Lecture 4 Birth of the Euro
希腊罗马神话课程(王磊)lecture2
2.2 The Creation and Re-creation of Man (4)
2.2.1 Man’s alienation from the divinity and nature • Trick played on Zeus (white bones of ox covered with glistening fat v.s. meat, entrails and fat covered with tripe 肚肠) → white bones burned on smoky altars fire withheld from mortal men • Fire stolen in a hollowed fennel (茴香) stalk • Pandora as a tempting snare to men • fashioned by Hephaestus with gifts from various gods and goddesses → animals killed and (unnaturally) cooked before they are consumed; Pandora to preside
• Cronus and Rhea have 6 sons, afraid of being overthrown by prophesy, he swallows kids
• Cronus = human stupidity, jealousy; Rhea = protective, maternal • Rhea gets advice from Gaia, tricks Cronus into eating rock and has son Zeus raised on Crete by Amalthea, goat nurse → cornucopia
雅思听力-标准
电子邮件符号的念法： . dot @ at - dash/ hyphen _ underscore / slash
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10. 页码&篇章码 Open Book （II）Two, turn to Page forty, Chapter five, look at Lesson ten, and mark the content from Line eight, with color pencil.
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7.单位 温度： Fahrenheit Centigrade 15℃: fifteen degrees （Centigrade或Celsius) 32℉: thirty-two degrees （Fahrenheit ） 0 ℃: naught degree (Centigrade) -5 ℃: five degrees below zero /minus five degrees 长度: meter, kilometer, mile, foot, inch, yard, centimeter, millimeter 重量: gram, kilo, pound 容积: liter/litre, gallon，m3 面积: ㎡, acre
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没有直接给出答案
I was born in London.
I come from New York.
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• 作业 • 背诵常用英文名和国家国籍名
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• 人名拼写练习
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• 练习
• 国家人名练习
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1-20 拼写
one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty First second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4
托福听力TPO14原文Lecture4下面就让小编来为大家介绍一下托福听力TPO14原文中Lecture4的文本内容吧，大家要好好把握，这些都是非常有价值的材料，同时，大家也可以登录前程百利论坛进行TPO练习辅导，希望能够给准备托福听力的同学带来帮助。
TPO14Lecture4ArcheologyProfessor：When we think of large monumental structures built by early societies and Egyptian pyramid probably comes to mind.But there are some even earlier structures in the British Isles also worth discussing,and besides the well-known circle of massive stones of Stonehenge which don’t get me wrong is remarkable enough,well,other impressive Neolithic structures are found there too.Oh,yes,we are talking about the Neolithic period here,also called new Stone Age,which was the time before stone tools began to be replaced by tools made by bronze and other metals.It was about5000years ago,even before the first Egyptian pyramid that some of amazing Neolithic monuments---tombs, were racketed at the very size around ironed Great Britain and costal islands nearby.I am referring particular to structures that in some cases,look like ordinary natural hills.But we definitely build by humans,well-organized communities of human’s to enclose a chamber or room within stone walls and sometimes with a high,cleverly designed sealing of overlapping stones.These structures are called Passage Graves,because in the chamber,sometime several chambers in fact,could only be entered from the outside through a narrow passage way.Michael：Excuse me,professor,but you said Passage Graves.Was this just monument to honor the dead buried there or were they designed to be used somehow by the living?Professor：Ah,yes!Good question,Michael.Besides being built as tombs,some of these Passage Graves were definitely what we might call Astronomical Calendars,with chambers they flooded with some light on the certain special days of the year,witch must see miraculous and inspired good dealer of they really just wonder.But research indicates that not just light but also the physics of sound help to enhance this religious experience.Michael：How so?Professor：Well,first the echoes.When religious leaders started chanting with echoes bounced off the stonewalls over and over again,it must seem like a whole chorus of other voices,spirits of God maybe join in.But even more intriguing is what physicists called Standing Waves.Basically,the phenomenon of Standing Waves occurs when sound waves of the same frequency reflect off the walls and meet from opposite directions.So,the volume seems to alternate between very loud and very soft.You can stand quite near a man singing in loud voice and hardly hear him.Yet step little further away and voice is almost defining.As you move around chamber,the volume of the sound goes way up and way down,depending on where you are and these standing waves.And often the acoustic makes it hard to identify where sounds are coming from.It is powerful voices that arespeaking to you or chanting from inside your own head.This had to engender powerful sense of all Neolithic worshipers.And another bit of physics I played here is something called Resonance.I know physics,but well I imagine you have all below near of top empty bottles and heard sounds it makes.And you probably notice that depending on its size---each empty bottle plays one particular music note.Or it is the physics might put it,each bottle resonates at a particular frequency.Well, that’s true of these chambers too.If you make a constant noise inside the chamber,maybe by steadily beating drum at certain rate,a particular frequency of sound will resonate.We will ring out intensely,depending on the size of chamber.In some of large chambers though,these intensified sound may be too deep for us to hear,we can feel it.We are mysteriously agitated by a….but it is not a sound our ears can hear.The psychological effects of all these extraordinary sounds can be profound,especially when they seem so disconnected from human doing drumming or chanting.And there can be observable physical effects on people too.In fact,the sounds can cause headaches,feelings of dizziness,increase heartache,that sort of thing,you see.Anyway,what is we experience inside one of these Passage Graves clearly could be far more intense than everyday reality outside which made them very special places.But back to your question,Michael,as to whether these Graves were designed to be used by the living.Well,certainly,we have got to ask economical or calendar function.That seems pretty obvious,and I wanna go into more detail on that now.《考古学》教授：当我们想到早期的社会上人们建造的一些大型建筑物时，埃及金字塔便会浮现于眼前。
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本
2019年TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本TPO2托福听力Lecture4原文文本Bode’s LawProfessor: OK, let’s get going. Today I’m going to talk about how the asteroid belt was discovered. And ...I’m going to start by writing some numbers on the board. Here they are: We’ll start with zero, then 3, ...6, ...12. Uh, tell me what I’m doing.Female student: Multiplying by 2?Professor: Right, I’m doubling the numbers, so 2 times 12 is 24, and the next one I’m going to write after 24 would be…Female student: 48.Professor: 48, then 96. We’ll stop there for now. Uh, now I’ll write another row of numbers under that. Tell me what I’m doing. 4, 7, 10 …How am I getting this second row?Male Student: Adding 4 to the numbers in the first row.Professor: I’m adding 4 to each number in the first row to give you a second row. So the last two will be 52, 100, and now tell me what I’m doing.Female Student: Putting in a decimal?Professor: Yes, I divided all those numbers by 10 by putting in a decimal point. Now I’m going to write the names of the planets under the numbers. Mercury...Venus...Earth...Mars. So, what do the numbersmean? Do you remember from the reading?Male Student: Is it the distance of the planets from the Sun?Professor: Right, in astronomical units—not perfect, but tantalizingly close. The value for Mars is off by ...6 or 7 percent or so. It’s ...but it’s within 10 percent of the average distance to Mars from the Sun. But I kind of have to skip the one after Mars for now. Then Jupiter’s right there at 5-point something, and then Saturn is about 10 astronomical units from the Sun. Um, well, this pattern is known as Bode’s Law.Um, it isn’t really a scientific law, not in the sense of predicting gravitation mathematically or something, but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago. Well, you can imagine that there was some interest in why the 2. 8 spot in the pattern was skipped, and um ...but there wasn’t anything obvious there, in the early telescopes. Then what happened in the late 1700s? The discovery of ...?Female Student: Another planet?Professor: The next planet out, Uranus—after Saturn. And look, Uranus fits in the next spot in the pattern pretty nicely, um, not perfectly, but close. And so then people got really excited about the validity of this thing and finding the missing object between Mars and Jupiter. And telescopes, remember, were getting better. So people went to work onfinding objects that would be at that missing distance from the Sun, and then in 1801, the object Ceres was discovered.And Ceres was in the right place—the missing spot. Uh, but it was way too faint to be a planet. It looked like a little star. Uh, and because of its starlike appearance, um, it was called an “asteroid. ”OK? “Aster”is Greek for “star,”as in “astronomy. ”Um, and so, Ceres was the first and is the largest of what became many objects discovered at that same distance. Not just one thing, but all the objects found at that distance from the asteroid belt. So the asteroid belt is the most famous success of this Bode’s Law. That’s how the asteroid belt was discovered.TPO2托福听力Lecture4题目文本1.What is Bode's law?a) A law of gravitationb) An estimate of the distance between Mars and Jupiterc) A prediction of how many asteroids there ared) A pattern in the spacing of the planets2.Why does the professor explain Bode's Law to the class?a) To describe the size of the asteroidsb) To explain how the asteroids belt was discoveredc) To explain how gravitational forces influence the planetsd) To describe the impact of telescopes on astronomy3.How does the professor introduce Bode's Law?a) By demonstrating how it is derived mathematicallyb) By describing the discovery of Uranusc) By drawing attention to the inaccuracy of a certain patternd) By telling the names of several of the asteroids4.According to the professor, what two factors contributed to the discovery of the asteroid Ceres?a) Improved telescopesb) Advances in mathematicsc) The discovery of a new stard) The position of Uranus in a pattern5.What does the professor imply about the asteroid belt?a) It is farther from the Sun than Uranus.b) Bode believed it was made up of small stars.c) It is located where people expected to find a planet.d) Ceres is the only one of the asteroids that can be seen without a telescope.6.Why does the professor say this?a) To introduce an alternative application of Bode's Lawb) To give an example of what Bode's law cannot explainc) To describe the limitations of gravitational theoryd) To contrast Bode's Law with a real scientific lawTPO2托福听力Lecture4答案解析第1题：细节题正确答案：D对应原文：2'23"-2'30"...but it’s attempting a pattern in the spacing of the planets, and it was noticed by Bode hundreds of years ago.解析：原文中教授直接提到pattern in the spacing ofo the planets,和选项D直接呼应，表达也基本没变。
欧债危机（Europeandebtcrisis）
欧债危机（European debt crisis）The European debt crisis intensifiedThe spectre of a sovereign debt crisis lingers on the continentWith Greece, Ireland, Portugal's sovereign debt crisis warming, the debt crisis began to spread from the periphery to the core countries, Italy and Spain, who will be the European debt crisis, a fall of "Domino" became the talk of boiling point. As of the end of 2010, Italy's public debt to GDP ratio reached 119%, far higher than the upper limit of 60% "Maastricht treaty" provisions, in the EU after Greece 142.8%. In addition, Italy's economic growth is weak, the export growth trend is weak, the import commodity prices are soaring, and the bad economic environment makes Italy's crisis worse. Spain is also faced with the risk of being involved in the debt crisis. Data show that Spain's budget deficit in 2010 as high as 9.2% of gdp. Although the Spanish government is implementing the biggest budget cuts in 30 years, measures have also been taken to raise the retirement age and reduce the cost of layoffs. But the International Fund believes that Spain's measures to prevent the debt crisis are incomplete and face considerable risk of debt. According to reports, the financial giant Soros will blame the European debt crisis on Germany's selfishness and inaction. He believes that the German Prime Minister Merkel insisted on maintaining its own financial system security, and buried the scourge of today's European debt crisis. Italy's prime minister, Berlusconi, called on Congress to pass the austerity package as soon as possible. However, according to statistics, Italy's economy grew by 1.03% in the first quarter of 2011, and this slow economic growth could fall into recessiononce it meets fiscal austerity. If Italy seeks help from the outside world, it must tighten its economy, so it may be caught in a double predicament of recession and rising public debt. As the third and fourth largest economies in the euro area, Italy and Spain are among the most important players in the European economy, and the impact on markets is far weaker than in Greece, when debt defaults occur. In view of the fact that Italy and Spain huge foreign debt, some analysts believe that if the two countries into a debt crisis from market financing, then other EU countries will not have enough power to rescue Italy and Spain, the eurozone may therefore fall apart. From a global perspective, if the European sovereign debt crisis spread to the core countries, the global market will reverse the direction of investment, funds withdrawal from the stock market, commodity markets, access to precious metals markets, such as hedging. This will lead to an obvious fluctuation in asset prices, which may lead to a new round of financial crises. As the debt crisis in Italy and Spain approaches, the euro zone's second largest economy, France, is also facing debt risk. There are signs that market investors are shorting French sovereign bonds, and the debt crisis is pressing.Traces of American debt behind the European debt crisisBehind the European debt crisis is a deeper contest, that is, the United States and Europe are launching a war of currency dominance and debt resources. As a matter of fact, the United States continues to carry out structural authority given by its monetary hegemony". Since the birth of the euro, the euro has been one of the world's most powerful potential competitors, challenging the dollar hegemony system. First, the euro weakensthe dollar's position in international trade. For emerging market countries, the euro provides an alternative currency option to settle the dollar. As the euro area's main export commodities are competitive with the United States, the rise in the euro settlement will inevitably lead to a fall in the dollar settlement. The settlement amount is the pricing power, and the decrease of the US dollar settlement amount means the loss of the pricing power of the United States in the international market. Second, the euro hit the reserve currency position of the dollar. After the birth of the euro, the proportion of the world's total foreign exchange reserves continued to rise, while the dollar continued to decline. A statistical data according to IM F's official foreign exchange reserves, from 1996 to 2009, the dollar in international reserve position has experienced a "inverted U" trend, before the euro was formally established and at the beginning of the establishment, the dollar in international reserve status is rising, the proportion of world reserves from 1995 59% rose to 2001 by the end of 71.5%. But since 2001, the share of the dollar has fallen, and by 2010 it has fallen to 62.1%. However, the threat to the United States seems more than that, and one of the biggest challenges is the scramble for resources between American bonds and European bonds. This is perhaps the biggest concern for the United states. Under the borrowing dependent system, the US long-term international trade deficit and current account deficit can be maintained, and it needs to be guaranteed by the continuous revolving movement of U. S. dollars. To keep the dollar moving round and round, it must depend on exports from other countries in exchange for dollars,Other countries have traded dollars to invest in the UnitedStates by buying American bonds, and the dollar has returned to the United States to finance its debts. What worries the United States is that, like the United States, European countries are basically debt dependent countries". According to the IM F database, world debt issue of the number of the top ten countries, including the United States, 7 European countries and Japan and Australia, the 10 countries foreign bonds accounted for 83.8% of the world, and the eurozone bond market collection scale accounted for 45% of the world. The United States has more than 32% of the shares, this is undoubtedly the biggest challenge for the United States debt dependent system. Since the financial crisis, the Fed has become the biggest buyer of US debt and has monetized its currency through quantitative easing. Since the outbreak of the crisis, the Fed's balance sheet size increased from $899 billion 300 million in June 2007 to $27231 billion in early May 2011, is 3 times more than before the crisis. Now, the Fed is about to stop its $600 billion treasury bond purchase plan in June, and who will continue to take over such a huge debt is the biggest problem. With both the monetary and fiscal pressures on the US, only the creation of a bond that is worse than the US Treasury will allow the financial markets to choose a better one between bad and worse. So, the recent U.S. rating agencies continue to reduce Greece, Ireland, Belgium's sovereign credit rating, turns on the European debt crisis manufacturing turmoil, shorting Euro dollar, using "hedging properties" and a strong stage, the capital back into the United States, while the United States became the winner of the crisis, including Treasury and beauty shares and other institutions bonds popular dollar assets. Although the U.S. Treasury has exceeded the debt ceiling, but the 10 year Treasury yields and30 year Treasury yields hit a five month low, U.S. Treasury bonds being oversubscribed, debt financing smoothly. Between the inside and outside the pincer attack, the European debt crisis is no longer the crisis of the five European countries, the risk of the debt crisis spreading from the marginal countries to the core country is further increasing, and waiting for Europe will be a new round of debt storm. - Zhang MonanEurope's debt crisis or big bangLast weekend, Wei Jianguo, former Vice Minister of Commerce and Secretary General of the China International Exchange Center, said: "in order to guard against risks, China will no longer be eager to buy European debt.". China has bought a lot of European debt (about 1/4 of its foreign exchange reserves), and if the euro falls, China will suffer a huge loss. Europe can only go its own way, China can do very limited". This is a delicate and definite statement. The author believes that this is a correct decision, of course, is a painful decision - not to buy European debt, the United States can not buy more debt, China's foreign exchange reserves to buy what? From the beginning of the euro on Friday afternoon appeared Powei trend, although the U.S. payrolls data range, far less than expected, but the euro is still down after a brief recovery, which indicates that the euro will move closer to the rail under the shock City, probably in the week fell below the 14000 mark integer. The origin of the European debt crisis is the continued decline in competitiveness in the euro area. Before this competition decreased only two or three countries in line, and the debt crisis in Europe is a meeting after the rescue, theeuro zone countries have a obvious weakness. In August, economic data from the core countries of the euro zone were issued with a very negative warning, including Germany's August Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' index, with a final value of 50.9, expected to be 52, the lowest since September 2009. France's Manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index was worse in August, only 49.1. German and French data show that the region's two most powerful countries, the real economy has been growing at almost zero. Although we cannot conclude that Germany and France is a country like Greece dragged down -- save people dragged down is normal, but the conclusion that Germany and France have no spare capacity to save the eurozone two or three countries, is the fact that. Without the economic support of France and France, what happens in the euro area can be expected, and a strong euro is not expected. The second reason for the inevitable occurrence of the European debt crisis is that the rescue plan is impractical. The source of the European debt crisis is the most euro zone countries are a serious violation of financial discipline, but the EU's rescue plan is that Germany and France including the European Central Bank are a serious violation of financial discipline, the use of public funds and savings deposits to buy euro zone government debt line two or three. The results, although we can not say that By no means retrievable, at least to the recipient countries to send the wrong signal, can rely on big body, creditors who. Learned from the foreign media reports, the European Central Bank (ECB) last month decided to purchase the bonds of Italy, the country clearly slow budget consolidation measures.Italy's prime minister Berlusconi's promises to cut huge public debt have gone into empty talk. German media simply said:"because the European Central Bank's intervention, resulting in Italy budget measures even more confusing.". The European Central Bank to buy the bonds of Italy, every budget measures in Italy, the country's bond yields vary due to debt purchase operations of the European Central Bank to decline, the Italy government issued a signal to reduce the deficit can relax. Therefore, the decision to buy Italy's national debt was wrong. It's not just the European central bank that made the mistake. The solution of the European debt crisis is only one, is to give up the tail, the strong euro policy. Of course, this is extremely painful, and the extent of the pain is likely to exceed that of the US subprime crisis in 2008. Third reasons why the debt crisis is inevitable happened 17 euro zone countries is a mess, but not as strong as steel making. The European debt crisis spread from Greece to Ireland, where euro zone leaders gathered countless times, and each time made a statement to the world, showing how strong the euro zone was and how powerful it was. But as soon as the meeting is over, the noise is immediately transmitted through the media, and the small action is constant. Fourth reasons why the debt crisis inevitably happened in real is the main countries of the euro zone leaders lack the political sensitivity andforward-looking, misjudge the situation. How to solve the European debt crisis? It's difficult to drag out September, and the solution is not to buy bonds of troubled countries in the euro area, nor to create what is known as the euro zone's unified bond market. The only way is docked, Greece should be expelled from the euro zone. But objectively speaking, the best moment has been missed, because Italy, the euro zone third, which is much larger than Greece, will have an accident, followed by Spain, Portugal, ireland. To save it, the euro zone has no suchstrength. The last way is to push the euro zone high debt countries selling assets to repay, but the price is only suihangjiushi. The market would work only if the offer was lower, which would require a fall in the euro! To be sure, the ultimate solution to the European debt crisis is to be assessed after the euro crash. Today, the euro has fallen below the European Central Bank's defense line 13850, the lowest drop to 13386, will need at least 15% decline in the future. What about China? Only to see, can not buy, do not want to cover. Foreign exchange reserves are "cocktail", the euro is relative to other currencies down, the euro fell, the dollar will rise, and other currencies will rise. We can be thankful that holdings of euro assets are not many, 1/4 foreign exchange reserves in value, another 3/4 of the reserves in the appreciation of the euro, even if we suffer greatly, loss is not big. The problem is that the euro can not be bought in the future, and the foreign exchange reserves can not continue to increase substantially. The lessons of the European debt crisis tell us not only about the problems in the euro zone countries, but also that the currencies of almost all countries in the world are unreliable. The sure solution is not to expand the reserves indefinitely, but to spend the reserves.The spread of the European debt crisisThe European debt crisis is spreading to the core of the euro zone, this time in france. Moodie, a prominent rating agency, has warned that in the next 3 months whether to consider the French Treasury AAA rating "negative" will be considered". Negative observation is often the prelude to a downgrade. Moodie said in a statement, as with other euro zone sovereigncountries, France's financial position has weakened; the global financial and economic crisis in France, led to the financial indicators is the worst in other AAA countries. At present, a total of 6 countries enjoy the euro area AAA rating, namely France, Germany, Holland, Finland, Austria and Luxemburg, France's highest level of debt. IMF said public debt in France would reach 85% of GDP in 2011 and high in the world class AAA countries. The spread between French and German bunds widened to a record 93.2 basis points in October 17th, compared with just 29 basis points in April. A new wave of pressure on the French rating was largely caused by the exposure of its banking system to sovereign debt in Europe, as well as increased bailouts for other countries. The European Union is preparing to require European banks to increase the size and quality of their core capital, and the government will inject capital into substandard banks. Besides its own burden, France, the second largest economy in the euro area, is the second largest contributor to EU bailout funds. The euro zone is now studying how to expand the size of EFSF's borrowing to prevent a larger economy, such as Italy and Spain, into a crisis, which will add to the burden on public finances in france. In addition, the French economic growth situation also makes public finances not optimistic. In October 18 Pakistan Lu admitted that the forecasts for 2012 GDP growth of 1.75% will be too optimistic.Faubion Zulegdze, the chief economist at the European Policy Centre, argues that France is not very different from Spain in terms of its economic growth potential. The pressure on France's sovereign rating will make it harder for the euro zone to respond to the debt crisis. At present, the AAA rating of EFSF is based on the rating levels of the various fundedcountries, so Moodie also said in 17, if France suffered a downgrade, EFSF's highest rating will be questioned. In response, Europe is working to advance the permanent crisis response mechanism, the European stability mechanism (ESM). The most important feature of ESM is that it enjoys the status of an international institution like IMF without the impact of the investor rating. As scheduled, ESM will replace EFSF in the summer of 2013, but now Europe hopes to advance it by a year, at least in 2012。
大学英语听说教程第四册答案
Unit 1Part BTextExercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3.aExercise 2: 1. F 2. T 3. F 4.F 5. F. 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.T Part C1. c2. d3. c4. a5. bPart Dgreen: sign of life and of hopeblue: color of the sky and the seaorange: color of health and strengthred: color of danger and bravery; of passion and lovepurple: color of royalty an powerindigo: color of silencerainbow: sign of hope for tomorrowUnit 2Part BTextExercise 1: 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. aExercise 2: (omitted)Part C1.Americans move about a great deal at parties.2....as soon as there are more people than chairs in a room...3.you will see first one and then another make some excuse to get to hisfeet4.sitting becomes static5.introduce themselves6.drift around a room7.you are expected to reply by giving your name and introducing the person with you8.merely nod and smile9.she extends it10.just nods and greets herPart D1.In Japan, you should hold a business with both hands and read the name and the job title carefully. so do not hold the card with one hand a nd put it into your pocket without reading it.2.In Mexico, it is usual for men to touch each other in a friendly way and it is considered unfriendly if you move away when you are touched.3.IN Korea, eye contact means sincerity and respect to the speaker.4.In China, you should avoid criticizing people, otherwise you will embarrass them.5.Kate pretended to criticize her Chinese business partner with the intention of amusing him.6.In China, you should avoid confrontation with people.7.People in Scotland and Wales will be offended if you call them English.It is because England is not one part of the United Kingdom.8.Rob doses not like to be touched and stared at.9.English people tend to look away when talking to each other.Unit 3Part BTextExercise 1:1.radio/TV2.celebrations/world3. a weekly column/Daily Star4.can't afford5.couple/hundred6.eighteen/age/accepted/adult/vote/buy wines/drive a car7.considered/mature/boys8.Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia, and Senegal.Exercise 2: 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.TPart C1.F2.F3.T4.F5.F6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FPart D1.The reasons why boundaries between countries are fading.2.fading of boundaries of class and caste in societies/relaxation of immigration laws in many counties/freedom for people to convert to other relig ions/birth of the Internet3.They are Christianity, Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam.4.21or more.5.The adoption and circulation of the single currency, the euro.Unit 4Part BTextExercise 1:1.put the OHP on the table2.press the buttons in and lift this part up until it snaps into place3.turn the OHP round so the head is facing towards the screen or a white wall4.plug it in5.switch it on6.place the transparency on the stage7.move the flap up or down to raise or lower the image8.turn the wheel to make the image sharpExercise 2:1.place the OHP about 2 meters from the wall or screen2. a screen works better than a wall3.leave the OHP switched on when using it and place a piece of paper over the glassPart C1.in the address book or contact list2."CCs" stands for copies of a message. when you want other people toget copies of the same email message, you send them "CCs".3.you can copy sentences and paste them in other places4.you can run the spell checker5.you double click the word an type the new word over it.Unit 5Part BTextExercise 1: 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. CExercise 2:1.Firstly, it is a fact that some people were born with better memories.2.Secondly, different things are kept in different parts of the brain. Ideas,words and numbers are stored in the left-hand side and images, soundsand smells in the right-hand side.3.Thirdly, unusual experiences can produce chemicals such as adrenaline in our body which can boost memory.4.Fourthly, how well we remember something is also affected by the context in which we learn about it.5.Finally, the more often you recall a memory, the more likely you are to remember it. If you don't, you lose it.Part C1.Four2.Because Australia is shaped a bit like a dog.3.Break it into smaller ones and then think of what the numbers remindus of.4.Try to follow the directions in our mind.5.Try to build them into a story.Part D1.T2.F3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.TUnit 6Part BTextExercise 1: 1. C 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. A 6. BExercise 2:1.if a man with a fortune cannot make himself easier and freer than those who are not, he gains nothing. Nothing except glittering baggage thatmust be attended to.(d)2.the larger a man's roof, the more snow it collects.(a)3.the lust for comfort is a stealthy thing that enters the house a guest, and then becomes a host, and then a master.(b)4.things are in the saddle, and ride mankind.(c)Part CExercise: 1.c 2.d 3.a 4.b 5.bPart D1.He is CEO and co-founder of John Paul Mitchell Systems2.Hair care products.3.It makes about $200 million in the sales per year.4.He joined forces with his friends Paul Mitchell, who was one for America's most influential hair designers then, and together they introduced arevolutionary hair setting and styling method.5.The successful people persist even during the toughest times, but the unsuccessful give up.6.Because DeJoria believes that fewer people can do more.7.They have 87 employees worldwide although they probably should hirefive or six hundred people.8.They are paid more than others in the industry but hey have to do more as well.9.He thinks it his duty to donate to worthwhile projects and causes.10.Success unshared is a failure.Unit 7Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. AExercise 2:1.Nonsmokers seem to have won the battle because smoking is banned not only inpublic places like theaters and airports but also in all workplaces. The numberof places where people are allowed to smoke has gradually become smaller an smaller.2.They have banned smoking in parks and recreation centers. In Los Angeles, forexample, they have implemented a smoke-free park policy, officially designatingsmoke-free zones in all 375 parks and recreation centers in the city. And since January 1, 2002 all parks in California have become smoke-free to safeguard children from the harmful effects of secondhand tobacco smoke and dangerous tobacco waste.Part CThe World Health Organization has named May 31 as World No Tobacco Day. Mark ing the day this year, the WHO announced that there was a 33 percent growth in the Asian cigarette market from 1999-2000.In Singapore, there has been an increase of smokers, which reflects the popularity of the addictive habit in Asia. Statistics show that seven Singaporeans die every day fro m smoking-related diseases in this country of 3.5 million people.Now, smoking will become socially unacceptable under a campaign by Singapore’s g overnment to use family and social pressure to get smokers to kick the habit. The ca mpaign, launched in April 2002, is the latest weapon employed by the state against t he spreading smoking habit. “Show them you care. Help them stop smoking,” is the campaign’s slogan, aimed at obtaining the help of loved ones to help smokers stop th eir nicotine habit. As part of its effort to discourage smoking, the government of Sin gapore has been putting up advertisements in newspapers, on TV and the Internet, sh owing parents quitting smoking so as not to worry their children.Part DOmittedUnit 8Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. dExercise 2: Medical Record: OmittedPart COld age in the United States presents many problems and 1) opportunities. As a resul t of 2) improved medical services, people live longer than they used to. This increase in 3) longevity creates a wide range of 4)social needs. The medical specialty of gerontology has opened up new research areas and careers related to the elderly.Because of changes in the family structure 5)from extended to nuclear, the elderly h ave to create 6) existence apart from basically small family units. This situation is 7) com plicated by the fact that may of their friends may have died and their children may have moved away.The elderly must set up a new life. Often, 8) the elderly must rely on a fixed incom e—Social Security and pensions—and gradually diminished savings. 9)While some live wi th their children, many more live by themselves, with a friend or in a nursing home.However, the increasing proportions of elderly people in society has given them a ne w political power. 10) They have formed organizations to voice their own needs and conc erns to local, state and federal agencies. Lobbying for such issues as increased Social Sec urity benefits, better health care, income tax benefits and rent controls has brought to the public an increased awareness of the determination of the elderly to assert their ability to deal effectively with their own lives.Part D OmittedUnit 9 Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c 6. d Exercise 2: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F Part C1. A2. B3. D4. C5. D6. A7. C8. BPart D omittedUnit 10 Part BText 1Exercise 1: 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. A 5. D 6. D Exercise 2: omittedPart CProgram: Talk of the NationHost: Jenny ButlerGuest: Dr. James of Maryland UniversityTopic: Internet addictionHarmful effects of Internet addiction: Relationship problems or problems in maintainin g gradesWarning signals showing you are starting to get addicted: Impulse to go online begi ns to affect other areas of life. Begin to feel anxious or depressed or empty or lon ely when not online.How to avoid Internet addiction: Have some sort of balance in life.。
地道英语内参：为什么老外喜欢用名词表达
为什么老外喜欢用名词化表达名词化的结构名词化结构主要是以英语名词短语代替汉语一个句子,它可以避免人称主语,从而防止句子结构过于臃肿。
法律英语常用结构复杂的长句。
从句子特征来看,还是名词结构占优势,而不是从句或动词的优势。
（1）The buyer shall furnish ocean vessels for the transportation of the rice under this contract.（2）The buyers shall give the notice of the vessel’s name beforehand.（3）The storage of the rice shall be done in the way stated.（4）A certificate is needed attesting the existence of such event.1.动词的名词化作为一种专用英语,简洁和客观是经贸英语的灵魂,故在一般英语中用动词表示的内容,经贸英语却惯于将动词名词化,并由此产生一个名词化结构,让原来的施动意义隐含在结构的深层里。
把动词名词化,表述从“动”转为“静”,语言变得更为客观;使用动词名词化结构,可以替代一个从句甚至一个句子,语言变得更为简洁。
1.1动词名词化的基本形式就形态变化而言,经贸英语动词的名词化通常有两种:一是后缀派生法,即把-al, -sion, -tion, -ment等后缀分别加在不同的动词词尾,在句法研究中这种词称为动词派生名词(deverbal noun);二是零位派生法(zero derivation),也就是说不借助后缀直接由动词转化为名词,本文将这种词称为动词转类名词(conversion noun)。
例如:(1) the conclusion of difficult negotiations(2) the formulation of export sales contracts(3) the participation in GATT(4) the involvement in international economy and trade activities(5) a decline in industrial production and a marked upturn in inflation(6) the fall in the growth rate of the world economy1.2动词名词化结构的两种形态动词名词化时,动词原来所带的客体和主体转化为名的修饰语或附加成分后,就构成了一个动词名词化结构,常见的形式有两种:一是动词原来所带的客体由一个介词(其中及物动词介词of)或不定式符号to引导,接在动词派生名词或动词类名词后面,形成一个后置修饰语,而主体往往以名词的格形式转化为动词派生名词或动词转类名词的前置修饰语例如:(7) Recently China reduced tariffs substantially.(8) China’s recent substantial reduction of tariffs(9) Ericsson studied the target market carefully.(10) Ericsson’s careful study of the target market(11) The new-to-export firm failed to treat international distributors on an equal basis with domestic counterparts.(12) the new-to-export firm’s failure to treat international distributors on a equal basis with domestic counterparts二是客体和主体均转化为后置修饰语,客体在前,由一个介词(其中及物动词由介词of)或不定式符号to引导;主在后,通常由介词by引导。
全新版大学英语综合教程第四册第四单元讲义
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
Unit 4 Globalization Supplementary Reading
Part Division of the Text Match the ideas Further Understanding
Before Reading
China and the WEF
Before Reading
Global Reading Detailed Reading
After Reading
Unit 4 Globalization Supplementary Reading
The World Economic Forum An independent, international organization incorporated as a Swiss not-for-profit foundation whose motto is “DeetaniletdrReeapdinrgeneurship in the global public interest”. It believes that economic progress without social development is not sustainable, while social development without economic progress is not feasible.
Unit 4 Globalization
Before Reading Global Reading Detailed Reading After Reading Supplementary Reading
2004年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试题及答案
2004年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试题2004 National English Contest for College Students(Preliminary)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 minutes, 30 points)Section A Dialogues (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short dialogues. At the end of each dialogue, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once. After each question ,there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.1. A. In San Francisco. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. In a post office.2. A. The woman is going out to lunch.B. The woman wants to eat some chocolate.C. The woman will go to a convenience store.D. The woman will be back in 30 minutes.3. A. By car. B. By plane.C. By train.D. By ferry.4. A. She had lost her job.B. She didn’t know the mayor.C. She was mistaken.D. The man misunderstood her.5. A. He needs some tomato juice.B. His shirt is stained.C. He needs his shirt by tomorrow.D. His shirt is missing.6. A. To a meeting. B. To the office.C. To a restaurant.D. To a bowling class.7. A. Give the woman some medicine.B. Find out more about the woman’s injury.C. Test the strength of the woman’s shoulder.D. Go skiing with the woman.8. A. Excited.B. Thankful.C. Somewhat disappointed.D. Somewhat bothered.9. A. When her family celebration is over.B. After the man graduates from school.C. After they have some pictures taken together.D. When she has bought her cap and gown.10. A. By continuous assessment.B. By giving a per cent.C. By giving grade.D. By means of exams.Section B News Items (10 points)Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short pieces of news from BBC or VOA. After each news item and question,there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the three choices marked A, B and C, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.11. A. Under the age of four.B. Under the age of five.C. Under the age of six.12. A. Beijing’s successful bid for the 2008 Olympic Games.B. The Organizing Committee of the 2008 Olympic Games.C. The large market of the Olymic brand.13. A. To keep the code for its Windows operating system a secret.B. To design some new computer software.C. To persuade more PC users to adopt the Windows operating system.14. A. One. B. Ten. C. Thirty.15. A. No. B. Yes. C. Not mentioned.16. A. More than 500 dollars.B. A little more than three dollars.C. Less than three dollars.17. A. Because the Iraqi economy has gradually risen after the war.B. Because Iraqi people trust the new dinar more.C. Both A and B.18. A. Five. B. Six. C. Seven.19. A. Low fruit and vegetable intake.B. Smoking and little exercise.C. Unhealthy diet.20. A. The euro has risen in value.B. The US dollar has risen in value.C. German economy has slided into recession.Section C Passages (10 points)Directions:In this section, you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear 5 questions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage One21. A. Jazz. B. Indian. C. Country. D. Pop.22. A. Their hairstyles. B. Their humor.C. Their clothing.D. All of the above.23. A. America. B. England.C. Italy.D. Canada.24. A. The Beatles were formed in England.B. The Beatles had a successful movie career.C. The Beatles are regarded as one of the finest jazz groups.D. The Beatles first recorded music in 1962.25. A. Seventeen. B. Twenty-eight.C. Twenty-two.D. Twelve.Passage Two26. A. Because he regarded the bear as his friend.B. Because the bear was beautiful.C. Because he considered it poor sportsmanship to shoot a tied-up animal.D. Because bears are not dangerous animals.27. A. Because Teddy is the nickname for Theodore Roosevelt.B. Because it was then the usual practice to do so.C. Because it was the first time to name toy bears Teddy Bears.D. Because the toy bear was made to look a bit like the President.28. A. People collect Teddy Bears.B. Teddy Bears can be found in museums.C. The first Teddy Bear was made by Mr. Mitchtom’s wife.D. President Roosevelt shot the black bear in 1902.29. A. Seven. B. Six. C. Two. D. Five.30. A. He moved to Florida.B. He became President.C. He drew cartoons.D. He started a toy company.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10 minutes, 20 points)Section A Multiple Choice (10 points)Directions:There are 7 incomplete sentences and 3 incomplete dialogues in this section. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentences and dialogues. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.31. Never________the power of your actions. With one small gesture you can change a person’s life.A. underestimateB. overvalueC. misuseD. dismiss32. Scientists have warned that penguins in the Antarctic could bevery________to changes in climate and could be threatened by anylong-term temperature shifts.A. superstitiousB. acceptableC. suspiciousD. susceptible33. Since settling in Scotland I ________ golf as a hobby.A. have taken upB. took upC. have taken inD. took in34. She often thinks that her six years in Italy were wasted,________she________ that time learning more Italian.A. but that; might have takenB. for that; should have foundC. in that; could have spentD. with that; would have used35. He constantly________his proposal that________of the budget surplus be used to offer a voluntary prescription drug benefit to seniors.A. views; manyB. reiterates; a partC. complains; a great amountD. thinks; lots36. ________Alan’s amazement, the passport office was closed when he arrived.A. WithB. ForC. ToD. Of37. I was asked the other day whether high and low pressure systems were________the central pressure.A. maintained toB. determined byC. generated withinD. preserved to38. Bob: What are you reading, Frank?Tom: It’s this week’s New Scientist, why?Bob: I was just wondering—________, but I’ve never actually read it myself. Is it aimed at real scientists or can ordinary people like meunderstand it?A. it’s for anyone reallyB. where I can buy itC. it seems very expensiveD. it looks interesting39. Girl: Hi Paul—looking forward to your holiday?Boy: Oh, yeah—it’s going to be great. Though I’m a bit worried that I’ve packed the wrong clothes. I don’t think the weather’s going to be as good as I hoped.Girl:________Boy: That’s right—my first flight.A. Everything will be OK, isn’t it?B. You’re flying on Saturday, aren’t you?C. It’s far from here, as everybody knows.D. That’s a good idea, anyway.40. John: What plastic products do you have in mind that are easy to recycle?Tom: Shampoo bottles, detergent bottles, medicine bottles, food containers, etc. They are all easily collectable and reusable.John: ________, but actually I think you are missing the point of recycling. It doesn’t just mean using old bottles again and again for the same purpose. What it means these days is melting the plastics down and building them up again into some completely new product.A. Not too badB. Something is wrongC. You’re right thereD. It’s a new ideaSection B Cloze-Test (10 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks in the passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Ask most people for their list of Top Ten fears, and you’ll be sure to find being burgled fairly high on the list. An informal survey I carried out among friends at a party last week (41)________that eight of them had their homes broken into more than twice, and two had been burgled five times.To put the record (42)________, none of my friends owns valuable paintings or a sideboard full of family silverware. Three of them are students, in fact. The most (43)________burglary, it seems, involves the theft of easily transportable items—the television, the video, even food from the freezer. This may have something to do with the fact that the average burglaris(44)________his (or her) late teens, and probably wouldn’t know what to do with a Picasso, (45)________selling a Walkman or a vacuum cleaner is a much easier matter. They are perhaps not so much (46)________criminals as hard-up young people who need a few pounds and some excitement. (47)________that this makes having your house turned upside down and your favourite things stolen any easier to accept. In most cases, the police have no luck (48)________any of the stolen goods. Unless there is any (49)________evidence, they are probably unable to do anything at all. And alarms or special locks don’t seem to help either. The only advice my friends could (50)________up with was “Never live on the ground floor” and “Keep two or three very fierce dogs”.41. A. released B. revealed C. reclaimed D. redeemed42. A. straight B. clear C. apparent D. correct43. A. typical B. abnormal C. hazardous D. vicious44. A. near B. in C. beyond D. out of45. A. whereas B. whenever C. however D. once46. A. serious B. professional C. efficient D. perfect47. A. Given B. Even C. Not D. Despite48. A. seizing B. withdrawing C. seeking D. recovering49. A. distinguishable B. obscure C. outstanding D. definite50. A. come B. catch C. keep D. putPart III Word Guessing and IQ Test (5 minutes, 10 points)Section A Word Guessing (5 points)51. Social capital has become a mantra for politicians and policymakers: they see it as a bulwark against society’s ills and a means of multiplying the effects of financial investment in social projects.A. measurementB. defenseC. treatmentD. complaint52. Her desire for anonymity soon became apparent when she refused to answer questions about her identity.A. recognitionB. concealmentC. vanityD. success53. “Gentlemen,” replied Candide, with a most engaging modesty, “you do me much honor, but upon my word I have no money.”A. you help me a lotB. you are greatC. it’s very generous of you to say soD. that’s a great honor for me54. When it comes to listening to the opinions of members of your school community, do you think you are already “all ears?”A. in full strengthB. bearing ideas in mindC. ready to listen attentivelyD. having enough preparation55. That extremely indolent student will clean out his desk when pigs fly or I am much mistaken as to his character.A. soonB. neverC. sometimeD. oftenSection B IQ Test (5 points)56. Sally had a third again as many as David, who had a third as many again as Francis. Altogether they had 111. How many did David have?A. 27B. 32C. 36D. 4857. What letter should replace the question mark?A. TB. SC. ID. N58. BONA FIDE is to genuine as DE FACTO is to________.A. togetherB. actualC. reasonD. assumed59. How many revolutions must the largest cog make in order to bring the cogs back to their original positions?A. 56B. 48C. 36D. 1260. The diagram shows a small village church. There is a door in the west end, seen in the diagram. There is a tower at the east end of the church with a window set in its east wall. This wall is hidden in the diagram.There is also a door in the tower. Which of these is most likely to be the view of the eastern end of the church?Part IV Reading Comprehension (25 minutes,30 points)Directions:In this part there are 5 passages with 30 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully. Then answer the questions in the fewest possible words(not exceeding 10 words). Remember to rewrite the answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 61 to 66 are based on the following passage:Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helps to preserve it, and that the easiest way to do this is to expose the food to sun and wind.Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California, South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general, the fruit is spread out on trays in drying yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears, peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes of burning sulphur before drying. Plums, for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightlyand remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate ofdrying.Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically. The conventional method of such dehydration is to put food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110℃ at entry to about 43℃ at exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder. Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried separately and then mixed.Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it takes so little time to cook them. Usually it is just a case of replacing the dried-out moisture with boiling water.Questions:61. Fruit is sun-dried generally on________.62. Why are sulphur fumes used before drying some fruits?63. Where are vegetables commonly dried nowadays?64. If soup requires recognizable pieces of meat, they are________.65. Dried foods are often used by________, ________and________.66. Why do housewives like dried foods?Questions 67 to 72 are based on the following passage:Hollywood writers honor Coppo la, “Splendor”Sunday, February 22, 2004 Posted: 9:56 AM EST (14:56 GMT)LOS ANGELES, California (Reuters) —Hollywood’s screenwriters Saturday snubbed the final installment of the highly acclaimed Lord of theRings trilogy andinstead awarded a keyprize to a low-budgetfilm based on a comicbook writer.AmericanSplendor, whichrevolves around thetravails of comicsconnoisseur HarveyPekar, won the WritersGuild of America Awardfor best adaptedscreenplay, while writer/ director SofiaCoppola’s Lost inTranslation, about apair of mismatched Americans languishing in Tokyo, nabbed the trophy for original screenplay.The American Splendor screenplay was written by the film’s directors, Robert Springer and Shari Springer Berman, who were not present at the awards. The Writers Guild of America Awards were handed out simultaneously in Los Angeles and New York.Coppola said she was excited to be honored by the union.“I find it difficult to write, so it’s very encouraging and exciting to get an award,” C oppola told Reuters after the event.Coppola’s competition was Gurinder Chadha, Paul Mayeda Berges and Guljit Bindra for Bend It Like Beckham, Steven Knight for Dirty Pretty Things, Irish director Jim Sheridan and his daughters Naomi and Kirsten for In America, and first-time writer / director Tom McCarthy for The Station Agent.The other adapted screenplay nominees were director Peter Jackson, Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens for The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Anthony Minghella for Cold Mountain, Brian Helgeland for Mystic River, and writer / director Gary Ross for Seabiscuit.Coppola, Knight and the Sheridans will vie for the Academy Award next week, along with the writers of The Barbarian Invasions and Finding Nemo.Apart from Cold Mountain, all the Writers Guild of America adaptedscreenplay contenders will compete for the Oscar, along with the Brazilian drama City of God.In the last 12 years, eight of the Writers Guild of America adapted screenplay winners and seven of its original screenplay winners have gone on to Oscar glory.Lost in Translation has already picked up three Golden Globes—an Oscar bell-wether—including best screenplay. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, which has 11 Oscar nominations, has collected fourG olden Globes and prizes from Hollywood’s producers and directors guilds.Questions:67. What does American Splendor mainly write about?68. Sofia Coppola’s Lost inTranslation won the Writers Guild ofAmerica Award for________.69. The Writers Guild of AmericaAwards were offered at the same timein________and________.70. How did Coppola feel about hergetting the award?71. List at least 3 movies thatcompeted with Lost in Translation.72. How many Writers Guild ofAmerica screenplay winners have goneon to Oscar glory in the last 12 years?Questions 73 to 78 are based on the following passage:The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances, most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and anaesthetics.In the early years of last century there was little specialization in surgery.A good surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. Theheart can be safely opened and its valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life.The scope of surgery has increased remarkably in 20th century. Its safety has increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910 and surgery has been extended in many directions,for example to certain types of birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving operations for the octogenarian.The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to as little as a week for most major operations.Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such as the lens of the eye.One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants. Until a few years ago, no person, except an indentical twin, was able to accept into his body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually causing death. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reasonably successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.“Spare parts” surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you,“Yes, I think it is possible to operate on you for this condition.”Questions:73. Most people are afraid of being operated on in spite of________.74.A patient can still live a comfortable and satisfactory life even after the removal of________.75. Today deaths from most operations are about ________of what they were in 1910.76. What’s the main difficulty in organ transplanting?77. Is “spare parts” surgery possible now?78. You can be happy if your surgeon can operate because itmeans________.Questions 79 to 84 are based on the following passage:Sales of anti-ageing skin treatments have reached a new high as British women try to stay younger longer (writes Joanna Bale). But according to a recent survey of those aged between 35 and 55 there are significant regional variations in annual spend on these cosmetics.While the average woman thinks costs of ￡200 a year acceptable—almost treble the ￡75 of three years ago—some fork out ￡500, according to the survey of over 2,000 women nationwide by the beauty company Olay.Brows will wrinkle at the differences in yearly spend on anti-ageing treatments across major cities: the ladies of Edinburgh spent least, just ￡50 a year, while those in Leeds spend most, at a staggering ￡500. London women most commonly spend ￡200 annually, and those in Manchester give themselves a modest yearly budget of ￡100.Equally surprising are the results among 40-somethings. Single womenspend the least on indulging their desire for facial rejuvenation, with only 25 per cent forking out on skincare products or treatments. This figure rises to just over 31 per cent of married women and a similar figure for those who are unmarried with partners.By far the biggest spenders are the 50 per cent of divorcees who feel the pressure to invest heavily in their facial futures.The survey highlighted two groups who spend significant sums on enhancing their appearances—“Sindies” (single income now divorced), and women in their 40s who use their looks to get ahead.The survey also found that although women wanted to “de-age” they had a holistic view of beauty and embraced a realistic and natural approach to looking good.Questions:79. Compared with that of three years ago, the average British woman’s annual spend on cosmetics has almost________.80. Women in________spend most on cosmetics according to the survey.81. The ladies of Birmingham as well as those in ________spend ￡100a year on antiageing treatments.82. ________and________spend more on indulging their desire for facial rejuvenation than single women.83. Enhancing appearances plays an important role in the lifeof________and________.84. After reading the passage, what do you learn about the sales ofanti-ageing skin treatments now in Britain?Questions 85 to 90 are based on the following passage:It is hard to get any agreement on the precise meaning of the term “social class”. In everyday life, people tend to have a different approach to those they consider higher or lower than themselves in the social scale. The criteria we use to “place” a new acquaintance, however, are a complex mixture of factors. Dress, way of speaking, area of residence in a given city or province, education and manners all play a part.In ancient civilizations, the Sumerian, for example,social differences were based on birth,status or rank,rather than on wealth. Four main classes were recognized. These were the rulers, the priestly administrators, the freemen (such as craftsmen,merchants or farmers) and the slaves.In Greece, after the sixth-century B.C., there was a growing conflict between the peasants and the landed aristocrats, and a gradual decrease in the power of the aristocracy when a kind of “middle class” of traders and skilled workers grew up. The population of Athens,for example, was divided into three main classes which were politically and legally distinct. Aboutone-third of the total were slaves, who did not count politically at all, a fact often forgotten by those who praise Athens as the nursery of democracy. The next main group consisted of resident foreigners, the “metics”, who were freemen, though they too were allowed no share in political life. The third group was the powerful body of “citizens”, who were themselves divided into subclasses.In ancient Rome, too, a similar struggle between the plebs, or working people, and the landed families was a recurrent feature of social life.The medieval feudal system, which flourished in Europe from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, gave rise to a comparatively simple system based on birth.Under the king there were two main classes—lords and “vassals”, the latter with many subdivisions. The vassal owed the lord fidelity, obedience and aid, especially in the form of military service. The lord in return owed his vassal protection and an assured livelihood.In the later Middle Ages, however, the development of a money economy and the growth of cities and trade led to the rise of another class, the “burghers” or city merchants and mayors. These were the predecessors of the modern middle classes. Gradually high office and occupation assumed importance in determining social position, as it became more and more possible for a person born to one station in life to move to another. This change affected the towns more than the country areas, where remnants of feudalism lasted much longer.Questions:85. List at least three common criteria for tel ling a person’s social position.86. What were the four main classes in the Sumerian civilization?87. Slaves in Greece in the sixth century B.C. werenot________significant.88. The struggle between the plebs and the landed families wasa________feature of social life.89. The metics,one of the three classes of Greece, consisted mainlyof________.90. What did the development of a money economyand the growth of cities and trade lead to?Part V Error Correction (5 minutes,10 points)Directions:The following passage contains 9 errors. In each case only one word is involved. You should proofread the passage on the Answer Sheet and correct it in the following way:EXAMPLEOne night,quite late,I was still awake in the room I am shared with1. ammy husband. I was lying on my right side and can hear a child crying. 2. couldGetting up,I went ∧ see if our son was all right. 3. toHe was sleeping soundly,breathing deeply and gently. 4. √If the air in New York seems a little less grimy this spring, thank Rudolph Giuliani. On January 10th, after months of burning debate, the city’snon-smoke mayor91.________signed the Smoke-Free Air Act. From April 10th smoking will be stubbed out(碾灭) in restaurants catering for more than 35 people, a move that will hit about half the city’s 11,000 eating places. Nicotine addicts will also smoked out at work, except92.________in ventilated smoking rooms or offices occupied by no more than three consenting adults. More radically, outdoor seating areas will also become smoke zones.93.________Come the new baseball season, fans at Yankee Stadium will be breaking the law if they light up.New York joins well over 100 American cities—and four states—that have passed laws banned smoking94.________in public places. More than a third of American companies now forbid smoking in the workplace, up to95.________a mere 20% in 1986. And the tobacco industry, which in America alone has annual sales of close to ＄50 billion, is watching its profits go down in smoke.96.________The industry may never recover. Polls suggest that nine out of ten Americans are irritated by cigarette smoke. With good reason. In 1993 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified97.________“second-hand” smoke as a health hazard—one that,according to the EPA, causes 3,000 non-smokers to die from lung cancer each year.98.________New Yorkers must now wait and see if the pro-smoking lobby’s alarming predictions of citywide economical collapse come true. Tobacco99.________company Philip Morris may show the way. Last year it threatened to move its 2,000 head-office employee out100.________ of the city if the smoking ban became law.Part VI Translation (10 minutes, 20 points)。
2010年英语专业四级考试全真试题及讲解
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TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 135 MINPART I DICTATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning? For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1. The following details have been checked during theconversation EXCEPTA. number of travelers.B. number of tour days.C. flight details.D. room services.2. What is included in the price?A. Air tickets and local transport.B. Local transport and meals.C. Air tickets, local transport and breakfast.D. Air tickets, local transport and all meals.3. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. The traveler is reluctant to buy travel insurance.B. The traveler is ready to buy travel insurance.C. The traveler doesn't have to buy travel insurance.D. Travel insurance is not mentioned in the conversation.Questions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of theconversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.4. Which of the following details is CORRECT?A. Mark knows the exact number of airport buses.B. Mark knows the exact number of delegates' spouse.C. Mark doesn't know the exact number of delegates yet.D. Mark doesn't know the number of guest speakers.5. What does Linda want to know?A. The arrival time of guest speakers.B. The departure time of guest speakers.C. The type of transport for guest speakers.D. The number of guest speakers.6. How many performances have been planned for the conference?A. One.B. Two.C. Three.D. Not mentioned.7. Who will pay for the piano performance?A. Pan-Pacific T ours.B. Johnson & Sons Events.C. Conference delegates.D. An airline company.Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.8. What is NOT missing in Mary's briefcase?A. Her cheque book.B. Her papers for work.C. Her laptop.D. Her appointment book.9. Where was Mary the whole morning?A. At the police station.B. At a meeting.C. In her client's office.D. In the restaurant.10. Why was Mary sure that the briefcase was hers in the end?A. The papers inside had the company's name.B. The briefcase was found in the restaurant.C. The restaurant manager telephoned James.D. The cheque book inside bore her name.SECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully andthen answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. We learn from the passage that about two-thirds of the courses are taught throughA. the School of Design and Visual ArtsB. the School of Social Work.C. the School of Business.D. the Arts and Sciences program.12. What is the cost of undergraduate tuition?A. Twenty thousand dollars.B. Thirty thousand dollars.C. Twenty-seven thousand dollars.D. Thirty-eight thousand dollars.13. International students can receive all the following types of financial assistance EXCEPTA. federal loans.B. private loans.C. scholarships.D. monthly payment plans.Questions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.14. According to the passage, mothers in spend more timelooking after children.A. FranceB. AmericaC. DenmarkD. Australia15. Which of the following activities would Australian fathers traditionally participate in?A. Feeding and playing with children.B. Feeding and bathing children.C. Taking children to the park and to school.D. Taking children to watch sports events.16. According to the study, the "new man" likes toA. spend more time at work.B. spend more time with children.C. spend time drinking after work.D. spend time on his computer.17. It is suggested in the passage that the "new man" might be less acceptable inA. France.B. Britain.C. Australia.D. Denmark.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. The services of the new partnership are provided mainly toA. mothers of infected babies.B. infected children and women.C. infected children in cities.D. infected women in cities.19. Which of the following details about Family Health International is INCORRECT?A. It is a nonprofit organization.B. It provides public health services.C. It carries out research on public health.D. It has worked in five countries till now.20. The example of Cambodia mainly showsA. the importance of government support.B. the importance of public education efforts.C. the progress the country has made so far.D. the methods used to fight AIDS.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. According to the news, the victim wasA. a 17-year-old girl.B. a 15-year-old boy.C. a 23-year-old woman.D. an 18-year-old man.22. We learn from the news that the suspects were arrestedA. one month later.B. two months later.C. immediately.D. two weeks later.Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item,you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.23. The Iraqi parliament can vote on the security agreement only afterA. all parties have agreed on it.B. the US troops have pulled out.C. the Cabinet has reviewed it.D. the lawmakers have returned from Mecca.24. According to the news, the US troops are expected to completely pull out byA. mid-2009.B. the end of 2009.C. mid-2011.D. the end of 2011.Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.25. The following are involved in the operations to rescue the children in Honduras EXCEPTA. the police.B. the district attorney.C. the prison authorities.D. Institute of Childhood and Family.26. What punishment would parents face if they allowed their children to beg?A. To be imprisoned and fined.B. To have their children taken away.C. To be handed over to the authorities.D. None.Question 27 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question.Now, listen to the news.27. What is the news item about?A. Coastlines in Italy.B. Public use of the beach.C. Swimming and bathing.D. Private bathing clubs.Question 28 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 5 seconds to answer the question.Now, listen to the news.28. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the news?A. The airport was shut down for Friday.B. There was a road accident involving two buses.C. Local shops were closed earlier than usual.D. Bus service was stopped for Friday.Questions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. How many people were rescued from the apartment building?A. 17.B. 24.C. 21.D. 41.30. Which of the following details in the news is CORRECT?A. The rescue operation involved many people.B. The cause of the explosions has been determined.C. Rescue efforts were stopped on Thursday.D. The explosions didn't destroy the building.PART III CLOZE [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on ANSWER SHEET TWO.How men first learned to invent words is unknown; (31) , the origin of language is a mystery. All we really know is that men, unlike animals, somehow invented certain (32) to express thoughts and feelings, actions and things, (33) they could communicate with each other; and that later they agreed (34) certain signs, called letters, which could be (35) to represent those sounds, and which could be (36) . Those sounds, whether spoken, (37) written in letters, we call words.The power of words, then, lies in their (38) -the things they bring up before our minds. Words become (39) with meaning for us by experience; (40) the longer we live, the more certain words(41) to us the happy and sad events of our past; and the more we(42) , the more the number of words that mean something to us(43) .Great writers are those who not only have great thoughts but also express these thoughts in words which appeal (44) to our minds and emotions. This (45) and telling use of words is what we call (46) style. Above all, the real poet is a master of (47) . He can convey his meaning in words which sing like music, and which (48) their position and association can (49) men to tears. We should, therefore, learn to choose our words carefully and usethem accurately, or they will (50) our speech or writing silly and vulgar.(31) A. in addition B. in other words C. in a word D. in summary(32) A. sounds B. gestures C. signs D. movements(33) A. such that B. as that C. so that D. in that(34) A. in B. with C. of D. upon(35) A. spelt B. combined C. written D copied(36) A. written down B. handed down C. remembered D. observed(37) A. and B. yet C. also D. or(38) A. functions B. associations C. roles D. links(39) A. filled B. full C. live D. active(40) A. but B. or C. yet D. and(41) A. reappear B. recall C. remember D. recollect(42) A. read and think B. read and recall C. read and learn D. read and recite(43) A. raises B. increases C. improves D. emerges(44) A. intensively B. extensively C. broadly D. powerfully(45) A. charming B. academic C. conventional D. common(46) A. written B. spoken C. literary D. dramatic(47) A. signs B. words C. style D. sound(48) A. in B. on C. over D. by(49) A. move B. engage C. make D. force(50) A. transform B. change C. make D. convertPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.51. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates CAUSE?A. Why don't you do it for the sake of your friends?B. I wish I could write as well as you.C. For all his efforts, he didn't get an A.D. Her eyes were red from excessive reading.52. Nancy's gone to work but her car's still there. She by bus.A. must have goneB. should have goneC. ought to have goneD. could have gone53. He feels that he is not yet to travel abroad.A. too strongB. enough strongC. so strongD. strong enough54. After seemed an endless wait, it was his turn to enter the personnel manager's office.A. thatB. itC. whatD. there55. Fool Jerry is, he could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. likeD. that56. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. They each have two tickets.B. They cost twenty yuan each.C. Each they have bought the same book.D. They were given two magazines each.57. She seldom goes to the theatre, ？A. doesn't sheB. does sheC. would sheD. wouldn't she58. Dr Johnson is head of the department, an expert in translation.A. orB. eitherC. butD. and59. When one has good health, should feel fortunate.A. youB. theyC. heD. we60. It is necessary that he the assignment without delay.A. hand inB. hands inC. must hand inD. has to hand in61. In the sentence "It's no use waiting for her", the italicized phrase isA. the objectB. an adverbialC. a complementD. the subject62. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT?A. All his lectures are very interesting.B. Half their savings were gone.C. Many his friends came to the party.D. Both his sisters are nurses.63. Which of the following sentences has an object complement?A. The directors appointed John manager.B. I gave Mary a Christmas present.C. You have done Peter a favour.D. She is teaching children English.64. Which of the following words can NOT be used to complete "We've seen the film "?A. beforeB. recentlyC. latelyD. yet65. should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.A. To be not tallB. Not being tallC. Being not tallD. Not to be tall66. Due to personality , the two colleagues never got on well in work.A. contradictionB. conflictC. confrontationD. competition67. During the summer vacation, kids are often seen hanging in the streets.A. aboutB. onC. overD. out68. There were 150 at the international conference this summer.A. spectatorsB. viewersC. participantsD. onlookers69. School started on a cold day in February.A. severeB. bitterC. suchD. frozen70. In the face of unexpected difficulties, he demonstrated a talent for quick, action.A. determiningB. defensiveC. demandingD. decisive71. The team has been working overtime on the research projectA. latelyB. just nowC. lateD. long ago72. Because of the economic crisis, industrial output in the region remainedA. motionlessB. inactiveC. stagnantD. immobile73. The police had difficulty in the fans from rushing on to the stage to take photos with the singer.A. limitingB. restrainingC. confiningD. restricting74. Joan is in the dorm, putting the final to her speech.A. detailsB. remarksC. commentsD. touches75. His in gambling has eventually brought about his ruin.A. indulgenceB. habitC. actionD. engagement76. The teacher told the students to stay in the classroom and they didA. absolutelyB. accidentallyC. accordinglyD. accurately77. You can actually see the deer at close range while driving through that area. The italicized phrase means .A. clearlyB. very nearC. quicklyD. very hard78. He listened hard but still couldn't what they were talking about.A. make overB. make upC. make uponD. make out79. For the advertised position, the company offers a(n) salary and benefits package.A. generousB. plentifulC. abundantD. sufficient80. As there was no road, the travelers up a rocky slope on their way back.A. ranB. hurriedC. scrambledD. crawledPART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.TEXT AWhat is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry, geology, engineering, medicine or any other science?We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that ourprogress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment.The second aspect is the application by all members of society of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity - he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies logical thought to the observations he makes. He utilizes the facts he observes to the fullest extent. For example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum.He is skeptical - he does not accept statements which are not based on the mostcomplete evidence available - and therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them.Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable ofscientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb objective investigation.Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place.These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist thinks and acts.81. Many people believe that science helps society progress throughA. applied knowledge.B. more than one aspect.C. technology only.D. the use of machines.82. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about curiosity?A. It gives the scientist confidence and pleasure in work.B. It gives rise to interest in problems that are unexplained.C. It leads to efforts to investigate potential connections.D. It encourages the scientist to look for new ways of acting.83. According to the passage, a successful scientist would notA. easily believe in unchecked statements.B. easily criticize others' research work.C. always use his imagination in work.D. always use evidence from observation84. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Application of technology.B. Progress in modem society.C. Scientists' ways of thinking and acting.D. How to become a successful scientist.85. What is the author's attitude towards the topic?A. Critical.B. Objective.C. Biased.D. Unclear.TEXT BOver the past several decades, the U.S., Canada, and Europe have received a great deal of media and even research attention over unusual phenomena and unsolved mysteries. These include UFOs as well as sightings and encounters with "nonhuman creatures" such as Bigfoot and the Loch Ness monster. Only recently has Latin America begun to receive some attention as well. Although the mysteries of the Aztec,Mayan, and Inca civilizations have been known for centuries, now the public is also becoming aware of unusual, paranormal phenomena in countries such as Peru.The Nazca“lines” of Peru were discovered in the 1930s. These lines are deeply carved into a flat, stony plain, and form about 300 intricate pictures of animals such as birds, a monkey, and a lizard. Seen at ground level, the designs are a jumbled senseless mess. The images are so large that they can only be viewed at a height of 1,000 feet - meaning from an aircraft. Yet there were no aircraft in 300 B.C., when it is judged the designs were made. Nor were there then, or are there now, any nearby mountain ranges from which to view them. So how and why did the native people of Nazca create these marvelous designs? One answer appeared in 1969, when the German researcher and writer Erich von Daniken proposed that the lines were drawn by extraterrestrials as runways for their aircraft. The scientificcommunity did not take long to scoff at and abandon von Daniken's theory. Over the years several other theories have been put forth, but none has been accepted by the scientific community.Today there is a new and heightened interest in the Nazca lines. It is a direct result of the creation of the Interment. Currently there are over 60 sites dedicated to this mystery from Latin America's past, and even respected scientists have joined the discussion through e-mail and chat rooms.Will the Interment help explain these unsolved mysteries? Perhaps it is a step in the right direction.86. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. Latin America has long received attention for unusual phenomena.B. Public attention is now directed towards countries like Peru.C. Public interest usually focuses on North America and Europe.D. Some ancient civilizations have unsolved mysteries.87. According to the passage, the Nazca lines were foundA. in mountains.B. in stones.C. on animals.D. on a plain.88. We can infer from the passage that the higher the lines are seen, the the images they present.A. smallerB. largerC. clearerD. brighter89. There has been increasing interest in the Nazca lines mainly because ofA. the participation of scientists.B. the emergence of the Interment.C. the birth of new theories.D. the interest in the Interment.90. The author is about the role of the Interment in solving mysteries.A. cautiousB. pessimisticC. uncertainD. optimisticTEXT CGraduation speeches are a bit like wedding toasts. A few are memorable. The rest tend to trigger such thoughts as, "Why did I wear such uncomfortable shoes?"But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger. Every year a few colleges and universities in the US attract attention because they've managed to book high-profile speakers. And, every year, the media report some of these speakers' wise remarks.Last month, the following words of wisdom were spread:"You really haven't completed the circle of success unless you can help somebody else move forward." (Oprah Winfrey, Duke University)"There is no way to stop change; change will come. Go out and give us a future worthy of the world we all wish to create together." (Hillary Clinton, New York University)"This really is your moment. History is yours to bend." (Joe Biden, Wake Forest University)Of course, the real "get" of the graduation season was first lady Michelle Obama's appearance at the University of California, Merced. "Remember that you are blessed," she told the class of 2009, "Remember that in exchange for those blessings, you must give something back... As advocate and activist Marian Wright Edelman says, 'Service is the rent we pay for living ... it is the true measure, the only measure of success'."Calls to service have a long, rich tradition in these speeches. However, it is possible for a graduation speech to go beyond clich6 and say something truly compelling. The late writer David Foster Wallace's 2005 graduation speech at Kenyon College in Ohio talked about how to truly care about other people. It gained something of a cult after it was widely circulated on the Interment. Apple Computer CEO Steve Jobs' address at Stanford University that year, in which he talked about death, is also considered one of the best in recent memory.But when you're sitting in the hot sun, fidgety and freaked out, do you really want to be lectured about the big stuff? Isn't that like trying to maintain a smile at your wedding reception while some relative gives a toast that amounts to "marriage is hard work"? You know he's right; you just don't want to think about it at that particular moment. In fact, as is the case in many major life moments, you can't really manage to think beyond the blisters your new shoes are causing.That may seem anticlimactic. But it also gets to the heart of one of life's greatest, saddest truths: that our most "memorable" occasions may elicit the fewest memories. It's probably not something most graduation speakers would say, but it's one of the first lessons of growing up.91. According to the passage, most graduation speechestend to recall memories.A. greatB. trivialC. unforgettableD. unimaginative92. "But graduation speeches are less about the message than the messenger" is explainedA. in the final paragraph.B. in the last but one paragraph.C. in the first paragraph.D. in the same paragraph.93. The graduation speeches mentioned in the passage are related to the following themes EXCEPTA. death.a. success.C. service.D. generosity.94. It is implied in the passage that at great moments people fail toA. remain clear-headed.B. keep good manners.C. remember others' words.D. recollect specific details.95. What is "one of the first lessons of growing up"?A. Attending a graduation ceremony.B. Listening to graduation speeches.C. Forgetting details of memorable events.D. Meeting high-profile graduation speakers.TEXT DCultural rules determine every aspect of food consumption.Who eats together defines social units. For example, in some societies, the nuclear family is the unit that regularly eats together. The anthropologist Mary Douglas has pointed out that, for the English, the kind of meal and the kind of food that is served relate to the kinds of social links between people who are eating together. She distinguishes between regular meals, Sunday meals when relatives may come, and cocktail parties for acquaintances. The food served symbolizes the occasion and reflects who is present. For example, only snacks are served at a cocktail party. It would be inappropriate to serve a steak or hamburgers. The distinctions among cocktails, regular meals, and special dinners mark the social boundaries between those guests who are invited for drinks, those who are invited to dinner, and those who come to a family meal. In this example, the type of food symbolizes the category of guest and with whom it is eaten.In some New Guinea societies, the nuclear family is not the unit that eats together. The men take their meals in a men's house, separately from their wives and children. Women prepare and eat their food in their own houses and take the husband's portion to the men's house. The women eat with their children in their own houses. This pattern is also widespread among Near Eastern societies.Eating is a metaphor that is sometimes used to signify marriage. In many NewGuinea societies, like that of the Lesu on the island of New Ireland in the Pacific and that of the Trobriand Islanders, marriage is symbolized by the couple's eating together for the first time. Eating symbolizes their new status as a married couple. In U.S. society, it is just the reverse. A couple may go out to dinner on a first date.。
euro造句
euro造句1、Accordingly, some observers say there are signs the euro selloff is only just getting started.因此有些观察人士认为，有迹象表明欧元的抛售只是刚刚开始。
2、The euro suffered from a birth defect.欧元生来就有缺陷。
3、It may, of course, simply be that the fetters of euro membership alarm investors more than red ink.可能简单来说欧元对于其成员的束缚，比起英国的财政赤字，更让投资者担忧。
4、The euro embodies these aims.欧元是这些目标的体现。
5、Experiment Study on CA498 Diesel Engine for Euro Ⅲ Emission LegislationCA498柴油机达欧Ⅲ排放的试验研究6、Wee accept American Express, Master card, Visa card and Euro card. What kind have you got?我们接受美国运通卡，大来卡，维萨卡和欧洲卡，您用哪一种。
7、UK and Euro Zone英国与欧元区——基于数据的分析8、Shares of Allied Irish Banks Plc dropped 13 percent to 28.8 euro cents.爱尔兰联合银行股价下跌13%，至28.8欧分。
9、A new prize invites economists to provide a blueprint to dismantle the euro zone.一种新的奖项邀请经济学家提出解散欧元区的蓝图。
10、The euro comes in at 35% over its PPP rate, a little higher than half a year ago.欧元高于其购买力平价率35%，稍高于其半年前的指标。
Lecture 1-8(中英句子)
Lecture One 定语从句[原句]Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.[译文]各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。
[原句]Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.[译文]各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。
一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the W est End.[译文]伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。
2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.[译文]伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。
3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.[译文]美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
国际财务管理课后答案_10th edition_chapter04_杰夫·马杜拉著
1. Why did exchange rates change recently?
2. Show the class a current exchange rate table from a periodical—identify spot and forward quotations. Then show the class an exchange rate table from a date a month ago, or three months ago. The comparison of tables will illustrate how exchange rates change, and how forward rates of the earlier date will differ from the spot rate of the future date for a given currency.
duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in wholenge Rate Determination
Chapter Theme
This chapter provides an overview of the foreign exchange market. It is designed to illustrate (1) why a market exists, and (2) why exchange rates change over time.
Anticipation of Exchange Rate Movements Bank Speculation Based on Expected Appreciation Bank Speculation Based on Expected Depreciation Speculation by Individuals
包头2024年03版小学四年级上册第十三次英语第三单元自测题[含答案]
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包头2024年03版小学四年级上册英语第三单元自测题[含答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：My favorite sport is ______ (足球). I play it with my friends every ______ (星期).2. 选择题：What do you call a baby chicken?A. DucklingB. GoslingC. ChickD. Lamb答案: C3. 填空题：A _______ (金鱼) can be orange.4. 填空题：The cake has _______ (水果装饰).5. 选择题：What is 15 7?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 96. 听力题：My brother is learning about ____ (space) in school.7. 听力题：The symbol for uranium is _______.What is the main ingredient in a Caesar salad?A. LettuceB. SpinachC. KaleD. Bok Choy答案:A9. 填空题：I can ______ (认真) consider different perspectives.10. 听力题：The chemical formula for tin(IV) oxide is ______.11. 选择题：Listen and draw“笑脸”or“委屈”，听录音判断，对的画“笑脸”，错的画“委屈”12. 听力题：My friend enjoys playing the ____ (drums).Cows give us _______ (牛奶).14. 听力题：The capital of Belarus is _______.15. 填空题：My ___ (小兔子) enjoys munching on grass.16. 选择题：What is the capital of Canada?A. OttawaB. TorontoC. VancouverD. Montreal17. 选择题：What is the currency used in Japan?A. YenB. DollarC. EuroD. Peso18. 填空题：The ________ (种子) grows into a new plant.19. 填空题：The __________ is a major city known for its global influence. (纽约)20. 填空题：The dolphin swims in ______ (海洋) with grace.21. 填空题：在历史上，________ (trade) 促进了不同文化之间的交流。
Lecture 4 - 健康生产函数分析
环境
25
遗传：现代医学转型（3P）
Personalization
Transition in modern medicine: population-based to individual-based science Lung cancer and target therapy: Iressa（EGFR, K-RAS基因突变） Economic issue: increased effectiveness at higher or lower cost (diagnosis + treatment) Screening: good or bad news (preventable/treatable vs. no hope) Economic issue: how people would respond and welfare changes Economics of preventive care
社会“地位越高的人，他们的健康水平就越高。换句话说，健康 是顺应一种社会等级的。我把这种现象叫着 “地位综合征” “自主和参与社会生活的机会，对人们的健康、幸福与长寿重 大。这些因素的社会分层起到了重要作用。自主和参与程度是 地位综合征的潜在原因。” 案例：“奥斯卡奖：4年LY”；“白厅研究：4倍心脏病死亡率 之差”
6
Source: 《科学美国人》2001年3月号，Olshansky et al.
2
4/1/2010
乐观主义
技 术 生 理 进 化 （ Technophysio Evolution）（Fogel) “ Human beings have gained an unprecedented degree of control over their environment--a degree of control so great that it sets them apart not only from all other species, but also from all previous generations of Homo sapiens. This new degree of control has enabled Homo sapiens to increase its average body size by over 50%, to increase its average longevity by more than 100%, and to improve greatly the robustness and capacity of vital organ systems”
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Lecture 4Birth of the Euro欧元诞生Stage 1 DictationYou will hear a list of words and expressions that will appear in the incoming lecture. Please write them down in the space provided below.1) legal tender2) stabilize3) fluctuation4) unit of accounting5) Maastricht Treaty6) budget deficit7) national debt8) peg9) invoicing10) traveler’s check11) mint12) price transparency13) investment fund14) fragmented15) liquid16) flaw17) inherent18) boast19) treasury20) European sovereign debt crisisStage 2 Listening ComprehensionNow, you will listen to a lecture on Birth of the Euro two times. This lecture is delivered at a fairly slow speed. As you listen, find answers to the following questions:1.Who are the members of the Eurozone?They are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Slovenia, Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia, and Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.2.What was the goal of the Treaty of Rome?It was to create a common market in Europe in order to increase economic prosperity and contribute towards an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe.3.What happened in 1979?The European Monetary System was established and the European Currency Unit (ECU) was created.4.When the euro was first introduced, what did the Eurozone countries do?They officially pegged their exchange rates to the euro and began to use it in non-cash transactions and accounting.5.How does the euro enable the Eurozone market to function more efficiently andgrow more steadily?Through price transparency, elimination of exchange rate fluctuations, elimination of various transaction costs, enhanced competition, and more attractive opportunities for foreign investors.6.Why is the euro accused as “an incomplete currency”?According to George Soros, the euro is an incomplete currency, for the Eurozone “established a monetary union without a political union.” T he European Central Bank was created but a common treasury was not in place. Because a sovereign banking system is missing from the design, “the euro has become the focal point of the current [European sovereign debt] crisis.”Stage 3 Guided Note-takingIn this stage you are guided to take notes on the lecture. As you listen, try to complete the spaces left for notes. In order to speed up your note-taking, use symbols and abbreviations wherever possible.Lecture Script:Birth of the EuroOn January 1, 1999, the world witnessed one of the most profound and far-reaching economic events of modern history: the euro was born. As you may know, the euro is the common currency and sole legal tender of the Eurozone, also known as Euro Area or Euroland. Currently, the Eurozone has a population of over 330 million, larger than that of the United States. The founding members of the Eurozone are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Later, Greece joined in 2001, Slovenia in 2007, both Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania in 2015.But the euro didn’t come overnight. As a matter of fact, the euro has walked a long way to get to where it is now. To give you an idea of what the euro has gone through, I begin with the early efforts made by Europe after World War II.In 1951, in order to promote European economic cooperation, Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands signed the Paris Treaty to create the European Coal and Steel Community. Then in 1957, these countries entered into the Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). Their objective was for Europe to create a “common market” to increase economic prosperity and contribute towards “an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe”. However, the Treaty of Rome made no mention of an economic and monetary union and a single currency.It was not until two decades later that the movement toward a common currency accelerated. In 1979, the European Monetary System took effect in an attempt to stabilize inflation and stop large exchange-rate fluctuations among European countries. This system led to the creation of a currency unit called ECU. You may wonder: what is ECU? ECU stands forEuropean Currency Unit, which was a basket of the currencies of the EEC member states. But the ECU was not an actual currency. It was developed by the members as a unit of accounting; that is to say, it was an artificial currency initiated for their internal accounting purposes.In 1992, a more ambitious move was taken. The members of the European Community signed the Maastricht Treaty, setting a deadline of January 1999 for a shared currency. The treaty created the European Union (EU) of 12 countries on November 1, 1993 and laid the groundwork for shared economic and monetary policies. In order to participate in the new currency, member states had to meet strict criteria, such as a budget deficit of less than 3% of their GDP, a debt ratio of less than 60% of GDP, low inflation, and interest rates close to the EU average.Through the 1990s, the necessary financial institutions were put in place. For example, the European Central Bank (ECB), headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, was set up in 1998. The ECB was to be responsible for setting a single monetary policy and interest rate for the adopting nations.Then, on January 1, 1999, the euro was introduced to world financial markets, replacing ECU at a ratio of 1:1. The 11 Eurozone countries officially pegged their exchange rates to the euro and began to use it in non-cash transactions and accounting. Companies started using the euro for internal reporting, invoicing and issuing bonds. Stocks began trading in euros. Banks started to offer euro credit-card accounts. People were able to pay mortgages and use t raveler’s checks in euros, too.However, for quite some time, both the euro and the national currencies of the Eurozone countries coexisted, and the euro existed only in the form of cashless payments such as checks, transfers, and bank cards. It was not until January 1, 2002 that euro banknotes and coins entered circulation. During the first two months of 2002, the national currencies of the member countries were completely replaced by the euro. In preparation of the euro paper money and coins, 15 billion pieces of paper money were produced and 50 billion coins were minted.Since the introduction of the euro, there have been a number of clear benefits to the Eurozone citizens. In the first place, people can travel more easily both within and outside the euro area because they don’t need to change currencies every time they cross a border. Secondly, the single currency allows the European Union’s single market to function more efficiently and grow more steadily through price transparency, elimination of exchange rate fluctuations, elimination of various transaction costs, enhanced competition, and more attractive opportunities for foreign investors. Thirdly, a single currency zone opens up huge opportunities for both savers and borrowers. For one thing, the euro helps provide a single market for financial operators such as banks, insurers and investment funds; for another, small and fragmented national capital markets evolve into a larger, deeper and more liquid financial market. As a result, savers are offered wider and more diversified investment and saving opportunities, while borrowers can raise money more easily on capital markets. However, critics argue that the euro has inherent flaws. George Soros, a well-known investor, claims and I quote, “The eur o is an incomplete currency to start with. In 1992, Maastricht Treaty established a monetary union without a political union. The euro boasts a common central bank but it lacks a common treasury. It is exactly that sovereign banking that financialmarkets are now questioning and that is missing from the design. That is why the euro has become the focal point of the current [European sovereign debt] crisis.” End quote. Nevertheless, the euro has become one of the four major world currencies, along with the U.S. dollar, the British pound, and the Japanese yen. So, good-bye marks, good-bye francs, good-bye lira, good-bye guilder, good-bye peso, and good-bye so forth.Note-taking Model:Topic: Birth of the Euro1/1/1999 € = sole leg. tender - €zone/area/land w/ pop. +330 m. > USA-founders: Aus. Bel. Fin. Fr. Germ. Ir. It. Lux. Net. Port. + Sp.-Gr. (2001), Slon. (07), Cyp. & Mal. (08), Slok. (09), Est (11)-Latv. (14) & Lith. (15)1951 - prom. Eur. econ. coop – Bel. Fr. WG. It. + Lux. signed Paris Treaty- ECSC created1957 - T/ Rome → EEC- obj. → com. mkt. - ↑ econ. prosp.→ closer u. – Eur. peop.- b. no econ. & mon. u. / single cur.1979 - EMS → stab. infl. & stop FX fluct.- ECU = basket of cur. – EEC memb.= unit of acctg. (artif. cur.)1992 - Maastricht T. – deadline (1/1999) for sh. cur.– EU (12 cos.) – 11/1/1993–grwk. – sh. econ. + mon. pol.–Criteria: 1) budg. def. < 3% GDP2) debt ratio < 60% GDP3) low infl.4) i. r. ≈ EU avg.1998 - ECB – Frkfurt. Germ. – resp.: set single mon. pol. + i.r. – memb.1/1/1999 - € repl. ECU – 1:1-€zone cos. peg. exch. r. - € - noncash trans. + acctg.-€ - int. rep., invoicing, iss. bond, tr. st., cr.-c. a/c, mortg., trav. check(cashless)1/1/2002 - € bknts. + coinsFeb. 2002 - nat. cur. repl. ← € (15 b n. paper notes + 50 bn. coins)benefits 1. trav.easily w/i + outside €area ∵no $ change2. single mkt. func. eff. & gr. stead. ← pr. transp., no FX fluct., no trans.costs, enh. comp. + attr. opp.3. opp. → savers + investors∵single mkt. = larger, deeper + more liq.- saver: diversif. invt. + svg. opp.- borrower: raise $ easily – cap. mkt.flaws - inherent-G. Soros: “…incomplete…; Maastr. T. …mon. u. w/t pol. u. …common c.b. but …lacks … com. treasury. …s overeign bkg.… ismissing…That’s why € = focal point …current ESD crisis.”major wld. cur. - US$, £, ¥, €bye → DM, fr. lira, guilder, peso, etc.Stage 5 Testing 1: Multiple-Choice QuestionsNow you will hear 10 questions about the information you heard in the lecture. Each question will be spoken two times, but it will not be written out for you. You must listen very carefully to each question. After hearing a question, you must read the four possible answer choices provided. You will then refer to your notes and select (a), (b), (c) or (d) – whichever is the best choice.1.When did Malta join the Eurozone? (b)2.Which of the following groups are the founders of the European Coal and SteelCommunity? (a)3.Which of the following descriptions is a characteristic of the ECU? (c)4.When was the European Union established? (b)5.What are the requirements for becoming a member of the Eurozone? (d)6.Where is the European Central Bank located? (a)7.How was the euro used between January 1999 and January 2002? (d)8.How many euro banknotes and coins were produced in order to replace the nationalcurrencies of the member countries in 2002? (b)9.Why is the Eurozone able to offer more opportunities to both savers and investors? (a)10.Which of the following was the original currency unit of the Netherlands? (c)Stage 5 Testing 2: True-False StatementsIn this part of the test, you will read ten statements about the information presented in the lecture. First read the statement carefully. Then check your notes to decide whether the statement is true or false. If it is true, write a T in the blank space before the statement; if it is false, write an F in the blank.1 (T);2 (F);3 (F);4 (T);5 (F);6 (T);7 (F);8 (T);9 (F); 10 (T)Stage 7 Expanded ReadingIn this stage you are expected to broaden your horizon into the topic of the lecture. Please read the following article carefully.参考译文：欧元危机与零售业2008年9月15日，美国投行巨头雷曼兄弟破产，引发了全球金融危机。