国学一词的起源与英语翻译
汉语与英语的历史渊源
英语，代表西方的强势文化,是当今世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。
作为世界性的大语种，它成了现代与文明的标志。
而汉语是世界上使用人口最多的语言,随着中国国力的增强，以及在世界事务中举足轻重的作用,汉语也逐渐变成了外国人的拿手好戏,是展示自我本领的法宝。
其实从古到今,许多英语词汇就源于汉语，特别是中国改革开放后,更多的汉语成了英语的外来词。
欧洲人做过精细的统计，自1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中，中式英语贡献了5%到20%，超过任何其他来源。
英语属于印欧语系(Indo-European languages)，包含着印度、西亚和欧洲的语言。
目前使用的英语单词中，有不少是从非印欧语系“拿来”的，这在狭义上，就是英语中的外来语。
这些“白皮黄心”英语外来词“无须向“英语世界”做额外解释，就能顺利地理解、沟通。
脱胎于汉语的“英语外来词”，早就默默地影响全世界了。
來自中文的英文字（在大英文字典拥有的历史悠久的英文字）有大约三十个，其中不少于十個常用。
大部分是18世纪之后来自汉语，通常非现代系统化的罗马化中文或拼音。
1、來自汉语Kung fu （1966年來自“功夫”）Yin yang （1671年來自“阴阳”）Kowtow （1804年來自“叩头”）Tofu （1880年來自“豆腐”）Lychee或litche （1588年來自“荔枝”）Gung ho或gung-ho（热心）（1939年來自“工合”或“共好”）Mahjong或Mah-jong （1920年來自“麻将”）Feng shui （1797年來自“风水”）Tai chi （1736年來自“太极”）Yamen （1747年來自“衙门”）Kaolin （1727年來自“高岭”－－高岭土）Kylin （1857年來自“麒麟”）Longan （1732年來自“龙眼”）Pe-tsai （1795年來自“白菜”）Petuntse （1727年來自“白墩子”）Sampan （1620年來自“舢板”）Suan-pan （1736年來自“算盘”）Tao （1736年來自“道”）Taipan（大商行的总经理）（1834年來自“大班”）Toumingdu（透明度）（來自1980年代中英谈判期间用語“透明度”）Typhoon （來自“台风”）Tuchun （1917年來自“督军”）Tung（油桐属）（1788年來自“桐”）Ho-ho bird （1901年來自“凤凰”）Wampee（一种果）（1830年來自“黄皮”）Whangee（一种竹）（1790年來自“黄藜”）Mandarin（官話）（來自“满大人（中国清朝的官吏）”）现在指汉语Qi Bo （來自“情报”）2、來自粵語英语在香港比较普及,加上从前香港通常比内地较先接触外来的新事物,过去不谙英语的低下阶层会用广州话拼读日常的英语词汇,所以香港粤语的英语外来词十分普遍.例如“地盘管工”叫“科文”(foreman)、“煞车”叫“逼力”(brake)、“轴承”叫“啤令”(bearing)、“草莓”叫“士多啤梨”(strawberry)等等.不少老人家仍把“邮票”称作“士担”(stamp)、“保险”叫“燕梳”(insurance)等.这些道地的用语可能会使外地汉语使用者不知所云.改革开放后，广东成为经济和文化交流的前沿阵地，粤语在英语中渗透发展。
英语四六级翻译常用词汇-中国历史文化
英语四六级翻译：历史文化词汇中华文明 Chinese civilization文明摇篮 cradle of civilization华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉高祖刘邦 founder of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) 成吉思汗 Genghis Khan ; Temujin夏朝 Xia Dynasty明清两代 (of) Ming and Qing dynasties地名：特别注意四川和陕西拼法四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan陝西 Shaanxi四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术 printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass汉字 Chinese character单音节 single syllable汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters 阳平 level tone阴平 rising tone上声 falling-rising tone去声 falling tone四书 the Four Books《大学》 The Great Learning《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》 The Analects of Confucius《孟子》 The Mencius《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》 Historical Records《诗经》 The Books of Songs;The Book of Odes《书经》 The Books of History《易经》 I Ching; The Book of Changes《礼记》 The Book of Rites《孝经》 Book of Filial Piety《孙子兵法》 The Art of War《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture;TheThree-Word Chant《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms《西游记》 Journey to the West; Pilgrimage to the West 《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror;Comprehensive History Retold as a Mirror for Rulers《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber《水浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes; Tales of the Water Margin《聊斋志异》 Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio; Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio《围城》 Fortress Besieged《阿Q正传》 The True Story of Ah Q五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave八股文 eight-part essay; stereotyped writing重要文化遗产 major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts文物 cultural relics中国画 traditional Chinese painting书法 calligraphy水墨画 Chinese brush painting; ink and wash painting工笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting中国结 Chinese knot旗袍 Cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 traditional Chinese garments (clothing)，Tang suit朝廷使者 royal court envoy文人 men of letters雅士 refined scholars表演艺术 performing art现代流行艺术 popular art, pop art纯艺术 high art高雅艺术 refined art电影艺术 cinematographic art戏剧艺术 theatrical art才子佳人 gifted scholars and beautiful ladies生 (男性正面角色) male (the positive male role)旦 (女性正面角色) female (the positive female role) 净 (性格鲜明的男性配角) a supporting male role with striking character丑 (幽默滑稽或反面角色) a clown or a negative role 花脸 painted role歌舞喜剧 musical滑稽场面, 搞笑小噱头 shtick滑稽短剧 skit京剧人物脸谱 Peking Opera Mask皮影戏 shadow play; leather-silhouette show说书 story-telling叠罗汉 make a human pyramid折子戏 opera highlights踩高跷 stilt walk哑剧 pantomime; mime哑剧演员 pantomimist戏剧小品 skit马戏 circus show单口相声 monologue comic talk, standup comedy特技表演 stunt相声 witty dialogue comedy, comic cross talk杂技 acrobatics京韵大鼓 the traditional story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment秦腔 Shaanxi opera武术 martial art功夫 kung fu武术门派 styles or schools of martial art习武健身 practice martial art for fitness气功 qigong, deep breathing exercises拳击 boxing篆刻 seal cutting upriteous工艺, 手艺 workmanship / craftsmanship卷轴 scroll蜡染 batik泥人 clay figure漆画 lacquer painting唐三彩 Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝 cloisonné文房四宝 The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study --- a writing brush, an ink stick, an ink stone and paper民间传说 folklores寓言 fable传说 legend神话 mythology古为今用,洋为中用 make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china赋诗 inscribe a poem对对联 matching an antithetical couplet阳历 solar calendar公历 Gregorian calendar阴历 lunar calendar天干 heavenly stem地支 earthly branch闰年 leap year二十四节气 the twenty-four solar terms十二生肖 the twele Chinese zodiac signs本命年 one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches传统节日 traditional holidays春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival (15th day of the first lunar month)清明节 the Pure Brightness Festival / theTomb-sweeping Day (April the 5th)端午节 the Dragon Boat Festival (5th of the fifth lunar month)中秋节 the Moon Festival / the Mid-Autumn Day (15th of the eight lunar month)重阳节 the Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day。
中国传统文化英文单词
中国传统文化英文单词中国传统文化英文单词英语单词的产生是汉英两种语言双向交流的产物，一些带有中国特色的名称和概念进入了英语词汇，同时还有一些英语词汇进入了汉语，在文化环境中衍生出新的含义，形成了英语词汇的语义文化特征。
以下是小编带来的中国传统文化英文单词，希望对你有帮助。
中国传统文化英文单词11、元宵节:Lantern Festival2、刺绣：Embroidery3、重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival4、清明节：Tomb sweeping day5、剪纸：Paper Cutting6、书法： Calligraphy7、对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets8、象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9、雄黄酒：Realgar wine10、四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle11、战国：Warring States12、风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13、昆曲：Kunqu Opera14、长城：The Great Wall15、集体舞：Group Dance16、黄土高原：Loess Plateau17、红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals18、中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day19、花鼓戏：Flower Drum Song20、儒家文化：Confucian Culture21、中国结：Chinese knotting22、古装片：Costume Drama23、武打片：Chinese Swordplay Movie24、元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25、越剧：Yue Opera26、火锅：Hot Pot27、江南：South Regions of the Yangtze River28、《诗经》：The Book of Songs29、谜语：Riddle30、《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31、《红楼梦》：A Dream of Red Mansions32、《西游记》：The Journey to the West33、除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34、针灸：Acupuncture35、唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the T ang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored pottery36、二人转 : Errenzhuan37、偏旁 :Radical38、孟子：Mencius39、亭 / 阁：Pavilion/ Attic40、黄梅戏 :Huangmei opera41、火药：Gunpowder42、农历：Lunar Calendar43、印 / 玺：Seal/Stamp44、腊八节：The laba Rice Porridge Festival45、京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46、秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47、太极拳：Tai Chi48、《本草纲目》: Compendium of Materia Medica49、天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing50、小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand51、红双喜：Double Happiness52、国子监：Imperial Academy53、春卷：Spring Roll(s)54、莲藕：Lotus Root55、罗盘：Luopan56、故宫博物院：The Palace Museum57、相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58、五行：Five Phases59、北京烤鸭 : Beijing Roast Duck60、《桃花扇》：The Peach Blossom Fan61、木偶戏：Puppet Show62、敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves63、电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit64、甲骨文：Oracle Bone Inscriptions65、古筝：Chinese Zither66、二胡：Urheen67、门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match68、《水浒》: Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69、端午节：Dragon Boat Festival70、文房四宝：“The Four Treasure of the Study” “Brush, Inkstick, Paper and Inkstone”71、兵马俑: Cotta Warriors/ Terracotta Army72、旗袍：Cheongsam73、指南针：Compass74、泼水节：Water-Splashing Day75、馄饨：Wonton76、花卷：Steamed twisted rolls77、羊肉泡馍：Pita Bread Soaked in Lamb Soup78、冰糖葫芦：A stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples, etc、)79、八宝饭：Eight-treasure rice pudding80、粉丝：Glass Noodles81、豆腐脑：Jellied bean curd82、小品：Witty Skits83、孝顺：T o show filial obedience84、武术：Wushu (Chinese Martial Arts)85、宣纸：Rice Paper86、衙门： Yamen87、叩头：Kowtow88、中庸：The way of medium(cf、 Golden Means)89、牌楼：Pailou (pai-loo)90、东坡肉：Dongpo Pork91、中山陵：The Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum92、秦淮河：Qinhuai River93、玄武湖：Xuanwu Lake94、夫子庙：The Confucian Temple95、鸭血粉丝：Duck blood and Vermicelli Soup96、盐水鸭：Yanshuiya, or salted and baked duck97、大煮干丝：Gansi98、小笼包：Steamed buns99、明孝陵：Ming Tomb100、云锦：Nanjing brocade中国传统文化英文单词21、上海大剧院 Shanghai Grand Theatre2、龙须沟 Longxu Ditch3、样板戏 model opera4、地雷战 The Mine Warfare5、贵妃醉酒 Drunkened Concubine6、霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine7、荒山泪 Tears of Huangshan8、群英会 Gathering of Heroes9、借东风 East Wind10、将相和 General and Premier Make Up11、杨门女将 Women General of Yang Family12、凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance13、大海啊，故乡 Home in the Sea14、我的中国心 My Chinese Heart15、军港之夜 Night at the Naval Port16、冬天里的一把火 Winter Fire17、十面埋伏（古曲） Ambush from All Sides18、天仙配 Goddess Marriage19、牡丹亭 Peony Pavilion20、春江花月夜 Moon and Flower in the Spring River21、琵琶记 The Story of Pipa22、醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World23、梁祝（小提琴协奏曲） Butterfly Love24、警世通言 Ordinary Words to Warn the World25、喻世明言 Clear Words to Illustrate the World。
介绍中国国学英语作文
介绍中国国学英语作文英文回答：Chinese Studies, also known as Sinology, is an academic discipline that encompasses the study of Chinese language, literature, history, philosophy, art, music, and other aspects of Chinese culture. It is a vast and interdisciplinary field that draws on a wide range of methodologies and approaches.Chinese Studies has a long and rich history, dating back to the early days of Western contact with China. In the 16th and 17th centuries, European missionaries and scholars began to study Chinese language and culture in order to spread Christianity in China. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Chinese Studies became increasingly popular in Europe and North America, as Westerners became more interested in China and its culture.Today, Chinese Studies is a thriving academicdiscipline, with scholars working in universities and research institutions around the world. Chinese Studies programs offer a variety of courses, including Chinese language, literature, history, philosophy, art, music, and religion. Students who study Chinese Studies gain a deep understanding of Chinese culture and its place in the world.One of the most important aspects of Chinese Studies is the study of Chinese language. Chinese is a complex and challenging language, but it is also a beautiful and expressive language. Students who study Chinese language learn to read, write, and speak Chinese, and they also gain an understanding of Chinese grammar and vocabulary.Another important aspect of Chinese Studies is thestudy of Chinese literature. Chinese literature is a rich and diverse tradition, with a history dating back thousands of years. Students who study Chinese literature read and analyze works of Chinese literature, and they also learn about the history and development of Chinese literature.Chinese Studies also includes the study of Chinesehistory, philosophy, art, music, and religion. Students who study Chinese history learn about the history of China,from its earliest beginnings to the present day. Students who study Chinese philosophy learn about the major philosophical traditions of China, including Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Students who study Chinese art learn about the history and development of Chinese art, and they also learn about the different types of Chinese art, suchas painting, calligraphy, and sculpture. Students who study Chinese music learn about the history and development of Chinese music, and they also learn about the differenttypes of Chinese music, such as folk music, classical music, and opera. Students who study Chinese religion learn about the different religions that are practiced in China, including Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Christianity.Chinese Studies is an important and fascinating academic discipline. It is a discipline that offersstudents a deep understanding of Chinese culture and its place in the world.中文回答：国学，又称中国学，是一门综合性学科，涵盖对中国语言、文学、历史、哲学、艺术、音乐及其他中国文化方面的研究。
中国传统文化词汇、诗词翻译
一．中国古代传统文化翻译1. 传统词汇刺绣：embroidery剪纸：Paper Cutting书法：Calligraphy对联：(Spring Festival) Couplets象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters人才流动：Brain Drain/Brain Flow四合院：Siheyuan/Quadrangle战国：Warring States风水：Fengshui/Geomantic Omen铁饭碗：Iron Bowl /well-paid job集体舞：Group Dance红白喜事：Weddings and Funerals中秋节：Mid-Autumn Day结婚证：Marriage Certificate儒家文化：Confucian Culture附属学校：Affiliated school元宵：Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling一国两制：One Country, Two Systems火锅：Hot Pot《诗经》：The Book of Songs素质教育：Essential-qualities-oriented Education《史记》：Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian大跃进：Great Leap Forward (Movement)除夕：Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival中国特色的社会主义：Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics孟子：Mencius亭/阁： Pavilion/ Attic大中型国有企业：Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises火药：gunpowder农历：Lunar Calendar京剧：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera太极拳：Tai Chi独生子女证：The Certificate of One-child天坛：Altar of Heaven in Beijing小吃摊：Snack Bar/Snack Stand春卷：Spring Roll(s)追星族：Star Struck故宫博物院：The Palace Museum相声：Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue下岗：Lay off/Laid off北京烤鸭：Beijing Roast Duck烟花爆竹：fireworks and firecracker电视小品：TV Sketch/TV Skit香港澳门同胞：Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao文化大革命：Cultural Revolution门当户对：Perfect Match/Exact Match中外合资企业：Joint Ventures文房四宝（笔墨纸砚）："The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone"四大名著the Four Great Classical Novels《三国演义》The Romance of the Three Kingdoms 《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes ; Water Margins 《西游记》Pilgrimage to the West 《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions ; The story of the Stone2.中国意念词八卦trigram阴、阳 yin, yang道 Dao江湖（世界） the jianghu World （the traits’ world）e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道 Daoism（Taoism）上火 excessive internal heat儒学 Confucianism红学（《红楼梦》研究） redology世外桃源 Shangri-la or Arcadia大锅饭 getting an equal share regardless of the work done不搞一刀切 no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意 to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people脱贫 to shake off poverty; anti-poverty3.中华民族的喜庆节日国庆节 National Day中秋节 Mia-Autumn Festival春节 Spring Festival元宵节 Lantern Festival儿童节 Children’s Day端午节 Dragon Boat Festival妇女节 Women’s Day泼水节 Water-Splashing Day五四青年节 Youth Day重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival清明节：Tomb sweeping day4.中国独特的传统饮食馄饨 wonton花卷 steamed twisted rolls套餐 set meal盒饭 box lunch; Chinese take-away米豆腐 rice tofu米粉 rice noodles冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 粉丝 glass noodles豆腐脑 jellied bean curd5.中国新兴事物中国电信 China Telecom中国移动 China Mobile中国电脑联网 Chinanet三峡工程 the Three Gorges Project 希望工程 Project Hope扶贫工程 Anti-Poverty Project菜篮子工程 Vegetable Basket Project 温饱工程 Decent-Life Project安居工程 Economy Housing Project西部大开发 Go-West Campaign6.特有的一些汉语词汇噱头；掉包袱 gimmick, stunt夜猫子 night people; night-owls本命年 this animal year of sb.处世之道 philosophy of life姻缘 yinyuan（prefixed fate of marriage）7.具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国 Mainland China红色中国 socialist China四化 Four Modernizations终生职业 job-for-life铁饭碗 iron rice bowl大锅饭 communal pot关系户 closely-related units外出打工人员 migrant workers关系网 personal nets, closely-knitted guild五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals四美（心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美）： the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment8.中国古代独特事物宣纸 rice paper衙门 yamen叩头 kowtow孔子Confucius武术 wushu（Chinese Martial Arts）功夫 kungfu ；kung fu中庸 the way of medium （cf. Golden Means）中和 harmony (zhonghe)孝顺 to show filial obedience孝子 dutiful son家长 family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲 three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信 five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness 养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age9.近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督 grass-roots supervision婚介所 matrimonial agency婚外恋 extramarital love婚纱摄影 bride photo黑心棉 shoddy cotton机器阅卷 machine scoring集中精力把经济建设搞上去 go all out for economic development加强舆论监督 ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion假帐 accounting fraud叫板 challenge; pick a quarrel矫情 use lame arguments借调 temporarily transfer渐进式台独 gradual Taiwan independence扩大中等收入者比重 Raise the proportion of the middle-income group. 扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption安居工程 housing project for low-income urban residents 智力密集型 concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive外资企业 overseas-funded enterprises下岗职工 laid-off workers分流 reposition of redundant personnel三角债 chain debts素质教育 education for all-round development豆腐渣工程 jerry-built projects社会治安情况 law-and-order situation民族国家 nation state西部大开发 Development of the West Regions可持续性发展 sustainable development风险投资 risk investment通货紧缩 deflation扩大内需 to expand domestic demand计算机辅助教学 computer-assisted instruction ( CAI ) 网络空间 cyberspace虚拟现实 virtual reality网民 netizen ( net citizen )电脑犯罪 computer crime电子商务 the e-business网上购物 shopping online应试教育 exam-oriented education学生减负 to reduce study load总裁助理assistant president综合治理comprehensive treatment安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents信息化information-based; informationization智力密集型concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive外资企业overseas-funded enterprises下岗职工laid-off workers分流reposition of redundant personnel素质教育education for all-round development通货紧缩deflation扩大内需to expand domestic demand计算机辅助教学computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )下海plunge into the commercial sea下网off line小康之家well-off family; comfortably-off family新秀up-and-coming star, rising star新新人类New Human Being ; X Generation形象小姐image representative of a product or a brand虚拟网virtual net学生处students" affairs division研究生毕业证/学位证graduate diploma/graudate degree"sdiploma摇钱树cash cow以人为本people oriented; people foremost义务教育compulsory education易拉罐pop can应试教育examination-oriented education system舆论导向direction of public opinion运球dribble在职博士生on-job doctorate早恋puppy love招生就业指导办公室enrolment and vocation guidance office 证券营业部stock exchange; security exchange知识产权intellectual property rights中专生secondary specialized or technical school student 中流砥柱mainstay, chief corner stone专卖店exclusive agency; franchised store自我保护意识self-protection awareness综合国力comprehensive national strength综合业务数字网integrated service digital network (ISDN) 公正、公平、公开just, fair and open好莱坞大片Hollywood blockbuster黄金时段prime time假唱lip-synch劲射power shot拉拉队cheering squad来电显示电话机caller ID telephone论文答辩(thesis) oral defense泡沫经济bubble economy票贩子scalper, ticket tout拳头产品competitive products; knock-out products;blockbuster三角恋爱love triangle三维动画片three-dimensional animation"扫黄"/"打非" eliminate pornography and illegal publications申办奥运会bid for the Olympic Games实现中华民伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation市场疲软sluggish market素质教育education for all-around development筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment脱贫致富cast (shake, throw) off poverty and set out on a road to prosperity网吧Internet bar网恋online love affair网上冲浪surf the Internet网上交易平台online trading platform无人售票self-service ticketing二．中国古代特色产品介绍1.酒是中国人生活中的重要饮料之一。
中国历史文化常用词汇英译英语四六级翻译必背
中国历史文化常用词汇英译Confucianism 儒教/儒家思想Taoism 道教Buddhism佛教temple寺庙Confucius孔子Mencius孟子Lao Tzu 老子ethics伦理学morality 道德benevolence 仁spiritual 精神的harmony 和谐The Analects of Confucius《论语》The Art of War《孙子兵法》Historical Records《史记》Historical Records《史记》zodiac十二生肖feudal封建的dynasty 朝代emperor；monarch皇帝，君主reininkthe four great inventions of ancient China 中国古代四大发明the Silk Road丝绸之路compass 指南针papermaking 造纸术gunpowder火药printing 印刷术movable type printing活字印刷fleet 舰队voyage航海traditional Chinese medicine 中药acupuncture 针灸medical massage推拿herbal medicine草药abacus 算盘bronze ware 青铜器porcelain 瓷器seismograph 地动仪Go 围棋martial arts (Wushu)武术fireworks 烟花firecracker鞭炮statutory holiday 法定假日Spring Festival 春节The Spring Festival Gala on CCTV春节联欢晚会g ift of money wrapped in red paper 红包New Year gift－money压岁钱family reunion 团圆Lantern Festival元宵节Dragon Boat Festival 端午节sticky rice dumplings粽子Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节moon cake 月饼the Double Seventh Festival 七夕Spring Festival couplets 对联temple fair庙会festival lantern花灯lantern riddle灯谜God of Wealth 财神dumpling 饺子dragon boat race 龙舟赛dragon and lion dance 狮子龙灯舞tofutourist attraction/resort 观光胜地sightsee v. 观光，游览Mount Huangshan 黄山the Jiuzhaigou Valley 九寨沟the Mogao Caves 莫高窟giant panda 大熊猫rare 珍稀的bamboo竹子。
起源于中国的那些英语词汇
起源于中国的那些英语词汇English words from Chinese words are often denoted as being 'loanwords.' A loanword is one that does not share a literal translation of the word. Rather the word is based on the adopted language. Quite simply, the word is borrowed and then co-opted into the new language.那些来自于中国的词汇通常都被称之为“外来词汇”。
这种词不是逐个字翻译过来的，而是基于这种外来语言的。
简单来说就是，这个词汇是从别处借过来的，然后用到一种新的语言之中。
1. Gung Ho工合Pronounced gōng hé in Mandarin. The literal translation is,"work together." The English use was popularized by Marines fighting in the Pacific in World War II. The phrase came to mean: "whole heartedly enthusiastic, and loyal, eager, and zealous."在普通话里的发音为gōng hé，意思是“合作、同心协力”。
在英语中广泛被使用是二战时期海军陆战队在太平洋作战时期。
这个短语的意思是：“竭诚热情，忠诚、愿望、热心。
”2. Typhoon台风Pronounced dàfēng in Mandarin and tai fung in Cantonese. The literal translation is "strong wind." Experts say the term, typhon from the Greek and Arabic, was strengthened with the Chinese translation.在普通话中的发音为：dàfēng，广东话的发音为：tai fung。
大学英语四六级传统文化翻译实用表述及翻译示例
四六级传统翻译实用表述及翻译示例（一）常见表述：四大发明：the four great inventions印刷术/*活字印刷术：printing/movable-type printing造纸术：paper-making指南针：compass火药：gunpowder丝绸之路：the Silk Road瓷器/*陶器：china/pottery硬币/纸币：coins/paper bills对外贸易/海外贸易/*海上贸易：foreign trade/overseas trade/maritime commerce 古代文明：ancient civilization文化交流：cultural exchange文化冲突：cultural shock/cultural conflict文化产业：cultural industry文化遗产：cultural heritage乡村文化：rural culture民族文化：national culture民间艺术：folk art表演艺术：performing art特征：feature/characteristic祖先：ancestor哲学家：philosopher中国文学：Chinese literature中外学者：Chinese and overseas scholars巨著：great works显著成就：remarkable achievements神话/传说：myth/legend阳历/阴历：solar calendar/lunar calendar金/木/水/火/土：metal/wood/water/fire/earth工艺/手工艺品：craft/ handicraft唐朝：Tang Dynasty始于...年/持续...时间/灭亡：begin in/last for/collapse 统治/统治者：govern (v.) rule (v)/ruler (n.) 在...统治下：during the reign of ...权力/权威：power/authority戏剧/京剧/剧院：drama/Peking Opera/theater诗人/政客：poet/politician少数民族：ethnic minority社会地位：social status起源于：originate in/from …（在一个地方起源用in，从一个地方起源用from）追溯到: be traced back to …/trace …back to…发源地：birthplace古代：ancient times现代：modern times独特元素：a unique element组成（选一背诵即可）：A constitute B/A comprise B/A make upB （A组成B）B consist of A/B is composed of A （B由A组成）【常见错误：切忌不要用comprise of】工业革命：industrial revolution代表：represent/stand for象征：symbolize (v.) /symbolic (adj.) /symbol (n.)繁荣：prosperous (adj.) / prosperity (n.) /flourish (v.)国宝：national treasure*腐败：corruption*扩大领土：extend the territory/domain*夺取政权：seize the power*才子佳人：gifted scholars and beautiful ladies*下棋饮茶：play chess and drink tea*耕耘收割：sow and reap*织布缝衣：weave and sew*湖上打渔：fish on the lake*砍柴采药：cut firewood and gather herbs*吟诗作画：compose poems and paint pictures（二）经典模板句练习：1. 中国武术（martial art）的起源可以追溯到自卫的需要、狩猎活动以及古代中国的军事训练(CET-4)。
中英文对照-中国历史简介
中国历史简介Brief History of China在我国古代，国家有时统一，有时分裂，中国一词的含义在不同时代也不同，大致统一时期略指全国，分裂时多指中原。
随着皇帝统治疆土的变化，中国一词所包括的范围也相应有所不同。
“中国”这一名称在西周周武王时期意为“中央之国”。
相传3000年前，周公在阳城(今河南登封)用土圭测度日影，测得夏至这一天午时，八尺之表于周围景物均没有日影，便认为这是大地的中心，因此周朝谓之中国。
In ancient China, the National Unity sometimes, and sometimes separatist, the Chinese meaning of the word in different times different, generally refers to a unified national strategy, the split means more when the Central Plains. With the territory of the emperor rule changes, the Chinese word, including its coverage varies accordingly. "China" in the name of King Wu of Zhou period of the Western Zhou Dynasty agreed to "central country." Passed in 3000, the Duke of the Yangcheng (today Henan Dengfeng) with Tugui measure the shadow of the sun, measured Next day noontime, Bachimen's table in the surrounding landscape are not the shadow of the sun, we think this is the center of the earth, so that goes to China.汉朝以后，虽然有些外族入侵中原后建立的政权也自称“中国”，但是并不代表它们就是中国政权。
国学介绍英语作文
国学介绍英语作文英文回答：Chinese studies, also known as sinology, encompass a broad range of academic disciplines that delve into therich history, culture, philosophy, and language of China. As an avid enthusiast of Chinese studies, I have dedicated countless hours to exploring the intricacies of this ancient civilization, which has profoundly influenced not only China but also the world at large.Beginning with the written word, the Chinese language itself is a marvel of human ingenuity. Its unique characters, each carrying its own meaning, have evolved over centuries, serving as a testament to the cultural and intellectual achievements of the Chinese people. To fully appreciate the beauty and depth of Chinese literature, one must immerse themselves in the works of renowned poets like Li Bai and Du Fu, whose verses capture the essence of human emotion and the grandeur of the natural world.Venturing beyond language, Chinese philosophy offers profound insights into the human condition. Confucianism, with its emphasis on social harmony and ethical conduct,has shaped Chinese society for over two millennia. Taoism, on the other hand, embraces the concept of balance and the pursuit of self-realization. By studying these philosophies, we can gain valuable perspectives on life, morality, andthe meaning of existence.Chinese history is a tapestry woven with triumphs and tribulations, spanning centuries of dynasties, wars, and cultural revolutions. From the Qin dynasty's unification of China in 221 B.C. to the rise of the modern People's Republic, each era has contributed to the rich mosaic thatis Chinese history. By delving into the annals of the past, we can learn from the mistakes and successes of those who came before us, gaining a deeper understanding of our present and future.Art and architecture are integral expressions of Chinese culture. From the intricate brushstrokes oftraditional Chinese painting to the majestic palaces of the Forbidden City, these creations showcase the artistry and imagination of the Chinese people. By admiring these masterpieces, we can gain a glimpse into the minds of the artists and architects who brought them to life.In addition to these core disciplines, Chinese studies encompass a wide array of other subjects, including religion, music, medicine, and martial arts. Each of these fields contributes to our understanding of Chinese culture and its influence on the world. By embracing the interdisciplinary nature of Chinese studies, we can gain a truly comprehensive perspective on this fascinating civilization.In conclusion, Chinese studies are an invaluablepursuit for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of human history, culture, and philosophy. Through the exploration of its language, literature, philosophy, history, art, and other disciplines, Chinese studies provide a window into one of the world's oldest and most influential civilizations.中文回答：国学，又称汉学，涵盖了广泛的学术学科，深入探讨了中国丰富的历史、文化、哲学和语言。
中国传统文化专用词汇英文翻译
中国传统文化专用词汇英文翻译常见中国传统文化专用词汇英文翻译1、中国意念词(Chinesenesses)八卦trigram阴、阳yin, yang道Dao(cf. logo)江湖(世界) the jianghu World (the traits’ world)e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’ world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道Daoism(Taoism)上火excessive internal heat儒学Confucianism红学(《红楼梦》研究) redology世外桃源Shangri-la or Arcadia开放kaifang (Chinese openness to the outside world)大锅饭getting an equal share regardless of the work done伤痕文学scar literature or the literature of the wounded 不搞一刀切no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people乱摊派，乱收费imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge铁交椅iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post脱贫to shake off poverty; anti-poverty治则兴，乱则衰Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日(Chinese Festivial)国庆节National Day中秋节Mid-Autumn Day/Festival 春节Spring Festival元宵节Lantern Festival儿童节Children’s Day端午节Dragon Boat Festival妇女节Women’s Day泼水节Water-Splashing Day教师节Teachers’ Day五四青年节Youth Day3、中国独特的传统饮食(Unique Traditional Chinese Foods)馄饨wonton锅贴guotie (fried jiaozi)花卷steamed twisted rolls套餐set meal盒饭box lunch; Chinese take-away 米豆腐rice tofu魔芋豆腐konjak tofu米粉rice noodles 冰糖葫芦 a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples,etc.) 火锅chafing dish八宝饭eight-treasure rice pudding粉丝glass noodles豆腐脑jellied bean curd4 、中国新兴事物(Newly Sprouted Things)中国电信China Telecom中国移动China Mobile十五计划the 10th Five-Year Plan中国电脑联网Chinanet 三峡工程the Three Gorges Project希望工程Project Hope京九铁路Beijing CKowloon Railway扶贫工程Anti-Poverty Project菜篮子工程Vegetable Basket Project温饱工程Decent-Life Project安居工程Economy Housing Project扫黄Porn-Purging Campaign西部大开发Go-West Campaign5 、特有的一些汉语词汇禅宗Zen Buddhism禅dhyana; dhgaya混沌chaos道Daosim, the way and its power四谛Four Noble Truth 八正道Eightfold Path无常anity五行说Theory of Five Elements无我anatman坐禅metta or transcendental meditation空sunyata虚无nothingness双喜double happiness(中)，a doubled stroke of luck(英)小品witty skits相声cross-talk噱头；掉包袱gimmick, stunt夜猫子night people; night-owls本命年this animal year of sb.处世之道philosophy of life姻缘yinyuan(prefixed fate of marriage)还愿redeem a wish (vows)6 、具有文化特色的现代表述大陆中国Mainland China红宝书little red book红色中国socialist China四化Four Modernizations终生职业job-for-life铁饭碗iron rice bowl大锅饭communal pot关系户closely-related units外出打工人员migrant workers关系网personal nets, closely-knitted guild五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)：the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals四美(心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美)：the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment7 、中国古代独特事物(Unique Ancient Chinese Items)宣纸rice paper衙门yamen叩头kowtow孔子Confucius 牌楼pailou；pai-loo武术wushu(Chinese Martial Arts) 功夫kungfu ；kung fu中庸the way of medium (cf. Golden Means)中和harmony (zhonghe)孝顺to show filial obedience孝子dutiful son家长family head三纲：君为臣纲，父为子纲，夫为妻纲three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife五常：仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity 八股文eight-legged essays多子多福：The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老：raising sons to support one in one’s old age8、近一季度见诸报端的中国现代特色词汇翻译基层监督grass-roots supervision基础税率base tariff level婚介所matrimonial agency婚外恋extramarital love婚纱摄影bride photo黑心棉shoddy cotton机器阅卷machine scoring即开型奖券scratch-open ticket/lottery 集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development价格听证会public price hearings甲A球队Division A Soccer Team家政服务household management service加强舆论监督ensure the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion假帐accounting fraud叫板challenge; pick a quarrel矫情use lame arguments渐进式台独gradual Taiwan independence借调temporarily transfer扩大中等收入者比重Raise the proportion of the middle-income group.扩大内需，刺激消费expand domestic demand and consumption“民族传统”的必背考点一、对龙图腾他的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国文化中英文对照
中国文化中英文对照中国龙对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。
中国龙是古人将鱼，蛇，马，牛等动物与云雾，雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。
中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。
在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞，开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。
Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years. The ancients in China considered the dragon (or Loong) a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena. The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation. To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.饺子饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统特色食品。
相传为古代医圣仲景发明。
饺子的制作是包括：1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。
其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。
民间有"好吃不过饺子"的俗语。
中国人接亲待友。
逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。
对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，"更岁交子"吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的容。
DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people's favorite traditional dishes. According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint-Zhang Zhongjing. There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1) make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour; 2) prepare the dumpling stuffing; 3) make dumplings and boil them. With thinand elastic dough skin, freshen and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times. There's an old saying that claims, "Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings." During the Spring Festival and other holidays or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings. To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the New Year.针灸针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。
国学介绍英文作文
国学介绍英文作文国学是中国传统文化中非常重要的一部分，它包含了中国古代的哲学、历史、文学等方面的知识。
在中国，国学被视为一种宝贵的文化遗产，对于了解中国传统文化和价值观念非常重要。
英文，Chinese traditional culture, also known as Guoxue, is an essential part of Chinese civilization. It encompasses a wide range of knowledge, including philosophy, history, literature, and more. Guoxue is considered a precious cultural heritage in China, and it plays a significant role in understanding traditional Chinesevalues and beliefs.中文，国学的学习可以帮助我们更好地了解中国传统文化的深层含义。
比如，我曾经读过《论语》，里面有很多关于仁、义、礼、智等价值观念的讨论，这些思想对于塑造中国人的行为和品德有着深远的影响。
另外，国学也包括中国古代文学作品的研究，比如《红楼梦》、《西游记》等，这些作品不仅仅是文学作品，更是对中国传统文化的体现。
英文，Studying Guoxue can help us gain a deeper understanding of the profound meanings of Chinesetraditional culture. For example, I have read "The Analects," which discusses values such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. These ideas have hada profound impact on shaping the behavior and morality of Chinese people. Additionally, Guoxue also includes thestudy of ancient Chinese literary works, such as "Dream of the Red Chamber" and "Journey to the West," which are not only literary masterpieces but also reflections oftraditional Chinese culture.中文，国学的重要性不仅在于了解过去，更在于对现代生活的指导作用。
中国文化词语的翻译
中国文化词语的翻译第一篇：中国文化词语的翻译京剧 Peking opera秦腔 Qin opera功夫Kungfo太极Tai Chi口技 ventriloquism木偶戏puppet show皮影戏 shadowplay折子戏 opera highlights杂技 acrobatics相声 cross talk刺绣 embroidery苏绣 Suzhou embroidery泥人 clay figure书法 calligraphy中国画 traditional Chinese painting水墨画 Chinese brush painting中国结 Chinese knot中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass青铜器 bronze ware瓷器 porcelain;china唐三彩 Tang Tricolor pottery景泰蓝cloisonne秋千swing武术 martial arts儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化 Confucian culture道教 Taoism墨家Mohism法家 Legalism佛教 Buddhism孔子 Confucius孟子 Mencius老子 Lao Tzu庄子 Chuang Tzu墨子 Mo Tzu孙子Sun Tzu象形文字 pictographic characters文房四宝（笔墨纸观）the Four Treasures of the Study(brush, ink stick, paper, and ink stone)《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius《孟子》The Mencius《孙子兵法》The Art of War《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游记》Journey to the West《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions《水浒传》Heroes of the Marshes《山海经》The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《资治通鉴》History as a Mirror《春秋》The Spring and Autumn Annals《史记》Historical Records《诗经》The Book of Songs《易经》The I Ching;The Book of Changes《礼记》The Book of Rites《三字经》Three-character Scriptures八股文 eight-part essay五言绝句 five-character quatrain七言律诗 seven-character octave旗袍 cheongsam中山装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 Tang suit风水 Fengshui;geomantic omen阳历 Solar calendar阴历 Lunar calendar闰年 leap year十二生肖zodiac春节 the Spring Festival元宵节 the Lantern Festival清明节 the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节 the Dragon-boat Festival中秋节 the Mid-autumn Day重阳节 the Double-ninth Day七夕节 the Double-seventh Day春联 spring couplets庙会 temple fair爆竹 firecracker年画（traditional)New Year pictures压岁钱 New Year pocket money舞龙dragon dance元宵 sweet sticky rice dumplings 元宵节 the Lantern Festival 花灯 festival lantern灯谜 lantern riddle舞狮 lion dance踩高跷 stilt walking赛龙舟 dragon boat race胡同hutong山东菜 Shandong cuisine川菜 Sichuan cuisine粤菜 Canton cuisine扬州菜 Yangzhou cuisine月饼 moon cake年糕 rice cake油条 deep-fried dough sticks豆浆 soybean milk馒头 steamed buns花卷 steamed twisted rolls包子 steamed stuffed buns北京烤鸭 Beijing roast duck拉面 hand-stretched noodles馄饨 wonton(dumplings in soup)豆腐 tofu? bean curd麻花 fried dough twist烧饼 clay oven rolls皮蛋pidan蛋炒饭 fried rice with egg糖葫芦 tomatoes on sticks火锅hot pot长城 the Great Wall of China烽火台 beacon tower秦士台皇陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Qinshihuang 兵马俑 Terracotta Warriors and Horses大雁塔 Big Wild Goose Pagoda丝绸之路the Silk Road敦煌莫高窟Mogao Grottoes华清池 Huaqing Hot Springs五台山“Wutai Mountain九华山 Jiuhua Mountain蛾眉山Mount Emei泰山 Mount Tai黄山 Mount Huangshan;the Yellow Mountain故宫 the Imperial Palace天坛 the Temple of Heaven午门 Meridian Gate大运河 Grand Canal护城河the Moat回音壁Echo Wall居庸关 Juyongguan Pass九龙壁 the Nine Dragon Wall黄帝陵 the Mausoleum of Emperor Huangdi十三陵 the Ming Tombs苏州园林 Suzhou gardens西湖 West Lake九寨沟 Jiuzhaigou Valley日月潭 Sun Moon Lake布达拉宫Potala Palace鼓楼 drum tower四合院 quadrangle;courtyard complex孔庙 Confucius Temple乐山大佛 Leshan Giant Buddha十八罗汉 the Eighteen Disciples of the Buddha喇嘛Lama 转世灵重reincarnated soul boy 中药traditional Chinese medicine《黄帝内经》Emperor Huangdi’s Canon of Traditional Chinese Medicine《神农本草经》Shennong’s Herbal Classic《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica针灸 acupuncture推拿 medical massage切脉 feeling the pulse五禽戏 five-animal exercises旧石器时代 the Paleolithic Age新石器时代 the Neolithic Age;New Stone Age母系氏族社会 matriarchal clan society封建的feudal朝代 dynasty秦朝 Qin Dynasty汉朝 Han Dynasty唐朝 Tang Dynasty宋朝 Song Dynasty元朝 Yuan Dynasty明朝 Ming Dynasty清朝 Qing Dynasty秦始皇皇帝 Emperor Qinshihuang;皇太后 Empress Dowager 汉高祖刘邦 Liu Bang, Emperor Hangaozu, founder of the Han Dynasty成吉思汗Genghis Khan春秋时期 the Spring and Autumn Period文成公主 Tang Princess Wencheng慈禧太后 Empress Dowager Ci Xi皇帝，君主 emperor;monarch诸侯vassal皇妃 imperial concubine丞相，宰相 prime minister太监 court eunuch少数民族 ethnic minority祭祀 offer sacrifices西域 the Western Regions战国 the Warring States中华文明 Chinese civilization文明的摇篮 cradle of civilization秦始皇统一中国unification of the country by Emperor Qinshihuang鸦片战争the Opium War太平天国 the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom戌戌变法 the Reform Movement of 1898辛亥革命 the 1911 Revolution新民主主义革命 New-democratic Revolution五四运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919南昌起义 Nanchang Uprising918 事变 September 18th Incident长征 the Long March西安事变Xi”an Incident南京大屠杀Nanjing Massacre抗日战争 the War of Resistance Against Japan毛泽东 Mao Tse-tong孙中山 Sun Yat-sen蒋介石 Chiang Kai-shek国民党 Kuomingtang中华人民共和国the People’s Republi c of China(PRC)满族 Manchu蒙古人Mongol士大夫 scholar-officials学者 scholar诗人 poet政治家statesman社会地位social status第二篇：四六级中国文化翻译1.长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。
国学介绍英语作文
国学介绍英语作文In the realm of cultural studies, Chinese National Studies, commonly referred to as "Guoxue" or "Sinology," is a field that encompasses the rich history, philosophy, literature, and traditions of China. This essay aims to provide an overview of the significance and components of Guoxue, highlighting its importance in understanding the cultural heritage and contemporary society of China.Historical ContextGuoxue has its roots in ancient China, with a history that dates back thousands of years. It is a compilation of the collective wisdom of the Chinese civilization, which has played a pivotal role in shaping the country's identity. The study of Guoxue is not just about the past; it is also a means to understand the present and predict the future of Chinese society.Core Components1. Confucianism: The teachings of Confucius form the backbone of Guoxue. His principles of morality, ethics, and social harmony are deeply ingrained in Chinese culture.2. Taoism (Daoism): This philosophy emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or the way of the universe, and it offers a different perspective on life and nature compared toConfucianism.3. Chinese Classics: Texts such as the "I Ching" (Book of Changes), "Shi Jing" (Book of Songs), and "Lun Yu" (Analects of Confucius) are fundamental to Guoxue. They provideinsights into the philosophical and moral underpinnings of Chinese thought.4. Literature and Poetry: The rich tapestry of Chinese literature, including works like "Journey to the West" and the poetry of Li Bai, is a significant part of Guoxue.5. Calligraphy and Art: The aesthetic principles and techniques of Chinese calligraphy and painting are also studied within the scope of Guoxue.6. Music and Drama: Traditional Chinese music and performing arts, such as Peking opera, are integral to the cultural studies.Contemporary RelevanceIn today's globalized world, Guoxue is not just limited to China. It has become a subject of interest for scholars worldwide who seek to understand the rapid development and influence of China on the global stage. The study of Guoxue helps in fostering cultural exchange and mutual respect among different nations.Importance in EducationIncorporating Guoxue into educational curricula is essential for several reasons. It helps to preserve the culturalheritage of China, promotes national pride, and equipsstudents with a deeper understanding of their roots. Moreover, it encourages critical thinking and moral reflection.ConclusionGuoxue is a treasure trove of knowledge that offers profound insights into the Chinese way of life. It is a field that isas relevant today as it was in ancient times, serving as a bridge between the past and the present, and between Chinaand the rest of the world. As China continues to grow inglobal prominence, the study of Guoxue becomes increasingly significant for anyone looking to comprehend the complexities of this ancient and vibrant civilization.。
“国学”一词是怎么由来的，其真正的定义又是什么呢？
“国学”一词是怎么由来的，其真正的定义又是什么呢？
随着国家实力的不断强大，人民的文化自信也越来越强烈；也由此“国学”一词常见于诸多媒体、报刊及教育培训机构的宣传中。
图片来源于网络
那么“国学”一词是怎么由来的；其真正的定义又是什么呢？“国学”一词的由来
'国学'这个词语在《周礼》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《晋书》均有记载；但它最早的意思是'国立学校'。
例如白鹿洞书院，这个书院由南宋朱熹建立，为当时'四大书院'之一。
但是在朱熹之前，这个地方并不叫白鹿洞书院，而是叫'白鹿洞国学'。
白鹿洞国学是个什么意思呢?是所学校。
还有明初设中都国子学，后改为国子监，掌管诸生训导的政令。
国子监设有礼、乐、律、射、御、书、数等教学科目。
图片来源于网络
而近代所谓的“国学”一词，产生于清末西学渐进、文化转型的历史时期。
至于谁为原创，现在还没有一个确切的答案，有人说：章太炎在日本组织“国学讲习所”，刘申叔发起“国学保存会”，大概他们两个就是“国学”这个词最早的使用者。
当然这个答案还有待进一步的考证。
“国学”的定义
关于国学的定义，到目前为止，学术界也没有作出统一而明确的界定，众说分坛，莫衷一是。
国粹派邓实曾给国学下过定义：“国学者何?一国所自有之学也。
有地而人生其上，因以成国焉。
有其国者有其学，学也者，学其一国之学以为国用，而自治其一国者也。
国学者，与有国以俱来，本乎地理，根之民性，而不可须臾离也。
君子生是国，则通是学，知爱其国，无不知爱其学。
”。
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“国学”一词的起源与英文翻译
佛禅法师·金星
英文对“国学”一词有两种译文：kokugaku和sinology。
这两个词其内涵是不完全相同的，我们在使用时，大多数都不了解其起源。
在这里我们从“国学”一词的产生和当时各国对“国学”的研究范围来做一个探讨。
“国学”并非专指中国古文化及其哲学宗教思想，“国学”一词首先来源于日本汉学家对复古日本古文化的倡导，以抵制中国古文化对日本文化的影响。
“日本国学起源于17世纪，完成于19世纪,以荷田春满、贺茂真渊、本居宣长和平田笃胤为代表。
他们的国学观以神国意识、神皇神统思想为基础和前提，反对用儒佛之道来阐释日本的古典及神道,主张回归到《古事记》和《日本书纪》，以发掘蕴含于其中的所谓真正的日本“古道”，从而强调日本优越于中国，并对以儒佛为代表的中国文化进行了批判，以至于把中国文化对日本文化的促进作用作了相反的解释。
”（引自：牛建科《日本古学与复古国学散论——以荻生徂徕与本居宣长为中心》论文摘要）“国学”一说，产生于西学东渐、文化转型的历史时期。
而关于国学的定义，严格意义上，到目前为止，学术界还没有给我们做出统一明确的界定。
名家众说纷纭，莫衷一是。
普遍说法如国粹派邓实在1906年撰文说：“国学者何？一国所有之学也。
有地而人生其上，因以成国焉，有其国者有其学。
学也者，学其一国之学以为国用，而自治其一国也。
”（《国学讲习记》，《国粹学报》第19期）我们可以看出：邓先生对国学的定义是狭义的，他把国学理解为某国因地域文化而产生的治国之道的学问，显然“国学”远远不止这点内容。
我的肤浅之见是，“国学”应该是指一国的传统文化与哲学宗教。
中国国学乃是‘为天地立心，为生民立命，为往圣继绝学，为万世开太平’。
“国学”应包括五术、六艺、诸子百家之说。
其中诸子百家，包括“儒、释、道、刑、名、法、墨”等等各家，乃是“为天地立心”之学；其中六艺，包括“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”，在古代，“六艺”中礼、乐、射、御，称为“大艺”，是贵族从政必具之术，贵族子弟在太学阶段要深入学习；书与数称为“小艺”，是民生日用所需之术，是在古代“小学”阶段的必修课，乃是“为生民立命“之术；其中五术，乃是“为往圣继绝学”、“究天人之际”关系的学问，包括“山、医、卜、命、相”等。
被今人疵垢为“迷信”，
那些轻易否定一切“究天人之际”关系的学问的人，其实他们很少站在与人生存在状态息息相关的终极关怀的立场上，去认真的探究天人之际的真切意蕴与内在价值，去拉近生命存在与天人之际之间的间接和直接联系，在传统与时代、学问与生活中架设一架沟通的桥梁。
（以上文章摘录自董斌《何谓“大国学”及其宗旨和意义？》）
“国学”的第一种英文翻译kokugaku，是根据日语对“国学”一词的发音音译过来的，指的是一国的传统文化与哲学宗教。
我认为是比较贴切的译文。
网络上有人把“国学”翻译为“sinology”。
我们根据英文构词法的法则来剖析一下，sino—，源于日语对“中国”的叫法，日本人把中国人称作“支那人”，就是按发音音译的，英文单词后缀—oloy是指“学问，科学”。
故sinology，应该是指“汉学或中国学，中国问题研究”，不仅可以指中国传统文化与哲学宗教思想，也可以指当代中国的文化思潮和哲学宗教，甚至还可以指对中国当今因西方文化入侵而使中国特色文化倒退的现象，显然这个译文主要是指对中国问题的研究，然而“国学”并非为某国之独有，国学的广义的而不是狭义的。
“国学”，不仅仅是单指某国某些古文化或哲学宗教，而是对某国传统文化及哲学宗教的总括。
由此，我认为把“国学”翻译为kokugaku要比sinology更为贴切。