[新东方的保密四六级资料]---作文 精讲篇
这是新东方的6篇四六级押题作文
新东方的6篇押题作文On the Celebrity名人 Spokesperson代言人Currently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on TV, net or other media. This is an intensely极度地强烈地 popular trend that we cannot fail to notice.There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product. A host of celebrity spokespersons, however, have emerged 出现 as the marketing tool of some companies, even companies producing and selling fake假的and inferior 次的差的items. This kind of behavior has produced negative impacts on consumers and whole society, which should be severely criticized and penalized. Of course, as is known to all, everything has both bright and dark sides. Some stars’ endorsement赞同支持of social activities and public campaigns raises public awareness, giving rise to changes in public behavior. In this case, they serve as positive role models of the general public. To name only one case: 这里仅举1例Pu CX, a household家喻户晓 figure, acting as the celebrity spokesman of the China AIDS Foundation, contributes greatly to the cause of AIDS prevention and cure in China.关于选秀节目Over the past couple of years, a variety of talent shows have emerged on TV channels across the nation, from Super Girls to Happy Boys and so forth. This type of entertainment program is intensely popular, especially among young adults and has produced profound巨大的 impacts on their studies and life.There are a couple of reasons behind the tide. To start with, young folks need role models to learn from. So many of them are crazy for contestants 参赛选手participating in these programs. Thisgives rise to the increasing emergence出现露头 of these shows because TV networks naturally need to cater to young audiences. Plus, thanks to economic and political reforms carried out by the government, this crop一批 of young generation have more freedom and desire to express and showcase themselves. Therefore, a growing number of young people desire to get involved in these shows.This is a divisive 制造分裂/看法不同topic. On my personal level, the talent show is a superb极佳的 means of relaxing and amusing and can hugely relieve our strains. As college students, however, we could not afford to indulge in them and should be aware of the utmost importance of studies.食品安全问题On the Food SecurityOver the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. The problem of food security has become a hot button across society. The prevalence流行盛行 of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health, which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the People Daily.There are a couple of driving forces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide. First, in the course of the rapid economic evolution, we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem. More importantly, the lack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.As Confucius 孔子instructed, it is better late than never. Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend. The government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again. I am firmly convinced that through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead.社会不文明现象On Uncivilized BehaviorsWe cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth. All these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of. As an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, China is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every Chinese citizen should feel ashamed of. Uncivilized behaviors by a host of Chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affected China’s image, according to an ed itorial posted on People Daily’s official website.As Chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves. We should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them. There are a host of causes, I would argue, behind this trend. To name only one: the lack of moraleducation. The government should wage开始发动a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives. As college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.感恩On Cultivating the Sense of Gratitude 感恩感激之情On college campuses across the nation, there is a noticeable phenomenon that we cannot afford to ignore: far too many young college students lack the sense of gratitude, one of the countless traditional virtues of this ancient land with a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years. These young adults were not and are not aware of the huge importance of expressing gratitude to those who once helped them, from teachers to parents and so forth.Personally, I deem that the root cause of students without a graceful heart is that they receive an education not valuing the moral sphere.范围阶层 I strongly believe that joint efforts from folks across society are the final remedy处理方法改善措施 for this social headache. As young university students of the new era, we should make our own contributions to this cause. Imagine a world without the sense of gratitude. This kind of world is doomed to failure. Simply put, we should join our hands to heighten our awareness of fostering a graceful heart. Only in this way can we build our society into a harmonious one. My fellow students, I beg you to act from now on.大学生使用信用卡现象On Credit CardAt present, a wide vareity of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving 蓬勃发展 in colleges and universities across the nation全国上下, with a multitude大量众多 of college students making up a growing population of card holders. Indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be onthe steady increse, the latest data published by Yangtze Evening Post suggests.Like anything prior to先前的 the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides. On the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments. On the other hand, however, the irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off. On my personal level, while enjoying a host of conveniences the credit card may bring, we couldn’t afford to ignore a conspicious fact: in most cases, parents are our sole financial sources. Instead of spending without any restrict, we are supposed to put studies on the top of ouragenda and move ourselves beyond heavy dependence upon our parents。
新东方英语四六级作文必备写作模板整理
英语四六级作文必备写作模板Chapter One 文章开头1-1 对立法: 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题.e.g[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently. 在谈到.....,广大/绝大多数人的要求说.......但我觉得/观点有点不同。
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but (I tend to the previous/latter ) 当涉及到....有些人认为.......一些人则认为/声称，相反/恰恰相反。
可能有一些在两个参数真理/报表，但(我更倾向于前/后[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether......现在，它通常是/一般/普遍认为/月/承认，....他们声称/相信/认为...不过，我怀疑/怀疑.....1-2 现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论.e.g[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. 最近上升的问题/(现象)...已造成/引起公众/流行/宽/举世关注[2]. Recently the issue of/ the problem of/the phenomenon of ...。
新东方4 6级考试作文免费辅导课程 讲义-推荐下载
对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电通，力1根保过据护管生高线产中0不工资仅艺料可高试以中卷解资配决料置吊试技顶卷术层要是配求指置，机不对组规电在范气进高设行中备继资进电料行保试空护卷载高问与中题带资2负料2，荷试而下卷且高总可中体保资配障料置2试时32卷，3各调需类控要管试在路验最习；大题对限到设度位备内。进来在行确管调保路整机敷使组设其高过在中程正资1常料中工试，况卷要下安加与全强过，看度并25工且52作尽22下可护都能1关可地于以缩管正小路常故高工障中作高资；中料对资试于料卷继试连电卷接保破管护坏口进范处行围理整，高核或中对者资定对料值某试，些卷审异弯核常扁与高度校中固对资定图料盒纸试位，卷置编工.写况保复进护杂行层设自防备动腐与处跨装理接置，地高尤线中其弯资要曲料避半试免径卷错标调误高试高等方中，案资要，料求编试技5写、卷术重电保交要气护底设设装。备备置管4高调、动线中试电作敷资高气，设料中课并技3试资件且、术卷料中拒管要项方高方案中式；资，对料为整试解套卷决启突高动然中过停语程机文中。电高因气中此课资，件料电中试力管卷高壁电中薄气资、设料接备试口进卷不行保严调护等试装问工置题作调，并试合且技理进术利行，用过要管关求线运电敷行力设高保技中护术资装。料置线试做缆卷到敷技准设术确原指灵则导活：。。在对对分于于线调差盒试动处过保，程护当中装不高置同中高电资中压料资回试料路卷试交技卷叉术调时问试，题技应，术采作是用为指金调发属试电隔人机板员一进，变行需压隔要器开在组处事在理前发；掌生同握内一图部线纸故槽资障内料时，、，强设需电备要回制进路造行须厂外同家部时出电切具源断高高习中中题资资电料料源试试，卷卷线试切缆验除敷报从设告而完与采毕相用，关高要技中进术资行资料检料试查，卷和并主检且要测了保处解护理现装。场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。
新东方四六级写作范文必背
09年6月四六级考前必看范文（1）Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Long Holidays. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 长假给大学生带来的好处2. 长假可能给大学生带来的问题3. 我应当怎样利用好长假【范文】Long HolidaysGenerally speaking, long holidays are good for us college students. On the one hand, we have a lot of time to study by ourselves and thus improve weaknesses and further develop strengths. On the other hand, we can take part-time jobs, which can make us realize responsibility and make ourselves better prepared for social life.But every coin has two sides. Some students fail to make good use of their time and they are addicted to various computer games. I am afraid that they are likely to ruin themselves in this way.As far as I am concerned, I will try to make the best use of my precious time. I will spend most of my holidays studying English for that I am very poor at it. In addition, I will take a part-time job as private teacher. By this means, I can earn some money and put my knowledge into practice as well.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（2）1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活【范文】On a Harmonious Dormitory LifeDormitory life is an indispensable part of college life. But sometimes the harmony in the dormitory will be disturbed in one way or another.As is known to all, a harmonious dormitory life is important to college students and benefits all the members. On the one hand, we can have a good rest and put our heart into study. On the other hand, we will have a good mood and enjoy being together.There are several ways to create and maintain a harmonious dormitory life. Firstly, you have to evaluate your life style and try to get rid of your dirty habits, if there are any. Secondly, when an annoying situati on arises, you’ll just have to learn to tolerate each other and co-exist. Thirdly, you’ll have to share with each other and make good friends. In conclusion, we should try our best to build a harmonious dormitory life for the sake of good study and good life.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（3）1. 在现代社会中，“沉默是金”不一定是好事2. 请举例说明3. 总结全文【范文】Silence Is Not Always Gold“Silence is gold” is a popular saying in which many people have belief. To these pe ople speaking too much is not a merit. However, if you always keep silent, you will probably miss many golden opportunities instead of obtaining the gold of silence.Last week I read an article written by an office lady. The company where she worked had two kinds of offices: cubicle office and window office. As a new employee she worked in a cubicle office together with twenty colleagues. Two years later she still worked there but some colleagues who came later than her had moved into the window office. She felt confused. One day one colleague told her that window office wasn’t obtained without request. But believing that she certainly gained one if she did a good job the woman had never asked for it.From the woman’s experi ence we learn that silence is not always gold. In the modern society one needs to speak his mind and speak for his own interests09年6月四六级考前必看范文（4）1. 更新知识的重要性2. 怎样更新知识3. 你自己的感受【范文】Trying to Renew KnowledgeToday’s society is of knowledge economy age, in which new knowledge emerges much faster tha n ever before. Moreover, knowledge plays an important part in the whole economy. Therefore, everyone finds it necessary to renew his (or her) knowledge, otherwise he (or her) will be left behind the society.There are some ways to update knowledge. On the one hand, one can attend different courses at all types of schools, either part-time or full-time. On the other hand, self-study is, in a sense, a more convenient and practical method by which one can effectively renew his (or her) knowledge.In my view, I have primarily depended on self-taught method in the recent years. Although I am busy doing daily work, I still insist on teaching myself at night. In this way, I can not only keep up with the swift development of society but also apply new knowledge to my practical work, which benefits me a lot.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（5）1. 洋快餐颇受中国消费者的青睐2. 产生这种现象的原因3. 我的看法【范文】Western Fast FoodFast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, nothing is more representative of the fast pace of modern society than fast food.There are several reasons for its popularity. For one thing, it is fast and convenient. Go into a fast food restaurant, and your food will be read y in a minute. Precious time won’t be wasted in waiting-in-line to order or waiting at your table for your food to arrive. For another, its popularity is also attributed to the clean food, the excellent service and the comfortable environment of the fast food restaurants, and American style.However, I think that fast food isn’t healthy enough because it doesn’t compose a balanced diet and is low in nutrition. Fast food is only a good choice when you are in a hurry and we should turn to it only once in a while.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（6）1. 大学生越来越重视参与社会实践2. 社会实践对大学生学习和生活的影响3. 如何正确看待社会实践【范文】Social PracticeSocial practice is a bridge between their theory and reality. So, in recent years, more and more college students choose to take part-time jobs in or outside school.In the social practice, students are sure to learn more than their textbooks. Their participation in social practice might strengthen their sense of social responsibility. Their close contact with the working people might help them to apply their knowledge to the solution to the practical problem. But many teachers complain that there are fewer and fewer students who pay attention to their study.In my view, it’s an undenied fact that students break the balance between their jobs and studies, especially when they fall into conflict. But I think students should spend their spare time taking part-time jobs. Timely participation in social practice will benefit them all through their life.】09年6月四六级考前必看范文（7）1.心理健康问题往往是导致疾病的原因2.分析人们产生心理健康问题的原因（可从失业、压力过重、缺少支持、缺乏人际交往能力等方面加以分析）3.你认为人们应如何保持心理健康【范文】How to Keep Psychologically Healthy?One in four people will experience some kind of mental health problem in the course of a year. When you fail to manage these problems, they are likely to cause various mental illnesses.The causes of mental health problems often vary a lot from one case to anot her. In today’s society, a good number of people are suffering from heavy pressure. Others lack communication skills. In addition, a lot of people are ignorant of psychological knowledge about how to keep mentally fit.There are a lot of ways to curb mental health problems and keep psychologically healthy. Firstly, find the real cause of your mental health problem and see whether you can do something to make a change. Secondly, learn to relax yourself and take exercise to release the pressure. Lastly, you may find it helpful to talk to your partner or friend about your problem, or seek support and advice from a psychological consultant09年6月四六级考前必看范文（8）Aid Education in China1. 支教的现象2. 支教的意义3. 你的观点【范文】Aid Education in ChinaThere has been a hot topic recently about college students’ being encouraged to help children in the poor and remote areas.Generally aid-education is helpful in two aspects. First of all, it can broaden volunteers’ horizons in poverty-stricken regions. For instance, it is a golden opportunity for volunteers to experience a completely different life. In addition, college students have to adapt themselves to the harsh living conditions, meanwhile they can make friends with the children.In my view, the future of China’s education dep ends on the joint efforts of the society, the government and all the citizens. To sum up, we college students should take the initiative in response to the appeal for supplying help to children in poor regions.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（9）1. 选修课程在大学很普遍2. 解释其中的原因3. 你的看法【范文】Selecting CoursesRecently, people in growing numbers show their concern about selecting courses. In some colleges, students are permitted to pick out their co urse’s professors freely. The reasons are listed as follows:In the first place, students can choose the teacher according to their interests, which will be helpful for their future careers. Besides, selecting courses can reduce the rate o f students’ absence indirectly for students usually choose their favorite teachers.As far as I am concerned, every coin has two sides. On the one hand, students may learn the course better, because they may choose the professor they liked. On the other hand, if the professor who is very popular and a great number of students would like to attend his/her course, the classroom must be overcrowded. It will have a bad impact on the class.09年6月四六级考前必看范文（10）假设你是Tony，是英语一班二年级学生，因有事不能上外教Ms. Riddle 的课，给她写一张请假条，说明你不能来上课的原因。
新东方2012大学英语四六级高分作文必背15篇
2012大学英语四六级高分作文必背15篇Wish U Everything Goes Well！一、Psychological Problems among S tudents’ Mind1. 当今，大学生心理健康问题值得重视；2. 分析大学生产生心理健康问题的原因（可从同学关系紧张；恋爱遭受挫折；贫困产生自卑；学习和就业压力等方面加以分析）；3. 作为一名大学生，我认为…Psychological Problems of University StudentsNowadays, psychological problems are (1)becoming more and more common among university students, severely affecting their academic performance in the campus as well as their social performance in the future. (2)It is high time the schools and the whole society paid their full attention to the psychological health of the university students.(3)There are many reasons for this phenomenon. Some students are tortured by not getting along well with classmates or roommates, (4)more than too often they tend to settle the misunderstandings over violence, or choose to hide their emotions, which always lead to more serious psychological problems. Being frustrated in love can make the students think of extreme ways of ending their misery, taking revenge or committing suicide might happen in that case. Poverty can deprive a student’s confidence，making them feel inferior compared to their peers. And pressure from the study and the job-hunting competition are also contributors to all kinds of psychological problems.As a college student myself, (5) I think we should try to be strong and reasonable enough to face the new challenges in our new life, (6)and I sincerely recommend the schools to offer more psychological instructions.二、The Prevalence of Western Holidays1 中国传统节日受到冷遇，西方节日却日益升温;2 形成这种现象的原因;3 你对这种现象的态度。
新东方石雷鹏老师四六级作文预测
新东方石雷鹏老师四六级作文预测新东方石雷鹏老师四六级作文预测四六级作文预测1：志愿者活动Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Volunteering activities. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 越来越多的人从事志愿者工作2. 志愿者工作的社会意义3. 作为大学生，应该怎么做范文：In recent years, the volunteering spirit has spread among the Chinese people, especially among youngsters. According to a survey, in 2008, there were about 1,700,000 volunteers who offered service for Olympic Games. Actually, an increasing number of people become volunteers every year in China.Volunteering actions are of tremendous benefits to both those in need and the society. Olympic Games are a good example. As is known to all, volunteers played an active role in Beijing Olympic Games. Without them, it would be a tough task to hold this un-precedent Olympic Games. Therefore, we can say that it was those volunteers who ensured the success of these games.As modern college students, we should get actively involved in volunteering activities. By participating, we can learn how to work well in a team, how to improve our interpersonal skills and organizational ability. Undoubtedly, all of these are critical for our person growth. So, we should take this chance to learn and to grow. (161words)四六级作文预测2 书信：毕业时就业还是上研究生Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter in reply to a f riend’s inquiry about Plan after graduation. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese:假如你是李明，你的朋友石头来信咨询你的毕业之后的计划，考研还是就业，请根据自己的情况写封回信告知石头你的态度，并说明理由。
新东方老师总结四六级作文模板
写作模板——提纲式作文模版1Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1.More importantly, 论据2.Most important of all, 论据3.In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to表决心.或From above, we can predict that 预测.模版2People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing, 论据1.For another, 论据2.Last but not the least, 论据3.To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心.或From above, we can predict that 预测.模版3There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。
Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。
新东方四级写作精讲共46页文档
61、奢侈是舒适的，否则就不是奢侈 。——CocoCha nel 62、少而好学，如日出之阳；壮而好学 ，如日 中之光 ；志而 好学， 如炳烛 之光。 ——刘 向 63、三军可夺帅也，匹夫不可夺志也。 ——孔 丘 64、人生就是学校。在那里，与其说好 的教师 是幸福 ，不如 说好的 教师是 不幸。 ——海 贝尔 65、接受挑战，就可以享受胜利的喜悦 。——杰纳勒 尔·乔治作精讲
11、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴 。野心 是使人 勤奋的 原因， 节制使 人枯萎 。 12、不问收获，只问耕耘。如同种树 ，先有 根茎， 再有枝 叶，尔 后花实 ，好好 劳动， 不要想 太多， 那样只 会使人 胆孝懒 惰，因 为不实 践，甚 至不接 触社会 ，难道 你是野 人。(名 言网) 13、不怕，不悔(虽然只有四个字，但 常看常 新。 14、我在心里默默地为每一个人祝福 。我爱 自己， 我用清 洁与节 制来珍 惜我的 身体， 我用智 慧和知 识充实 我的头 脑。 15、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。 农夫不 会播下 一粒玉 米，如 果他不 曾希望 它长成 种籽； 单身汉 不会娶 妻，如 果他不 曾希望 有小孩 ；商人 或手艺 人不会 工作， 如果他 不曾希 望因此 而有收 益。-- 马钉路 德。
2023英语四级作文新东方万能作文模板讲义
2023英语四级作文新东方万能作文模板讲义Introduction:In recent years, the importance of English proficiency has been widely recognized. As a result, the English proficiency test, such as the CET-4, has become a crucial gateway for many Chinese students. In this essay, we will explore the New Oriental universal writing template for the 2023 English CET-4 exam.Body:Part 1: Introduction to the topicThe initial paragraph should provide a general introduction to the topic without referring to the specific essay prompt. This part aims to engage the reader's attention and set the tone for the subsequent discussion.Part 2: Background information or definitionIn this section, provide some background information or define the key terms related to the topic. It is essential to ensure that the reader understands the context.Part 3: Thesis statement and previewPresent a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or stance of your essay. Additionally, provide a brief preview of the main points that will be discussed in the subsequent paragraphs.Part 4: Supporting argument 1Present the first supporting argument that supports your thesis statement. Use appropriate examples, evidence, or statistics to strengthen your argument. Ensure the paragraph is coherent and logically organized.Part 5: Supporting argument 2Present the second supporting argument that further reinforces your thesis statement. Provide relevant examples, evidence, or statistics to substantiate your position. Maintain a clear and logical flow of ideas.Part 6: Counterargument and refutationAcknowledge and address potential counterarguments or opposing viewpoints. Refute the counterarguments using valid reasoning and evidence. This demonstrates a balanced perspective and strengthens the overall argument.Part 7: Supporting argument 3Present the third supporting argument that solidifies your thesis statement. Use specific examples, evidence, or statistics to strengthen your argument and make it more persuasive. Ensure a smooth transition between paragraphs.Part 8: Conclusion and final thoughtsSummarize the main points discussed in the previous paragraphs and restate the thesis statement. Offer final thoughts or recommendations related to the topic. End the essay with a strong concluding statement.Conclusion:The New Oriental universal writing template for the 2023 English CET-4 exam provides a structured approach to crafting a high-quality essay. By following this template, students can effectively express their ideas in a logical and coherent manner. Remember to practice using this template in various essay prompts to enhance your writing skills and increase your chances of success in the exam.。
新东方4 6级考试作文免费辅导课程 讲义 第3课
新东方4 6级考试作文免费辅导课程讲义第3课第一节Should Firecrackers Be Banned?1. 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？2. 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？3. 我的看法2. 造成：cause、lead to、result in sth. 、bring about、beresponsible forFirst,setting off firecrackers leads to fires.Secondly it result in injuress to people.Finally it also brings about noise.On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned.They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers are a waste of money and resources.注：point out 指出；be responsible for 造成On the other hand,there are many people who say that pets should be banned.They point out that pets are responsible for nioses which disturb people's rest,and for injuries suffered both by the people who keep them by innocent neighbors.My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting offfirecrackers, while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.注：My own point of view is that we should be allowed to keep pets, while at the same time making them harmless.1998年6月For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:Do “Lucky Numbers” Really Bring Good Luck?1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运。
新东方内部资料--英语四六级作文模板
新东方内部资料--英语四六级作文模板对立观点型第一段1,There is a prevalent phenomenon that _____________There is a universal acknowlegementthat______________A standpoint which is frequently mentionednot only by___but by___as well isthat______________2, And there is no consensus of opinions among all the individuals as to the view of the case.3, some individuals would maintian the tentativenessthat______________, while others can’t find their agreement to it. 4，the following pasages will show the arguements with the tentativeness of mine第二段主题句:For those who lend their support to the positivetrend, their reasons are in varied forms.1,To begin with, ________ is of extremesignificance in the whole view.A prominent example is that__________.2, Additionally, ________ is so indispensable that most individuals would consider it as the major cause of the issue.we can easily notice the fact that________第三段主题句：For those who tend to terminate the issue, theycome up with some novel ideas to counter thediscussion above.1,first of all, ________ is always top of their arguments list.Take myself as an example, __________2, furthurmore, ___________provides adequet justifications for the continuence of the issue.For instance, ______________结论段As can be concluded from the argumentsabove. Personally, facing with this conflictmatter, what we must insure is that theessence must be absorbed. I sincerely wishthat some combinations should be suggested. If it could be realized, our lifewould be flooded with harmony.现象描述型第一段：with the rapid development of our modern era.It is a prevalent phenomenon that _____现象_________most individual would maintain it as a significant matter.第二段：主题句:several ways / methods / reasons can be easily found for this regard.论1：to begin with, ___________is of extreme significance in the whold view.the reason why it is so is that_____________论2：what's more worh mentioning is that_________________a prominent example is that_______________________论3：additionally, it is so dispensable that_____________________ it is most true that_____________________________the influence of the reasons / ways is beyond any doubt.第三段:as can be councluded for the discussion above. Given me several options, it is wiser for me to support _____从第二段中选适合你的方法或例子___________. some combinations should be suggested for the matter, if it could be realized, our life would be flooded with harmony.听力的三个特点：不可逆性、被动性、听不懂如何解决？1、听前预测，构造场景并推断；2、选项逻辑分析；相关选项的四个原理：1、错误选项都是干扰选项；2、干扰选项的干扰性其实是错误选项的“局部正确性”；3、错误选项其实都是“半对半错”选项；4、我们不是排除错误选项，而是排除错误选项中错误的部分——然后利用错误选项中的其他部分推测正确选项！排除错误选项的三个方法：1、绝对或不合常理的不是解；2、“1：3 ”选项法；3、上下义关系法（动物猴子法）初步判断正确选项的方法：1、相反、相似、相关选项；2、含likely probably的选项；3、抽象、概括的是解；注：1、我们的目的是提前衡量选项的“重量”，最好能排除一两个错项——不要一上来就想选对；2、以上方法仅适用于四六级听力，部分要点也适用于其他考试，欢迎大家积极尝试，请同学们把成功的经验与我分享。
[新东方的保密四六级资料]--- Fast Reading精讲篇
![[新东方的保密四六级资料]--- Fast Reading精讲篇](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4febc29b4afe04a1b171de1a.png)
Thank you!
❖ He lived with his life in disguise for over two years and his fellow dustmen
❖ but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money
Translation
险（North Pole Exploration)”
解题技巧
❖ L+2S法 ❖ L: Location ❖ S: Skim ❖ S: scan
怎样确定关键词
❖ 标题、副标题、段落标题和图表; ❖ 比较明显的描述性名词; ❖ 以人名和地名为代表的表示名称的词语; ❖ 时间状语表示时间（年、月、日、小时等）
环境
❖ Reclaim开垦/ deforestation采伐森 林/ over-fishing/ dump/ ecosystem 生态系统/ vegetation植被/ oxygen/ ozone layer臭氧层/ deterioration恶 化/ recycle回收再利用/ circulation 循环/ purify净化/ radiation辐射/ drought干旱/ acid rain/ greenhouse effect/ species物种/ wipe out/ extinction灭绝/ conservation保护
的词语； ❖ 含有特殊印刷体或标点符号的细节等.
YES or NO题型
❖ Yes ❖ 同义表达 ❖ 原意转化 ❖ 根据原文概括或归纳而成的。
❖
❖ No
❖ 题目与原文直接相反
❖ 原文是多个条件并列，题目 是其中一个条件
❖ 原文为人们对某种事物的理 论感觉，题目则强调是客观 事实或已被证明
新东方四六级名师解惑之写作篇.doc
新东方四六级名师解惑之写作篇1.脑子里想好中文的意思，再把它翻译成英文，这样的思路对吗?汪老师：很多同学都是想好中文再翻译成英文。
严格说来，即使对学习英语多年的人来说，在写作时想做到完全用英文思考都是极难达到的一种近乎神话的理想境界。
关键是中文思考的程度——英文修养极高的人在写作时可能已经很少意识到自己是在用那种语言、很难区分自己在什么时候正在使用什么语言，他已经到了“天人合一”的境界;英文很好的人可能只是在整体构思时用汉语，到具体写作段落或句子时用英语;英文一般的人会将每句的意思大致用汉语想好，但写作时还是要用英文的习惯句型和固定搭配来表达;初学英语基础又很不扎实的人在不仅每句用汉语想好，还基本每字严格对译，这就是中式英文的产生原因了。
要想少些一点中式英文，就要多积累习惯句型和固定搭配，在“翻译”时尽可能多用这些模式化的句型，少一些逐字对译。
2.常常想不起想用的一个词的英语说法，该如何解决?汪老师：这是考试时任何一个人都会碰到的问题，即使他的词汇量很大。
其实就算一个人的词汇量再大，大到掌握所有英文单词，也还是会碰到一些无法用已有单词表达的情况。
因为世界在变化，每时每刻总会有新的事物出现。
碰到不会表达的思想可以用以下几招：第一，模糊化即用上义词表达。
如不会说“手提电脑”，可以用它的上义词“machine”, “gadget”, “invention”, “instrument” 等。
第二，可以解释说明。
如我们可以把手提电脑写作“the kind of computer that you can carry wherever you go and that you can put on your lap”。
第三，可以把一些解释不清的东西略去不写。
写作是一个主动的创造过程，可以并且应该发挥自己的主观能动性。
写那些自己会写的，避开那些自己不会写的。
这才是写作的乐趣所在。
否再和前面的单项选择题有什么区别。
新东方内部资料-英语四六级作文
•The prevalence of _______has been a grave problem in our society. Almost every day newspapers carry articles pertaining to_____. For example ,______. Although measures have been implemented to deal with this problem, it still remains a serious threat.•The consequence of ______ is obvious. (______ can no doubt generate/trigger/bring severe consequences if we hear no evil, smell no evil. ) For one thing, _______. For another thing, ______. Wha t’s more,_________(if needed)•In conclusion, it is imperative for us to take effective measures to reverse the disturbing phenomenon. To begin with, we should appeal to our authorities to make strict laws to control A. Furthermore, Punishment should be enhanced to give enough warning to ______ A. Finally,. we should enhance the awareness of people about Only in this way can we __________. With tough laws and an educated public, _____ will become a thing of the past.引入现象•An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that…•There is no denying the fact that…•the phenomenon that…has caused wide public concern•Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that…•给出原因• A number of factors account for the phenomenon mentioned above, but the following might be the critical ones. In the first place, due to the policy of reform and opening-up, Chinese people tend to know more about Western culture and be influenced by it. Secondly, some businessmen wish to make money by encouraging people to celebrate those Western festivals. Last but not least, as traditional Chinese festival lose their attraction, many people tend to find joy in Western festivals.对策•Though we need not criticize people celebrating Western festivals, nor can we stop them, Admittedly, celebrating Western festivals really promotes our business and offers people more opportunity to relax, we still, however, have to beware of the danger behind it. While enjoying the atmosphere brought by those Western customs, we might well lose our own tradition and identity.对立观点•When asked about/When it comes to/Faced with …most people claim that…, but others regard/consider differently. They argue that…. I am inclined to take the … side.• 1. Admittedly , …. do has some advantages. First, 论据1. Secondly, 论据2.However, there are always problems we shall not ignore.(They may be right about ..., but they seem to ignore the fact that such a controversial issue can also cause problems) First and formost, …. What’s more, …范文●Nowadays, premarital cohabitation is common and popular and thisphenomenon has extended to the campus. More and more college student lovers choose to live together off campus. Most people claim that it is not an appropriate behavior for students while some people argue that it is a matter of personal choice. I , as a college student firmly take the side of the former idea. ●Admittedly, college students’ cohabitation has its advantages. One of them isthat the lovers can know each other better by living together. They can decide whether their romantic relationship should go on. Secondly, cohabitation matures college students and improves their sense of responsibility. However, there are also many problems resulting from the cohabitation on campus. A good example to illustrate this point is that some girls might be hurt by their irresponsible boyfriends. Besides, living together will involve many trivial things, which of course will influence their study.●From my point of view, it is unwise for college student lovers to live togetherduring their education. After all, premarital cohabitation is not an easy thing, which is too early for college students who are not mature enough. Therefore, I suggest that the college students should take love seriously and do not choose to live together before graduation.。
英语四六级考前必背六篇作文 新东方推荐
英语四六级考前必背六篇作文新东方推荐1. Career or Family: which is more important?When asked about their opinion of career and family, people always respond differently. Some people deem it more important to pursue their career, while there are always other people who argue that family should be the number one in one’s life.It goes without any question that career plays a key role in our life. In the very first place, career can give us an aim to live on. Without career, much of our living time will be certainly wasted. What’s more, career can provide us with a means to live on. Most of the people earn their income from a job. On the other hand, family is also an indispensable part of life, as many people will admit. Family is always regarded as a place where we can escape from troubles in life. In addition, we can obtain a sense of belonging to from family. Without it, anyone will feel lonely and desperate.In my opinion, career and family are not in opposition toeach other. Rather, they can enhance each other so that one’s life can become better and better. Therefore, it’s not a choice between right and wrong, but one between ideal and practical. 2. Olympics and IDear friend,I have a great news to inform here. Through long efforts, Beijing has been granted the right to host 2008 Olympic games. As a resident in Beijing, I feel quite excited and like to share with you my happiness.This success means a lot more than a game to me. In the first place, this Games will definitely promote the development of our economy. According to a recent survey by some experts, this games will raise our GDP by about 3%, and offer about 10,000 jobs. What’s more, our culture will be widely recognized and accepted all over the world through the Games. People will come over from every corner of the world, and experience Chinese culture in every aspect. Besides, through the games, our living environment will be greatly improved. For example, the public transportation system will be up-dated. Moreover, it’s known that more trees will be planted, and grassland will be considerably expanded.My friend, I really look forward to the coming of this greatGames. As an individual, I’m all ready to offer my help in any way I can. I also hope to invite you all to come here, and watch the games in 2008.Sincerely yours,3. Tourism in ChinaRecent years have seen a tendency in China that tourism is growing faster. According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 47% urban residents travel regularly, and 28% rural residents also make their tour across the country. The survey also shows that more people are interested in tourism, and will join the army in the future.Facing this tendency, we can’t help exploring some underlying factors that are responsible. In the very first place, with the policy of reform and opening up, Chinese people’s living standard has been greatly improved, and therefore, most of them can aff ord to travel around. What’s more, it is believed that people now take a more positive attitude to tourism, and regard it as a life style. In addition, tourism facilities are becoming better and better. For example, transportation develops fast, and many scenic spots are available now.Though there are still some problems with tourism, I personally believe that tourism should be playing a key role inour life. I also hope that our government will make policies to create a better environment for tourists.4. Income GapThere has been a heated discussion over the growing income gap now. Some people hold that the gap is natural because it reflects different contributions that different people make in their work.. In their view, those people with high income work hard and long. Besides, these people bring high efficiency, and create more wealth. Accordingly, they deserve high pay.On the other hand, there are always some people who view this gap negatively. They believe that a lot of crimes happen as a result of this income gap. Some people make so little from their work that they risk taking criminal acts to get rich. In fact, experts have long found out that most cases of crime are directly related to low income. There is another point to back up a negative view against income gap. For most people, income gap may destroy the satisfaction that they obtain from work.As anything has two sides, so has the problem of income gap. Personally, I believe that this gap may motivate people to compete better in job market. When this gap is growing too wide, however, our government should make some policies to get rid of its negative consequences.5. Knowledge is powerAs a popular saying goes, knowledge is power. With our country developing fast, the importance of knowledge is becoming more and more obvious to us all.In the very first place, with knowledge, one can easily find jobs. It is often said that we are entering a new age of information, and knowledge plays a key role in this age. For example, if one wants to work in IT field, one needs to improve his knowled ge constantly. What’s more, knowledgeable people can get quick promotion in their work. As is often the case, a person in charge of an organization is the one who has most knowledge. In addition, more knowledge is also needed to make our life rich and fulfilled.Accordingly, we must try hard to acquire as much knowledge as we can. Luckily, a lot of means may enable us to do so. Among other things, web proves the best and fastest way to get information.6. Saving animalsThere is an undeniable fact that the number of animals is declining faster than ever before. According to a recent survey made by some experts, about 37 species disappear from our earth every year. It is obvious that the problem has become a seriousone worth our concern.When we explore this problem, some underlying factors emerge. In the very first place, human beings have played a big part. With the fast development of human society, the environment is much destroyed, and animals lose their home. Accordingly, some spec ies become extinct. What’s more, people hunt animals for food and skin. A good case in point is that the Japanese have killed a lot of whales because they like to eat the meat. In addition, human beings are largely responsible for the pollution of natural environment, and poison animals in many ways.The current problem, I believe, should be solved immediately. First of all, our government should play a key role in making relevant rules and protecting animals. The general public should also be educated to value the existence of these animals on our planet.更多试卷下载请访问：。
新东方大学英语四六级写作背诵范文精选21篇（2）
7. Computer The computer is widely used in all fields of society. Today, wherever you go, you will find computers being used. For example, computers are used in universities, large corporations, and small offices, etc. It has even entered the homes of ordinary people. As it is able to store and process a large amount of information, the computer bring about great convenience and high efficiency to people of all walks of life. Computers can help people in different ways. For example, computer help scientists in analyzing data and doing complex calculation. For another example, computers are made use of by engineers in designing a plane, or a spaceship. Besides, computers may also play a great role in helping children with their lesson. Whatever you are doing, you many find computer a useful aid. However, the computer must be designed and instructed by man. What is more, it is true that computers can make decisions, but they need detailed instructions and programs prepared by humans to operate. Therefore, the computer can never replace the human brain. 8. Travelling It is exciting to visit different places. As you travel, you will see beautiful sceneries typical of the region. Besides, you can meet and make friends with people of different colors and races. Finally, you can get to know the customs and living habits of the local people. Today people are so fond of travelling that tourism has become one of the faster growing industries in most countries. The main reason why people travel is, perhaps, for pleasure. For example, having worked hard throughout the weekdays, people will find a widened trip to the nearby mountains or beaches a real relaxation. For another example, spending an annual holiday travelling abroad is an especially satisfying experience for those who do not have much of an opportunity to be away from their homelands. When people return from their travel, they will generally feel fresh and energetic, ready to work harder. Travelling is also one of the best means for learning. You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself. Seeing is believing. Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book. 9. The World Population Explosion The human race has experienced a consistent increase in population since the beginning of its history. Famine and disease have done little to offset(抵消)this steady increase. Too many people are added annually to the population of the world. So both the causes of population increase and the results of having more people are worth careful study. Culture evolution is the major factor responsible for population increase. Early in human development, people invented tools to hunt animals. Later they built shelters to protect themselves. Step by step, they made life easier. As a result, fewer died from natural forces, such as harsh climate and disease. In the past, when population grew, there was unexplored territory to inhabit. But now, almost all the habitable land has been explored. The world's population may reach 8.7 billion in 2033. It is clear that world population is a serious issue that needs careful attention. Human beings are unique to solve problems through cultural evolution.(发展) Facing the world population explosion in the near future. We must carry out the birth control program in order to save the mankind and save the world. 10. Opening-door Policy is the Only Way to Make China StrongModern Chinese history leads us to the conclusion that socialism, not capitalism is best for China. But how a socialist China should look at capitalism and more importantly, make use of the better side of capitalism for its own advantage is of vital(⾄关) importance to the country. As far as our country's economic construction is concerned, taking advantage of the part of capitalism that is useful to us means we need to develop foreign trade, introduce advanced technology and better management, and make use of foreign funds. It also means we can absorb some of the economic theories, and make use of those economic policies, methods and measures that comply with(遵循) the law of mass production and a commodity economy. By opening our windows wider to the outside world, people can learn more about other peoples and learn to make sensible judgments. Absorbing the better part of the cultures of other people to enrich ourselves is the best way to safeguard our socialist culture. So taking advantage of capitalism and stepping up economic reforms is the only way to make Chinastrong. Closing the county to international exchanges will only keep it weak. 11. Choosing an Occupation Every one faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduation from college or university, which plays a vital role in his life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with zest(热情) and vigor, as well as contribute to his country. To make a wise choice, two important things should be taken into consideration. One is the interest, the other, the demands of people and society. Only if the two aspects are connected, can a man show his talent and ability to the best advantage. If the two conflict, the former should be under the latter, for the people's interests are more important than the individual's. In regard to my choice in the future, I am fond of learning foreign languages; what is more, with the implementation of the Open-Door Policy, exchange between home and abroad in economy and culture has been growing significantly, thus I'm determined to be a qualified interpreter.。
讲解四六级作文（新东方）
这次的四六级的作⽂是在⼤家的意料之外，⼤家关注的要么是奥运会，要么是⼤地震。
其实这种想法是可以理解的，但往往是不可取的。
这次四六级考试的作⽂题⽬，再次证明它真正考的并不是社会的时髦话题，⽽是⽐较常见的社会问题，或者是关于⼤学⽣的问题。
⽽这次的四级考的⼤学⽣校园⾥的娱乐活动。
四级作⽂从分类可以算是陈述利弊型。
第⼀点提纲说的是校园⾥的娱乐活动越来越多。
第⼆段应该是⼀个主体，它说这些活动既有益处，也有害处。
这个是⼀个主⼲，我们可以这⼀点分成两段去写，先写好处，再写坏处。
我想在新东⽅的课堂上说过这样的写作，尤其是在先说好处再说坏处的时候，只要你写的对、语法是正确的，肯定也会给别⼈⼀个很好的印象。
最后⼀段算是总结，说你⾃⼰的看法，对校园⾥的娱乐活动有什么样的观点。
在六级的作⽂⾥，也提过这样的陈述利弊型。
到最后我⼀定会给⼤家⼀个固定的好的段落。
最后的总结我们会⽤⽐较常见的英⽂的说法，但也是汉语⾥有的成语。
⽐如说我们不能因噎废⾷，尽管这些娱乐活动会有危害⽐如说去唱歌，⼀定到D厅去跳舞，但对丰富我们的⽣活是有⼀定的好处的，我们不能因噎废⾷，⼀⽅⾯应该做这样的事，另⼀⽅⾯也更应该把精⼒放在学习上。
六级作⽂其实也是出乎很多同学的意料，考的是⼀个⽐较俗的、⽐较常见的社会话题。
就是电⼦图书能否代替传统图书。
其实我暗中挺佩服出题⼈的，他费尽了脑筋，找到了这样的话题。
其实在我们的课堂上也提出到这样的形式和内容。
⽐如北京新东⽅学校六级冲刺教材⾥也提到了这样的话题，⽐如说现在写信的⼈越来越少，⽽写Email的⼈越来越多，那它会不会替代我们的信件？这个我也是在课堂上说过的，但上过我们强化班的同学也会感觉这次的四六级写作并不是太难。
它在我们考过的作⽂中，是第⼀⼤类——对⽴观点型。
这次第⼀点提纲说，随着信息技术的发展，电⼦图书越来越发达。
第⼀点其实是没有什么的，你只是提出了现象，⽐如说我们在课上讲过有⽤的句⼦，我回头会把这个放在我的博客⾥。
新东方四六级作文范文50篇
01 The Language of MusicA painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great resp onsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and a s arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most tr aining is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athl ete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequ ate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm—two entirely different movem ents.Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s respo nsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these s ound with fanatical but selfless authority.Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great art ists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performi ng works written in any century.02 Schooling and EducationIt is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Never theless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinctio n between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds . It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tract or. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of infor mal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain pre dictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may le ad a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education fro m infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process th at starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the sa me time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exa ms, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an unde rstanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subjec t being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their clas ses the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are expe rimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.03 The Definition of “Price”Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and ser vices that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utilit y services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the ―system‖ of prices. The price of a ny particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everyth ing seems to depend more or less upon everything else.If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define ―price‖, many would reply th at price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other w ords that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the bu yer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and qua lity of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take p lace and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that a pply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that co mprise the total ―package‖ being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.04 ElectricityThe modern age is an age of electricity. People are so used to electric lights, radio, televisions, and telephones that it is hard to imagine what life would be like without them. When there is a power failure, people grope about in flickering candlelight, cars hesitate in the streets because there are n o traffic lights to guide them, and food spoils in silent refrigerators.Y et, people began to understand how electricity works only a little more than two centuries ago. N ature has apparently been experimenting in this field for million of years. Scientists are discoverin g more and more that the living world may hold many interesting secrets of electricity that could b enefit humanity.All living cell send out tiny pulses of electricity. As the heart beats, it sends out pulses of record; th ey form an electrocardiogram, which a doctor can study to determine how well the heart is workin g. The brain, too, sends out brain waves of electricity, which can be recorded in an electroencephal ogram. The electric currents generated by most living cells are extremely small – often so small th at sensitive instruments are needed to record them. But in some animals, certain muscle cells have become so specialized as electrical generators that they do not work as muscle cells at all. When la rge numbers of these cell are linked together, the effects can be astonishing.The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts o f electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twe nty volts.) As many as four-fifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for gener ating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its bo dy.05 The Beginning of DramaThere are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely acce pted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world-even the se asonal changes-as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or ve iled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later ca lled myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost always used, Furthermore, a suita ble site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the ena ctment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they oft en impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect-succe ss in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun-as an actor might. Eventually such dra matic representations were separated from religious activities.Another theory traces the theater’s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this vies tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of i mpersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the ro les by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily r hythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.06 T elevisionTelevision-----the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth-is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible b y the marriage of television and computer technologies.The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can liter ally be interpreted as sight from a distance. V ery simply put, it works in this way: through a sophis ticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent thro ugh a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electroni cally reconstituted into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching other human beings.The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transm ission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission techniques.Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcast tel evision because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to what exists tod ay. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast networks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. The se giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this d ynamic medium as the passive viewer.07 Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his a bility to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decli ne, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly tha t the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring ins tead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who die s rich, dies disgraced," he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of nation al history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthrophic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote unders tanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Car negie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the cou ntry and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.08 American RevolutionThe American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social fra mework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations . Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was acceler ated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working an d praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.America’s War of Independence heralded the birth of three modern nations. One was Canada, whi ch received its first large influx of English-speaking population from the thousands of loyalists wh o fled there from the United States. Another was Australia, which became a penal colony now that America was no longer available for prisoners and debtors. The third newcomer-the United States-based itself squarely on republican principles.Y et even the political overturn was not so revolutionary as one might suppose. In some states, nota bly Connecticut and Rhode Island, the war largely ratified a colonial self-rule already existing. Bri tish officials, everywhere ousted, were replaced by a home-grown governing class, which promptl y sought a local substitute for king and Parliament.09 SuburbanizationIf by "suburb" is meant an urban margin that grows more rapidly than its already developed interio r, the process of suburbanization began during the emergence of the industrial city in the second q uarter of the nineteenth century. Before that period the city was a small highly compact cluster in which people moved about on foot and goods were conveyed by horse and cart. But the early facto ries built in the 1840’s were located along waterways and near railheads at the edges of cities, and housing was needed for the thousands of people drawn by the prospect of employment. In time, th e factories were surrounded by proliferating mill towns of apartments and row houses that abutted the older, main cities. As a defense against this encroachment and to enlarge their tax bases, the cit ies appropriated their industrial neighbors. In 1854, for example, the city of Philadelphia annexed most of Philadelphia County. Similar municipal maneuvers took place in Chicago and in New Y ork. Indeed, most great cities of the United States achieved such status only by incorporating the co mmunities along their borders.With the acceleration of industrial growth came acute urban crowding and accompanying social st ress-conditions that began to approach disastrous proportions when, in 1888, the first commerciall y successful electric traction line was developed. Within a few years the horse-drawn trolleys were retired and electric streetcar networks crisscrossed and connected every major urban area, fosterin g a wave of suburbanization that transformed the compact industrial city into a dispersed metropol is. This first phase of mass-scale suburbanization was reinforced by the simultaneous emergence o f the urban Middle Class, whose desires for homeownership in neighborhoods far from the aging i nner city were satisfied by the developers of single-family housing tracts.10 T ypes of SpeechStandard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majorit y of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and exp ressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memo ries. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events . It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for th e creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objec ts and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; thir d, association among the subgroups and the majority population.Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract l abels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during a ppropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.11 ArchaeologyArchaeology is a source of history, not just a bumble auxiliary discipline. Archaeological data are historical documents in their own right, not mere illustrations to written texts, Just as much as anyother historian, an archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the hu man world in which we live - and us ourselves in so far as we are each creatures of our age and so cial environment. Archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action or, more succinctly, the fossilized results of human behavior. The sum total of these constitu tes what may be called the archaeological record. This record exhibits certain peculiarities and defi ciencies the consequences of which produce a rather superficial contrast between archaeological hi story and the more familiar kind based upon written records.Not all human behavior fossilizes. The words I utter and you hear as vibrations in the air are certai nly human changes in the material world and may be of great historical significance. Y et they leav e no sort of trace in the archaeological records unless they are captured by a dictaphone or written down by a clerk. The movement of troops on the battlefield may "change the course of history," bu t this is equally ephemeral from the archaeologist’s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most organ ic materials are perishable. Everything made of wood, hide, wool, linen, grass, hair, and similar m aterials will decay and vanish in dust in a few years or centuries, save under very exceptional cond itions. In a relatively brief period the archaeological record is reduce to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware. Still modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and c omparative methods, aided by a few lucky finds from peat-bogs, deserts, and frozen soils, is able t o fill up a good deal of the gap.12 MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New Y ork City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either plann ing, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radical ly altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New Y ork City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neigh borhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhe re - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which h as needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago . Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering ac quisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s s pace problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one m asterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however," the museum has no plan,no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years," according to Philadelphia Museum of Art’s president.13 Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems , and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addit ion of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New Y ork City raised the peak daily de mand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New Y ork, f or a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation bo ard. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have b egun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror f ilms that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperat ure of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two Worl d Trade Center towers in New Y ork City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more tha n 109, 000.14 A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delica te skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fos silized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilizati on required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animal s, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur re mains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over t he years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered fr om these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have bee n reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that aspecific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are qui te advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. On e specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewher e? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out ca refully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the intere sting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particula r place very close to their time of giving birth.15 The Nobel AcademyFor the last 82years, Sweden’s Nobel Academy has decided who will receive the Nobel Prize in Li terature, thereby determining who will be elevated from the great and the near great to the immort al. But today the Academy is coming under heavy criticism both from the without and from within . Critics contend that the selection of the winners often has less to do with true writing ability than with the peculiar internal politics of the Academy and of Sweden itself. According to Ingmar Bjor ksten , the cultural editor for one of the country’s two major newspapers, the prize continues to rep resent "what people call a very Swedish exercise: reflecting Swedish tastes."The Academy has defended itself against such charges of provincialism in its selection by assertin g that its physical distance from the great literary capitals of the world actually serves to protect th e Academy from outside influences. This may well be true, but critics respond that this very distan ce may also be responsible for the Academy’s inability to perceive accurately authentic trends in th e literary world.Regardless of concerns over the selection process, however, it seems that the prize will continue to survive both as an indicator of the literature that we most highly praise, and as an elusive goal that writers seek. If for no other reason, the prize will continue to be desirable for the financial reward s that accompany it; not only is the cash prize itself considerable, but it also dramatically increases sales of an author’s books.16. the war between Britain and FranceIn the late eighteenth century, battles raged in almost every corner of Europe, as well as in the Mid dle East, south Africa ,the West Indies, and Latin America. In reality, however, there was only one major war during this time, the war between Britain and France. All other battles were ancillary to this larger conflict, and were often at least partially related to its antagonist’ goals and strategies. F rance sought total domination of Europe . this goal was obstructed by British independence and Br itain’s efforts throughout the continent to thwart Napoleon; through treaties. Britain built coalition s (not dissimilar in concept to today’s NA TO) guaranteeing British participation in all major Europ。