《跨文化交际与翻译》 (1)
跨文化交际1
Course Description
It is imperative that people, both present and future, be sensitive to differences in intercultural communication. Business today cannot go further without cross-cultural communication.
1.2 Language is the vehicle of culture, it reflects culture.
语言是文化的载体，文化是语言的土壤 The cultural connotation carried by language and customs is the most difficult point in language learning. Language is not only a kind of social phenomenon, but also a kind of cultural phenomenon.
The
planet Earth is not shrinking, but time and space are. Modern transportation and communication reduce time and distance. A closed relationship ties all people together. No nation, group, or culture can remain isolated. If you touch one part of the world, you touch all parts.
(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元
1 Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2 Translation文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”（Windows）等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么，文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验可能的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑的人或事。
新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译
1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。
一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。
他开始与雪白的颜色。
“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。
”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。
”“哦,是的,我明白了。
一定是毛茸茸的颜色。
”“不,它也像纸。
”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。
跨文化交际Chapter 1部分翻译
跨文化Chapter 1P1~2Chapter 1 前三段判断题范围THE ONLY TIME WHEN TRUE SUFFERING OCCURS ISWHEN TWO CULTURES COLLIDE. —— HERMANN HESSE只有苦难发生，当两种文化碰撞时。
anyone who has done business internationally knows that dreadful feeling brought on by the blank stares,任何人做国际业务的都知道，空洞的眼神所带来的可怕感觉，the forced half-smiles, the murmured comments in a language that seems indecipherable—强迫半微笑，用似乎难以辨认的语言低声评论——when what you say doesn't connect, and when something seems missing.当无法和你说什么事情联系上时，有些事情似乎就错过了，The paranoia is inescapable. You had your checklist of cultural do's and don'ts and followed them religiously.偏执是不可避免的。
你有你的该做什么和不该做什么的文化清单，并且虔诚地遵守着。
You broke no taboos, committed no cultural faux pas, insulted no one—yet you failed to break through. Why?你不打破任何禁忌，不犯任何文化失礼，不侮辱任何人——但你却未能突破文化差异。
为什么呢？Distance and time were once the biggest obstacles to doing business internationally.距离和时间，一度成为做国际业务的最大障碍。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 作者作者: : ———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————— 日期日期: :第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新现代社会依赖于技术创新,,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果样的后果,,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时健全时,,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫 Londax 的著名除草剂的著名除草剂,,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌 Ｌｏnd ａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ron ｄex ,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lon ｄax 的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
跨文化交际之文化与翻译--魏华
Culture and Translation
1. Brief Introduction
How do you translate this sentence into English? 您辛苦了！ You must be very tired. ???
As 虎 is thought to be the king of animals in traditional Chinese culture, phrases and idioms with虎 abound and it is often changed into “lion” when translated into English:
We Chinese think of pig as a lazy and stupid animal and often say 蠢猪， but English speaking people contribute ugliness, greediness and dirtiness to the pig yet they don’t think the pig is stupid. 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose (silly ass) 亚洲四小龙 (referring to four developing regions in Asia ) the four tigers in Asia
3. Cultural Influence on Translation
Green” also means “ full of vigor or vitality” Her grandchildren wished her a green old age. 他的孙儿们祝福她健康长寿。 Though in the green, he may not be equal to the task. 尽管他年富力强，不见得能胜任这项任务。
新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译
1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。
很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。
但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。
文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。
文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。
跨文化交际与翻译-
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic equivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also soldabroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic inChinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(asstrong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at least achieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际与翻译
跨文化交际与翻译【摘要】翻译意味着文化的比较，并且翻译活动旨在促进文化之间的交流。
文化是个很复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
为了避免由于文化障碍造成失败的交际案例，我们应当研究这些不同语言反映出的不同文化。
本文作者即以汉语和英语的跨语言文化交际翻译为主要论据，阐述其翻译活动中涉及的中西文化比较与交流，并指明跨文化交际活动中翻译工作的重要性。
【关键词】跨文化交际翻译中文英文文化是人类在社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如教育、科学、文艺等。
文艺批评家朱刚则认为：文化研究作为独立的一门学科是非常难下定义的；一般来说，人们认为“文化”一词首先于中世纪出现，后来的演变大大延展了文化在社会生活的各方面的用途（2010：340）。
德国翻译理论家弗米尔（hans j.vermeer）认为：文化是一个社会全部的准则和习俗惯例，是作为社会一员的个体所必须懂得的，这样才能与人相似或与人相异（2005：43）。
在各种文化定义中，英国人类学家泰勒（edward burnett tylor）给出的定义最具代表性：文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯（2005：68）。
在此意义上，文化是个复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
那么这个时候的翻译行为，就是在目标语文化中重现源语语言文化所提供的某些信息。
众所周知，语言总是折射着文化的底蕴；中英不同的语言也各自反映着不同文化。
忽略文化差异容易造成使译作的读者群大惑不解的局面。
也就是说，源语的读者群所熟知的内容往往令目标语的读者群深感新奇陌生。
我们发现，人们的每一个行为往往都是置于某个具体文化背景之下进行的，本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际、具有不同语言和文化背景的人从事交际的过程被称之为“跨文化交际”（cross-cultural communication）。
在跨文化交际过程中，行为主体必须对对方的语言和文化背景有所了解甚至于熟悉，否则跨文化交际就会产生障碍。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译
跨文化交际英语－阅读教程课文翻译————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。
越来越多的国家遵守国际条约，实行知识产权保护。
但这方面做得还远远不够。
我们来回顾一下过去，看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。
许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现，知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。
要进入这些市场，西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。
而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。
盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。
例如，美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。
该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元，而且又投入了２５００万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。
然而，不到一年以后，一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Ｌｏndａｘ公然上市了。
冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Ronｄex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。
但是，由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多，它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。
同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。
生产Lonｄax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。
其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为，就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。
不光是产品，在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。
就连Kｅllogg’s玉米片的生产商Ｋeｌlｏgg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Ｋongａl 牌玉米条，连包装也几乎一模一样。
不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样，Kelｌｏｇg’ｓ公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。
幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。
跨文化交际UNIT1
Warm Up
▪ It is very difficult for people to understand one another if they do not share the same experiences. Of course, we all share the experience of being human, but there are many experiences which we do not share and which are different for all of us. It is these different experiences that make up what is called “culture” in the social sciences － the habits of everyday life, the cues to which people respond, the automatic reactions they have to whatever they see and hear. These often differ, and the differences may introduce misunderstandings where we seek understanding.
communication is an extremely complicated process, and can be quite painful at times. Nowadays, with the globalization of the world economy and the increasing popularity of the internet, intercultural communication is part of our daily life. That is why we are here, taking this course.
大学英语跨文化交际教程翻译 杨晓萍 陶岳炼 主编
Unit1 passage AThe English characterToo the Europeans, the best known quality of the British is "reserve".A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person; he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that. If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like "How old are you?" or even "What is your name?" are not easily asked. Questions like "Where did you buy your watch?" or "What is your salary?" are almost impossible. Similarly, conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.This unwillingness to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Closely related to English reserve is English modesty. Within their hearts, the English are perhaps no less conceited than anybody else, but in their relations with others they value at least a show of modesty. Self-praise is felt to be ill-bred. If a person is, let us say, very good at tennis, and someone asks him if he is a good player, he will seldom reply "Yes," because people will think him conceited. He will probably give an answer like, "I'm not bad," or "Well, I'm very keen on tennis." This self-deprecation is typically English, and, mixed with their reserve, it often produces a sort of general air of indifference which appears to foreigners difficult to understand and even irritating.The famous English sense of humor is similar. Its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. It’s ideal is the ability to laugh at oneself —at one's own faults, one's own failures and embarrassments, even at one's own ideals. The criticism, "He has no sense of humor," is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is so highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, a tragedy or an honorable failure. Sympathy or admiration for artistic skill are felt to be stronger than laughter.Like a sense of humor, sportsmanship is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, association football, tennis and cricketwere all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practise a sport in obedience to its rules, while also showing generosity to one's opponent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. One of the most elementary rules of life is "never hit a man when he's down"─in other words, never take advantage of another person's misfortune. English school-boys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.译文：对于其他欧洲人来说，英国人最著名的特点是“谨慎”。
跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U1
第一单元语言：汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支，由数百种地方语言组成，其中许多语言互不相通。
据估计，10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。
历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语，是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。
从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。
中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前，最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。
在随后的周朝，青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。
周朝后半期文学繁荣发展，包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。
这些作品都是文言文的典范。
3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言，可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语，和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。
中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。
4北宋灭亡后，在晋朝和元朝时期，中国北方出现了一种通用语（现在称为旧官话）。
明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。
在明清时期的多半时间里，这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的，但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。
到1909年，即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语，于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。
普通话是现代汉语的标准形式，以北京语音系统为发音规范，以北方方言为方言基础，以白话文学语言为语法规范。
在中国，普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。
汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。
发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。
因此，对于那些不识汉字的人来说，将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。
拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。
1958年由中国政府出版，并多次修订。
国际标准化组织（ISO）于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准，随后于1986年被联合国采用。
8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。
普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写，或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母，但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。
跨文化交际与翻译真题
、案例分析（答题说明：每题10 分，合计分。
） 1. Situation: Two Americans, Bill and Tony, are talking aboutTony's unhappy experience with his Chinese college.Bill: Hi, Tony. How 're you doingTony: Fine. Just got back from visiting the home of one of myChinese colleagues.Bill: Oh, have a good timeTony: Oh yes, very good. Mind you, I was bit hurt about the way they treatedmypresent. You see, I know they like western music so I brought them backsome of the latest tapes from the UK.Had them all wrapped up beautifully and gave them to them as soon as I gotinside the door and what do you think happenedBill: WhatTony: Nothing. Well, more or less, they said thank you but then just put themaway in a corner. Didn 't even bother to unwrapthem. I must say I felt a bit miffed after all the trouble I ' d taken.参考答案：答题点：Gift giving in the West三、跨文化单选（答题说明：每题1分，合计分。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1~7单元翻译
Unit 2 Page 60 Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175 Unit 6 Page 215Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds ofmeanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.Case 17When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions.Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu’s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.Case 19Talking about what’s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to “spit it out”, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 25For people from the American culture and western European cultures, one’s time should be scheduled into segments or compartments which are to be kept discrete from one another. They prefer to do one thing at a time. They will be annoyed when they have made an appointment with somebody, only to find a lot of other things going on at the same time. They don’t like to interrupt others and be interrupted by other while they are doing something. In contrast, people from many other cultures including the Chinese culture are more likely to operate with several people, ideas, or matters simultaneously. They are more easily distracted and subject to interruptions, which they would not usually mind very much. The miscommunication between Katherine and the director can be ascribed to their lack of knowledge about each other’s way of using time.In this case, to the Chinese director as well as many other Chinese people, it is natural to handle the other things which needed to be dealt with immediately. He may have thought that, in this way, he utilized the time best. But to Katherine and most Westerners, it’s quite different. They tend to do things strictly according to their schedule and appointments with others, which is their concept of using time best.高语境交流和低语境交流（由高到低排列）Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American, Arab, Greek, Latin,Italian,English,Frech,Amercian,Scandinavian,German,German-Swiss。
《跨文化交际与翻译》language and communication
Case study: Use one of Hofstede's four dimension to explain the following case.
• When my boss came into my office for the first time, I stood up immediately to show my respect. The boss misunderstood my behavior, thought I was going out,and said he would talk with me in a while. I was accustomed to respecting all those in authority. On one occasion, I offered my seat to the Head of the Department of Internal Medicine. He said “Thanks” and sat down. During the conference,he kept turning around and looking at me, which made me feel ill at ease. When the conference was over, he came over and apologized to me,“I thought you were leaving the conference.You don't have to offer me.”
Language most shows a man. Speak, that I may see thee.
---- Ben Johnson
The limits of my language are the limits of my world.
(完整word版)新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
U1reading1跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
L。
S。
Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:A语言的产生; B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E 跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯.作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族。
研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点含义：人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播媒介传播传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段case1主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好.在这种情况下，理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上,的食物.他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展，称赞这位艺术家说：多么美丽的你的照片。
在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错,开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了.相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突.在这种情况下：理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己.case2对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。
跨文化交际课文翻译
Speaking English with a Japanese mind日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语，这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流，但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时，在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子，一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时，日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延，美国人的关注也开始减弱，然后日本人说，不管怎样。
AM告诫说，接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话，如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说，在日本你可能是大多数，但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式，社交礼仪，价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子，比如英国人会说，你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说，因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么，日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是，一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语，同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
美国人，当然了，说的话也要被翻译成日语。
然而，对于那些想听到用原汁原味的讨论的人来说，多路传输声音系统提供了条件。
在讨论期间，一个美国人问道汇率的变化是否会导致美元的贬值进而严重影响到日本对美国的出口呢。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-6单元翻译(Word可编辑版)
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是, 人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折, 既是个人的, 又是全球性的: 人类历史进程总是充满了个人问的直接冲突和民族间的误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突, 大大小小争端不绝。
很显然, 文化间以及亚文化问的交往比以前多了, 这迫切要求我们共同努力, 去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们, 并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解, 我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处: 这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定, 也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Translation Unit 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序, 我们“头脑的软件”。
但是, 我们可以进一步引中这个用电脑所做的类比, 把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的Dos 或者unix 或者“视窗”(windows) 等操作系统一样, 使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的, 但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般, 人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实, 因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中, 文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的, 就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产, 而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作, 这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序, 那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始, 文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么, 文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
跨文化交际课文翻译
关于跨文化交流，跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民，他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去，我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过：“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出，交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑，全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场，其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败，是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里，如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小，那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司，他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时，他们就把车重新命名，然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司，美国又一个汽车界的领头羊，也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售，原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为co rcel，其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯，一个日用电器制造者，其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是，他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国，suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫c ue。
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2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
• 一 . 上下文(verbal context)
• 1. We hope Mr. White will not forget himself, gone are the days when a representative of a large country in UN. may do whatever he likes.
John”
绝命信 感谢信 唁函 (女孩写给男孩的） 绝交信 (祝病人康复的）慰 问信 政治上的绝交信
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
试翻译下列句子中的claim
1.A caller to the broadcasting station claimed
responsibility for the bombing.
•
有人打电话给广播电台，声称这爆炸是他干 的．
2. Throughout centuries London has claimed to be the foremost city of the world.
• 几个世纪以来，伦敦堪称世界一流城市． 3.Oxford claims a large share in the making of
• 5. It was a girl with good manners.
• 6. The young brother wants to have the good half of the bread.
• 1.他棋艺高超。 • 2. 那是一顿丰盛的晚
餐。
• 3. 她英语讲得很流利。 • 4. 我干了整整一天的
9. Recent discoveries have challenged their old notion.
最近的发现使他们原来的观念成了问题。
10. They challenge for the Davis Cup. 他们决心争夺戴维斯杯。
11. It’s the challenge of our time. 这是我们时代的要求
活儿。
• 5. 这是一位举止得体 的姑娘。
• 6. 小弟弟要那一大半 面包。
• He proved to be a good listener. • 1. 他在课上注意听讲。 • 2. 他是个遵守公共秩序的观众。 • 3. 他善于听取群众的意见。
4. Come round and see me this evening. (adv.) 今晚请过来看我.
2.1 词义的选择
5. It is as round as a ball. (adj.) 它像球一样圆.
6. She has got a mellow ,round voice. (adj.) 她的声音圆润洪亮. 7. The night watchman makes his rounds. (noun) 守夜者巡察. 8. There burst out a round of applause. (noun) 发出了齐声喝彩. 9. The bear rounded and faced the hunters. (Verb) 那熊转过身来对着猎人们. 10.When you pronounce the vowel 【u:】, round your
2.1 词义的选择
选择词义，首先要判明一个词在句中属于 哪一种词类，起什么作用，然后再根据词 类选择适当的词义。如up 这个词在下列例 句中词类不同，词义也不同。
1. What are you doing up there? (adv.)
你在那边做什么？
2. He is well up in mathematics. (adv.) 他精通数学。
6. Prices are being upped by 20%. (verb) 价格上涨了20%. 7. She upped and threw the teapot at him. (verb) 她跳起来,将茶壶向她掷去.
2.1 词义的选择
又如round 一词
1. Bullet fell round him. (prep.) 子弹落在他的周围.
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
五. 交际方式（ medium )
• 交际方式即语言传播的方式和媒介，有口头和 书面之分，文白之差别。因而要确定原文的文 体和风格后再选择恰当的词义。
• 1. He wrote a letter to his friend. • 2. Premier Wen wrote a letter to American
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
5. The matter claims our first attention. 这事急需我们予以注意. 6. She can claim credit for the success. 她可以要求人们承认这次成功归功于她. 7. My order had prior claims on your time. 我的订货还要请你优先考虑. 8. The store has more claims on admiration than it is
美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。
• 6. His question challenged us to think. • 他提出的问题促使我们去思考。
• 7. The task challenged his organizing ability. • 这项任务对他的组织能力是一个考验。
• 8. The sentry challenged us. • 哨兵问我们口令。
• 我们希望怀特先生不要忘乎所以，在联合国里一 个大国代表可以为所欲为的日子已经一去不复返 了。
• We hope that our most respec forget himself, his poor health is known to everybody.
• 四. 话题 ( topic ) • 话题即交际双方所谈及的内容。 同一词语在不同
的话题中具有语义上的专门化。如：
• messenger: 信使； 一种传递信息的化学物质（遗 传工程学）
• carrier: 携带者； 带菌体（医学、生物学） • shuttle: 梭子； 航天飞机（航天）
• base: • In business: 本金 • In painting: 底涂 • In military science: 根据地
possible to mention. 这家商店声誉之好无以伦比,大大值得人们的赞美. 9. His personality is his only claim to remembrances. 人们能记起他来的惟有他的品格.(他唯一值得人们怀
念的是他的品格)
试翻译下列句子中的challenge
President. • 3. Mary received a love letter.
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
• a suicide letter • a thank-you letter • a letter to condolence • a Dear John letter • a get-well letter • a political “ Dear
2.1 词义的选择
2. They went up wind. (prep.) 他们迎风而行。
The ship is sailing up the river. (prep.) 这船正向河的上游航行。 3. The new museum is up and opens to the
public. （adj.) 新博物馆已落成开放。
12. Their success is a challenge to my effort. 他们的成就鞭策我做出努力
2.1.3 根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义
英语中有些词在同一词类中、具有相同意义 的情况下，和不同的词搭配，译成汉语时还 要根据与它搭配的词而选择最符合汉语习惯 的词义。
• 1.He has great ears and eyes. 2. He has great wisdom, experience and knowledge.
2. The planets move round the sun in the same direction and nearly in the same plain. . (prep.) 诸行星以同一方向且同一平面绕着太阳运行.
3. Shall I show you round? (adv.) 我领你四处看看好吗?
4. When will the up train start?（adj.) 上行车何时开？
2.1 词义的选择
5. The landlord promised his tenants there would be no further ups this year. （noun)
房东向房客们保证今年不再提高房租。 We all have our ups and downs. （noun) 命运盛衰不定。（人生总有起起落落。）
• 2. It’s time to go aboard. • 该上车了。/ 该上飞机了。/ 该上船了。 • 三. 时间( time )
• His daughter went to London last autumn. • 他的女儿是今年秋天去的伦敦。 • 他的女儿是去年秋天去的伦敦。
2.1.2 根据语境确定词义
There is no rule that has no exception. 任何规则都有例外。
第二篇： 英汉词法翻译
2.1 词义的选择
• 2.1.1 根据词类确定词义
• 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义
的现象。如： • 1. Like charges repel; unlike charges attract. • 2. He likes mathematics more than physics. • 3. Like knows like. • 1.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。 • 2. 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。 • 3. 英雄识英雄。