人工智能英文文献原文及译文

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人工智能作文模板英文版

人工智能作文模板英文版

人工智能作文模板英文版英文回答:Introduction。

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology that is revolutionizing various aspects of our lives. With its ability to process vast amounts of data, learn from complex patterns, and make intelligent decisions, AI has the potential to address significant challenges and unlock new opportunities across industries.Role of AI in Modern Society。

AI is playing a pivotal role in shaping modern society by:Automating Routine Tasks: AI-powered systems can automate repetitive and time-consuming tasks, freeing uphuman workers to focus on more strategic and creative endeavors.Enhancing Decision-Making: AI algorithms can analyze large volumes of data to identify patterns and correlations that are often invisible to humans. This enables businesses and individuals to make informed decisions and optimize outcomes.Improving Healthcare Outcomes: AI is transforming healthcare by enabling early disease detection, personalized treatment plans, and automated medical image analysis.Advancing Transportation: Self-driving cars, traffic management systems, and drone delivery services based on AI are revolutionizing the transportation industry, making it safer, more efficient, and accessible.Personalizing Experiences: AI algorithms are used to tailor content, products, and services to individual preferences, creating personalized experiences for users.Ethical Considerations。

人工智能 英文作文

人工智能 英文作文

人工智能英文作文Artificial intelligence, also known as AI, is revolutionizing the way we live and work. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI is changing the way we interact with technology.The potential of AI is endless, with applications in healthcare, finance, and even creative fields like art and music. It has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and make decisions faster and more accurately than humans.However, there are also concerns about the ethical implications of AI, such as privacy issues and job displacement. As AI continues to advance, it is important for us to consider the impact it will have on society as a whole.Despite the challenges, AI has the power to improve our lives in ways we never thought possible. It has the potential to solve complex problems and help us make betterdecisions in a rapidly changing world.In conclusion, artificial intelligence is a powerful tool that has the ability to transform the way we live and work. As we continue to explore its capabilities and limitations, it is important to approach AI with caution and consideration for its impact on society.。

人工智能优秀英语范文

人工智能优秀英语范文

人工智能优秀英语范文Artificial Intelligence has been a topic of great interest and discussion in recent years. With the rapid development of technology, AI has become an integral part of our daily lives, from personal assistants like Siri and Alexa to autonomous vehicles and advanced medical diagnosis systems. In this essay, I will discuss the benefits and challenges of AI, as well as its potential impact on society.First and foremost, AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries and improve efficiency. For example, in the healthcare sector, AI can analyze large datasets to identify patterns and predict diseases, leading to early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans. In addition, AI-powered robotics can perform complex surgeries with greater precision, reducing the risk of human error. Similarly, in the field of transportation, AI can enhance safety and reduce traffic congestion through autonomous vehicles that can communicate with each other and make split-second decisions.On the other hand, the widespread adoption of AI also raises concerns about job displacement and ethical implications. As AI continues to automate tasks that were previously performedby humans, there is a risk of unemployment and economic inequality. Moreover, the use of AI in decision-making processes, such as loan approvals and criminal sentencing, has sparked debates about bias and fairness. It is essential to address these challenges through policies and regulations that ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI.In addition to its impact on the economy and ethics, AI also has the potential to transform education and personalized learning. With the help of AI, educators can tailor instruction to individual students' needs, providing targeted support and feedback. Furthermore, AI-powered tutoring systems can offer personalized learning experiences, adapting to each student's pace and style of learning. This can lead to improved academic outcomes and a more inclusive education system.In conclusion, the development of AI presents both opportunities and challenges for society. While AI has the potential to revolutionize various industries and improve efficiency, it also raises concerns about job displacement and ethical implications. It is crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals to collaborate in addressing these challenges and ensuring the responsible and ethical use of AI.人工智能近年来备受关注和讨论。

人工智能(全英)-1-Introduction

人工智能(全英)-1-Introduction

Acting humanly: Turing Test
• Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": • "Can machines think?" "Can machines behave intelligently?" • Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game
Outline
• Course overview
• What is AI?
• A brief history
• The state of the art
What is AI?
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Intelligent behavior in artifacts • “Design computer programs to make computers smarter” • “Study of how to make computers do things at which, at
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (topdown) or 2) Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)
• Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience), are now distinct from AI
• “Can”
• Can machines think now or someday? • Might machines be able to think theoretically or

人工智能英语作文四级

人工智能英语作文四级

人工智能英语作文四级Title: The Evolution and Impact of Artificial Intelligence.In today's rapidly advancing technological landscape, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force,革命性的力量shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the world. AI, a field of computer science, aims to create machines capable of intelligent behavior, exhibiting characteristics such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. While the concept of AI has existed for decades, recent advancements in computing power and algorithms have allowed for significant breakthroughs, leading to its increasing integration into our daily lives.The evolution of AI can be traced back to its inception in the 1950s, when the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy. Since then, AI has undergone several waves of development, each marked by significant advancements and challenges. The first wave, known assymbolic AI, focused on creating rule-based systems that could perform logical reasoning and problem-solving. However, these systems were limited by their inability to handle uncertainty and complexity.The second wave of AI, known as statistical learning or machine learning, shifted the focus towards building systems that could learn from data. These systems, based on statistical models, were able to identify patterns and make predictions without explicit programming. While this approach led to significant improvements in areas like speech recognition and image classification, it still suffered from limitations, such as the need for large amounts of labeled data and the inability to generalize beyond the trained domain.The third wave of AI, known as deep learning, has been 革命性的革命性的,transforming the field with its ability to process and understand unstructured data. Deep learning algorithms, based on artificial neural networks, are able to learn hierarchical representations of data, enabling them to capture complex patterns and relationships. Thishas led to breakthroughs in areas like computer vision, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning, among others.The impact of AI on society has been profound and far-reaching. In the realm of healthcare, AI has revolutionized diagnosis and treatment, enabling doctors to make more accurate predictions and decisions based on vast amounts of patient data. In industries like manufacturing and logistics, AI-powered robots and autonomous systems have increased efficiency and productivity, while reducing human error and operational costs.In the realm of technology, AI has transformed the way we interact with devices and services. Virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa use natural language processing to understand and respond to our queries, while recommender systems like those found on Netflix and Amazon personalize content based on our preferences and behaviors. These advancements have not only made our lives more convenient but have also given rise to new business models and opportunities.However, the rise of AI also presents challenges and ethical considerations. One of the most significantconcerns is the potential displacement of human workers by machines. As AI systems become more capable and efficient, there is a risk of job losses in sectors like manufacturing, customer service, and even professions like law and medicine. This raises questions about the need for policies and frameworks to ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed fairly across society.Another concern is the privacy and securityimplications of AI. As more data is collected and used to train AI systems, there is an increased risk of privacy breaches and misuse of personal information. This requires robust data protection measures and ethical guidelines to ensure that AI is developed and deployed responsibly.Despite these challenges, the future of AI looks bright. With continued advancements in technology and increasing investment in research and development, we can expect tosee more innovations in areas like autonomous vehicles,smart cities, and personalized medicine. These advancements will not only improve our lives but will also drive economic growth and create new opportunities for society.In conclusion, artificial intelligence has emerged as a transformative force in our world,革命性的力量shaping the way we live, work, and interact with technology. Its evolution from symbolic AI to deep learning has led to significant breakthroughs in areas like healthcare, manufacturing, and technology. However, as we move forward, it is crucial that we address the ethical and societal challenges presented by AI to ensure that its benefits are distributed fairly and responsibly across society.。

关于人工智能的英语作文翻译

关于人工智能的英语作文翻译

With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, a new generation of information technology is working on an intelligent life, Internet, smart phones, LCD TV, air conditioning also gradually entered thousands of families.In 1977, the British, the manager of the world's largest Internet company expected future anyone not in their own homes have a their own computer. Computer won't be used by most people, however, is not using the computer in the rapid development of modern society it is almost impossible, high-rise buildings in the staff are using computer records as may be assigned task; Cartoonist play in using computer picture scanning, color; In the school each classroom placed a, the teacher is using the computer to students to explain the text; Print shop running a desktop computer is busy working. However the manager never imagined nearly half a century of today computer has been in our life plays the effect that cannot replace, also from the heavy machine that filled a whole room until now textbooks thick liquid crystal.随着科技的发展社会的进步,新一代信息技术正在着力打造智慧生活,互联、智能机、液晶电视、空调也逐渐步入了千千万万的家庭。

人工智能与专家系统外文文献译文和原文

人工智能与专家系统外文文献译文和原文

人工智能与专家系统外文文献译文和原文AI研究仍在继续,但与MIS和DDS等计算机应用相比,研究热情的减弱使人工智能的研究相对落后。

然而,在研究方面的不断努力一定会推动计算机向人工智能化方向发展。

2.AI领域AI现在已经以知识系统的形式应用于商业领域,既利用人类知识来解决问题。

专家系统是最流行的基于知识的系统,他是应用计算机程序以启发方式替代专家知识。

Heuritic术语来自希腊eureka,意思是“探索”。

因此,启发方式是一种良好猜想的规则。

启发式方法并不能保证其结果如同DSS系统中传统的算法那样绝对化。

但是启发式方法提供的结果非常具体,以至于能适应于大部分情况启发式方法允许专家系统能像专家那样工作,建议用户如何解决问题。

因为专家系统被当作顾问,所以,应用专家系统就可以被称为咨询。

除了专家系统外,AI还包括以下领域:神经网络系统、感知系统、学习系统、机器人、AI硬件、自然语言处理。

注意这些领域有交叉,交叉部分也就意味着这个领域可以从另一个领域中收益。

3.专家系统的吸引力专家系统的概念是建立在专家知识能够存储在计算机中并能被其他人应用这一假设的基础上的。

专家系统作为一种决策支持系统提供了独无二的能力。

首先,专家系统为管理者提供了超出其能力的决策机会。

比如,一家新的银行投资公司可以应用先进的专家系统帮助他们进行选择、决策。

其次,专家系统在得到一个解决方案的同时给出一步步的推理。

在很多情况下,推理本身比决策的结果重要的多。

4.专家系统模型专家系统模型主要由4个部分组成:用户界面使得用户能与专家系统对话;推理引擎提供了解释知识库的能力;专家和工程师利用开发引擎建立专家系统。

1.用户界面用户界面能够方便管理者向专家系统中输入命令、信息,并接受专家系统的输出。

命令中有具体化的参数设置,引导专家系统的推理过程。

信息以参数形式赋予某些变量。

(1)专家系统输入现在流行的界面格式是图形化用户界面格式,这种界面与Window有些相同的特征。

人工智能英文文献原文及译文

人工智能英文文献原文及译文

人工智能英文文献原文及译文附件四英文文献原文Artificial Intelligence"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification,face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.Safety problemsArtificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.The definition of artificial intelligenceDefinition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the moreextensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From the view of thinking, artificial intelligence is notlimited to logical thinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.A brief history of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.The computer era1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.The beginning of AIAlthough the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmental temperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener:all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AI research.Large programAfter years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed,such as teach users learn TVC expert system of the operating system.From the lab to daily lifePeople began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application software such as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic,AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ,Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.附件三英文文献译文人工智能“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。

人工智能英文文献原文及译文

人工智能英文文献原文及译文

附件四英文文献原文Artificial Intelligence"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification, face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.Safety problemsArtificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.The definition of artificial intelligenceDefinition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the more extensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From theview of thinking, artificial intelligence is not limited to logical thinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.A brief history of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.The computer era1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.The beginning of AIAlthough the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmentaltemperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener: all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AIresearch.Large programAfter years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed,such as teach userslearn TVC expert system of the operating system.From the lab to daily lifePeople began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application softwaresuch as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic, AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ,Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.附件三英文文献译文人工智能“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。

外文翻译--人工智能

外文翻译--人工智能

英文原文Artificial IntelligenceAdvanced Idea ,Anticipating Incomparability on Artificial Intelligence.Artificial intelligence(AI) is the field of engineering that builds systems ,primarily computer systems ,to perform tasks requiring intelligence .This field of research has often set itself ambitious goals, seeking to build machines that can outlook humans in particular domains of skill and knowledge ,and has achieved some success in this.The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include expert system ,industrial robotics,systems and languages language understanding ,learning ,and game playing,etc.Expert SystemAn expert system is a set of programs that manipulate encoded knowledge to solve problems in a specialized domain that normally requires human expertise . Typically,the user interacts with an expert system in a consultation dialogue,just as he would interact with a human who had some type of expertise,explaining his problem,performing suggested tests,and asking questions about proposed solutions. Current experimental systems have achieved high levels of performance in consultation tasks like chemical and geological data analysis,computer system configuration,structural engineering,and even medical diagnosis.Expert systems can be viewed as intermediaries between human experts,who interact with the systems in knowledge acquisition mode ,and human users who interact with the systems in consultation mode. Furthermore ,much research in this area of AI has focused on endowing these systems with the ability to explain their reasoning,both to make the consultation more acceptable to the user and to help the human expert find errors in the system´s reasoning when they occur.Here are the features of expert systems:①Expert systems use knowledge rather than data to control the solution process.②The know is encoded and maintained as an entity separated fromthe control program.Furthermore,it is possible in some cases to use differentknowledge bases with the same control programs to producedifferent types of expert system.Such system are known as expert systemshells.③Expert systems are capable of explaining how a particular concl-usion is reached,and why requested information is needed during a consultation.④Expert systems use symbolic representations for knowledge andperform their inference through symbolic computations.⑤Expert systems often reason with metaknowledge.Industrial RoboticsAn industrial robot is a general-purpose computer-controlled manipulator consisting of several rigid links connected in series by revolute or prismatic joints.Research in this field has looked at everything from the optimal movement of robot arms to methods of planning a sequence of actions to achieve a robot´s goals.Although more complex systems have been built,the thousands of robots that are being used today in industrial applications are simple devices that have been programmed to some repetitive task.Robots,when compared to humans,yield more consistent quality,more predictable output,and are more reliable.Robots has been used in industry since 1965.They are usually characterized by the design of the mechanical system.There are six recognizable robot configurations:①Cartesian Robots:A robot whose main frame consist of three Linear axes.②Gantry Robots:A Gantry robot is a type of artesian robot whose structure resembles a gantry.This structure is used to minimize deflection along each axis.③Cylindrical Robots:A cylindrical robot has two linear axes and one rotary axis.④Spherical Robots:A spherical robot has one linear axis and two rotary axes.Spherical Robots are used in a variety of industrial tasks such as welding and material handling.⑤Articulated Robots:An articulated robot has three rotational axes connecting three rigid links and a base.⑥Scara Robots:One style of robot that has recently become quite popular is a combination of the articulated arm and the cylindrical robot.The robot has more than three axes and is widely used in electronic assembly.Systems and LanguagesComputer-systems ideas like time-sharing,list processing,and interactive debugging were developed in the AI research environment.Specialized programming languages and systems,with features designed to facilitate deduction,robot manipulation,cognitive modeling,and so on, have often been rich sources of new ideas.Most recently,reveral knowledge-representation languages,computer languages for encoding knowledge and reasoning methods as data structure and procedures,which have been developed in the last few years to explore a variety of ideas about how to build reasoning programs.Problem SolvingThe first big success in AI was programs that could solve puzzles and play games like chess.Techniques like looking ahead several moves and dividing difficult problems into easier sub-problems evolved into the fundamental AI techniques of search and problem reduction.Today´s programs play championship-level checkers and backgammon,as well as verygood chess.Another problem-solving program that integrates mathematical formulates symbolically has attained very high levels of performance and is being used by scientists and engineers.Some programs can even improve their performance with experience.As discussed above,the open questions in this area involve capabilities that human players have but cannot articulate,like the chess master´s ability to see the board configuration in terms of meaningful patterns.Another basic open question involves the original conceptualization of a problem,called in AI the choice of problem representation.Humans often solve a problem by finding a way of thinking about it that makes the solution easy-AI problems,so far,must be told how to think about the problems they solve.Logical ReasoningClosely related to problem and puzzle solving was early work on logical deduction.Programs were developed that could prove assertions by manipulating a database of facts,each represented by discrete data structures just as they are represented by discrete formulas in mathematical logic.These methods,unlike many other AI techniques,could be shownto be complete and consistent.That is,so long as the original facts were correct,the programs could prove all theorems that followed from the facts,and only those theorems.Logical reasoning has been one of the most persistently investigated subareas of AI research.Of particular interest are the problems of finding ways of focusing on only the relevant facts of a large database and of keeping track of the justifications for beliefs and updating them when new information arrives.Language UnderstandingThe domain of language understanding was also investigated by early AI researchers and has consistently attracted interest.Programs have been written that answer questions posed in English from an internal database,that translate sentences from one language to another,that follow instruction given in English,and that acquire knowledge by reading textual material and building an internal database.Some programs have even achieved limited success in interpreting instructions spoken into a microphone instead of typed into the computer.Although these language systems are not nearly as good as people are at any of these tasks,they are adequate for some applications.Early successes with programs that answered simple queries and followed simple directions,and early failures at machine translation,have resulted in a sweeping change in the whole AI approach to language.The principal themes of current language-understanding research are the importance of vase amounts of general,commonsense world knowledge and the role of expectations,based on the subject matter and the conversational situation,in interpreting sentences.LearningLearning has remained a challenging area for AI.Certainly one of the most salient and significant aspects of human intelligence is the ability to learn.This is a good example of cognitive behavior that is so poorly understood that vary little progress has been made in achieving it in AI system.There have been several interesting attempts,including programs learn from examples,form their own performance,and from being told.An expert system may perform extensive and costly computations to solve a problem.Most expert systems are hindered by the inflexibility of their problem-solving strategies and the difficulty of modifying large amounts of code.The obvious solution to these problems is for programs to learn on their own,either from experience,analogy,and examples or by being told what to do.Game PlayingMuch of the early research in state space search was done using common board games such as checkers,chess,and the 15-puzzle.In addition to their inherent intellectual appeal,board games have certain properties that make them ideal subjects for this early work.Most games are played using a well-defined set of rules,this makes it easy to generate the search space and frees the researcher from many of the ambiguities and complexities inherent in less structured problems.The board configurations used in playing these games are easily represented on a computer,requiring none of the complex formalisms.ConclusionWe have attempted to define artificial intelligence through discussion of its major areas of research and application.In spite of the variety of problems addressed in artificial intelligence research,a number of important features emerge that seem common to all divisions of the field,these include:①The use of computers to do reasoning,learning,or some other form of intelligence.②A focus on problems that do not respond to algorithmic solutions.This underlies the reliance on heuristic search as an AI problem-solving technique.③Reasoning about the significant qualitative features of a situation.④An attempt to deal with issues of semantic meaning as well as syntactic form.⑤The use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge in solving problems.This is the basis of expert systems.AbstractArtificial intelligence(AI) is the field of engineering that builds systems,primarily computer systems,to perform tasks requiring intelligence .This field of research has often set itself ambitious goals,seeking to build machines that can outlook humans in particular domains of skill and knowledge,and has achieved some success in this.The key aspects of intelligence around which AI research is usually focused include expert systems,industrial robotics,systems and languages,language understanding,learning,and game playing,machine translation,etc.中文译文人工智能先进的想法不断注入到人工智能的发展过程中,使其最新理念无与伦比。

人工智能英文作文

人工智能英文作文

人工智能英文作文The Development of Artificial Intelligence。

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a hot topic in recent years, and its development has brought about significant changes in various fields. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI technology has made its mark on the world and is continuing to advance at a rapid pace.One of the most notable advancements in AI is its application in healthcare. With the help of AI, medical professionals can now analyze large amounts of data to diagnose diseases and develop treatment plans. This has led to improved accuracy and efficiency in the healthcare industry, ultimately saving lives and reducing healthcare costs. In addition, AI has also been used to develop new drugs and treatment methods, further revolutionizing the field of medicine.Another area where AI has made a significant impact isin the field of finance. AI-powered algorithms are being used to analyze market trends and make investment decisions, leading to more profitable and efficient trading strategies. Furthermore, AI has also been used to detect fraudulent activities and prevent financial crimes, ultimately making the financial industry more secure and reliable.In addition to healthcare and finance, AI has also been integrated into various other industries, such as manufacturing, transportation, and entertainment. For example, AI-powered robots are now being used in manufacturing plants to automate repetitive tasks and improve production efficiency. In the transportation industry, AI has been used to develop self-driving cars and optimize traffic flow, ultimately leading to safer and more efficient transportation systems. Moreover, AI has alsobeen used to personalize user experiences in the entertainment industry, such as recommending movies and music based on individual preferences.Despite the many benefits of AI, there are alsoconcerns about its potential impact on the job market. AsAI technology continues to advance, there is a fear that it may lead to job displacement and unemployment. However, many experts believe that AI will create new job opportunities and lead to the development of new industries, ultimately benefiting the economy and society as a whole.In conclusion, the development of artificialintelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries, leading to improved efficiency, accuracy, and innovation. While there are concerns aboutits potential impact on the job market, the overallbenefits of AI are undeniable. As AI technology continuesto advance, it is important for society to embrace its potential and work towards harnessing its power for the greater good.。

人工智能 英文文献译文

人工智能  英文文献译文

人工智能英文文献译文在计算机科学里许多现代研究都致于两个方面:一是怎样制造智能计算机,二是怎样制造超高速计算机.硬件成本的降低,大规模集成电路技术(VLSI)不可思议的进步以及人工智能(AI)所取得的成绩使得设计面向AI应用的计算机结构极为可行,这使制造智能计算机成了近年来最”热门”的方向.AI 提供了一个崭新的方法,即用计算技术的概念和方法对智能进行研究,因此,它从根本上提供了一个全新的不同的理论基础.作为一门科学,特别是科学最重要的部分,AI的上的是了解使智能得以实现的原理.作为一种技术和科学的一部分,AI的最终目的是设计出能完全与人类智能相媲美的智能计算机系统.尽管科学家们目前尚未彀这个目的,但使计算机更加智能化已取得了很大的进展,计算机已可用来下出极高水平的象棋,用来诊断某种疾病,用来发现数学概念,实际上在许多领域已超出了高水平的人类技艺.许多AI计算机应用系统已成功地投入了实用领域.AI是一个正在发展的包括许多学科在内的领域,AI的分支领域包括:知识表达,学习,定理证明,搜索,问题的求解以及规划,专家系统,自然语言(文本或语音)理解,计算机视觉,机器人和一些其它方面/(例如自动编程,AI教育,游戏,等等).AI是使技术适应于人类的钥匙,将在下一代自动化系统中扮演极为关键的角色.据称AI应用已从实验室进入到实用领域,但是传统的冯·诺依曼计算机中,有更大的存储容量与处理能力之比,但最终效率也不是很高.无论使处理器的速度多快也无法解决这个问题,这是因为计算机所花费的时间主要取决于数据的处理器和存储器之间传送所需的时间,这被称之为冯·诺依曼瓶颈.制造的计算机越大,这个问题就越严重.解决的方法是为AI应用设计出不同于传统计算机的特殊结构.在未来AI结构的研究中,我们可以在计算机结构中许多已有的和刚刚出现的新要领的优势,比如数据流计算,栈式计算机,特征,流水线,收缩阵列,多处理器,分布式处理,数据库计算机和推理计算机.无需置疑,并行处理对于AI应用是至关重要的.根据AI中处理问题的特点,任何程序,哪怕只模拟智能的一小部分都将是非常复杂的.因此,AI仍然要面对科学技术的限制,并且继续需要更快更廉价的计算机.AI的发展能否成为主流在很大程度上取决于VLSI技术的发展.另一方面,并行提供了一个在更高性能的范围内使用廉价设备的方法.只要使简单的处理单元完全构成标准模式,构成一个大的并行处理系统就变得轻而易举,由此而产生的并行处理器应该是成本低廉的.在计算机领域和AI中,研究和设计人员已投入大量精力来考查和开发有效的并行AI结构,它也越来越成为吸引人的项目.目前,AI在表达和使用大量知识以及处理识别问题方面仍然没有取得大的进展,然而人脑在并行处理中用大量相对慢的(与目前的微电子器件比较)神经元却可十分出色地完成这些任务.这启发了人们或许需要某种并行结构来完成这些任务.将极大地影响我们进行编程的方法.也许,一旦有了正确的结构,用程序对感觉和知识表达进行处理将变得简单自然.研究人员因此投入大量努力来寻求并行结构.AI中的并行方法不仅在廉价和快速计算机方面,而且在新型计算方法方面充满希望.两种流行的AI语言是函数型编程语言,即基于λ算子的和逻辑编程语言,即基于逻辑的.此外,面向对象的编程正在引起人们的兴趣.新型计算机结构采用了这些语言并开始设计支持一种或多种编程形式的结构.一般认为结合了这三种编程方式可为AI应用提供更好的编程语言,在这方面人们已经作了大量的研究并取得了某些成就.人工智能的发展1 经典时期:游戏和定理证明人工智能比一般的计算机科学更年轻,二战后不久出现的游戏程序和解迷宫程序可以看作是人工智能的开始,游戏和解迷宫看起来距专家系统甚远,也不能为实际应用提供理论基础.但是,基于计算机的问题的最基本概念可以追溯到早期计算机完成这些任务的程序设计方法.(1)状态空间搜索早期研究提出的基本叫做状态空间搜索,实质非常简单.很多问题都可以用以下三个组成部分表述:1. 初始状态,如棋盘的初始态;2. 检查最终状态或问题解的终止测试;3. 可用于改变问题当前状态的一组操作,如象棋的合法下法.这种概念性状态空间的一种思路是图,图中节点表示状态, 弧表示操作.这种空间随着思路的发展而产生,例如,可以从棋盘的初始状态开始构成图的第一个节,白子每走一步都产生连向新状态的一条弧,黑子对白子每步棋的走法,可以认为是改变了棋盘状态的情况下连向这些新节点的操作,等等.(2)启发式搜索如果除小范围搜索空间以外,彻底的搜索不可能的话,就需要某些指导搜索的方法.用一个或多项域专门知识去遍历状态空间图的搜索叫做启发式搜索.启发是凭经验的想法,它不像算法或决策程序那样保证成功,它是一种算法或过程,但大多数情况下是有用的.2 现代时期:技术与应用所谓现代时期是从70年代半期延续到现在,其特征是日益发展的自意识和自批判能力以及对于技术和应用的更强的定位.与理解的心理学概念相联系似已不占据核心地位.人们也渐渐不再对一般问题方法(如启发式搜索)心存幻想,研究者们已经认识到,这种方法过高估计了”一般智能”的概念,这一概念一向为心理学家喜欢,其代价是未考虑人类专家所具有的某一领域内的能力.这种方法也过低地估计了人的简单常识,特别是人能够避免,认识和纠正错误的能力.解决问题的启发能力程序能够处理的相关知识的清晰表达,而非某些复杂的推理机制或某些复杂的求值函数,这一观点已被证实并接受.研究者已经研制出以模块形式对人的知识进行编码的技术,此种编码可用模式启动.这些模式可以代表原始的或处理过的数据,问题说明或问题的部分解.早期模拟人们解决问题的努力试图达到知识编码的一致性和推理机制的简单性.后来将该结果应用于万家系统的尝试主要是允许自身的多样性.INTRODCTION TO ARTIFICIALMuch modern research effort in computer science goes along two directions. One is how to make intelligent computers,the other how to make ultraly high-speed computers. The former has become the newest “hot ” direction in recent years because the decreasing hardware costs, the marvelous progress in VLSI technology,and the results achieved in Artificial Intelligence(AI) have made it feasible to design AI applications oriented computer architectures.AI,which offers a mew methodology, is the study of intelligence using the idead and methods of computation, thus offering a radically new and different basis for theory formation. As a science, essentially part of Cognitive Science, the goal of AI is to understand the principles thatmake intelligence possible. As a technology and as a part of computer science,the final goal of AI is to design intelligent computer systems that behave with the complete intelligence of human mind.although scientists are far from achieving this goal, great progress dose hae been made in making computers more intelligent . computers can be made to play excellint chess, to diagnose certain types of diseases, to discover mathematical comcepts, and if fact , to excel in many other areas requiring a high level of human expertise. Many Aiapplication computer systems have been successfully put into practical usages.AI is a growing field that covers many disciplines. Subareas of AI include knowledge representation ,learning, theorem proving,search,problem solving, and planning, expert systems, natural-language(text or speech)understanding,computer vision,robotics, and several others (such as automatic programming ,AI education,game playing, etc.) .AI is the key for making techmology adaptable to people. It will play a crucial role in the next generation of automated systems.It is a growing field that covers many disciplines.subbareas of AI include knowledge representation,learing,theorem proving,search,prroblem solving, and planning,expert systems,natural_language(text or speech ) understanding,computer vision,robotics , and severalothers (such as automatic programming, AI education, game playing,etc.).AI is the key for making technology adaptable to people. It will play a crucial role in the next generation of automated systems.It is claimed that AI applications have moved from laboratories to the real wortld. However ,conventional von Neumann computers are unsuitable for AI applications,because they are designed mainly for numerical processing. In a larger von Neumann computer, there is a larger tatio of memory to processing power and consequently it is even less efficient. This inefficiency remains no matter how fast we make the processor because the length of the computation becomes dominated by the time required to move data between processor and memory. This is called the von Neumann bottleneck. The bigger we build machines, the worse it gets. The way to solve the problem is to diverse from the traditional architectures and to design special ones for AI applications. In the research of future AI architectures, we can take advantages of many existing or currentlyemerging concepts in computer architecture, such as dataflow computation, stack machines, tagging,pipelining, systolic array,multiprocessing,distrbuted processing,database machines ,and inference machines.No doubt, parallel processing is of crucial importance for AI applications.due to the nature of problems dealt with in AI, any program that will successfully simulate even a small part of intelligence will be very complicated. Therefor,AI continuously confronts the limits of computer science technology,and there id an instatiable demand for fastert and cheaper computers.the movement of AI into mainstream is largely owned to the addevent of VLSI technology.parallel architectures,on the other han,provide a way of using the inexpensive device technology at much higher performance ranges.it ix becoming easier and cheaper to construc large parallel processing systems as long as they are made of fairly regular patterns of simpl processwing elements,and thus parallel processors should become cost effective.a great amount of effort has been devoted to inverstigating and developing effictive parallel AI architectures,ans this topic id becoming more and more attractive for reaseachers and designersin the areas of computers and AI.Currently, very little success has been achieved in AI in representing and using large bodies of knowledge and in dealing with recognition problems. Whereas human brain can perform these tasks temarkably well using a large number of relatively slow (in comparison with todays microelectronic devices) neurons in parallel. This suggests that for these tasks some kind of parllel architecture may be needed. Architectures can significantly influence the way we programming it for perception and knowledge representation would be easy and natural. This has led researchers to look into massively parallel architectures. Parallelism holds great promise for AI not only in terms of cheaper and faster computers. But also as a novel way of viewingcomputation.Two kinds of popular AI languages are functoional programming languages, which are lambda-based ,and logic programming is attracting a growing interest. Novel computer architects have considered these languages seriously and begun to design architectures supporting one or more of the programming styles. It has been recognized that a combination of the three programming styles mingt provide a better language for AI applications. There have already been a lot of research effort and achievements on this topic.Development of AI1 the classical period: game playing and theorem provingartificial inteligence is scarcely younger than conventional computer science;the bebinnings of AI can be seen in the first game-playing and puzzle-solving programs written shortly after World War Ⅱ. Gameplaying and puzzle-solving may seem somewhat remote from espert systems, and insufficiently serious to provide a theoretical basis for real applications. However, a rather basic notion about computer-based problem solving can be traced back to early attempts to program computers to perform shuch tasks.(1)state space searchThe fundamental idea that came out of early research is called state space search,and it is essentially very simple. Many kinds of problem can be formulated in terms of three important ingredients:(1)a starting state,such as the initial state of the chess board;(2)a termination test for detecing final states or sulutions to the problem,such as the simple rule for detecting checkmate in chess;(3)a set of operations that can be applied to change the current state of theproblem,such as the legal moves of chess.One way of thinking of this conceptual space of states is as a graph in which the states are nodes and the operations are arcs. Such spaces can be generated as you go . gor exampe, you coule gegin with the starting state of the chess board and make it the first node in the graph. Each of White’s possilbe first moves would then be an arc connecting this node to a new state of the board. Each of Black’s legal replies to each of these f irst moves could then be considered as operations which connect each of these new nodes to a changed statd of the board , and so on .(2)Heuristic searchHiven that exhaustive search is mot feasible for anything other than small search spaces, some means of guiding the search is required. A search that uses one or more items of domain-specific knowledge to traverse a state space graphy is called a heuristic search. Aheuristic is best thought of as a rule of thumb;it is not guaranteed to succeed,in the way that an algorithm or decision procedure is ,but it is useful in the majority of cases .2 the romantic period: computer understandingthe mid-1960s to the mid-1970s represents what I call the romantic period in artificial intelligence reserch. Atthis time, people were very concerned with making machines “understand”, by which they usually meant the understanding of natural language, especially stories and dialogue. Winograd’s (1972)SHRDLU system was arguably the climax of this epoch : a program which was capable of understanding a quite substantial subset of english by representing and reasoning about a very restricted domain ( a world consisting of children’s toy blocks).The program exhibited understanding by modifying its “blocksworld” represent ation in respinse to commands , and by responding to questions about both the configuration of blocks and its “actions” upon them. Thus is could answer questions like:What is the colour of the block supporting the red pyramid?And derive plans for obeying commands such as :Place the blue pyramid on the green block.Other researchers attempted to model human problem-solving behaviour on simple tasks ,such as puzzles, word games and memory tests. The aim war to make the knowledge and strategy used by the program resemble the knowledge and strategy of the human subject as closely as possible. Empirical studies compared the performance of progran and subject in an attempt to see how successful the simulation had been.。

谷歌人工智能文章中英文对照

谷歌人工智能文章中英文对照
在10 月12 日《自然》杂志中发表的一篇论文中,谷歌在伦敦的
子公司深度思维展示了他们通过结合外部存储创造了一个神经网络,来
进一步克服这些障碍。这种和外部存储的结合不仅允许神经网络学习,
还可以通过存储器来存储和回忆事件,并以此来像正常情况那样做推
断。这反过来能够让它解决难题,比如在没有任何经验的情况下操控伦
谷歌人工智能推导出环绕 伦敦地铁系统的路线
DeepMind’s latest technique uses external memory to solve tasks that require logic and reasoning—a step
toward more humanlike AI 深度思维最新技术使用了外部存储来解决需要逻辑思
神经网络通过加强虚拟神经元之间的联系来学习。如果没有存储
器,这样一个网络可能需要看一副特定的伦敦地铁地图数千次来学习最
佳路线。 DeepMind's new system—which they call a
'differentiable neural computer'—can make sense of a map it has never seen before. It first trains its neural network on randomly generated map-like structures (which could represent stations connected by lines, or other relationships), in the process learning how to store descriptions of these relationships in its external memory as well as answer questions about them. Confronted with a new map, the DeepMind system can write these new relationships—connections between Underground

人工智能(AI)的英语作文及译文精选五篇

人工智能(AI)的英语作文及译文精选五篇

人工智能(AI)的英语作文及译文(精选5篇)篇一:artificial intelligence can make our life more interesting. for example, if we have no company when playing games, artificial intelligence can accompany you.at the same time, artificial intelligence has the ability of self-learning and can be your little assistant in life.artificial intelligence must be the most popular and potential industry in the future. you can earn money to support your family without leaving home.you can completely release yourself, including st udents‘ learning, through artificial intelligence.译文:人工智能可以让我们在生活中更加有趣,比如说我们在玩游戏的时候没有人陪伴,那么人工智能可以陪你,同时人工智能有自我学习能力,可以做你的生活小助手。

篇二:future trends in computer science is one of the artificial intelligence,it is the research and artificial simulation of human thought and eventually be able to make a human like to think the same machine.for human services andto help people solve problems.after all, people thought it was unique, there are feelings, there are a variety of character, this will be very difficult to achieve in the machine.in fact, to do the same as the human thinking machine, the only one of the artificial intelligence, is by no means all. through the study of artificial intelligence, can resolve all kinds of scientific problems, and promote the development of other science, the artificial intelligence is the best!i believe that the science of artificial intelligence is waiting for humanity to explore it step by step the real connotation.译文:计算机科学的未来趋势是人工智能之一,它是对人类思维的研究和人工模拟,最终能够使人类喜欢思考的同一台机器。

人工智能英语文章

人工智能英语文章

人工智能英语文章AAfter years in the wilderness, the term ‘artificial intelligence' (Al) seems poised to make a comeback. Al was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of Al, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about Al, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by Al researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that Al has moved on from being seen as an over- ambitious and under-achieving field of research.BThe field was launched, and the term ‘artificial intelligence’ coined, at a conference in 1956,by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression providedan attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; Al unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.CMost researchers agree that Al peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, Al researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence' would be substantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. 'There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. ‘Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term Al was being avoided by many researchers,who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on.’。

人工智能开创未来的英语范文

人工智能开创未来的英语范文

人工智能开创未来的英语范文英文回答:Artificial Intelligence: Spearheading the Future.In the tapestry of human history, technological advancements have woven themselves into the fabric of our existence, transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. Among these transformative forces, artificial intelligence (AI) stands as a beacon of innovation, poised to shape the contours of our future.AI encompasses a broad spectrum of computational techniques that enable machines to perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence, such as learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. Its applications span a diverse array of industries, from healthcare and finance to transportation and manufacturing.As AI continues its relentless march forward, it holdsthe potential to revolutionize countless aspects of our lives. In the realm of healthcare, AI-powered diagnostic tools can assist medical professionals in detecting diseases with greater accuracy and efficiency, leading to improved patient outcomes. Within the financial sector, AI algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to uncover patterns and trends, enabling investors to make more informed decisions.Moreover, AI has the capacity to transform the way we interact with our environment. Smart cities, powered by AI-driven infrastructure, can optimize traffic flow, reduce pollution, and enhance public safety. In the domain of transportation, self-driving vehicles have the potential to revolutionize commuting and freight transportation, making them safer, more efficient, and more accessible.Beyond its practical applications, AI also raises profound ethical and societal questions. As machines become increasingly capable of mimicking human intelligence, we must grapple with issues such as job displacement, privacy concerns, and the potential for AI to be used for maliciouspurposes.To harness the full potential of AI while mitigating potential risks, it is imperative that we establish clear guidelines and ethical frameworks for its development and deployment. International collaboration and cooperationwill be crucial in ensuring that AI benefits all of humanity, fostering progress and prosperity while safeguarding our values and fundamental rights.In the years to come, AI will undoubtedly continue to reshape our world in ways we can scarcely imagine. As we navigate the uncharted frontiers of this transformative technology, it is essential that we proceed with both ambition and prudence, embracing its potential while safeguarding the well-being of our societies and the planet we inhabit.中文回答:人工智能,开创未来。

人工智能英语作文书

人工智能英语作文书

人工智能英语作文书Title: Artificial Intelligence English Essay。

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a prominent topic in today's world, with its impact being felt in various aspects of our lives. From healthcare to finance, education to entertainment, AI has permeated every industry and continues to revolutionize the way we live and work. In this essay, we will explore the significance of AI in the context of the English language and how it has influenced the way we communicate and learn.One of the most noticeable impacts of AI on the English language is in the field of language translation. With the development of advanced machine learning algorithms, AI has made significant strides in accurately translating text from one language to another. This has not only facilitated communication between people from different linguistic backgrounds but has also opened up new opportunities for global collaboration and understanding.Furthermore, AI has also played a crucial role in language learning and education. Language learning apps and platforms powered by AI have made it easier for individuals to learn English as a second language. These AI-driventools provide personalized learning experiences, adaptive feedback, and real-time language practice, thereby enhancing the overall learning process. Additionally, AI has enabled the development of language tutoring systems that can cater to the specific needs and learning styles of individual students, making language learning moreeffective and accessible.In addition to language translation and education, AI has also influenced the way we create and consume written content in English. Natural language processing (NLP) technologies have enabled AI to generate human-like text and assist writers in creating high-quality content. AI-powered writing tools can suggest improvements in grammar, style, and tone, thereby enhancing the overall quality of written communication. Moreover, AI has also been used to analyze large volumes of English text, providing valuableinsights into trends, sentiments, and patterns in language usage.Another significant impact of AI on the English language is in the realm of speech recognition and synthesis. AI-powered virtual assistants and voice-activated devices have become increasingly popular, allowing users to interact with technology using natural language. These advancements have not only improved the accessibility of information and services but have also transformed the way we communicate with technology. Furthermore, AI has enabled the development of speech synthesis systems that can generate natural-sounding human speech, making it easier for individuals to consume English content in audio format.Despite the numerous benefits of AI in the context of the English language, there are also concerns and challenges that need to be addressed. For instance, the reliance on AI for language translation and content generation raises questions about the preservation of linguistic diversity and cultural nuances. Additionally,the use of AI in language learning may raise concerns about privacy, data security, and the ethical use of personal information.In conclusion, artificial intelligence has undoubtedly had a profound impact on the English language, influencing the way we translate, learn, create, and communicate in English. As AI continues to evolve, it is essential to consider the implications of these advancements and ensure that they are used responsibly and ethically. Ultimately, AI has the potential to enhance our relationship with the English language, making it more accessible, inclusive, and dynamic.。

人工智能英文作文

人工智能英文作文

人工智能英文作文Artificial intelligence, also known as AI, is a rapidly developing field that aims to create intelligent machines that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. It has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, from healthcare to transportation to entertainment.AI has the ability to analyze complex data sets and identify patterns that humans may not be able to see. This can be incredibly valuable in fields such as medicine, where AI can help diagnose diseases and develop personalized treatment plans for patients.One of the most exciting applications of AI is in the field of autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars have the potential to make our roads safer and more efficient, as they can react to changing road conditions and potential hazards much faster than human drivers.However, there are also concerns about the potential negative impact of AI on the job market. As machines become increasingly capable of performing tasks that were once done by humans, there is a risk of widespread unemployment in certain industries.Despite these concerns, the potential benefits of AI are vast. It has the potential to improve efficiency, accuracy, and safety in many areas of our lives. As the field continues to develop, it will be important to carefully consider the ethical implications of AI and ensure that it is used in a way that benefits society as a whole.。

关于人工智能的英语作文翻译

关于人工智能的英语作文翻译

With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, a new generation of information technology is working on an intelligent life, Internet, smart phones, LCD TV, air conditioning also gradually entered thousands of families. In 1977, the British, the manager of the world's largest Internet company expected future anyone not in their own homes have a their own computer. Computer won't be used by most people, however, is not using the computer in the rapid development of modern society it is almost impossible, high-rise buildings in the staff are using computer records as may be assigned task; Cartoonist play in using computer picture scanning, color; In the school each classroom placed a, the teacher is using the computer to students to explain the text; Print shop running a desktop computer is busy working. However the manager never imagined nearly half a century of today computer has been in our life plays the effect that cannot replace, also from the heavy machine that filled a whole room until now textbooks thick liquid crystal. 随着科技的发展社会的进步,新⼀代信息技术正在着⼒打造智慧⽣活,互联、智能机、液晶电视、空调也逐渐步⼊了千千万万的家庭。

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附件四英文文献原文Artificial Intelligence"Artificial intelligence" is a word was originally Dartmouth in 1956 to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence is also expands. Artificial intelligence is a challenging job of science, the person must know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of different fields, such as machine learning, computer vision, etc, on the whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human intelligence. But in different times and different people in the "complex" understanding is different. Such as heavy science and engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now computer can not only complete this calculation, and faster than the human brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this calculation is regarded as "the need to perform complex human intelligence, complex tasks" work is defined as the development of The Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the science of specific target and nature as The Times change and development. On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and artificial intelligence technology to realize the machine is a computer, the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science and technology and the development together. Besides the computer science and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics, automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research include: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning and search method, machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge system, natural language processing, computer vision, intelligent robot, automatic program design, etc.Practical application of machine vision: fingerprint identification,face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm, expert system, intelligent identification, search, theorem proving game, automatic programming, and aerospace applications.Artificial intelligence is a subject categories, belong to the door edge discipline of natural science and social science.Involving scientific philosophy and cognitive science, mathematics, neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory, cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.The research category of natural language processing, knowledge representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem, perception, pattern recognition, logic design program, soft calculation, inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image understanding, genetic programming robot factory.Safety problemsArtificial intelligence is currently in the study, but some scholars think that letting computers have IQ is very dangerous, it may be against humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.The definition of artificial intelligenceDefinition of artificial intelligence can be divided into two parts, namely "artificial" or "intelligent". "Artificial" better understanding, also is controversial. Sometimes we will consider what people can make, or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial intelligence, etc. But generally speaking, "artificial system" is usually significance of artificial system.What is the "smart", with many problems. This involves other such as consciousness, ego, thinking (including the unconscious thoughts etc. People only know of intelligence is one intelligent, this is the universal view of our own. But we are very limited understanding of the intelligence of the intelligent people constitute elements are necessary to find, so it is difficult to define what is "artificial" manufacturing "intelligent". So the artificial intelligence research often involved in the study of intelligent itself. Other about animal or other artificial intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of artificial intelligence.Artificial intelligence is currently in the computer field, the moreextensive attention. And in the robot, economic and political decisions, control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also played an indispensable role.The famous American Stanford university professor nelson artificial intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a definition: "artificial intelligence about the knowledge of the subject is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of scientific knowledge. But another American MIT professor Winston thought: "artificial intelligence is how to make the computer to do what only can do intelligent work." These comments reflect the artificial intelligence discipline basic ideas and basic content. Namely artificial intelligence is the study of human intelligence activities, has certain law, research of artificial intelligence system, how to make the computer to complete before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the 1970s, known as one of the three technologies (space technology, energy technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century (genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a system. Its research results are gradually integrated into people's lives, and create more happiness for mankind.Artificial intelligence is that the computer simulation research of some thinking process and intelligent behavior (such as study, reasoning, thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics, psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the relationship between theory and practice, artificial intelligence is in the mode of thinking science technology application level, is one of its application. From the view of thinking, artificial intelligence is not limited to logicalthinking, want to consider the thinking in image, the inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a variety of basic science, mathematics and language, thought into fields, artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool, mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics into the scope of artificial intelligence discipline, they will promote each other and develop faster.A brief history of artificial intelligenceArtificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Egypt's legend, but with 1941, since the development of computer technology has finally can create machine intelligence, "artificial intelligence" is a word in 1956 was first proposed, Dartmouth learned since then, researchers have developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and they also affected the development of other technologies. The emergence of AI programs, creating immeasurable wealth for the community, promoting the development of human civilization.The computer era1941 an invention that information storage and handling all aspects of the revolution happened. This also appeared in the U.S. and Germany's invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.The beginning of AIAlthough the computer AI provides necessary for technical basis, but until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmental temperature. The importance of the study lies in the feedback loop Wiener:all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of the simulation of early development of AI.1955, Simon and end Newell called "a logical experts" program. This program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct conclusion that a problem to solve. "logic" to the public and the AI expert research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in 1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them to Vermont Dartmouth in "artificial intelligence research in summer." since then, this area was named "artificial intelligence" although Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years. Although the rapid development of field haven't define some of the ideas, meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges. Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of the system, such as "logic" in reducing search; expert There is the establishment of the system can be self learning.In 1957, "a new program general problem-solving machine" first version was tested. This program is by the same logic "experts" group development. The GPS expanded Wiener feedback principle, can solve many common problem. Two years later, IBM has established a grind investigate group Herbert AI. Gelerneter spent three years to make a geometric theorem of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of an AI. 1958 McCarthy announced his new fruit: LISP until today still LISP language. In. "" mean" LISP list processing ", it quickly adopted for most AI developers.In 1963 MIT from the United States government got a pen is 22millions dollars funding for research funding. The machine auxiliary recognition from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the technological progress on this plan ahead of the Soviet union. Attracted worldwide computer scientists, accelerate the pace of development of AI research.Large programAfter years of program. It appeared a famous called "SHRDLU." SHRDLU "is" the tiny part of the world "project, including the world (for example, only limited quantity of geometrical form of research and programming). In the MIT leadership of Minsky Marvin by researchers found, facing the object, the small computer programs can solve the problem space and logic. Other as in the late 1960's STUDENT", "can solve algebraic problems," SIR "can understand the simple English sentence. These procedures for handling the language understanding and logic.In the 1970s another expert system. An expert system is a intelligent computer program system, and its internal contains a lot of certain areas of experience and knowledge with expert level, can use the human experts' knowledge and methods to solve the problems to deal with this problem domain. That is, the expert system is a specialized knowledge and experience of the program system. Progress is the expert system could predict under certain conditions, the probability of a solution for the computer already has. Great capacity, expert systems possible from the data of expert system. It is widely used in the market. Ten years, expert system used in stock, advance help doctors diagnose diseases, and determine the position of mineral instructions miners. All of this because of expert system of law and information storage capacity and become possible.In the 1970s, a new method was used for many developing, famous as AI Minsky tectonic theory put forward David Marr. Another new theory of machine vision square, for example, how a pair of image by shadow, shape, color, texture and basic information border. Through the analysis of these images distinguish letter, can infer what might be the image in the same period. PROLOGE result is another language, in 1972. In the 1980s, the more rapid progress during the AI, and more to go into business. 1986, the AI related software and hardware sales $4.25 billion dollars. Expert system for its utility, especially by demand. Like digital electric company with such company XCON expert system for the VAX mainframe programming. Dupont, general motors and Boeing has lots of dependence of expert system for computer expert. Some production expert system of manufacture software auxiliary, such as Teknowledge and Intellicorp established. In order to find and correct the mistakes, existing expert system and some other experts system was designed,such as teach users learn TVC expert system of the operating system.From the lab to daily lifePeople began to feel the computer technique and artificial intelligence. No influence of computer technology belong to a group of researchers in the lab. Personal computers and computer technology to numerous technical magazine now before a people. Like the United States artificial intelligence association foundation. Because of the need to develop, AI had a private company researchers into the boom. More than 150 a DEC (it employs more than 700 employees engaged in AI research) that have spent 10 billion dollars in internal AI team.Some other AI areas in the 1980s to enter the market. One is the machine vision Marr and achievements of Minsky. Now use the camera and production, quality control computer. Although still very humble, these systems have been able to distinguish the objects and through the different shape. Until 1985 America has more than 100 companies producing machine vision systems, sales were us $8 million.But the 1980s to AI and industrial all is not a good year for years. 1986-87 AI system requirements, the loss of industry nearly five hundred million dollars. Teknowledge like Intellicorp and two loss of more than $6 million, about one-third of the profits of the huge losses forced many research funding cuts the guide led. Another disappointing is the defense advanced research programme support of so-called "intelligent" this project truck purpose is to develop a can finish the task in many battlefield robot. Since the defects and successful hopeless, Pentagon stopped project funding.Despite these setbacks, AI is still in development of new technology slowly. In Japan were developed in the United States, such as the fuzzy logic, it can never determine the conditions of decision making, And neural network, regarded as the possible approaches to realizing artificial intelligence. Anyhow, the eighties was introduced into the market, the AI and shows the practical value. Sure, it will be the key to the 21st century. "artificial intelligence technology acceptance inspection in desert storm" action of military intelligence test equipment through war. Artificial intelligence technology is used to display the missile system and warning and other advanced weapons. AI technology has also entered family. Intelligent computer increase attracting public interest. The emergence of network game, enriching people's life.Some of the main Macintosh and IBM for application software such as voice and character recognition has can buy, Using fuzzy logic,AI technology to simplify the camera equipment. The artificial intelligence technology related to promote greater demand for new progress appear constantly. In a word ,Artificial intelligence has and will continue to inevitably changed our life.附件三英文文献译文人工智能“人工智能”一词最初是在1956 年Dartmouth在学会上提出来的。

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