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第十二章领导者绩效评价《领导学》PPT课件

• 决策办事绩效决策办事绩效是指领导者制定决策、处理事务的能力、效率和效益。
• 组织的整体贡献绩效领导者的整体贡献绩效是指同一领导组织整体目标的实现程度。
12.2 领导者绩效评价的作用
1）领导者绩效是领导活动的出发点和归宿 2）领导者绩效评价能够为领导的提拔和使用提供依据 3) 领导者绩效评价可以对领导的奖惩提供依据，激励领导者
7）民意测验法 • 民意测验法就是通过投票、对话和问卷等方式，调查了解群
众对领导者的反映和评价，在充分掌握和综合分析群众意见的基础上对领导者做出相应的评价。 • 民意测验法主要有：投票法、对话法、问卷法。 8）统计分析法多在结合民意测试法或调查分析法的基础上应用
12.5 领导者绩效评价中存在的问题及解决方法 12.5.1领导者绩效评价中存在的问题
第一步：建立每位被评价者所应达到的目标。
第二步：制定被评估者达到目标的时间框架。
第三步：将实际达到的目标与预先设定的目标
相比较。
第四步：制定新的目标以及为达到新的目标而可能采取的新的战略。
2)专家评估法专家评估法实际上就是由那些具有领导专业知识和测评专业知识的人对领导者进行测评。
德尔菲法是一种专家评估法，其实施步骤如下：
2）统一规范原则
• （1）在建立健全各级各类领导者岗位责任制和任期目标制的基础上，确定考核标准
• （2）建立健全严格的评价制度，形成相应的考核规章制度或考核准则。
• （3）运用严谨科学的考评方法。
3）客观公正原则
4)民主公开原则
• （1）领导者绩效评价应该在员工参与的基础上进行。 • （2）领导者绩效评价工作要接受群众的监督。 • （3）反馈领导者绩效评价结果。

高级财务会计陈信元chapter12PPT教学课件

- highly effective in offsetting
- gains or losses
- in the item being hedged
• Critical term analysis
- effectiveness considers: a) nature of the underlying variable; b) notional amount; c) item being hedged; d) delivery date of derivative; e) settlement date of the underlying.
202*0/1h2/1e0dged item * means of assessing effectivene4ss
13. Hedge Effectiveness
1) Effectiveness
• To qualify for hedge accounting, the derivative instrument must be
1
• Typical derivative instruments - Option contracts - Forward contracts - Futures contracts 2) Types of derivatives • Forward contracts - negotiated contracts between two parties for the delivery or purchase of a commodity or a foreign currency at an agreed upon price, quantity, and delivery date. - Settlement of the forward contract may be 2p02h0/1y2/1s0ical delivery of the good, or net settlemen2t.

英语国家概况Chapter-12(课堂PPT)

1
1.3.2 Benjamin Franklin (cont.)
❖Autobiography—most famous work. ❖“the faithful account of the colorful career of
11
1.3.1 Jonathan Edwards (cont.)
❖Almanac—published continuously for almost a quarter of a century.
❖adages (格言) and sayings ▪ “A penny saved is a penny earned.” ▪ “Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.”
III The Realistic Period
IV The Naturalistic Period
V The Modern Period VI The Contemporary Period
5
I The Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 1.1 Feature in the Colonial Period 1.2 Feature in the Revolutionary Period 1.3 Representative figures and works
religious freedom
westward movement for happiness
3
2. principal forms of American literature drama
novel
principal forms

外教社中国概况(英文版)PPT课件CHAPTER 12

civilian archery
martial chery
civilian archery
Dragon Dance
The Chinese dragon is a totem of the Chinese people.
express their wishes and prayers for peace
II
Sports in Modern China
1
Sports in Schools
2
Mass Sports
3
Competitive Sports
1. Sports in Schools
two characteristic sports exercises
• the Sunshine Sports • the Eye Exercises.
3. Differences between the Chinese and Western Sports Concepts
different cultural backgrounds
• one of farming culture • usually a marine one • different spiritual
IVIII
Wushu — Martial Arts
1
The Origin and Development of Wushu
2
Classification of Wushu
3
Characteristics and Functions of
Wushu
4
Cultural Aspects in Wushu
• In 1963, starting from some schools in Beijing.

Chapter 12Shock分析课件-精品文档52页

11
5
Microcirculation:
Section 2.
1 The circulation between microartery and microvein
. The basic structural and functional unit of material metabolism and exchange between blood and tissue.
5) Anaphylaxis Anaphylactic shock
6) Acute heart failure Cardiogenic shock
7) Strong stimulation on nerve system Neurogenic shock
6
2
Section 1.
(2) According to the initial changes of shock development
Constriction of Pre-capillary
sphincCteor anndstProisct-tairtoerniole
Decreased blood
flow of true capillary net
Local accumulation of products and histamine
Catecholamines , AII → cardiac contractility peripheral vascular resistance
③ Redistribution of blood → Decrease blood flow to the skin, skeletal muscle, kidneys and abdominal organs → maintain blood supplying to heart and brain

英语课件Chapter12 Schools of Ls

Phonology (ical) oppositions
• 1. N. Trubetzkoy: Principle of Phonology (1939). • Phonetics & phonology: different for parole & langue. Phoneme: an abstract unit of the sound system. • 2. Contributions: • (1) distinctive functions of speech sounds and an accurate definition for the phoneme • (2) distinctions between phonetics and phonology, the sphere of phonological studies
12.2.1 Malinowski‟s theories
• 1. Language “is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than as a counterpart of thought”. • 2. The meaning of an utterance comes from its relation to the situational context in which it occurs. • 3. Three types of situational context: • (1) situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity; (2) narrative situations; • (3) situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum—phatic communion.

血浆容量扩充药ppt课件

*
3 凝血障碍：扩容时稀释血液，使血小板和其他凝血因子的浓度降低，影响凝血机制故剂量要得当 4 肝肾功能损害：可转氨酶升高，短时间即可恢复。肾小管阻塞，肾功受损 5 大剂量时可引起水电解质紊乱、干扰实验室检查
*
二羟已基淀粉 hydroxyethyl starch hetastarch, HES
*
而 6％贺斯的血浆增量效力为 100％ [（实际血浆增加量／输入量）×100％，即，如输入1000ml, 血容量较输注前增加1000ml ], 以后维持4小时， 8小时后仍有 72％的扩容量，至24h还保持285ml，故有很好的扩容效应
*
表 1 706代血浆、贺斯、万汶的比较
*
1 羟乙基淀粉
以玉米淀粉中的支链淀粉为原料, 经轻度酸水解和糊化,并在碱性条件下以环氧乙烷进行羟乙基化而制成
*
淀粉是由很多葡萄糖分子缩合而成的多糖（每相邻两个葡萄糖失去一个水分子）葡萄糖（C6H12O6）淀粉（C6H10O5）n
*
羟乙基化一般用取代级（SD）或平均克分子取代级（Ms）表示，即如支链淀粉中10个葡萄糖单位有4个被羟乙基化，则取代级为0.4或40％ HES的羟乙基化程度高低决定体内停留时间高取代级半衰期长, 低取代级半衰期短
*
SD 0.3~0.5 为低取代级，SD低的HES易被血浆中的淀粉酶水解 SD 0.5~0.6 为中取代级 SD ≥0.7 为高取代级高取代级HES因在体内停留时间过长可能会发生凝血机制受损和体内蓄积
*
综上所述，羟乙基淀粉共经历了 3 代第1代是高分子量高取代级的HES 如 lamasteril（450／0.7）第2代是中分子量中取代级的HES 如贺斯（200／0,5）第3代是中分子量低取代级的HES 如万汶 (130 / 0.4)

第十二章企业国际化经营《企业管理》PPT课件

的国家或地区生产，然后运往目标国家或地区，这就限制了劳动力
的出口:（一）非直接出口进入方式、（二）直接代理商或经销商、
（三）建立国外销售分店（或子公司）
二、合同进入方式
B
合同进入方式是一个国际化经营的企业与目标国家或地区的法
人之间在转让技术、工艺等方面订立长期的、自始至终的、非
投资性的合作合同：（一）许可证贸易、（二）特许经营、
生产和销售。竞争。
界范围内以这个特定的部分进行竞争。
特点，将其经营活动集中于特定的国
策可以排除许多国际竞争者
家市场。国家市场。
CHAPTER
FOUR
第四节
企业进入国际市场的方式
所谓进入国际市场的方式，是指企业使其产品、技术、工艺、管理及其他资源进入国外（国家或地区）市场的一种规范化的部署方式。从经济学的角度看，企业进入国外市场仅有两条道路：第一，在目标国家或地区以外的国家或地区生产产品并向目标国家或地区出口。第二，向目标国家或地区输送技术、资金、工艺，直接或者采用联合方式运用当地的资源（特别是劳动力资源）生产产品并在当地销售。
CHAPTER
12
第十二章企业国际
化经营
CHAPTER
ONE
第一节
企业国际化经营的原因及特点
一企业国际化经营的原因
一般来说，企业进行国际化经营有两个目的：一是获利；二是求稳定。就获利来说，国际化经营可使企业获得满足国外市场对本企业产品或服务日益增长的需求的机会，扩大本企业产品的销售范围，从而获得更多的利润。此外，对企业产品或服务的新需求可对企业的生产过程起到稳定的作用，而不至于受国内市场周期性变化的影响。企业走向国际化经营具体原因包括：

CHAPTER12 Long-Term Liabilities (《Financial Accounting 2th》PPT课件)

Unsecured notes – Financial instruments that rely on the borrower’s general credit worthiness for their repayment.
RIGHTS OF BORROWER AND LENDER IN DEFAULT
whichever is longer.
VALUING CURRENT LIABILITIES
Valuing current liabilities on the balance sheet: Ignore present value Report at face value Primary concern is to ensure that all existing current liabilities are reported on the balance sheet.
MARKET VALUE OF BONDS
The current market value (present value) of a bond is a function of three factors:
Dollar amounts to be received Length of time until the amounts are received Market interest rate
RIGHTS OF BORROWER AND LENDER IN DEFAULT
In general, lenders get some decisionmaking or control upon default.
Collateral or Security – Assets the lender can seize if the borrower defaults (e.g., home mortgages are secured by the house).

人民大2023张道真英语语法(第三版)(精华版)课件Chapter 12

1.6 -ed形容词
（2）有些这类形容词，意思和相关动词有些距离，例如： animated cartoons 动画片
strained relations 紧张的关系
determed feelings
复杂的情绪
1.6 -ed形容词
（3）还有一些 -ed 形容词可说是类属形容词，也由动词的过去分词变来，但不能用于比较级：
常见的这类形容词有：
这类形容词不能用于比较级。
annual available commercial democratic economic
empty independent
agricultural basic
communist direct public
external south
alternative central
remaining resounding rising
booming dying
recurring ruling
bursting existing reigning
1.5 -ing形容词
除了这些，还有不少-ing 形式可用作定语，但这些词还不能算作形容词。如：
the governing body of a university
a simply-furnished rooms a well-known novelist a tall, powerfully built man
1.7 合成形容词
（1）合成形容词在英语中也是比较普通的，例如：
a good-looking girl
a light-hearted mood
well-behaved children long-lasting friendship

Chapter 12Shock分析课件-52页PPT精品文档

Hemorrhagic shock
Fluid loss
Dehydration shock
2) Burn
Burn shock
Hypovolemic shock
3) Trauma
Traumic shock
4) Infection
Infectious (endotoxic, septic) shock
Burn Traumatic shock → pain -adrenal
Septic shock → endotoxin → release of catecholamine
Others AII, Vasopressin, TXA2, ET, MDF, leukotriene
vasoconstriction arteriovenous shunt open
7
3
Section 1.
3 types of shock according to different initial changes
1
Conditions necessary for effective perfusion
2
Initial changes
3
Shock type
Sufficient blood volume
pre-capillary sphincter
arteriole
15
5
Section 2.
Stage I
(2) Mechanism of microcirculation impairment
Hypovolemic shock ↘
excitation of
Cardiogenic shock → B.P.↓ sympathetic

《机器学习与Python实践》chapter12ppt

强化学习方法比较
蒙特卡洛方法 vs 时序差分方法 ◮ 蒙特卡洛方法 ⋆ 需要得到一段轨迹之后才能实施一次更新 ⋆ 值函数估计无偏差的但方差较大 ⋆ 没有利用马尔科夫性质，非马尔科夫的环境下可能有好的表现 ◮ 时序差分 ⋆ 每一步都更新值函数，不需要等到马尔科夫决策过程结束 ⋆ 时序差分的值函数估计方差较小但存在偏差 ⋆ 时序差分利用了马尔科夫性质 ◮ n 较大时，n 步时序差分方法趋向于蒙特卡洛方法。
qπ (s, a) = Eπ (Rt|st = s, at = a)
∑∞ Rt = γ kr t+k+1 = rt+1 + γRt+1, 是时刻 t 开始的总回报。
k=0
值函数分解：
vπ(s) = Eπ (rt+1 + γvπ (st+1)|st = s) qπ (s, a) = Eπ (rt+1 + γqπ (st+1, at+1)|st = s, at = a)
R
是回报函数，R
a s
=
E(r
t+1 |st=
s, a
t=
a)；
(5) γ ∈ [0, 1] 是折现因子, 下一时刻单位回报在当前的价值。
目标：寻求决策函数 π(a|s)，使执行该策略的期望累计回报最大
π ∗= arg maxE
( ∑∞
π
) γ kr t+k+1
.
k=0
确定性策略：∀s,∃a′, s.t. π(a′|s) = 1，记为 a′ = π′(s)。
Q 学习
流程第 3 步基于 q(st, a) 的普通贪婪策略，异策略 TD
q(s t,
at )

Chapter12_Uncertainty

f(x)
O
a
b
x
8
随机变量的数学期望（均值）
离散随机变量的一切可能值与其对应的概
率的乘积之和称为数学期望。一个离散随机变量 W 取值w1,…,wS 的概率分别为1,...,S (1 + ···+ S = 1)。随机变量的均值（期望）就是这个随机变量的预期值，可用下式表示： S E[ w] w ws s . s 1 连续型随机变量的期望为 xf ( x)dx 的值
15
或有状态预算约束
Cna
m
禀赋消费束
m L Cna Ca 1 1
斜率

1
mL
m L Ca
最受消费者偏好的或有消费计划点在何处?

16
不确定性情况下的偏好
彩票：有1/2的概率获得奖金$90，也有1/2
的概率获得奖金为 $0 。 U($90) = 12, U($0) = 2. EU = 1U(c1) + 2U(c2)称为期望效用函数期望效用为 1/2 U($90) +1/2 U($0) = 7 v(u)=au+b为正仿射变换。对期望效用函数进行正仿射变换，仍然具有期望效用函数的性质。
的自然状态转移的方式。购买价值为 $K保险，每购买价值 $1的保险要花费。 Cna = m - K. Ca = m - L - K + K = m - L + (1- )K. 因此 K = (Ca - m + L)/(1- )
14
或有状态预算约束
购买价值为
$K保险 Cna = m - K. Ca = m - L - K + K = m - L + (1- )K. 因此 K = (Ca - m + L)/(1- ) 且 Cna = m - (Ca - m + L)/(1- ) m L 即 Cna Ca 1 1

Chapter12_PPT

' Required by the Windows Form Designer Private components As ponentModel.Container ' NOTE: The following procedure is required by ' the Windows Form Designer. ' It can be modified using the Windows Form Designer. ' Do not modify it using the code editor. <System.Diagnostics.DebuggerStepThrough()> _ Private Sub InitializeComponent() Me.lblOutput = New bel() Me.SuspendLayout() ' 'lblOutput ' Me.lblOutput.Location = New System.Drawing.Point(32, 48) = "lblOutput" Me.lblOutput.Size = New System.Drawing.Size(168, 40) Me.lblOutput.TabIndex = 0 Me.lblOutput.Text = "Click Me!" ' 'FrmSimple ' Me.AutoScaleBaseSize = New System.Drawing.Size(5, 13) Me.ClientSize = New System.Drawing.Size(272, 237) Me.Controls.AddRange( _ New System.Windows.Forms.Control() {Me.lblOutput}) = "FrmSimple" Me.Text = "SimpleEventExample" Me.ResumeLayout(False) End End Sub #End Region

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12.6
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
• What are the steps required to build a new information system?
12.2
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OBJECTIVES
12.3
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Chapter
12
REDESIGNING THE
ORGANIZATION WITH
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
12.1
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems OBJECTIVES
Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States
Figure 12-4b
12.14
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
12.11
Figure 12-3
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
• How could building a new system change the way an organization works?
• How can a company make sure that the new information systems it builds fit its business plan?
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Organizational Change Carries Risks and Rewards
Establishing Organizational Information Requirements
Strategic Analysis or Critical Success Factors
• Small number of easily identifiable operational goals • Shaped by industry, firm, manager, and broader environment • Used to determine information requirements of organization
12.15
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
• Business process reengineering: Radical
design of business processes
• Paradigm shift: Radical reconceptualization
12.10
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Establishing Organizational Information Requirements
Enterprise Analysis (Business Systems Planning)
• Analysis of organization-wide information requirements • Identifies key entities and attributes
Using CSFs to Develop Systems
12.9
Figure 12-2
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
• What alternative methods for building information systems are available? • Are there any techniques or systembuilding approaches to help us build e-commerce and e-business applications more rapidly?
Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States
Figure 12-4a
12.13
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
Linking Information Systems to the Business Plan
Information systems plan
• Road map indicating direction of systems development
12.5
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
12.12
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING AND TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT (TQM)
12.8
© 2003 by Prentice Hall
Essentials of Management Information Systems
Chapter 12 Redesigning the Organization With information Systems SYSTEMS AS PLANNED ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE
Business Process Reengineering
Work Flow Management
• Process of streamlining business procedures • Documents can be moved easily and efficiently from one location to another