;富裕;富有:rich in→plentiful, ample,generous, abundant少量的:a small number of→a handful of主要的:primary→main合理的:reasonable→sensible, rational, sound 勇敢的:brave→fearless, bold, courageous开心的:happy→cheerful, delightful艰难的:difficult→tough, challenging有害的:harmful→damaging, ruinous传统的:traditional→conventional生气的:angry→annoyed, irritated最初的:initial→original疲劳的:worn→tired, exhausted(4)副词①非常:very→extremely, intensely,extraordinarily②最后:finally→eventually, ultimately③起先:firstly→originally, initially ④大约:approximately→almos t, about, around, nearly, roughly⑤肯定地:certainly→definitely, undoubtedly,obviously, apparently⑥经常,总是:frequently→constantly, always⑦立刻:right now→immediately, shortly, right away ⑧事实上:as a matter of fact→practically, in practice, in reality, in effect, in fact⑨平稳地:steadily→smoothly⑩决不,从不:never→on no account, at no time,under no circumstances偶尔,有时:now and then→at times,occasionally很少:rarely→seldom每天:day in and day out→every day缓慢地,轻微地:slightly→slowly, mildly 仅仅:only→merely完全地:totally→absolutely, completely 目前:at present→nowadays, recently急剧地:dramatically→sharply, steeply(5)其他替换①我认为:in my opinion→personally, from myperspective②关于:with regard to→as for③虽然:despite/regardless the factthat→although④同时:at the same time→meanwhile⑤同时:at the same time→in the meantime⑥因为:on account of the fact that→because⑦对比:on the other hand→by contrast, on the contrary ⑧此外:in addition→besides, furthermore, moreover2.词性转换①追求:pursue v.→pursuit n.②受伤:injure v.→injured adj.受伤的→i njury n.受伤③重要的:important adj.→be of importance n.④受欢迎:popular adj.→popularity n.⑤强调:put an emphasis on n.→emphasize v.⑥更喜欢:prefer v.→preference n.⑦讨论:have a discussion of n.→discuss v.⑧缺乏:a lack of n.→lack v.⑨比较:comparison n.→compare v.⑩倾向于:have a tendency to do n.→tend to do v.需要:have a need for n.→need v.调查:conduct an investigation n.→investigate v.决定:make a decision n.→decide v.解释:give an explanation of n.→explain v.创造性:creativity n.→creative adj.各种不同的:a variety of n.→va rious adj.评估:assess v.→assessment n.指派,布置作业:assign v.→assignment n.方便:convenience n.→convenient adj.辨别:distinguish v.→distinguished adj.突出的评估:evaluate v.→evaluation n.使烦恼:annoy v.→annoying adj.令人烦恼的→annoyance n.烦恼。
浙江高考英语写作概要写作
最新浙江高考英语写作概要写作1.题型介绍◆选材特点（1）所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；（2）所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
◆评分参考（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；【（3）上下文的连贯性；（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。
相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。
2.考查能力概要写作是阅读理解和书面表达二者的有机结合体。
简言之就是简要概括所给文章中心大意。
要求读者把文章的具体信息用具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而非抄袭文章原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。
这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。
3.写作步骤（1）通读全文。
明确文章类型，主题，结构。
记叙文：5W+1H&议论文：观点、论点、论据说明文：说明对象，说明方式（2）要点获取(4-5点)。
寻找主题句；关键词；提问题。
（3）要点转述。
同义替换；语态转换；词性改变；句子重构（4）要点衔接。
过渡型词句，逻辑连接词。
Writing 1阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Yesterday Matt was sick.I picked up Archie from the sitter and Eloise from school and decided to run to Target for a few things.I had hoped to be in and out quickly.~I found a line with just one person ahead of me and began organizing my items on the conveyor.After placing my items，I looked up to see that the person ahead of me was an elderly woman. She was paying for her items with change and wanted to purchase each separately.I was frustrated with this woman and the inconvenience she had placed on me.But then I watched the young employee with this woman.I watched him help her count her change，ever so softly taking it from her shaking hands. When she asked if she had enough to buy a reusable bag，he told her she did and went two lines over to get one for her and then repackaged her items.Never once was this employee angry.He was nothing but patient and kind.As I was watching him，I saw that Eloise was too.She was standing next to the woman，watching the employee count the change.I realized I hadn’t been inconvenienced at all.That my daughter was instead witnessing kindness and patience and being taught this valuable lesson by a complete stranger.When the woman was finished，the employee began ringing up my items and thanked me for my patience.I then thanked him for teaching us patience andkindness by his treatment of that elderly woman.When he was finished I pushed my cart through the store trying to find the manager.I wanted her to know of the employee’s kindness and patience and how much it meant to me.After tracking her down and sharing the story with her，we left Target with a cart full of consumable items，but what is more，a heart full of gratitude for such an invaluable lesson.If you are ever in the Glendale Target，give Ishmael a smile and a nod.The world could use more people like him.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________…【写作指导】要写好记叙文的概要，先要找到以下两个问题的答案：(1)谁做了什么？(2)结果如何？如果是夹叙夹议文，还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育意义。
(2021年整理)高中英语概要写作词汇替换(简版)
高中英语概要写作词汇替换(简版)编辑整理：尊敬的读者朋友们：这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（高中英语概要写作词汇替换(简版)）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。
同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。
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英语建议信1.提出建议的句型I suggest that…Why not do…?Why don't you do…? You would better do/ not do…If I were you,I would……It seems to me that you could……You may consider doing…I feel that it would be beneficial if… You may consider doing…I think it would be more beneficial if you could……As you may agree that I would like to suggest that…2。
结尾常用格式I hope that my suggestions are helpful for your decision-making anyway。
I would be more than happy to see improvement in this regard。
I believe that you will take my suggestions into serious account。
I would be ready to discuss about this matter with you to further details. Whatever you decide to do， good luck with your studies/work！高级词汇替换连接词1.Firstly：previously, initially，foremost(adv,第一 adj.最重要的）2.Generally: principally， mainly, basically, fundamentally,3.Then:subsequently(随后陆续的）， afterward（时间上的), thereafter（逻辑上的), secondarily， furthermorestly：ultimately, eventually， in conclusion, as a final point， last but not least，5。
高考英语写作词汇同义转换整理清单
2024年高考英语写作词汇同义转换整理有没有发现自己的作文，写来写去就是那几个词，那些个看得都有点“厌烦的”短语句型。
其实阅读老师有时候也是这样的感觉。
因此，积累同近义词、短语、句型是很有必要的。
这样在写作时，我们既有很多选择，还可以脱颖而出。
现在一起看看分别有哪些吧。
01 more and more 的替身有哪些more and more既可以修饰名词，表示“数量越来越多”，也可以修饰形容词/副词，表示程度上的“越来越...”。
以下几个表达比起more and more 更为出彩。
1) an increasing number of +可数名词复数形式。
比如，之前外媒就有报道过中国年轻人的躺平（lying flat）状况。
所以，我们可以说：现在，越来越多中国年轻人选择躺平。
Nowadays, an increasing number of Chinese youngsters embrace a lyingflat lifestyle.2) the number of sb./sth is on the rise 某人/某物的数量在增长（PS：如果要表达减少，就有on the decrease）。
比如说节假日往往游客特别多，还不断增加。
The number of visitors to this tourist attraction is on the rise. 这个旅游景点的游客数量在不断增加。
3）the number of sb./ sth. surge/soar/rocket 某人/某物数量激增。
surge/soar/rocket 强调数量等暴涨、激增，上升速度之快。
如，《逃出大英博物馆》系列短片刚出现时，引发热议，网上的点击量就激增。
因此，可以这么说：The moment the online TV series Escape from the British Museum made its debut, the number of viewers praising its plots surged /soared /rocketed.网剧《逃出大英博物馆》一播出，称赞其情节的观众数量激增。
新高考,概要写作-同义替换
新高考,概要写作-同义替换Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
奉献于；专注于emphasize-accentuate 强调expect-anticipate 期望；预期explain-interpret/illustrate 解释；说明get into chaos-with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱join-participate 参加；参与lead to-contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致；产生。
结果limit-stress/hinder/hamper 限制阻止；阻碍operate-manipulate 操作；操纵provide-lend-offer 提供；给予publicize-propagandize 宣传；公布sway-vacillate 影响；摇摆，使摇摆think-contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect思考；考虑；想起thrive-palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.) undermine-debilitate 破坏；使衰弱，衰竭use-employ/utilize 使用；利用want-intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望；倾向于want to-desire 想要2. 形容词/副词：first-primarily 首先(ad.) hardly-merely-barely 几乎不(ad.) hurt-vulnerable 受伤；易受攻击inevitable-indispensable 必然；不可缺少in fact-actually/virtually 事实上；实际上(ad.) key-crucial/vital/consequential 关键；重要large-miraculous/marvelous 大；不可思议(表程度) maybe-probably 也许；大概(ad.) more and more-increasing/growing 越来越多obvious-conspicuous 明显；显著old-ancient 老；古老proper-apposite 适当；合适persuasive-thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力true-accurate 正确；准确vague-unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊well-known-outstanding 著名more often than not = often He more often than not es here. 3. 名词(词组)：bias-prejudice/discriminate 偏见；歧视big city-metropolis 大都市chance-alternative 机会；选择character-trait/individuality/personality 品质；特性；个性child-juvenile 孩子；青少年clash-conflict/collision冲突custom-convention/tradition 传统；习俗delegate-representative 代表detail-specific 细节lawmaking-legislation 立法offspring-descendant 后代；子孙value-merit 价值附：1. purchasing power of es Maximize their es = increase the purchasing power of es2. property = real estate3. precision = accuracy4. Thinking ability = critical thinking =creative= innovation5. reasoning = logical thought =thought6. popular culture= mon culture7. cultural power= assimilating power 10. judge = Justice （必考含义）“法官” 11. apprehension （必考含义）= worry apprehensiveability 理解能力12. mind = people= individual 13. faith=confidence 信心14. drug= medicine 15.dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize 16. tap 开发tap the market = explore the market = expand the market 18. entail =make= cause 19. nature；nurture/ born；made /inherited；acquired/（先天和后天）innate cognitive/intuitive made/born 20. attribute= character=trait=merit=feature=virtue 特点；特质21. plementary=auxiliary 22. suits = enable = entail （This job entails a lot of hard work.）24. mechanical = unchanged mechanical learning Dynamic=changeable=variable；vary Modify=change 25. distinction= fame 26. implication；connotation；suggestion；reference；carry important implications for（短语动词）27. accumulation = expansion = augmentation 28.literally = actually=absolutely 29. initiatives=measures Initiatives =intention Initiative =active Initiative=primitive=beginning 30.endeavors=efforts 31.Doubt= deny= don‘t believe 33. 经济下滑，衰退slowing economy/softening economy/stagnanteconomy/economic recession/economic decline /economic stagnation （stagnant）/depression/slowdown 34.symptoms =negative example 35.frames = body 36.grasp = understanding 37.reshape= remold 38.entitle :we are entitled to some privileges./Some privileges are given to us ./Some privileges are conferred on us. 4. 其他：although-albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.) because-in that-since-seeing 因为(conj.) but-nonetheless/nevertheless 然而；但是(conj.) through-in term of/via 通过(prep.) to sum-to summarize/in conclusion 总之；最后表示“地位” ：status, rank 表示“偏见” ：bias, prejudice, discrimination, inequality 表示“组成” 同义表达：constitute, be made from/of, include, consist of 表示“导致” ：result in, cause, lead to 表示“发行”：issue, release, distribute, launch 表示“授予” ：grant, award 表示“结果” ：result, consequent, e, turn out to 表示“交易” ：deal, trade, exchange, transaction 表示“能力” ：ability, capability, potential, power 表示“结束” ：fulfill, finish, plish, carryout, achieve, plete 表示“语言” ：verbally, language, words, lingual 表示“精确” ：accuracy, precision 表示“以前” ：previous, former, latter, prior to 表示“加强，促进” ：promote, facilitate,enhance, reinforce 表示“前景，未来”：prospect, future, expectation, outlook 表示“顾客” ：customer, client, consumer, guest 表示“暂停、延期” ：suspend, phase back, put off, stop, postpone, delayed 表示“信息” ：information, message, data, figure, statistics 表示“公司” ：enterprise, firm, pany, corporation 表示“故意” ：deliberately, intentionally, purposely, on/in purpose 表示“冷漠” ：indifferent, neutral, carefree, detached(超然) 表示“抱怨” ：plain, moan, groan 表示“吸引” ：appeal, attract, fascinate, tempt, absorb 表示“赶上” ：catch up with, keep up with 表示“对手” ：rival, equal, parative, petitor, opponent, adversary, enemy 表示“谨慎” ：prudent, cautious 表示“有利” ：be beneficial to, be useful to Skills: 同义替换法/词性转换法/语态改变法/句式转换法/压缩长句法分析：Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin, northeast China＇s Heilongjiang Province. As a result, the owner of the restaurant faced a fine of 500,000 yuan. Chen Yan, a tourist from Changzhou, east China＇s Jiangsu Province, plained online on February 12 that he was being overcharged 10,000 yuan for three big fish at a local wild fish restaurant in Songbei District of Harbin. Worse still, he claimed that his family members were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff when hequestioned the bill at the checkout. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. The investigation results by some local government departments showed that the restaurant had no fault, since they had already tagged the price, which raised doubt among netizens again. Further investigation showed that one type of the fish served, Huso, was not the real wild species, but a kind of farmed fish at a much lower price. Since the prices of the fish did have violated the rights of consumers, the restaurant got its due punishment. Meanwhile, relevant government departments that have stood by the side of the restaurant in the first place would also be investigated and punished. Similar cases of fraudulent pricing at scenic spots have also been reported elsewhere in China. In October 2015, for instance, a tourist was overcharged for a course of shrimp in the coastal city of Qingdao, east China＇s Shandong Province, when the restaurant claimed the quoted price of 38 yuan was not for the dish, but for each shrimp! Authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished. Your Answer: __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________ 1.Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin and faced a heavy fine. __________________________________________________________________ __________. 2. Chen Yan plained he was being overcharged and were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff. Chen＇s plaint immediately spread on China＇s social media. __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ _________________________. 3.The restaurant got its due punishment and relevant government departments would also be investigated and punished. __________________________________________________________________ _____________ 4.Similar cases have also been reported elsewhere and authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished._____________________________________________________________________________ Summary Writing 常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb-assimilate 吸收agree partly-agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse-ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change-alter 改变consider-take into account 考虑devote to-dedicate to 把。
2020年浙江高考新题型--概要解题技巧解析(从阅读理解角度看概要)
从阅读理解考题中向出卷老师学习如何在概要中的分析、改写和替换高考新题型概要要求考生能将350-400左右的文章用60左右字数进行概写，这类题型要求学生具备多种能力，包括快速抓准文章主旨，准确分析段落之间的关系，筛选各段要点词汇，然后用自己的语言结合适当的连贯词形成最后的概要文章。
在这个解题的过程中学生主要出现几处难点：1.主旨大意概括不准确，要点概括不准确；2.各段落间关系分析不准确造成连贯词出错，带歪整篇概要。
3.无法区分要点句与细节、讲解、原因等辅助句，不了解哪些该删，哪些该留；4.要点词汇筛选准确，但是不知道该如何用自己的语言落实成自己的文章其实这些写作难点都可以从平时的阅读理解训练中得到启发和帮助，通过分析文章及题目之间微妙的关系就是可以从出题老师那学到如何处理概要。
1.阅读理解采用的文章与概要的文章类型一致；概要的文章相对结构会更清晰明确；2.阅读理解出题的模式大规律上是每个段落一道题目，并且针对关键词、暗示词、关键句、主旨句出题的题目较多；3.阅读理解题目类型中主旨题就是对文章中心段的概括；推理题目是对各段中心句的概括和推理；这两类题目出题老师在编写选项实际上就很好的示范了如何总结、概括及改写。
4.阅读理解的解题技巧例如注意特殊符号；however；如何确定主旨句等同时可以适用于概要；下面列题主要通过分析阅读理解出题老师是如何编写选项来学习如何分析、概括、改写。
例题1；In 2013, Bezos, the CEO and founder of Amazon Inc., made headlines when he announced that within a few years, the company would use unmanned drones(无人机)to deliver packages within 30 minutes after an order was placed. Since Amazon Prime Air was publicized the night before “Cyber Monday,” some just regarded it a publicity stunt(噱头) designed to draw attention to the company. It turns out they were wrong.On December 7, 2016, Amazon revealed that it had completed its first Prime Air delivery in Cambridge, UK. The package, containing a bag of popcorn and an Amazon Fire TV, were loaded on to the unmanned vehicle from a local fulfillment center and delivered to a two-story farmhouse several miles away – all within 13 minutes after the items were bought!The company also announced that the service is now available within the five-square-mile range of the Cambridge area, seven days a week during daylight hours. The thinly populated rural area, with few dozen residents distributed amidst vast areas of farmland and fields, is perfect for testing the drones.Unfortunately, even if the trial is wildly successful, many challenges still remain before drone delivery becomes a reality for most of us. While the drone may do fine in rural areas, they remain untested in crowded urban cities where they would bump into barriers like buildings or trees. There is also fear that the autonomous flying vehicles could injure people as they come down to drop their packages. The drones and their load are also damaged by destroyers.Then there are the delivery logistics(后勤保障). Amazon will not only have to ensure that every Prime Air customer has a special landing flat surface, but also come up with a practical solution for apartment residents who do not have access to an open space where the drone can land. Hence, while Amazon Prime Air may someday be areality, for now, we will just have to wait for two “long” days to receive our packages!28. Why was the trial carried out in Cambridge area?A. Amazon couldn't find out drone landing space in crowded urban cities.B. The vast rural areas with smaller population were perfect test sites.C. Drone flight was prohibited where there were impassable barriers.D. The company had many logistics to guarantee service quality there.29. It can be inferred from the text that _________.A. the new service will save customers more time and money.B. Amazon is the early pioneer of drone flight in the worldC. universal drone package delivery has still a long way to goD. the injuries by drones have got the local residents in panic30.What is the main idea of the text?A. Drone delivery reached customers in a shorter time.B. Bezos tried to expand its delivery service in Cambridge.C. Amazon was the first company to use drone technology.D. Amazon tried to deliver package to customers by drone.【解析】这是一篇介绍亚马逊在研究利用无人机运送包裹的新闻，我们先看第28题，题干中关键词“Cambridge are”可以定位到文章第三段，首先可以详细分析一下这段落的语法结构：The company also announced that the service is now available within the five-square-mile宾语从句主句部分（过渡）定语（细节）range of the Cambridge area, seven days a week during daylight hours. The thinly populated rural状语（细节）定语（细节）area, with few dozen residents distributed amidst vast areas of farmland and fields, is perfect for with复合结构状语（细节）testing the drones.为了方便理解及总结，可以先把修饰的部分去掉这个段落就剩下最中心的部分--the Cambridge area--rural area is perfect for testing the drones这样我们也就基本确定了概要这一段要点的中心部分，接下来就是剩下的细节信息部分起到什么作用，该如何取舍或者改写。
概要写作微技能3：同义替换
2.词性变化
例2：It is of great importance to keep a balanced diet as well crucially important
as a healthy eating habit.
A balanced diet and a healthy eating habit are crucially important.
3.短语替换
例1：He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor (债lac权k 人(of)). money
Lack of money brought much trouble to him. 或：He was in financial difficulties.
Advertising fulfills the customers’ information demand and publicizes the brand, product position and conception.
1.词词替换
例4：In the follow-up class, the teaching activities are
2.词性变化
例1：I have a preference for a basic mobile phone though it
prefer to
ordinary cell phone
is not as advanced as a smartphone.
I prefer to use an ordinary cell phone compared to a smartphone.
1.词词替换
48 读后续写与概要写作中的词汇选用(原卷版)(浙江专用)
备战2022年浙江新高考英语一轮复习考点帮48 读后续写与概要写作中的词汇选用【策略简析】1. 词汇变身:替换常用简单词(1)动词变身(2)形容词、副词、介词变身bad disgusting, awful, terribleimportant significant, vital, essential, fundamental, crucialall kinds of a variety of, various, diverseabout concerning, relevant, related输入经典①On the o ne hand, too much praise might lead to children’s lack of enthusiasm to explore new things, for they are afraid they won’t meet parents’ expectations.②Considering the enormous benefits, which we can earn steadily from tennis practice, including preventing us from getting shortsighted and keeping physically healthy, we are lost in training course.输出佳句①The special day allows people to show their love and affection for(对……表达爱和情感) their fathers.②It’s advisable/wise(是明智的)for people to use their cell-phones more appropriately/properly(更恰当地).③Without sufficient preparation(没有充分准备), you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly and obtain satisfactory marks, let alone be admitted into a desirable university(梦想的大学).④Tracy said she had already informed Susan of(通知Susan) the change of the appointment.⑤People generally thought it impossible for the Chinese team to win the championship in the Rio Olympic Games, but they overcame many hurdles(克服许多障碍) and eventually worked miracles/wonders(最终成功).⑥Drama Night is scheduled to (预定)be held on the evening of next Friday in the theatre hall.⑦Additionally(此外), having been awarded scholarship twice in our school, I have excellent academic performance(极好的学术成就).⑧This phenomenon has become a concern/focus (成为焦点)we must face today because of many serious consequences (许多严重后果)caused by improper use of cell-phones.2. 变化所用词的词性在作文中, 可以通过改变一个词的词性, 使文章富有变化, 让阅卷者感受到考生对词汇各种用法的掌握水平和灵活运用的程度。
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Summary Writing常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb->assimilate 吸收agree partly->agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse->ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change->alter 改变consider->take into account 考虑devote to->dedicate to 把……奉献于；专注于emphasize->accentuate 强调expect->anticipate 期望；预期explain->interpret/illustrate 解释；说明get into chaos->with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱join->participate 参加；参与lead to->contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致；产生…… 结果limit->stress/hinder/hamper 限制阻止；阻碍operate->manipulate 操作；操纵provide->lend->offer 提供；给予publicize->propagandize 宣传；公布sway->vacillate 影响；摇摆，使摇摆think->contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect 思考；考虑；想起thrive->palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.)undermine->debilitate 破坏；使衰弱，衰竭use->employ/utilize 使用；利用want->intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望；倾向于want to->desire 想要2. 形容词/副词：first->primarily 首先(ad.)hardly->merely->barely 几乎不(ad.)hurt->vulnerable 受伤；易受攻击inevitable-indispensable 必然；不可缺少in fact->actually/virtually 事实上；实际上(ad.)key->crucial/vital/consequential 关键；重要large->miraculous/marvelous 大；不可思议(表程度)maybe->probably 也许；大概(ad.)more and more->increasing/growing 越来越多obvious->conspicuous 明显；显著old->ancient 老；古老proper->apposite 适当；合适persuasive->thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力true->accurate 正确；准确vague->unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊well-known->outstanding 著名more often than not = oftenHe more often than not comes here.3. 名词(词组)：bias->prejudice/discriminate 偏见；歧视big city->metropolis 大都市chance->alternative 机会；选择character->trait/individuality/personality 品质；特性；个性child->juvenile 孩子；青少年clash->conflict/collision冲突custom->convention/tradition 传统；习俗delegate->representative 代表detail->specific 细节lawmaking->legislation 立法offspring->descendant 后代；子孙value->merit 价值附：1. purchasing power of incomesMaximize their incomes = increase the purchasing power of incomes2.property = real estate3.precision = accuracy4. Thinking ability = critical thinking =creative= innovation5. reasoning = logical thought =thought6. popular culture= common culture7. cultural power= assimilating power10. judge = Justice （必考含义）“法官”11. apprehension （必考含义）= worryapprehensiveability 理解能力12. mind = people= individual13. faith=confidence 信心14. drug= medicine15. dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize16. tap 开发tap the market = explore the market = expand the market18. entail =make= cause19. nature；nurture/ born；made /inherited；acquired/（先天和后天）innate cognitive/intuitive made/born20. attribute= character=trait=merit=feature=virtue 特点；特质21. complementary=auxiliary22. suits = enable = entail（This job entails a lot of hard work.）24. mechanical = unchangedmechanical learningDynamic=changeable=variable；varyModify=change25.distinction= fame26. implication；connotation；suggestion；reference；carry important implications for（短语动词）27. accumulation = expansion = augmentation28.literally = actually=absolutely29. initiatives=measuresInitiatives =intentionInitiative =activeInitiative=primitive=beginning30.endeavors=efforts31.Doubt= deny= don‘t believe33. 经济下滑，衰退slowing economy/softening economy/stagnant economy/economic recession/economic decline/economic stagnation （stagnant）/depression/slowdown34.symptoms =negative example35.frames = body36.grasp = understanding37.reshape= remold38.entitle :we are entitled to some privileges./Some privileges are given to us ./Some privileges are conferred on us.4. 其他：although->albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.)because->in that->since->seeing 因为(conj.)but->nonetheless/nevertheless 然而；但是(conj.)through->in term of/via 通过(prep.)to sum->to summarize/in conclusion 总之；最后表示“地位” ：status, rank表示“偏见” ：bias, prejudice, discrimination, inequality表示“组成” 同义表达：constitute, be made from/of, include, consist of表示“导致” ：result in, cause, lead to表示“发行”：issue, release, distribute, launch表示“授予” ：grant, award表示“结果” ：result, consequent, outcome, turn out to表示“交易” ：deal, trade, exchange, transaction表示“能力” ：ability, capability, potential, power表示“结束” ：fulfill, finish, accomplish, carryout, achieve, complete表示“语言” ：verbally, language, words, lingual表示“精确” ：accuracy, precision表示“以前” ：previous, former, latter, prior to表示“加强，促进” ：promote, facilitate, enhance, reinforce表示“前景，未来”：prospect, future, expectation, outlook表示“顾客” ：customer, client, consumer, guest表示“暂停、延期” ：suspend, phase back, put off, stop, postpone, delayed表示“信息” ：information, message, data, figure, statistics表示“公司” ：enterprise, firm, company, corporation表示“故意” ：deliberately, intentionally, purposely, on/in purpose表示“冷漠” ：indifferent, neutral, carefree, detached(超然)表示“抱怨” ：complain, moan, groan表示“吸引” ：appeal, attract, fascinate, tempt, absorb表示“赶上” ：catch up with, keep up with表示“对手” ：rival, equal, comparative, competitor, opponent, adversary, enemy表示“谨慎” ：prudent, cautious表示“有利” ：be beneficial to, be useful toSkills:同义替换法/词性转换法/语态改变法/句式转换法/压缩长句法分析：Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province. As a result, the owner of the restaurant faced a fine of 500,000 yuan.Chen Yan, a tourist from Changzhou, east China's Jiangsu Province, complained online on February 12 that he was being overcharged 10,000 yuan for three big fish at a local wild fish restaurant in Songbei District of Harbin. Worse still, he claimed that his family members were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff when he questioned the bill at the checkout.Chen's complaint immediately spread on China's social media. The investigation results by some local government departments showed that the restaurant had no fault, since they had already tagged the price, which raised doubt among netizens again.Further investigation showed that one type of the fish served, Huso, was not the real wild species, but a kind of farmed fish at a much lower price. Since the prices of the fish did have violated the rights of consumers, the restaurant got its due punishment. Meanwhile, relevant government departments that have stood by the side of the restaurant in the first place would also be investigated and punished.Similar cases of fraudulent pricing at scenic spots have also been reported elsewhere in China. In October 2015, for instance, a tourist was overcharged for a course of shrimp in the coastal city of Qingdao, east China's Shandong Province, when the restaurant claimed the quoted price of 38 yuan was not for the dish, but for each shrimp! Authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished.Your Answer:_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin and faced a heavy fine.____________________________________________________________________________.2.Chen Yan complained he was being overcharged and were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff. Chen's complaint immediately spread on China's social media._______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________.3.The restaurant got its due punishment and relevant government departments would also be investigated and punished._______________________________________________________________________________4.Similar cases have also been reported elsewhere and authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished._____________________________________________________________________________Summary Writing常见的同义替换：1. 动词(词组)：absorb->assimilate 吸收agree partly->agree with reserve 有保留地赞同arouse->ignite/stimulate/spur/motivate 引起；鼓励change->alter 改变consider->take into account 考虑devote to->dedicate to 把……奉献于；专注于emphasize->accentuate 强调expect->anticipate 期望；预期explain->interpret/illustrate 解释；说明get into chaos->with chaos ensuing 陷入混乱join->participate 参加；参与lead to->contribute to/ conduce to/result in 导致；产生…… 结果limit->stress/hinder/hamper 限制阻止；阻碍operate->manipulate 操作；操纵provide->lend->offer 提供；给予publicize->propagandize 宣传；公布sway->vacillate 影响；摇摆，使摇摆think->contemplate/muse/meditate/retrospect 思考；考虑；想起thrive->palmy(a.)/flourishing(v./a.)/prosperity(n.)undermine->sap/enervate/debilitate 破坏；使衰弱，衰竭use->employ/utilize 使用；利用want->intend to/tend to/be inclined to 希望；倾向于want to->desire 想要2. 形容词/副词：first->primarily 首先(ad.)hardly->merely->barely 几乎不(ad.)hurt->vulnerable 受伤；易受攻击inevitable-indispensable 必然；不可缺少in fact->actually/virtually 事实上；实际上(ad.)key->crucial/vital/consequential 关键；重要large->miraculous/marvelous 大；不可思议(表程度)maybe->probably 也许；大概(ad.)more and more->increasing/growing 越来越多obvious->conspicuous 明显；显著old->ancient 老；古老proper->apposite 适当；合适persuasive->thorough/sound/specific/convincing 有说服力true->accurate 正确；准确vague->unwarranted/oversimplified 模糊well-known->outstanding 著名more often than not = oftenHe more often than not comes here.3. 名词(词组)：bias->prejudice/discriminate 偏见；歧视big city->metropolis 大都市chance->alternative 机会；选择character->trait/individuality/personality 品质；特性；个性child->juvenile 孩子；青少年clash->conflict/collision冲突custom->convention/tradition 传统；习俗delegate->representative 代表detail->specific 细节lawmaking->legislation 立法offspring->descendant 后代；子孙value->merit 价值附：1. purchasing power of incomesMaximize their incomes = increase the purchasing power of incomes4.property = real estate5.precision = accuracy4. Thinking ability = critical thinking =creative= innovation5. reasoning = logical thought =thought6. popular culture= common culture7. cultural power= assimilating power10. judge = Justice （必考含义）“法官”11. apprehension （必考含义）= worryapprehensiveability 理解能力12. mind = people= individual13. faith=confidence 信心14. drug= medicine15. dismiss 斥责= rebuke=criticize16. tap 开发tap the market = explore the market = expand the market18. entail =make= cause19. nature；nurture/ born；made /inherited；acquired/（先天和后天）innate cognitive/intuitive made/born20. attribute= character=trait=merit=feature=virtue 特点；特质21. complementary=auxiliary22. suits = enable = entail（This job entails a lot of hard work.）24. mechanical = unchangedmechanical learningDynamic=changeable=variable；varyModify=change26.distinction= fame26. implication；connotation；suggestion；reference；carry important implications for（短语动词）27. accumulation = expansion = augmentation28.literally = actually=absolutely29. initiatives=measuresInitiatives =intentionInitiative =activeInitiative=primitive=beginning30.endeavors=efforts31.Doubt= deny= don‘t believe33. 经济下滑，衰退slowing economy/softening economy/stagnant economy/economic recession/economic decline/economic stagnation （stagnant）/depression/slowdown34.symptoms =negative example35.frames = body36.grasp = understanding37.reshape= remold38.entitle :we are entitled to some privileges./Some privileges are given to us ./Some privileges are conferred on us.4. 其他：although->albeit/notwithstanding 尽管(conj.)because->in that->since->seeing 因为(conj.)but->nonetheless/nevertheless 然而；但是(conj.)through->in term of/via 通过(prep.)to sum->to summarize/in conclusion 总之；最后表示“地位” ：status, rank表示“偏见” ：bias, prejudice, discrimination, inequality表示“组成” 同义表达：constitute, be made from/of, include, consist of表示“导致” ：result in, cause, lead to表示“发行”：issue, release, distribute, launch表示“授予” ：grant, award表示“结果” ：result, consequent, outcome, turn out to表示“交易” ：deal, trade, exchange, transaction表示“能力” ：ability, capability, potential, power表示“结束” ：fulfill, finish, accomplish, carryout, achieve, complete表示“语言” ：verbally, language, words, lingual表示“精确” ：accuracy, precision表示“以前” ：previous, former, latter, prior to表示“加强，促进” ：promote, facilitate, enhance, reinforce表示“前景，未来”：prospect, future, expectation, outlook表示“顾客” ：customer, client, consumer, guest表示“暂停、延期” ：suspend, phase back, put off, stop, postpone, delayed表示“信息” ：information, message, data, figure, statistics表示“公司” ：enterprise, firm, company, corporation表示“故意” ：deliberately, intentionally, purposely, on/in purpose表示“冷漠” ：indifferent, neutral, carefree, detached(超然)表示“抱怨” ：complain, moan, groan表示“吸引” ：appeal, attract, fascinate, tempt, absorb表示“赶上” ：catch up with, keep up with表示“对手” ：rival, equal, comparative, competitor, opponent, adversary, enemy表示“谨慎” ：prudent, cautious表示“有利” ：be beneficial to, be useful toSkills:同义替换法/词性转换法/语态改变法/句式转换法/压缩长句法分析：Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin, northeast China's Heilongjiang Province. As a result, the owner of the restaurant faced a fine of 500,000 yuan.Chen Yan, a tourist from Changzhou, east China's Jiangsu Province, complained online on February 12 that he was being overcharged 10,000 yuan for three big fish at a local wild fish restaurant in Songbei District of Harbin. Worse still, he claimed that his family members were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff when he questioned the bill at the checkout.Chen's complaint immediately spread on China's social media. The investigation results by some local government departments showed that the restaurant had no fault, since they had already tagged the price, which raised doubt among netizens again.Further investigation showed that one type of the fish served, Huso, was not the real wild species, but a kind of farmed fish at a much lower price. Since the prices of the fish did have violated the rights of consumers, the restaurant got its due punishment. Meanwhile, relevant government departments that have stood by the side of the restaurant in the first place would also be investigated and punished.Similar cases of fraudulent pricing at scenic spots have also been reported elsewhere in China. In October 2015, for instance, a tourist was overcharged for a course of shrimp in the coastal city of Qingdao, east China's Shandong Province, when the restaurant claimed the quoted price of 38 yuan was not for the dish, but for each shrimp! Authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished.练习：1.Recently, a wild fish restaurant was ordered to shut down in Harbin and faced a heavy fine. lately/not long ago, require/command close down3.Chen Yan complained he was being overcharged and were beaten and threatened by the restaurant staff. Chen's complaint immediately spread on China's social media.violent treatment expose…to the public; Chen's complaint that …spread…Possible answer: A customer named Chen Yan exposed his being overcharged and the violenttreatment of the restaurant to the public.3.The restaurant got its due punishment and relevant government departments would also be investigated and punished.receive as well as/ together with/along withThe restaurant as well as some relevant government departments received their due punishment.4.Similar cases have also been reported elsewhere and authorities say that these illegal actions will be severely punished.happened/ took place governmentwill be seriously punished/will receive serious/ severe punishmentSimilar cases also happened elsewhere and the government are determined to fight them.one possible version:Lately, a wild fish restaurant in Harbin faced being shut down and a heavy fine, after a customer named Chen Yan exposed his being overcharged and the violent treatment of the restaurant to the public. Ultimately, after investigation, the restaurant as well as some relevant government departments received their due punishment. In fact, similar cases also happened elsewhere and the government are determined to fight them.。