外文翻译格式参考

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本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。

(空一行,字体同正文)5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

二、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译(一)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。

译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次.原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

(二)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分:封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文(设计)外文翻译封面”。

普通A4纸打印即可。

第二部分:外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题,三号字,宋体,顶格,加粗二级标题,四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗三级标题,小四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗2.正文小四号字,宋体。

第三部分:版面要求论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)版芯要求:左边距:25mm,右边距:25mm,上边距:30mm,下边距:25mm,页眉边距:23mm,页脚边距:18mm字符间距:标准行距:1.25倍页眉页角:页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定,为统一起见,特做以下要求:1、每篇字数为1500字左右,共两篇;2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本,具体字号、字体已标注。

外文翻译(包含原文)(宋体四号加粗)外文翻译一(宋体四号加粗)作者:(宋体小四号加粗)Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team,Korean Film Council(小四号)出处:(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358~P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景(标题:宋体四号加粗)1996~现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四)在过去的十年间,韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。

上个世纪60年代,韩国电影迅速崛起,然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后,韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。

在这个时期,韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长,但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。

1996年,韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。

但是到了1998年,市场占有量增长到35。

8%,到2001年更是达到了50%。

虽然从1996年开始,韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中,但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。

虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录,但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。

当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时,2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。

姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。

从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》,康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。

外文翻译格式参考报告

外文翻译格式参考报告

外文翻译格式参考报告毕业设计外文资料翻译学院:电子工程学院专业班级:自动化071学生姓名:陈新鹏学号:030713103指导教师:马娟丽外文出处:Multi-focus Image Fusion Algorithms Research Based on Curvelet Transform附件:1.外文资料翻译译文; 2.外文原文基于曲波变换的多聚焦图像融合算法研究摘要:由于光学透镜聚焦深度的限制,往往很难得到一个包含所有相关聚焦目标的图像。

多聚焦图像融合算法可以有效地解决这个问题。

基于广泛应用的多聚焦图像融合算法的分析,本文提出一种基于多聚焦图像融合算法的曲波变换。

根据曲波变换分解的不同频率区,分别讨论低频系数和高频系数的选择规律。

本文中低频系数和高频系数被分别与NGMS(就近梯度最大选择性)和LREMS (局部区域能量最大的选择性)融合。

结果表明,提出的多聚焦图像融合算法可以获得和图像聚焦融合算法相同的图像,在客观评价和主观评估方面较其他算法有明显的优势。

关键字:曲波变换;多聚焦图像;融合算法1.简介如今,图像融合被广泛应用于军事、遥感、医学和计算机图像等领域。

图像融合的主要目的将来自两个或更多相同场景的信息相结合以获得一个包含完整信息的图像。

比如,廉价相机的主要问题是我们不能获得不同距离的每个目标以获得一个聚焦所有目标的图像。

因此,我们需要一种多聚焦图像融合方法来聚焦和获得更清晰的图像。

经典融合算法包括计算源图像平均像素的灰度值,拉普拉斯金字塔,对比度金字塔,比率金字塔和离散小波变换(DWT)。

然而,计算源图像平均像素灰度值的方法导致一些不期望的影响例如对照物减少。

小波变换的基本原理是对每个源图像进行分解,然后将所有这些分解单元组合获取合成表示,从中可以通过寻找反变换恢复融合图像。

这种方法显然是有效的。

但是,小波变化只能通过变换边缘特征反映出来,却不能表达边缘的特点。

同时,也因为它采用各向同性所以小波变化无法显示边缘方向。

(范例)外文翻译格式

(范例)外文翻译格式

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文学生姓名:院(系):经济管理学院专业班级:市场营销0301班指导教师:完成日期:2007年3 月22 日日本的分销渠道——对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会Distribution Channels in JapanChallenges and Opportunities for theJapanese Market Entry作者:Hokey Min起止页码:P22-35出版日期(期刊号):0960-0035出版单位:MCB Univercity Press外文翻译译文:介绍尽管美国对日本的出口在过去两年已有大幅度的增长,然而美国对日本仍然存在着很大的贸易赤字。

尽管没有出现下降趋势,但越来越多的美国决策者及商务经理已经开始审查日本的贸易活动。

在这些人中,有一个很普遍的想法就是日本市场没有对美国产品开放,相反,美国市场对日本的贸易是开放的。

因此,克林顿政府试图采取强硬措施来反对日本的一系列贸易活动,包括商业习惯和政府政策,还企图通过贸易制裁的威胁来反对日本产品。

然而,这样的措施也会产生适得其反的结果。

它不仅会为美国消费者带来更高的商品价格和更少的商品选择,同时也会增加日本消费者的反美情绪。

最近Ginkota和Kotabe的调查表明:单独的贸易谈判不会提高美国商品进入日本市场的能力。

而对于提高美国公司进入日本市场能力的一个行之有效的方法就是研究日本近几个世纪以来所采用的商业活动。

由于法律障碍或者是日本公司对外封锁商业渠道,日本当地的分销渠道往往对外国公司不利,而这样的商业活动被认为是进入日本市场的主要障碍。

事实上,Yamawaki美国商品成功出口到日本市场在很大程度上取决于美国解决协议合同的能力。

尽管进入日本市场意义重大,然而对西方人而言,日本的经销体系经常会被人误以为是充满神秘感的。

这种误解源于日本复杂的分销惯例特征。

而这种分销惯例沿袭古老的而又严谨的建设体系。

在尝试美国贸易在日本市场成功获利减少不必要的贸易冲突过程中,我们揭露了日本分销中获利的事实,探索出了能成功进入日本市场的战略性武器。

论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

论文及外文翻译格式(标准)

附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例(设置成小二号字,空3行)我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究(黑体,加粗,小二,居中,空2行)The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China (Times New Roman体,加粗,小二,居中,实词首字母大写,空5行)院系经济与管理学院(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)专业公共事业管理(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)班级 6408101 (宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)学号 200604081010 (宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)姓名李杰(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)指导教师张芸(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)职称副教授(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)负责教师(宋体,四号,首行缩进6字符)(空7行)沈阳航空航天大学(宋体,四号,居中)2010年6月(宋体,四号,居中)附录2 摘要格式示例(设置成三号,空2行)摘要(黑体,加粗,三号,居中,两个字之间空两格)(空1行)我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪,随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化,我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。

一方面,投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广,不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财,居民也逐步进入到金融市场中,开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理,以达到资产保值、增值,更好的用于消费、养老等的目的;另一方面,我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化;同时,其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。

本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象,综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论;统计学、概率学的方法和工具,主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨,并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议,指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。

毕业论文外文文献翻译要求

毕业论文外文文献翻译要求

毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但英文字符要求不少于2万
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,外文原文后应附中文译文。

三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为:
1.题目:采用三号、黑体字、居中打印;
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。

四、英文的基本撰写格式为:
1.题目:采用三号、Times New Roman字、加黑、居中打印
2.正文:采用小四号、Times New Roman字。

行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸.
3.脚注:五号,Times New Roman,顺序为作者.题目.出处,
五、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,封面中文小四号宋体,英文小四号Times New Roman),
六、装订:左侧均匀装订,上下共两个钉,并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。

七、忌自行更改表格样式
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文文献
外文题目
翻译题目
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
开题报告日期年月日。

专业中英文翻译规范

专业中英文翻译规范

翻译规范——Format(2011年修订版)请仔细阅读以下规定。

本篇大部分规定为格式方面的规定,而部分翻译项目则可能对其格式另有特殊规定。

1. SPACE(空格)除非有特别指示,请在每个翻译项目的中文文字(双字节字符)和英文字或数字(均为单字节)之间留一个单字节空格。

Example 1:今天是2002 年5 月26 日正确。

今天是2002 年5 月26 日错误,数字前没有留出一个单字节空格。

今天是2002 年5 月26 日错误,2 个中文字间无需留出一个空格。

欲知以上各行间有何区别,可到Word > 工具> 选项> 视图> “格式标记”下选择“全部”或者“隐藏文字”。

Example 2:熟练操作WINDOWS 98 中文环境。

在“作”和“W”,“S”和“9”,及“8”和“中”之间都需要留出一个空格。

英文字或数字位于句首或句末的,则无需留空。

Example 1:2002 年5 月26 日是个重要的日子。

正确。

2002 年5 月26 日是个重要的日子错误,句首无须留出一个空格。

Example 2:他的英文名叫做John。

正确。

他的英文名叫做John 。

地址: 福州左海帝景3座1105室网址: 错误,句末无须留出一个空格。

2. PUNCTUATION(标点符号)usage1) 中文须使用双字节标点符号,如,。

、“”!;:; 英文则须使用单字节标点符号, . , “” ! ; :。

双字节标点符号和单字节标点符号的区示:输入状态不同,即双字节标点符号须在中文输入状态下输入,而单字节标点符号须在英文状态下输入;For example:“计算机世界”杂志要用双字节引号,“Computer World” 应使用单字节英文引号。

2) 英文中并列的单字节逗号“,”,中文翻译要改成双字节顿号“、” 等。

3) 书名、协议名称、法律合同规章名称译成英文时应该采用斜体形式,中文时则应在其名称前后加上书名号《》。

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】

盐城师范学院毕业论文(设计)外文资料翻译学院:(四号楷体_GB2312下同)专业班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师:外文出处:(外文)(Times New Roman四号) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文; 2.外文原文1.外文资料翻译译文译文文章标题×××××××××正文×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………….*注:(本注释不是外文翻译的部分,只是本式样的说明解释)1. 译文文章标题为三号黑体居中,缩放、间距、位置标准,无首行缩进,无左右缩进,且前空(四号)两行,段前、段后各0.5行间距,行间距为1。

25倍多倍行距;2. 正文中标题为小四号,中文用黑体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进,无首行缩进,无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后0。

5行间距,行间距为1.25倍多倍行距;3。

正文在文章标题下空一行,为小四号,中文用宋体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进,首行缩进2字符(两个汉字),无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后间距无,行间距为1。

外文翻译排版格式参考

外文翻译排版格式参考

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别:电子信息系专业:通信工程班级:B100309姓名:张杨学号:B10030942外文出处:附件: 1. 原文; 2. 译文2014年03月An Introduction to the ARM 7 ArchitectureTrevor Martin CEng, MIEETechnical DirectorThis article gives an overview of the ARM 7 architecture and a description of its major features for a developer new to the device. Future articles will examine other aspects of the ARM architecture.Basic CharacteristicsThe principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as "THUMB". This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip "embedded ICE" that allows programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system.In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus (one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously.The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective in speeding up sequential code. However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem.InstructionFig 1 ARM 3- Stage pipelineARM7 Programming ModelThe programmer's model of the ARM 7 consists of 15 user registers, as shown in Fig. 3, with R15 being used as the Program Counter (PC). Since the ARM 7 is a load-and- store architecture, an user program must load data from memory into the CPU registers, process this data and then store the result back into memory. Unlike other processors no memory to memory instructions are available.M1M2M34,R1,R2 (R4=R0+R2)3Fig 2 Load And Store ArchitectureAs stated above R15 is the Program Counter. R13 and R14 also have special functions; R13 is used as the stack pointer, though this has only been defined as a programming convention. Unusually the ARM instruction set does not have PUSH and POP instructions so stack handling is done via a set of instructions that allow loading and storing of multiple registers in a single operation. Thus it is possible to PUSH or POP the entire register set onto the stack in a single instruction. R14 has special significance and is called the "link register". When a call is made to a procedure, the return address is automatically placed into R14, rather than onto a stack, as might be expected. A return can then be implemented by moving the contents of R14 intoR15, the PC. For multiple calling trees, the contents of R14 (the link register) must be placed onto the stack.15 User registers +PCR13 is used as the stack pointer R14 is the link registerR14 is the Program Counter Current Program Status RegisterFig 3 User Mode Register ModelIn addition to the 16 CPU registers, there is a current program status register (CPSR). This contains a set of condition code flags in the upper four bits that record the result of a previous instruction, as shown in Fig 4. In addition to the condition code flags, the CPSR contains a number of user-configurable bits that can be used to change the processor mode, enter Thumb processing and enable/disable interrupts.31 30 29 28 27Negative Carry OverflowIRQ System UserUndefined instruction AbortThumb instruction setFig 4 Current Program Status Register and Flags Exception And Interrupt ModesThe ARM 7 architecture has a total of six different operating modes, as shown below. These modes are protected or exception modes which have associated interruptsources and their own register sets.User: This mode is used to run the application code. Once in user mode the CPSR cannot be written to and modes can only be changed when an exception is generated. FIQ: (Fast Interrupt reQuest) This supports high speed interrupt handling. Generally it is used for a single critical interrupt source in a systemIRQ: (Interrupt ReQuest) This supports all other interrupt sources in a system Supervisor: A "protected" mode for running system level code to access hardware or run OS calls. The ARM 7 enters this mode after resetAbort: If an instruction or data is fetched from an invalid memory region, an abort exception will be generatedUndefined Instruction:If a FETCHED opcode is not an ARM instruction, an undefined instruction exception will be generated.The User registers R0-R7 are common to all operating modes. However FIQ mode has its own R8 -R14 that replace the user registers when FIQ is entered. Similarly, each of the other modes have their own R13 and R14 so that each operating mode has its own unique Stack pointer and Link register. The CPSR is also common to all modes. However in each of the exception modes, an additional register一the saved program status register (SPSR),is added. When the processor changes the current value of the CPSR stored in the SPSR,this can be restored on exiting the exception mode.System&User FIQ Supervisor Abort IRQ Undefined Fig 5 Full Register Set For ARM 7Entry to the Exception modes is through the interrupt vector table. Exceptions in the ARM processor can be split into three distinct types.(i) Exceptions caused by executing an instruction, these include software interrupts, undefined instruction exceptions and memory abort exceptions(ii) Exceptions caused as a side effect of an instruction such as a abort caused by trying to fetch data from an invalid memory region.(iii) Exceptions unrelated to instruction execution, this includes reset, FIQ and IRQ interrupts.In each case entry into the exception mode uses the same mechanism. On generation of the exception, the processor switches to the privileged mode, the current value of the PC+4 is saved into the Link register (R14) of the privileged mode and the current value of CPSR is saved into the privileged mode's SPSR. The IRQ interrupts are also disabled and if the FIQ mode is entered, the FIQ interrupts are also disabled, Finally the Program Counter is forced to the exception vector address and processing of the exception can start. Usually the first action of the exception routine will be to pushPrefetch Abort(instruction fetch memory abort)Software interrupt (SWI)Undefined instruction ResetData Abort (data access momory abort)IRQ (interrupt)FIQ (fast interrupt)Supervisor Undefined Supervisor Abort Abort IRQ FIQ0x000000000x0000001C0x000000040x0000000C 0x000000080x000000100x00000018Fig 6 ARM 7 Vector TableA couple of things are worth noting on the vector table. Firstly, there is a missing vector at 0x000000014. This was used on an earlier ARM architecture and is left empty on ARM 7 to allow backward compatibility. Secondly, the FIQ interrupt is at the highest address so the FIQ routines could start from this address, removing the need for a jump instruction to reach the routine. It helps make entry into the FIQ routine as fast as possible.Once processing of the exception has finished, the processor can leave the privileged mode and return to the user mode. Firstly the contents of any registers previously saved onto the stack must be restored. Next the CSPR must be restored from the SPSR and finally the Program Counter is restored by moving the contents of the link register to R15, (i.e. the Program Counter). The interrupted program flow can then restart.Data TypesThe ARM instruction set supports six data types namely 8 bit signed and unsigned, 16 bit signed and unsigned plus 32 bit signed and unsigned. The ARM processor instruction set has been designed to support these data types in Little or Big-endian formats. However most ARM silicon implementations use the Little-endian format. ARM instructions typically have a three-operand format, as shown belowADD Rl,R2, R3 ; Rl=R2+R3ARM7 Program Flow ControlIn all processors there is a small group of instructions that are conditionally executed depending on a group of processor flags. These are branch instructions such as branch not equal. Within the ARM instruction set, all instructions are conditionally executable.31 28CONDFig. 7 Instruction Condition Code BitsThe top four bits of each instruction contain a condition code that must be satisfied if the instruction is to be executed. This goes a long way to eliminating small branches in the program code and eliminating stalls in the pipeline so increasing the overall program performance. Thus for small conditional branches of three instructions or less, conditional execution of instructions should be used. For larger jumps, normal branching instructions should be used.Fig. 8 Instruction Condition CodesThus our ADD instruction below could be prefixed with a condition code, as shown. This adds no overhead to instruction executionEQADD R1,R2,R3 ;If(Zero flag = 1)then R1 = R2+R3The ARM7 processor also has a 32-bit barrel shifter that allows it to shift or rotate one of the operands in a data processing instruction. This takes place in the same cycle as the instruction. The ADD instruction could be expanded as followsEQADD R1,R2 R3,LSL #2 ; If ( Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2+ (R3 x 4) Finally the programmer may decide if a particular instruction can set the condition code flags in the CPSR.EQADDS R1,R2 R3,LSL #2; If (Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2 + (R3 x4)and set condition code flagsIn the ARM instruction set there are no dedicated call or return instructions. Instead these functions are created out of a small group of branching instructions.The standard branch (B) instruction allows a jump of around+-32Mb. A conditional branch can be formed by use of the condition codes. For example, a "branch notequal" would be the branching instruction B and the condition code "NE" for not equal giving "BNE". The next form of the branch instruction is the branch with link. This is the branch instruction but the current value of the PC +4 is saved into R14, the link register. This acts as a CALL instruction by saving the return address into R14. A return instruction is not necessary since a return can be implemented by moving R14 into the PC. The return is more complicated in the case of an interrupt routine. Depending on the type of exception, it may be necessary to modify the contents of the link register to get the correct return address. For example, in the case of an IRQ or FIQ interrupt, the processor will finish its current instruction, increment the PC to the next instruction and then jumping to the vector table. This means that the value in the link register is PC+4 or one instruction ahead of the return address. This means we need to subtract 4 from the value in the link register to get the correct return address. This can be done in a single instruction thus: SUBS pc, r14, #4// PC=Link register-40x80000x400PC=0x80000x4000x8000Fig 9 Branch and Branch Link Instruction OperationBranching instructions are also used to enter the 16-bit Thumb instruction set. Both the branch and branch-with-link may perform an exchange between 32-bit and 16-bit instruction sets and vice versa .The Branch exchange will jump to a location and start to execute 16-bit Thumb instructions. Branch link exchange will jump to a location, save PC+4 into the link register and start execution of 16-bit Thumb instructions. In both cases, the T bit is set in the CPSR. An equivalent instruction is implemented in the Thumb instruction set to return to 32-bit ARM instruction processing.0x8000T=1Y=10x4000x4000x8000Fig. 10 Branch Exchange and Branch Link Exchange Instruction Operation Software InterruptsThe ARM instruction set has a software interrupt instruction. Execution of thisinstruction forces an exception as described above; the processor will enter supervisor mode and jump to the SWI vector at 0x00000008.Fig. 11 Software Interrupt InstructionThe bit field 0-23 of the SWI instruction is empty and can be used to hold an ordinal. On execution of an SWI instruction, this ordinal can be examined to determine which SWI procedure to run and gives over 16 million possible SWI functions.…Swi_ #1 . call swi function one…Tn the swi handlerregister unsigned*link ptr asm ("r14");// define a pointer to the hnk register Switch ((*(link-ptr-1))&Ox00FFFFFF) //calculate the number of the swi function{Case 0x01 : SWI_unction (); //Call the function…}This can be used to provide a hardware abstraction layer. In order to access OS calls or SFR registers, the user code must make a SWI call . All these functions are therunning in a supervisor mode, with a separate stack and link register.As well as instructions to transfer data to and from memory and to CPU registers, the ARM 7 has instructions to save and load multiple registers. It is possible to load or save all 16 CPU registers or a selection of registers in a single instruction. Needless tosay, this is extremely useful when entering or exiting a procedure.M0Fig. 12 Load and Store Multiple Instruction OperationThe CPSR and SPSR are only accessed by two special instructions to move their contents to and from a CPU register. No other instruction can act on them directly.MSRMRSR15R15Fig. 13 Programming The SPSR And CPSR RegistersTHUMB SupportThe ARM processor is capable of executing both 32-bit (ARM) instructions and 16- Bit (Thumb instructions). The Thumb instruction set must always be entered byrunning a Branch exchange or branch link exchange instruction and NOT by setting the T bit in the CPSR. Thumb instructions are essentially a mapping of their 32 bit cousins but unlike the ARM instructions, they are unconditionally executed except though for branch instructions.Fig. 14 Thumb Instruction ProcessingThumb instructions reduced number of only have unlimited access to registers RO-R7 and R13一Rl5. A instructions can access the full register set.Fig.15 Thumb programmers modelThe Thumb instruction set has the same load and store multiple instructions as ARM and in addition, has a modified version of these instructions in the form of PUSH and POP that implement a full descending stack in the conventional manner. The Thumb instruction set also supports the SWI instruction, except that the ordinal field is only 8 bits long to support 256 different SWI calls. When the processor is executing Thumb code and an exception occurs, it will switch to ARM mode in order to process the exception. When the CPSR is restored the, Thumb bit will be reset and the processor continues to run Thumb instructions.BCXBXFig.16 Thumb Exception ProcessingThumb has a much higher code density than ARM code, needing some 70% of the space of the latter. However in a 32-bit memory, ARM code is some 40% faster than Thumb. However it should be noted that if you only have 16-bit wide memory then Thumb code will be faster than ARM code by about 45%. Finally the other important aspect of Thumb is that it can use up to 30% less power than ARM code.ARM7的体系结构介绍特里沃马丁曾,鼠技术总监本文给出了ARM 7架构的概述和开发新的设备,以及主要功能的描述,未来将研究ARM体系结构的其他方面。

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。

(空一行,字体同正文)5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

二、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译(一)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。

译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次.原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

(二)毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分:封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文(设计)外文翻译封面”。

普通A4纸打印即可。

第二部分:外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题,三号字,宋体,顶格,加粗二级标题,四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗三级标题,小四号字,宋体,顶格,加粗2.正文小四号字,宋体。

第三部分:版面要求论文开本大小:210mm×297mm(A4纸)版芯要求:左边距:25mm,右边距:25mm,上边距:30mm,下边距:25mm,页眉边距:23mm,页脚边距:18mm字符间距:标准行距:1.25倍页眉页角:页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。

外文翻译模板

外文翻译模板

本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本译文题目出处:作者单位作者姓名专业班级作者学号指导教师(职称)年月译文要求一、译文内容须与课题(或专业内容)联系,并需在封面注明详细出处。

二、出处格式为图书:作者.书名.版本(第×版).译者.出版地:出版者,出版年.起页~止页期刊:作者.文章名称.期刊名称,年号,卷号(期号):起页~止页三、译文不少于2000汉字。

四、翻译内容用小四号宋体字编辑,采用A4号纸双面打印,封面与封底采用浅蓝色封面纸(卡纸)打印。

要求内容明确,语句通顺。

五、译文及其相应参考文献一起装订,顺序依次为封面、译文、文献。

六、翻译应在第七学期完成。

译文评阅导师评语应根据学校“译文要求”,对学生译文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等做具体的评价后,再评分。

评分:___________________(百分制)指导教师(签名):___________________年月日题 目(黑体3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman5号加粗,居中,段前3行,段后2行)1.前言(黑体小3号, 字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 小3号加粗)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (宋体小4号,行间距固定1.5倍行距,字符间距为标准)2. ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××,其×××××可表示如下:)2sin(101111path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-1) )2sin(202222path t f A E ϕϕπ++= (2-2)×××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如表2-1所示)表2-1□××××××××××××××× ××× ××× ××× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ××××× ×× ×× ×× ×××××××××××(表标题:位于表格上方,宋体5号,字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号,表内容:宋体5号,字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号)××××××××××××××××××××××××××× (如图2-1所示)图2-1□××××××××××(图标题:位于图下方,宋体5号,字母、阿拉伯数字为Time New Roman 5号)............................陕西师范大学本科生毕业论文(设计)外文参考文献译文本参考文献原文(纸质版可打印附后,电子版可截图附后)。

外文翻译格式及规范

外文翻译格式及规范

嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译撰写格式规范一、外文翻译形式要求1、要求本科生毕业论文(设计)外文翻译部分的外文字符不少于1.5万字, 每篇外文文献翻译的中文字数要求达到2000字以上,一般以2000~3000字左右为宜。

2、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。

3、外文翻译应包括外文文献原文和译文,译文要符合外文格式规范和翻译习惯。

二、打印格式嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译打印纸张统一用A4复印纸,页面设置:上:2.8;下:2.6;左:3.0;右:2.6;页眉:1.5;页脚:1.75。

段落格式为:1.5倍行距,段前、段后均为0磅。

页脚设置为:插入页码,居中。

具体格式见下页温馨提示:正式提交“嘉兴学院毕业论文(设计)外文翻译”时请删除本文本中说明性的文字部分(红字部分)。

嘉兴学院本科毕业论文(设计)外文翻译题目:(指毕业论文题目)学院名称:服装与艺术设计学院专业班级:楷体小四学生姓名:楷体小四一、外文原文见附件(文件名:12位学号+学生姓名+3外文原文.文件扩展名)。

二、翻译文章翻译文章题目(黑体小三号,1.5倍行距,居中)作者(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,加粗,1.5倍行距,居中)工作单位(用原文,不需翻译,Times New Roman五号,1.5倍行距,居中)摘要:由于消费者的需求和汽车市场竞争力的提高,汽车检测标准越来越高。

现在车辆生产必须长于之前的时间并允许更高的价格进行连续转售……。

(内容采用宋体五号,1.5倍行距)关键词:汽车产业纺织品,测试,控制,标准,材料的耐用性1 导言(一级标题,黑体五号,1.5倍行距,顶格)缩进两个字符,文本主体内容采用宋体(五号),1.5倍行距参考文献(一级标题,黑体五号, 1.5倍行距,顶格)略(参考文献不需翻译,可省略)资料来源:AUTEX Research Journal, V ol. 5, No3, September 2008*****译****校(另起一页)三、指导教师评语***同学是否能按时完成外文翻译工作。

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明

外文翻译与文献综述模板格式以及要求说明

杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计(论文)指导》的内容,特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求:一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇,也可以是两篇,但总字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。

二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。

并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文。

三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为:1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印;2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。

四、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目),并按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二、考核表”的顺序统一装订。

五、忌自行更改表格样式。

毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)题目Xxx翻译(1)题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目翻译(2)题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目系会计系以本模板为准)专业XXXXXX(以本模板为准)姓名XXXXXX(以本模板为准)班级XXXXXX(以本模板为准)学号XXXXXX(以本模板为准)指导教师XXXXXX(以本模板为准)正文3杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院本科毕业论文文献综述的写作要求为了促使学生熟悉更多的专业文献资料,进一步强化学生搜集文献资料的能力,提高对文献资料的归纳、分析、综合运用能力及独立开展科研活动的能力,现对本科学生的毕业设计(论文)提出文献综述的写作要求,具体要求如下:一、文献综述的概念文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上,就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面地反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。

外文翻译格式要求

外文翻译格式要求

外文翻译格式要求
1.译文封面
(1)文献题目:分两行填写,第一行填文献原题,题目中每个实词的首字母要大写;第二行填中文题目。

题目字号均为三号,英文字体用新罗马体(Times New Roman),中文字体用宋体,并且要加粗;行距均为1.5倍行距。

(2)班级、学号、姓名、指导教师:这几项要在相应栏内的下划线上居中填写,不要改动原字体格式(方正姚体、三号、加粗);班级、学号均要完整,不能简写;学生、指导教师的姓若只有两个字的,两字间要空两个半角空格。

2.译文正文
(1)从文献原文的摘要部分开始翻译,译文各部分的格式按“信息工程系本科学生毕业论文(设计)撰写与印制规范”的规定设置。

(2)文献的页眉、页脚不用翻译,译文页脚部分只设置页码。

(3)译文中若要放入原文的图、表,要按新格式规范的要求排版。

3.装订顺序
译文一律单面打印,装订顺序为:译文封面→外文文献原文→译文,其中原文由原pdf文件直接打印出来。

毕业论文外文翻译格式

毕业论文外文翻译格式

毕业论文外文翻译格式(2009-05-26 10:20:22)转载标分类:毕业论文写作规范签:杂谈根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计(论文)指导》的内容,特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求:一、翻译的外文文献一般为1~2篇,外文字符要求不少于1.5万(或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上)。

二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料,应与毕业论文(设计)主题相关,并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文(设计)的参考文献。

并在每篇中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处,中文译文后应附外文原文。

三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为题目采用小三号黑体字居中打印,正文采用宋体小四号字,行间距一般为固定值20磅,标准字符间距。

页边距为左3cm,右2.5cm,上下各2.5cm,页面统一采用A4纸。

四、封面格式由学校统一制作(注:封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,附件1为一篇外文翻译的封面格式,附件二为两篇外文翻译的封面格式),若有两篇外文文献,请按“封面、译文一、外文原文一、译文二、外文原文二”的顺序统一装订。

毕业论文外文翻译格式要求标签:格式规范分类:教学相长2008-02-26 16:20标题(20字以内,可用副标题补充说明,4号黑体加粗.居中)(5号空一行)外文作者署名(Times New Roman5号,居中)(5号空一行)(外文翻译成中文的内容)(5号宋体)(5号空一行)外文著录(填写此项内容)(5号宋体)按照:著录/ 题名/ 出版事项顺序排列注明期刊——著者,题名,期刊名称,出版年,卷号(期号),起始页码。

书籍——著者,书名,版次(第一版不标注),出版地,出版者,出版年,起始页码。

说明:译文前面附被翻译的外文原件复印件,复印件用与论文稿纸相同大小的白纸(A4纸张)复印。

外文翻译原文模板

外文翻译原文模板

1、外文资料翻译内容要求:外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域,并与毕业设计(论文)选题相关的技术资料或专业文献,译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上,同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。

不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。

2、外文资料翻译格式要求:译文题目采用小二号黑体,居中;译文正文采用宋体小四号,段前、段后距为0行;行距:固定值20磅。

英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马(Times New Roman)小四号字。

装订时原文在前,译文在后。

文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。

参考文献也要翻译成中文!An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += (1) Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ(2)C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)

外文翻译要求:1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。

严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。

插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。

下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时,须要考虑一些设计决策要素,包括是否采用(1)单级压缩(2)带经济器的压缩(3)多级压缩(4)直接蒸发(5)满液式(6)液体再循环(7)载冷剂。

单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器(假如用的话)和制冷剂控制装置(膨胀阀、浮球阀等)。

1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。

图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。

英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2(黑体,四号,顶格)外文原文出处:(黑体,四号,顶格)P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。

外国人著中国人译参考文献格式

外国人著中国人译参考文献格式

外国人著中国人译参考文献格式
外国人著中国人译参考文献格式是指在学术研究中,当引用外国人的著作并由中国人进行翻译时,所需遵循的引用格式。

这种格式旨在确保引用的准确性和规范性,并使读者能够方便地查找到原始著作和相应的翻译版本。

以下是一个外国人著中国人译参考文献格式的示例:
作者姓, 作者名. (年份). 著作标题. 出版地: 出版社.
例子:
Smith, John. (2001). The Art of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
如上所示,首先列出外国作者的姓和名字,然后是出版年份。

接下来是著作标题,通常以斜体表示。

最后是出版地和出版社的信息。

当引用中国人的翻译版本时,可以在原始著作的基础上添加一些额外的信息,如:
译者姓, 译者名. (年份). 著作标题 [Original Title]. 出版地: 出版社.
例子:
Li, Xiaoming. (2010). The Art of Translation [Original Title]. Beijing: China Publishing House.
在这个示例中,除了原始著作的信息外,还包括了译者的姓和名字,并在方括号中注明了原始标题。

需要注意的是,具体引用格式可能会因学术领域、出版物类型和
要求而有所差异。

在使用外国人著中国人译参考文献格式时,建议查阅相关学术期刊或机构的引用指南,以确保遵循最新的规范要求。

总之,外国人著中国人译参考文献格式是一种特定的引用方式,旨在提供对外国著作和其中国人译本的准确引用,并便于读者查找相关文献。

20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式

20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式

20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计(论⽂)附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号: 0819******** 姓名:宗鹏程所在系别:机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级:机械08K1指导教师:张超原⽂标题:Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要:本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。

上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐,并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。

分析表明,由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩,因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。

上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中,以验证、预测其效率。

经测量,由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。

⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81%。

⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承,因为机械故障的存在,此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。

如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏,我们估计能得到⾼达96%的效率。

与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明,磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。

最后,可以得出结论,本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。

关键词:有限元分析(FEA)、变速箱,⾼转矩密度,磁性齿轮。

⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒,虽然⼏个世纪过去了,许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。

,在过去20年的复兴阶段,正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤,包括在起重机,扬声器,接头领域,尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。

其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。

在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域,也就是说,磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。

磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1:1磁⼒齿轮。

相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩,装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩,变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。

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毕业设计外文资料翻译学院:电子工程学院专业班级:自动化071 学生姓名:陈新鹏学号: 030713103 指导教师:马娟丽外文出处:Multi-focus Image Fusion AlgorithmsResearch Based on Curvelet Transform 附件:1.外文资料翻译译文; 2.外文原文指导教师评语:签名:年月日基于曲波变换的多聚焦图像融合算法研究摘要:由于光学透镜聚焦深度的限制,往往很难得到一个包含所有相关聚焦目标的图像。

多聚焦图像融合算法可以有效地解决这个问题。

基于广泛应用的多聚焦图像融合算法的分析,本文提出一种基于多聚焦图像融合算法的曲波变换。

根据曲波变换分解的不同频率区,分别讨论低频系数和高频系数的选择规律。

本文中低频系数和高频系数被分别与NGMS(就近梯度最大选择性)和LREMS(局部区域能量最大的选择性)融合。

结果表明,提出的多聚焦图像融合算法可以获得和图像聚焦融合算法相同的图像,在客观评价和主观评估方面较其他算法有明显的优势。

关键字:曲波变换;多聚焦图像;融合算法1.简介如今,图像融合被广泛应用于军事、遥感、医学和计算机图像等领域。

图像融合的主要目的将来自两个或更多相同场景的信息相结合以获得一个包含完整信息的图像。

比如,廉价相机的主要问题是我们不能获得不同距离的每个目标以获得一个聚焦所有目标的图像。

因此,我们需要一种多聚焦图像融合方法来聚焦和获得更清晰的图像。

经典融合算法包括计算源图像平均像素的灰度值,拉普拉斯金字塔,对比度金字塔,比率金字塔和离散小波变换(DWT)。

然而,计算源图像平均像素灰度值的方法导致一些不期望的影响例如对照物减少。

小波变换的基本原理是对每个源图像进行分解,然后将所有这些分解单元组合获取合成表示,从中可以通过寻找反变换恢复融合图像。

这种方法显然是有效的。

但是,小波变化只能通过变换边缘特征反映出来,却不能表达边缘的特点。

同时,也因为它采用各向同性所以小波变化无法显示边缘方向。

由于小波变换的限制,Donoho 等人提出了曲波变换的概念,它采用边缘作为基本元素,较为成熟并可以适应图像特征。

此外,曲波变换具有各向异性和有更好的方向,可以提供更多图像处理的信息。

通过曲波变换的原则我们知道:曲波变化除了具有多尺度小波变换和地方特色外,它还具有方向特征和支持会话的基础特征。

曲波变化可以适当代表图像边缘和相同逆变换精度的光滑区。

继曲波变化低波段和高波段融合算法系数的研究后,提出一种思想:低-带系数采用NGMS方法和不同的方向高带系数采用LREMS方法。

2.第二代曲波变化第二代曲波变换和第一代的曲波变换不同的是,没有导入脊波变换的实施过程,但直接提交曲波基本格式的具体表达,这可以说是深入解释曲波变换。

在此根本文献让离散算法快速实现。

频率区域中窗口函数的概念:⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛ωj U : ()()()()ωωωωωj j j j V U U 121~~ψ==∙ (1)()()()212112ωφωφωψ-=,()()112ωψωψj j -=和()x φ是一维的窗口函数;()()12]2[2ωωωj j V V =,()x V 定义字段 [-1,1] 实数函数,时间内容()12=-∑+∞-∞=m t V m 函数()ωj U ~在频域内假定会议接近于 (){}2122112,122,22:j j j j -≤-+≤-≤≤ωωωωω,曲线函数定义的两个维数: ()()()()b,ωSi θj,k,l j,k,l T θl l e ωS U ωω---⋅==121~ϕϖϕ (2)随着频率,比例j -2,方向角l θ和位置()()221,2,2j j T l j k k k b l---⋅⋅ℜ=θω (),2,2221j j k k b --⋅⋅=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡-=1tan 01θθS , 为粗略的尺寸(低域)位置()2,100022k k b j j --=曲线函数定义为:()()()()()w b i j j k k j k j e k k ,212,1,,,000210022~~---==φφωωϕωϕ (3)比较公式2和公式3可知“粗略”规模曲波函数相对于其他曲波函数构想并没有介绍方向参数。

所以曲波变换在低频段区域靠近小波变换,但在j 规模,曲波变换平等的瓜分坡度区间[]22j 加入222j j ⨯契形区。

二维连续函数),()(21x xf x f =曲线变换定义为公式:()ωωωπϕωθd e U S f x f k l k c b i j l k j l ),(2,,)(~)(~21),(),,(⎰== (4)同时曲线变换在离散实例中定义为公式:()()∑-⨯=2,1tan ,~1,,121,2,1n n l j j D n n n f L L l k j C θ()()j j L n k L n k i j e n n U ,222,111221,~+π (5)()},:{,20,220,2,10,110,12,1j j j L n n n L n n n n n P +≤≤+≤≤=窗口函数()21,~n n U j 支持会话()212,2,1,~;2,2n n f L L j j j j ≈≈是二维离散信号发散:FFT,2,221N n n N <≤-公式5显示了该图像()21,t t f 是分解使用快速离散曲波变换的FFT 方法:(1) 图像()21,t t f 被分解二维的FFT ,获取序列()21,~n n f ,2,221N n n N <≤-(2) 根据不同比例j 和方向l θ重复采样()21,~n n f 或插入要接收的值()l n n n f θtan ,~121- (3) 让()l θn ,n n f tan ~121-按比例放大窗口函数()21,~n n U j 来接收新序列()l θn ,n n f tan ~121-()21,~n n U j 并让j j L L ,2,1⨯保存二维FFT ,因此得到比例j 方向l 和位置),(21k k k =离散曲波变换系数()l k j C D ,,。

3.图像融合算法的研究图像融合算法依赖于:图A 曲波变换系数图B 曲波变换系数图1 曲波变换基础上的图像融合算法的过程A :低频率系数融合算法曲波变换在低频率地区接近小波转换,图像组件包括主要能源图像并决定其轮廓,它可以通过正确选择低频率的视觉系数提高图像效果。

现有融合规则主要有最大像素法、最小像素法,计算平均像素灰色的级别值,图像法、LREMS 法、本地源区域偏差方法[6]。

最大像素法、 最小像素法和计算平均像素灰度级别源图像方法的值没有考虑到局部邻接相关性,所以融合结果不能获得更好的结果。

局部区域能源法和偏差法恰当的考虑到了局部邻接相关性,但没有考虑到图像边缘和定义。

考虑到这种缺陷,本文提出的NGMS ,它主要描述图像详细信息和图像聚焦级别。

八种局部邻接相关性拉普拉斯算法总和被用于图像定义的评估,它被定义为[9]:曲线变换是牵引源图像A,B 被曲波分解,然后采取不同的融合算法来选择不同的曲波变化系数,结果获得融合图像曲波变换系数,最后反曲波变换获得融合的图像。

根据图1显示:()()()()()()()()()()()()1,1,11,11,1,1,1,11,1,8,,,222++-+--+-+---+-------⨯≈∂∂+∂∂=∇j i f j i f j i f j i f j i f j i f j i f j i f j i f yj i f x j i f j i f (6)图像A 曲波变换 曲波变换 融合图像F 曲波变换系数 融合算法 曲波逆变换 融合图像F图像BB :高频系数融合算法曲波变换有过度的方向特征,因此可以精确地表示图像的特征边缘的方向,并且该高频系数区域即表达图像的边缘细节信息。

像素绝对值最大法、LREMS 法、局部地域差法、方向对比度法等,都被运用于高频系数。

由于曲波变换的特点,LREMS 法被该文件引用。

假设图像高频系数是CH ,那么融合算法像:()()()()()()()()⎩⎨⎧<=≥=y x E y x E y x CHB y x CHF y x E y x E y x CHA y x CHF CHB CHA CHB CHA ,,,,,,,,,,当当 (7) CHA 和CHB 表示曲波变换高频系数的图像A 和图像B ,CHF(x,y)表示保存的x,y 融合高频系数。

ECHA(x,y)表示局部区域能源保存的x,y 的图像A 的曲波变换高频系数,ECHB(x,y)表示局部区域能源保存的x,y 的图像B 的曲波变换高频系数。

4.实验结果与分析为了能够生动正确的验证和保证算法的有效性以达到熟练使用多聚焦图像技术,请见图2和图3的实验。

图a 和图b 是表2的源文件,图c 是使用小波变换的方式形成的聚焦图像,图d 、e 、f 都是采用曲波变换方式,但是他们的融合算法不同。

为了计算应用于低波段源图片法的平均像素阵列的灰度值及图d 中的高波段使用的是LREMS 技术.在图e 中,也就是本篇论文采用的方法,图片的高波段采用的是LREMS 技术而在低波段的区域采用的是NGMS 技术。

在图片f 中的高低波段区域都是采用的是LREMS 技术。

图3也是一样。

图片a 和b 是原图片,图片c 是使用波纹取出转移技术的结果。

图片d 、e 、f 都是采用的是曲波转移方式。

图片d 中采用的是计算平均像素的阵列应用于低波段区域,而图像e 采用的是应用于高波段的LREMS 技术和应用于低波段NGMS 技术,而在图f 中都是采用的是应用于高波段的LREMS 技术。

图像融合的优化问题还是没有得到解决。

目标图像视觉效果和图像压缩比率是衡量图像处理的技术指标。

在视觉效果中,曲波变换和曲波变换能够在聚焦上获得明显的效果。

但是使用曲波技术的模糊图像要比使用波形技术的图像处理效果要好。

应用于低频段区的局部区域能源法和高频段区的局部地区能源优于其他曲波变换的方法,在本文所提算法中可以得到详细纹理的焦点与已删除的模糊图像。

在此有目标熵,交错熵,平均梯度,标准偏差和学习偏差。

熵,交错熵以及平均梯度在该文件中被运用。

目标图像融合的结果现实于表1和表2。

图2多聚焦图像融合的实验图3多聚焦图像融合的实验表1 图2多聚焦图像融合实验目标比较算法熵过剩熵平均梯度目标A 3.512386 0.088889 18.026218B 3.552386 0.083026 18.107795C 3.560853 0.080059 18.032043D 3.562860 0.060411 18.310158表2 图3多聚焦图像融合实验目标比较算法熵过剩熵平均梯度目标A 3.397759 0.622601 42.552248B 3.407853 0.579938 42.879251C 3.404399 0.533373 42.642053D 3.427928 0.483034 42.782833A:基于小波变换的图像融合。

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