托福TPO46口语｜题目+文本
托福听力tpo46 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (7)译文 (7)Lecture3 (9)原文 (9)题目 (11)答案 (14)译文 (14)Lecture4 (16)原文 (16)题目 (20)答案 (22)译文 (23)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a conversation between a student and her history professor.FEMALE STUDENT:So I definitely wanna write my term paper on American journalism in the eighteenth century.That old copy of the New York Daily Gazette you showed us,the one printed from the library's microfilm…just seeing a newspaper that was published in1789,that was really cool.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience,especially to a budding historian like yourself.As a resource for scholars and researchers,I don't think any form of publication really captures the day-to-day life of a community better than a local newspaper.FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah,I mean I knew that the number of newspapers exploded in the eighteenth century,but I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them,or y'know,make copies.MALE PROFESSOR:Well,actually,before the mid-1800s,newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper made from cotton fibers.Those that survived are in surprisingly good shape.FEMALE STUDENT:Are there many more copies of the Gazette on microfilm?MALE PROFESSOR:Yeah,we've got a great microfilm library on campus. You'll find it invaluable,I'm sure,as you research your paper.Um,but also talk to the librarians,because they're creating an online archive of their microfilm collection.I'm not sure of the project's status,but if it's done,it'll probably save you time.So,um,eighteenth-century journalism; you must realize that that topic's too broad for this assignment. FEMALE STUDENT:I do.So one idea I had was like,looking at an important world event,like maybe the French Revolution of1789,since we just finished a unit on it.The readings you had given us were incredibly vivid;I loved them.But they were translations of French writers…historians.So,I thought it'd be interesting to pick the Gazette and one other American newspaper to see how each covered the Revolution,how the journalists reported it from America’s perspective….MALE PROFESSOR:Hmm.Interesting approach.But remember,I’ll be grading your paper based on the details you include.And at some point in your paper,you'll want to focus on a particular event of the Revolution, like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison?FEMALE STUDENT:How'bout the formation of the French NationalConstituent Assembly?MALE PROFESSOR:Sure,that would work.FEMALE STUDENT:And since I'm gonna look at newspapers from two cities,I could read the editorials,the opinion pieces,to find out what each community thought about the National Assembly.MALE PROFESSOR:OK,but…y'know,I once attended a history conference where a professor presented a paper on the American press and the French Revolution.She was discussing the development of democratic ideals here and in France at the time.But,ah,she also pointed out that using old newspapers as primary sources…to be aware that they reflected the values of only a segment of society and should not be used to draw conclusions about all Americans.I don't think I held onto her paper,but it was subsequently published,so you'll have no trouble tracking it down on the Internet.Let me give you her name…题目1.What is the conversation mainly about?ing new technologies to preserve old newspapersing old newspapers to conduct historical researchC.The rise of American journalism in the eighteenth centuryD.Press coverage of the French Revolution of17892.What gave the student inspiration for the topic of her term paper? [Click on2answers.]A.A recent visit to the library's microfilm collectionB.A long-standing interest in the history of FranceC.Seeing what an eighteenth-century newspaper looked likeD.Reading a translation of French historical accounts3.According to the professor,what should the student ask the librarians?A.Which eighteenth-century newspapers covered events in FranceB.If she can request microfilmed newspapers from another libraryC.If the old newspapers she wants to read are available online yetD.Whether the library has any original copies of eighteenth-century newspapers4.What will the student probably include in her term paper?A.Newspaper coverage of the French National Constituent AssemblyB.Newspaper coverage of the storming of the Bastille prisonC.Ways in which the French Revolution contributed to the development of democratic idealsD.How the reporting of American journalists differed from that of French journalists5.What can be inferred about the professor when he discusses a paper presented at a history conference?A.He is grateful that he saved the paper because it might help the student.B.He worries that the student will overgeneralize American attitudes based on the content of newspapersC.He is excited to provide a model that the student can use to organize her term paper.D.He hopes that the student will consider interviewing the author of the paper.答案B CDC A B译文旁白：听一段一个学生和她的历史教授之间的对话。
tpo46口语范文答案
tpo46口语范文答案Task 1.题目：Talk about a special event or occasion that you have participated in with your family. Describe what you did and why it was special to you.答案：Well, I gotta say the family reunion we had last year was super special. It was held at my grandparents' big old house in the countryside. You know, we don't get to see all the relatives that often. So when we got there, it was like a big party.We started off by helping the old folks cook all the traditional family dishes. I was in charge of making the dumplings. It was a lot of fun, though my dumplings were kind of wonky some big, some small. But everyone was so nice and just laughed it off.After that, we all sat down in the huge yard under the big old tree. The kids were running around playing games, and the adults were chatting, sharing stories about the good old days. It was really heart warming.What made it so special was that it was a time when we all came together as a family. In our daily lives, everyone is so busy with work or school. But at that reunion, we could just relax, be ourselves, and feel the strong family bond. It was like a recharge for our family spirit, you know?Task 2.题目：Some people think that materials printed on paper, such as books and newspapers, will one day be replaced by electronic versions of those materials. Others believe that printed materials will always be popular. Which point of view do you agree with? Explain why.答案：I think printed materials will always be popular. I mean, there's just something about holding a book in your hands. It's like a friend, you know? You can flip through the pages, smell that new book smell or the old book musty smell, which is kind of nostalgic.Sure, e books are convenient. You can carry a whole library on one device. But think about it, when you're at the beach, do you really want to risk getting your expensive e reader all sandy or wet? A paperback book, on the other hand, is perfect for that. You can just toss it in your beach bag.Also, a lot of people like to collect books. It's a hobby. There's no way an e book can give you that sense of building a collection on your bookshelf. Newspapers too. Some people like to spread out the newspaper in the morning, have their coffee, and read it. It's a routine that's hard to replace with swiping on a screen. So, printed materials are here to stay.Task 3.题目：阅读部分：学校计划给学生提供更多的户外活动空间，将一块大草坪改造成学生可以自由使用的休闲区，包括设置一些桌椅、烧烤架等设施。
托福TPO46口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO46口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO46口语Task6听力文本： Listen to part of a lecture in a psychology class. When we think about the past, when we try to remember the past, we remember somethings better than others. Why is that? Well, there are a few different explanations. One explanation is that we remember something better if we already have some previous knowledge about it, some previous understanding of it. For example, let's say you are going to go to a classical music concert. If you don't know anything about classical music before you go to the concert, you probably won't remember many details of the concert later on. For example, if somebody asks you about the concert a year later, you probably won't remember what pieces the orchestra played, what order they played them in and so on. On the other hand, if you already know a lot about classical music before you go to the concert, for example, if you've been studying and playing classical music for many years, it's probably going to be much easier for you to recall the details of the concert later on. Another explanation is that we remember better when there's something unusual ordifferent about what we are trying to remember. For example, let's say you are in aclass at a university, a big class with over a hundred students in it. A year later, which of those a hundred students are you mostly likely to remember? Probably the ones who were unusual or different in some way, maybe a man who was exceptionally tall, or a woman who was exceptionally intelligent. The fact that these students were somehow different from the other students will make them easier to remember. 托福TPO46口语Task6题目： Using points and examples from the lecture, give two explanations for why we may remember some things better than others. 托福TPO46口语Task6满分范文： In the lecture, the professor talks about a psychology phenomenon that when we think about or try to remember the past, we remember some things better than others and illustrates two explanations for this. One explanation is that we remember something better if we already have some previous knowledge about or understanding of it. For example, if you don’t know anything about classical music before going to the concert, you probably won’t remember many details of the concert later on. On the contrary, if you already know a lot or you’ve been studying and playing classicmusic for many years, it’s probably going to be easier to recall the details later on. Another explanation is that we remember better when there’s something unusual or different about what we are trying to remember. For example, you will probably only remember the ones who were unusual or different in a big class with over a hundred students a year later. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO46口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本： Warning Coloration Many animals have defense mechanisms that help protect them from predators. In some cases, these animals have distinct coloring that signals predators of the presence of such defenses. This type of coloring is called warning coloration. If a predator does not recognize the meaning of this coloration and attacks, it may suffer significant discomfort or injury when its would-be prey employs its defense mechanism. As a result, the predator learns to associate the warning coloration with negative consequences, and will from that point forward avoid attacking animals that have that coloration. 托福TPO46口语Task4听力文本： Now listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. We have a good example of this with the skunk. As most of you know, the skunk is a furry little mammal that can be found throughout North America. Skunks have a very distinctive marking. Their body is mostly black, and they have a big white stripe that runs from the top of their head all the way down their back and along their big bushy tail. So they're very easy to see and very easy to recognize even from a distance. Skunks also have special glands under their tail that produce a terrible, smelling liquid. And when skunks are approached by a predator, they lift their tail and spray the predator with this liquid. For example, let's say a wolf is preparing to attack a skunk. As the wolf approaches, the skunk lifts its tail and sprays the wolf. That's very very unpleasant for the wolf because it's now covered with this repulsive, foul-smelling liquid. The wolf doesn't want to be sprayed again, so it backs off and leaves the skunk alone. And from then on, whenever that wolf sees a furry, little black body with a big white stripe running from its head to its tail, it'll recall that terrible smell and it'll be sure to stay far away. 托福TPO46口语Task4题目： Explain how the professor’s example from the lecture illustrates warning coloration. 托福TPO46口语Task4满分范文： Warning coloration refers to a type of coloring that animals have to signal predators of the presence of defenses. In the lecture, the professor uses skunk as an example to illustrate this term. Skunks have a big white stripe that runs from the top of the head down their back and along the big bushy tail. The special glands under their tail can produce a terrible, smelling liquid. When a wolf is preparing to attack a skunk, the skunk lifts its tail and sprays the wolf. So the wolf backs off and leaves the skunk alone. From then on, whenever the wolf sees the skunk, it will recall the terrible smell and stay far away from it. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO46口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
TPO40-48全部分托福独立写作文本题目汇总
TPO40-48全部分托福独立写作文本题目汇总对于托福考试，相信大家对于TPO托福模考软件都不陌生，现在市面上可以下载到免费的TPO模考软件。
虽然TPO模考软件里的题目是不会出现在考试中，但是考生可能通过它了解托福考试的题型以、考试模式及题目的难易度掌握，所以TPO托福模考软件对考生十分的重要。
最近TPO托福模考软件更新了40-48套题，这也是ETS为了考生适应未来考试而放出的题目，所以练习这几套题十分重要。
这里小编为大家整理了TPO40-48全部托福独立写作文本题目，希望对大家托福写作备考有帮助，快来看看吧。
TPO40独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicSome parents offer their school-age children money for each high grade (mark) they get in school. Do you think this is a good idea?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO41独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teacher were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they were nowadays.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO42独立写作题目文本Independent WritingDirectionsRead the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Essay TopicWorkers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the workday than when they do similar tasks all day long.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO43独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Imagine that you are in a classroom or a meeting. The teacher or the meeting leader says something incorrect In your opinion, which of the following is the best thing to do?-Interrupt and correct the mistake right away-Wait until the class or meeting is over and the people are gone, and then talk to the teacher or meeting leade-Say nothingUse specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO44独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Some people believe that when busy parents do not have a lot of time to spend with their children, the best use of that time is to have fun playing games or sports. Others believe that it is bestto use that time doing things together that are related to schoolwork. Which of the two approaches do you prefer?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO45独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are better able to make decisions about their own lives.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO46独立写作题目文本Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO47独立写作题目文本Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely that they will affect your daily life.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.TPO48独立写作题目文本Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because modern life is very complex, it is essential for young people to have the ability to plan and organize.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.以上就是小编为大家整理的TPO40-48全部托福独立写作题目，大家可以现在就用来复习。
托福tpo46口语
托福tpo46口语在〔托福〕口语备考中,我们应该选用怎样的备考材料呢?而TPO 往往是考生备考托福最常用的资料。
下面是我为您整理的关于托福tpo46口语，希望对你有所帮助。
托福tpo46口语题目Question:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In the future, people will read fewer books than they do toady. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion. TPO46托福听力Lecture题目文本及答案解析Lecture 11. What is the lecture mainly about? 【题型】内容主旨题A Various methods that ants use to locate foodB A collective behavior common to humans and animalsC A type of animal behavior and its application by humansD Strategies that flocks of birds use to stay in formation答案：C破题关键词汇：what解析：(从第3"开始，原文重现：Id like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and concept we havent yet touch upon: swarm intelligence. 153'And swarm intelligence offers several can be applied to other fields. )C选项的animal behavior就是原文所说的swarm intelligence. 选项中的application对应原文的applied.托福TPO46口语task2答案解析Task 2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today have healthier lifestyles than people did 100 years ago.Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.托福TPO46口语task2答题要领(1) Specifically express your opinion, ie, agree or disagree the statement.(2) State specific reasons or give relevant examples to support your opinion.托福TPO46口语task2观点提示Agree(1) 100 years ago, people were suffering from war and turmoil, which made it impossible to pay special attention to healthy lifestyles. What people cared most was not to starve to death.(2) Owing to the development of technology and medicine, people today pay more attention to some health issues, and thus live longer than people did 100 years ago.Disagree(1) Environmental pollution has exerted negative influence on peoples health. For example, the polluted air has increased the possibility of lung cancer.(2) The fast space of todays life forces people to overwork and stay up late, which will do harm to their health.托福TPO46口语task2模板(1) I agree/disagree with the statement.(2) The specific reasons are(3) On the one hand, on the other hand,Q2I agree that people today have healthier lifestyles than they did 100 years ago. First, modern advancement in food safety and availability has led to proper nutrition and ahighly reduced chance of illness or death from unsafe food. Before, food would often be either scarce or spoiled, and there was little regulation on food production. Now with refrigeration, food science and eating the right food in the right amounts, all ensure that we can have a healthy and balanced diet. Also, nowadays, our understanding of the importance of fitness is much greater. It is common knowledge that staying fit and active is the key to being healthy. People often strive to exercise whether its outdoors, in a gym or at home to stay healthy.I do not agree that people have healthier lifestyles today than they did 100 years ago. First, in the past, humans grew their own food or purchased it from local farmers. The growing process was all natural and free from harmful chemicals. However, much food today contains lots of preservatives and additives that are unnatural. Also, before much more of our work required actual manual labor. For example, if you needed to get somewhere, you had to walk and most chores were done by hand. These are examples of daily exercises to help us to keep fit. But today, machines do most of our work. We drive our cars to go anywhere andrely on dishwashers or robots to do the work for us.托福口语考试怎么摆脱中式〔英语〕曾经有一个疑似伊丽莎白女王的账号在twitter上吐槽：For the avoidance of doubt, there is no such thing as American English. There is the English language and there are mistak 大致意思是，根本没有英式英语和美式英语之分，只有正确的英语和错误的英语之分。
TPO-46 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第1篇
1. The Origins of WritingIt was in Egypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that civilization arose, and it is there that we find the earliest examples of that key feature of civilization, writing. These examples, in the form of inscribed clay tablets that date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia.The Egyptians were not far behind in developing writing, but we cannot follow the history of their writing in detail because they used a perishable writing material. In ancient times the banks of the Nile were lined with papyrus plants, and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of paper; it was excellent in quality but, like any paper, fragi le. Mesopotamia’s rivers boasted no such useful reeds, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material. Though clumsy and bulky it has a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable. Fire, for example, which is death to papyrus paper or other writing materials such as leather and wood, simply bakes it hard, thereby making it even more durable. So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in it. Clay, moreover, is cheap, and forming it into tablets is easy, factors that helped the clay tablet become the preferred writing material not only throughout Mesopotamia but far outside it as well, in Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and even for a while in Crete and Greece. Excavators have unearthed clay tablets in all these lands. In the Near East they remained in use for more than two and a half millennia, and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives.The Sumerians perfected a style of writing suited to clay. This script consists of simple shapes, basically just wedge shapes and lines that could easily be incised in soft clay with a reed or wooden stylus; scholars have dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-shaped marks (cunei in Latin) that are its hallmark Although the ingredients are merely wedges and lines, there are hundreds of combinations of these basic forms that stand for different sounds or words. Learning these complex signs required long training and much practice; inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small professional class, the scribes.The Akkadians conquered the Sumerians around the middle of the third millennium B.C.E., and they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave them sound and word values that fit their own language. ■ The Babylonians and Assyrians did the same, and so did peoples in Syria and Asia Minor. ■The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Babylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome. ■ For the scribes of these non-Sumerian languages, training was doubly demanding since they had to know the values of the various cuneiform signs for Sumerian as well as for their own language. ■The contents of the earliest clay tablets are simple notations of numbers of commodities—animals, jars, baskets, etc. Writing, it would appear, started as a primitive form of bookkeeping. Its use soon widened to document the multitudinousthings and acts that are involved in daily life, from simple inventories of commodities to complicated governmental rules and regulations.Archaeologists frequently find clay tablets in batches. The batches, some of which contain thousands of tablets, consist for the most part of documents of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts, inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorce settlements, court judgments, and so on. These records of factual matters were kept in storage to be available for reference-they were, in effect, files, or, to use the term preferred by specialists in the ancient Near East, archives. Now and then these files include pieces of writing that are of a distinctly different order, writings that do not merely record some matter of fact but involve creative intellectual activity. They range from simple textbook material to literature-and they make an appearance very early, even from the third millennium B C E.1. The word “key” in the passage is closest in meaning toO frequentO essentialO originalO familiar2. The word “virtue” in the passage is closest in meaning toO priceO designO desirable qualityO physical characteristic3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information In the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O In part because of its low cost and ease of use, clay became the preferred writing material throughout Mesopotamia and well beyond itO Clay was cheap throughout Mesopotamia, so clay tablets from Mesopotamia became the preferred writing material as far as the Mediterranean.O For a while, the day tablet was the preferred writing material in Crete and Greece. O Moreover, because day was used as the writing material of choice in Mesopotamia, Syria, Asia Minor, Persia, and the Mediterranean, it was cheap and popular.4. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about clay as a writing material?O It had to be baked before it could be written onO Its good points outweighed its bad points.O Its durability was its most important feature for its users.O It was not available in Egypt.5. In paragraph 2, why does the author discuss the Egyptian use of papyrus as a writing material^O To describe the superiofity of papyrus over leattier and wood as a writing material O To explain why writing in Egypt did not develop as quickly as it did Mesopotamia O To explain why archaeologists' knowledge of the early history of writing relies mainly on Sumerian cuneiformO To explain why the Sumerians preferred clay tablets for writing over papyrus6. According to paragraph 3, all of the following are true of cuneiform writing EXCEPT:O It was composed of very simple shapesO It was perfected by the ancient Sumerians.O It influenced the choice of material on which it was written.O It was understood by very few Sumerians.7. According to paragraph 4, how did the Akkadians use the Sumerian language?O They used Sumerian for speaking but used their own national language for writing. O They used the complex cuneiform signs developed by the Babylonians and Assyrians rather than the Sumerian signs.O They developed their own cuneiform shapes on clay tablets to replace those used by the Sumerians.O They assigned new sound and word values to the signs of Sumerian cuneiform.8. Paragraph 4 answers all the following questions about Sumerian writing in the period after the Sumerians were conquered EXCEPT:O Did Sumerian literature continue to be read?O Did Sumerian continue to be spoken?O Did scribes compose new texts in Sumerian?O Did Sumerian have the same fate as Latin had after the fall of Rome?9. The word "document" in the passage is closest in meaning toO includeO influenceO organizeO record10. According to paragraph 5, writing was first used forO simple bookkeepingO descriptions of daily eventsO counting the contents of clay tabletsO government reports11. The phrase “Now and then” in the passage is closest in meaning toO alwaysO occasionallyO sooner or laterO first and last12. According to paragraph 6, large batches of clay writing tablets were stored because the tabletsO were being produced quickly and in large quantitiesO did not serve any practical purpose for most MesopotamiansO contained information that needed to be available for future referenceO could not be used again once they had been written on13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However, the Sumerian language did not entirely disappear.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on it.To review the passage, click VIEW TEXTThe earliest examples of writing have been found in Mesopotamia and date to shortly before 3000 B.C.E.Answer ChoicesWriting was invented in the same areas in which civilization began by the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and the Mediterranean.The development of cuneiform is known because it was written on a long-lasting material and because it was long and widely used throughout the ancient Near East. Cuneiform tablets generally dealt with business and factual matters, but other topics, including literature, were also recorded and valued.Writing was developed first by the Sumerians using wedge shaped marks (cuneiform) on clay tablets and then by the Egyptians using papyrus paper.Scribes using cuneiform in Assyria, Babylon, Syria and Asia Minor had to learn allthe languages that used the cuneiform script.Batches of clay tablets, sometimes with as many as a thousand tablets each, are often found by archaeologists.。
托福听力tpo46 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo46section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (12)原文 (12)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and an employee in the student housing office.MALE STUDENT:Hi.I'm a first-year student here,I-I live in the dorms,and I…well,I like where I'm living now…it's convenient and quiet,but I'm starting to think aboutwhere I want to live next year.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Good idea.As a second-year,you'll have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.MALE STUDENT:Yeah,and I want to make sure that,well,that I apply in time to get what I want.And,um,a friend was telling me about these,uh—not quite sure of terminology]common interest houses on campus…?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Yes,we have a language house,a life science house,a music house—MALE STUDENT:Yeah,the music house!That's the one I'm interested in.But,um,I’m not a music major;I do play an instrument,but I'm a history major.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Oh,that's not an issue.You see,that house isn't just for music majors.It’s for anyone who’s interested in music.MALE STUDENT:But…isn't that everyone?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,maybe,but the house has a performance area and practice rooms.So people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there's always going to be someone playing something—an instrument,the radio…even at odd times.You're pretty much always going to hear music there.That might bother some people.MALE STUDENT:Doesn't bother me.And I'd love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,it does sound like it might be a good fit for you.And the house also functions as a social club.MALE STUDENT:I know they do activities,but I don't know much beyond that…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Well,for example,every month I think it is,there’s an informal concert…any house resident can perform.And remember the big jazz festival at University Park last month?MALE STUDENT:Of course!It was amazing—the music was great!Um,I-I didn't connect it to the music house.FEMALE EMPLOYEE:Not many people do.Anyway,they put on a whole range of other activities as well—someone at the house could give you more information about those.MALE STUDENT:So,how do I…uh,what's the process for getting a room there?FEMALE EMPLOYEE:You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director.The form's on the housing department's Web site.But don't get your hopes up too high—they can only accept about thirty percent of the students who apply.MALE STUDENT:Oh wow,I had no idea…FEMALE EMPLOYEE:So,for your application…it needs to include a personal statement.You know,why you're interested in living in the house,how you might contribute to the group.There are guidelines on the form.That statement's really important because it's basically how they decide who to accept into the house题目1.Why does the student go to see the woman?A.To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB.To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC.To find out if it would be possible for him to live in the music houseD.To check on the status of his application to move into the music house2.According to the woman,why might some people not want to live in the music house?A.It is rarely quiet.B.It is not conveniently located.C.All of the residents are required to participate in house activities.D.All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.3.What does the woman imply when she mentions the jazz festival?A.It was free for residents of the music house.B.It was held at the music house.C.Music house residents were encouraged to perform at it.D.Music house residents were involved in organizing it.4.Why does the woman mention the acceptance rate of applicants for the music house?A.To warn the student that his application might not be approvedB.To suggest that the music house is not a popular place to liveC.To convince the student that his chances are better if he applies in personD.To emphasize the importance of turning in the application form early5.What information does the student need to include in his application?[Click on2 answers]A.Some ways he might contribute to the music house communityrmation about his experience as a musicianC.Reasons why he wants to live in the music houseD.A recommendation from a current resident of the music house答案C AD A AC译文旁白：听一段一个学生和一个工作人员在学生住宿办公室的对话。
TPO-46 阅读文本和对应题目文本 第2篇
2.The Commercial Revolution in Medieval EuropeBeginning in the 1160s, the opening of new silver mines in northern Europe led to the minting and circulation of vast quantities of silver coins. The widespread use of cash greatly increased the volume of international trade. Business procedures changed radically. The individual traveling merchant who alone handled virtually all aspects of exchange evolved into an operation invoh/ing three separate types of merchants: the sedentary merchant who ran the "home of fice," financing and organizing the firm’s entire export-import trade; the carriers who transported goods by land and sea; and the company agents resident in cities abroad who, on the advice of the home office, looked after sales and procurements.Commercial correspondence, unnecessary when one businessperson oversaw everything and made direct bargains with buyers and sellers, multiplied. Regular courier service among commercial cities began. Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution, involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers. The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.The ventures of the German Hanseatic League illustrate these advancements. The Hanseatic League was a mercantile association of European towns dating from 1159. The league grew by the end of the fourteenth century to include about 200 cities from Holland to Poland. Across regular, well- defined trade routes along the Baltic and North seas, the ships of league cities carried furs, wax, copper, fish, grain, timber, and wine. These goods were exchanged for finished products, mainly cloth and salt, from western cities. At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured special trading concessions, exempting them from all tolls and allowing them to trade at local fairs. Hanseatic merchants established foreign trading centers, the most famous of which was the London Steelyard, a walled community with warehouses, offices, a church, and residential quarters for company representatives. By the late thirteenth century, Hanseatic merchants had developed an important business technique, the business register. Merchants publicly recorded their debts and contracts and received a league guarantee for them. This device proved a decisive factor in the later development of credit and commerce in northern Europe.These developments added up to what one modern scholar has called "a commercial revolution." In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (A D 1000-1300) brought about radical change in European society. One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers. The commercial revolution created a great deal of new wealth, which meant a higher standard of living. The existence of wealth did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers. Wealth could be taxed, and through taxation, kings could create strong and centralized states. In the years to come, alliances with themiddle classes were to enable kings to weaken aristocratic interests and build the states that came to be called modern.The commercial revolution also provided the opportunity for thousands of agricultural workers to improve their social position. The slow but steady transformation of European society from almost completely rural and isolated to relatively more urban constituted the greatest effect of the commercial revolution that began in the eleventh century. Even so, merchants and business people did not run medieval communities, except in central and northern Italy and in the county of Flanders. Most towns remained small. The nobility and churchmen determined the predominant social attitudes, values, and patterns of thought and behavior. The commercial changes of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries did however, lay the economic foundation for the development of urban life and culture.1. According to paragraph 1, one effect of the increased use of cash was thatO an individual merchant no longer performed all aspects of trading operationsO a company's home office declined in importanceO merchants no longer had to transport their goods to distant placesO the volume of trade declined in areas lacking silver mines2. The word “radically”，in the passage is closest in meaning toO fundamentallyO quicklyO unexpectedlyO gradually3. The word oversaw" in the passage is closest In meaning toO understoodO includedO deliveredO supervised4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT an effect of the change in business procedures?O An increase in credit salesO The use of courier services between citiesO The adoption of simpler accounting proceduresO The improvement of roads5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Credit sales and bills of exchange were devices that merchants developed in order to increase their mutual trust.O Merchants developed ways to finance their sales without having to rely on slow and dangerous shipments of coins.O Greater trust among merchants led to an increase in credit sales and to the use of bills of exchange that made the shipping of coins unnecessary.O Merchants began to trust one another when it became too slow and dangerous for a single merchant to ship coins.6. According to paragraph 3, Hanseatic merchants benefited by all of the following EXCEPTO the use of trading centers in distant citiesO a new system of recording commercial transactionsO the opening of overland trade routes across northern EuropeO access to markets in about 200 cities7. The word "decisive" in the passage is closest in meaning toO probableO determiningO helpfulO limiting8. Why does the author provide the information in paragraph 4 that the commercial classes never exceeded 10 percent of the population?O To argue that the wealth created by the commercial revolution benefited only a small number of peopleO To challenge the view that the commercial classes made up a majority of the population of EuropeO To suggest a reason that the commercial revolution ended around A. D. 1300O To emphasize the point that the commercial revolution was brought about by a small part of the population9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was associated with the rise of modem states?O Increased wealth for the ruling classesO The weakening of the aristocracyO The decline of the middle classO A reduction in taxes10. The word "alliances" in the passage is closest in meaning toO transactionsO communicationsO partnershipsO conflicts11. According to paragraph 5, the most important result of the commercial revolutionwas toO simplify the organization of European societyO provide employment to agricultural workersO encourage merchants to become community leadersO change Europe from a rural to a more urban society12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following inferences about the commercial revolution between ad 1000 and 1300?O It had very little impact on social attitudes and values.O It brought about major political changes throughout Europe.O It lessened the influence of the church.O It increased the population of small towns.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.While It originated in the German city of Liibeck, it began to expand in 1241 when Liibeck entered into a mutual protection treaty with the city of Hamburg.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on itTo review the passage, click VIEW TEXTDuring the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1000-1300), Europe underwent a commercial revolution.Answer ChoicesMerchants adopted new accounting and trading procedures to make long-distance trading more efficient.The faster transportation made possible by improved roads expanded the variety of goods that could be brought to European towns from far away.The increasing importance of commercial trade led to a decline in the influence of traditional sources of power, such as kings and church leaders.The mining of silver improved the security of commercial transactions by allowing coins to replace credit and bills of exchange as the means of exchange.The Hanseatic League was an association of European towns that obtained shipping, trading, and financial benefits for its members.European society became increasingly urban, with better living conditions and a stronger centralized government.。
TPO46听力文本讲解
TPO 46听力文本C onversation 1Listen to a conversation between a student and a n employee in the student housing office.-Hi, I’m a first year student here, I live in the dorms, and I… well I like where I’m living now, it’s convenient and quiet but I’m starting to think about where I want to live next year.-Good idea. As a second year, you will have more freedom to choose a place that suits your needs.-Yeah, and I want to make sure that. Well…that I apply in time to get what I want. And a friend was telling me about these common interest houses on campus.-Yes! We have a language house, a life science house, a music house.-Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in. But umm...I’m not a music major, I do play an instrument but I’m a history major.-Oh, that’s not an issue. You see that house isn't just for music major, it’s for anyone who is in-terested in music.-But… is not that everyone?-Ha-ha, well maybe, but the house has a performance area and practice rooms, so people who choose to live there need to be open to the possibility that there is always gonna be someone playing something, an instrument, the radio, even at odd times. You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.-Doesn’t bother me. And I’d love to have a place to practice my saxophone without worrying about disturbing people.-Well, it does sound like it might be a good fit for you. And the house also functions as a social club.-I know they do activities but I don’t know much beyond that.-Well, for example, every month, I think it is, there is an informal concert, any house resident can perform, and remember that big jazz festival at university park last month?-Of course! It was amazing! The music was great! umm... I didn’t’t connect to the music house -Not many people do, anyway, they put on a whole range of activities as well, someone in the house could give you more information about those.-So how do I…umm what’s the process for getting a room there?-You need to fill out an application form and send it to the house director. The form is on the housing department website. But don’t get your hopes up too high. They can only accept about 30% of students who apply.-OH, wow…I have no idea.-So for your application, it needs to include a personal statement. You know why you are inter-ested in living in the house, how you might contribute to the group. There are guidelines on the form. That statement is really important because it’s basically how they decide who to accept into the house.Conversation 2Listen to a conversation between a student and her history professor.-So I definitely want to write my term paper on American journalism in the 18th century. That old copy of the New York Daily Gazette you showed us, the one printed from the library's mi-crofilm. Just seeing a newspaper that was published1789 that was really cool.-Yes, reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience, especially to umm budding a story like yourself. As a resource for scholars and researchers, I don’t think any form of publication really captures the day to day life of a community better than a local newspaper.-Yeah! I mean I knew that the number of newspapers exploded in the 18th century. But I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them or you know, make copies.-Well, actually before the mid-1800, newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper, made from cotton fibers, those that’s survived are in surprisingly good shape.-Are there many more copies of the gazette on microfilm?-Yeah! We’ve got a great microfilm library on campus. You will find it invaluable I’m sure as you research your paper. But also talk to the librarians because they are creating an online ar-chive of their microfilm collection. I’m not sure if the project status but if it’s done, it will proba-bly save you time. So 18th century journalism, you must realize that that topic is too broad for this assignment.-I do. So one idea I had was like looking at an important world event, like maybe the French Revolution of 1789, since we just finished a unit on it. The readings you had given us were in-credibly vivid. I loved them, but they were translations of French writers, historians, so I thought it would be interesting to pick the Gazette in one other American newspaper to see how each covered the revolution. How the journalists reported it from American’s perspective?-Umm, interesting approach. But remember I will be grading your paper based on the details you include and in some point in your paper, you wanna focus on a particular event of the revolution, like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison.-How about the formation of the French National Constituent Assembly?-Sure that would work.-And since I’m gonna look at newspapers from two cities. I could read the editorials, the opinion pieces, to find out what each communities thought about the national assembly.-Ok, but you know I want to attend a history conference where a professor presents a paper on the American press on the French revolution. She was discussing the development of democratic ideals here and in France at the time. But she also pointed out that using old newspapers as pri-mary sources to beware that they reflected the values of only a segment of society, and should not be used to draw conclusions about all Americans. I don’t think I hold on to her paper, but it was subsequently published, so you will have no trouble tracking it down on the Internet, let me give you her name.Lecture 1Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.I’d like to continue our discussion of animal behavior and start off today’s class by focusing on a concept we haven’t yet touched upon, swarm intelligence. swarm intelligence is a collective be-havior, that emerges from a group of animals like a colony of termites, a school of fish or a flock of birds. Let’s first consider the principles behind swarm intelligence, and we will use the ant as our model. Now an ant on its own is not that smart, when you have a group of ants however, there you have efficiency and action. You see there is no leader running an ant colony, each indi-vidual, each individual ant operates by instinctively following a simple set of rules when forging for food. Rule no.1, deposit a chemical marker called a pheromone. And rule 2, follow the strongest pheromone path.The strongest pheromone path is advantageous to ants seeking food. So for example, when ants leave the nest, they deposit a pheromone trail along the route they take, if they find food, they return to the nest on the same path and the pheromone trail gets stronger. It’s doubled in strength, because an ant that took a shorter path returns first, its pheromone trail is stronger, and other ants will follow it according to rule 2, and as more ant’s travel that path the pheromone trail gets even stronger. So what’s happening here. Each ant follows two very basic rules, and each ant acts on information it finds in its mediate local environment.And it’s important to note even though none of the individual ants is aware of the bigger plan, they collectively choose the shortest path between the nest and the food source, because it’s the most reinforced path. By the way, a few of you have asked me about the relevance of what we are studying to everyday life, and swarm intelligence offers several good examples of how con-cepts in biology can be apply to other fields. Well, businesses have been able to use this ap-proach a following simple rules when designing complex systems, for instance, in telephone net-works. When a call is placed from one city to another, it has to connect through a number of nodes along the way. At each point, a decision has to be made. Which direction does the call from here? Well, a computer program was developed to answer this question based on rules that are similar to the ones that ants used to find food.Remember individual ants deposit pheromones, and they follow the path that is most reinforced. Now in the phone network, a computer monitors the connection speed of each path and identifies the paths that are currently the fastest, the least crowded part to the network and this information converted into a numeric code is deposited at the network nodes. This reinforces the paths that are least crowded at the moment. The rule that telephone network follows is to always select the path that is most reinforced. So, similar to the ants’ behavior, at each intermedia node, the callfollows the path that is most reinforced, this leads to an outcome which is beneficial to the net-work as a whole, and calls get through faster.But getting back to animal behavior, another example of swarm intelligence is the way flocks of birds are able to fly together so cohesively, how do they coordinate their movements and know where they are supposed to be? Well it basically boils down to three rules that each bird seems to follow. Rule one, stay close to nearby birds. Rule two, avoid collision with nearby birds. And rule three, move in the average speed and direction of nearby birds. Oh and by the way if you are wondering how this approach can be of practical use of humans, the movie industry has been try-ing to create computer generated flocks of birds in movie scenes, the question was how do they do it easily on a large scale?A researcher used these three rules in a computer graphics program and it worked. There have also been attempts to create computer generated crowds of people using this bird flocking model of swarm intelligence. However, I’m not surprised that more research is needed the three rules I mentioned might be great for birds simulations, but that don’t take into account the complexity and unpredictability of human behavior. So if you wanna create crowds of people in a realistic way, that computer model might be too limited.Lecture 2Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.As you know portrait artists often position their subjects so that their head is turned a little to one side, thereby presenting the artists with a semi-side view, a semi-profile view. And for some rea-son, western European artists have historically tended to show the left side of the subject’s face more than the right. A while back some researchers examined about 1500 portraits painted from the 16th to the 20th century in western Europe. And in the majority of them it’s the left side of the face that’s most prominently displayed.Why is that? And interestingly enough, this tendency to show the left side diminished over time, especially in the 20th century, in fact, the left right ratio is now about 1to 1, 50 percent left, 50 percent right. Why is that? We do know that for many artists, the choice of left side right side was very important. There is an image by the Dutch painter Vincent Van Gogh called The Potato Eaters, that shows the profiles of a group of farmers, it’s a lithograph which is a print made from images drawn on a stone. When you print something that way, what you get is a mirror image of the original picture, the exact same image except that left and right are reversed, and Van Gogh was so dissatisfied with the print that he wrote to his brother, quote “The figures I’m sorry to say are now turned the wrong way” end quote.Anyway why do you think so many painters in the past chose to pick the left side of their sub-ject ’s face. Nancy! ‘Could it have to do with whether the artists were left handed or right handed like maybe most of them were right handed and maybe for some reason they felt more comforta-ble painting the left side? Ok, many right handed artists do find it easier to paint left profiles and many art historians think that’s the reason for the directional bias, but if that hypothesis, let’s call it the right handed hypothesis was correct, you’d expect that left handed artists would find it eas-ier to paint right profiles.But the research suggests that left handed artists find it just as easy to paint left profiles as right. So any other ideas? Well another theory is what’s known as parental imprinting hypothesis, which proposes that people are more used to seeing left profiles because supposedly right handed parents are more likely to hold their babies in their left arm. ‘Well my sister just had a baby and she keeps talking about how her left arm is getting so much stronger than the right’. OK, there’s some anecdotal evidence.So then when the baby looks up at their parent, what they see is left profile. Right! And so the theory goes the left side of the face becomes imprinted in our memories. But the parental im-printing hypothesis doesn’t explain why left profiles have decreased over time. I mean parents are still carrying their babies in their left arm, right? Exactly! Alright, what about the way the art-ist’s studio is organized? Specifically, the light source.Remember that the light source determines where the shadows are, so if you are a right handed artist, you want the light coming from your left, because you don’t want your painting hand to catch the shadow across your canvas right? And of the lights coming from your left, you’d want your subject to turn to their right, into the light, and if they do that, what do you see? The left side of their face. Exactly!And while into the 20th century many in artists’ primary light source would be the sun they set up their studio to take maximum advantage of it, but then what happens as other high quality portable artificial light sources become available. Well you can position your subject in a lot more different ways and still have good lighting on your subject and on your canvas. So? You’d expect to see a more balanced ratio of left and right side portraits.Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Ok, so when we were discussing Gainsborough’s painting The Blue Boy, which he painted in 1770, I mentioned a story that the painting might have been an experiment, the result of a chal-lenge, it was believed that the blue couldn’t be an important color in the painting, because well it tends to recede into the background, not good for your main subject right? So to show other-wise, Gainsborough created The Blue Boy, with the boy featured large his famous blue clothes and well I guess he proved his point, but there was another challenge to blue it was very very ex-pensive back then, now of course because of modern chemistry any color is available in tubes at any art supply store. But in the 18th century and before, it wasn’t so easy, and blue, well the color ultramarine, the most desired shade of blue was made of precious stone lapis lazuli, which had to be imported all the way from Afghanistan. And the second most favorite shade of blue, after ultramarine made from lapis lazuli was a shade of blue that came from another precious stone azurite. But azurite was, well, harder to work with. There is evidence that artists would try to get around these difficulties, for example, use pigment from lapis lazuli or azurite very spar-ingly. And also use something cheaper like smalt which was made of ground glass. The thing is smalt became discolored overtime, so many artists probably just avoided blue altogether rather than use something cheap and impermanent. So blue, especially ultramarine pigment was a lux-ury, a status symbol, worth even more than gold at times and you even had the wealthy ordering paintings with ultramarine to show others that they could afford something made from this pre-cious pigment much in the same way they’d order gold leaf. Actually, the ancient Egyptians did manage to make an artificial blue, the first synthetic pigment in fact if you can believe that. They passed the formula onto the Greeks and Romans but then it was lost. Anyway, not only wasthe lapis lazuli hard to get, it was also hard to process. The recipe was difficult, the stone has to be ground finely, not easy to do with a rock, then mixed with melted wax, resins andoils, wrapped in a cloth and kneaded like bread dough, the fine particles of ultramarine were then separated from the rest. The process was time consuming, which also contributed to the high cost of producing ultramarine, and it didn’t’t even eagled very much useable pigment. As a result, the French government sponsored a competition in the 1824, to find a cheaper way to make ultramarine pigment. And soon after, a process was demonstrated where a combination of coal, Sulphur and other cheap carbon plate substances were heated creating a suitable syn-thetic substitute for lapis lazuli. So there is no doubt that 19th century artists after good synthetic versions were available used more ultramarine. Think of the impressionist for example, they had a lot more choices, or at least less expensive choices than painters not that long before them.Listen to part of a lecture in a material science class.So what’s the first thing that comes to mind when we talk about the uses for copper? Tammy? The penny, it’s made of copper. Ok, good one. But what’s a one cent coin worth these days. You might get back change like if you go to the store and give the cashier 5 dollars for something that costs 4.98 cents, you will get 2 cents back, but 2 cents don’t buy much, the value of the pennyin terms of what it will buy has gotten so low that there is actually a move a foot to eliminate the coin from U.S. currency. But there is more to it, as Tammy implied, the penny looks like it’s solid copper, it’s reddish orange, with bright metallic luster when it’s new, but that’s just the copper plating, the penny is not solid copper, in actuality it’s almost 98%zinc. But giving the ris-ing value of both these metals, each penny now costs about 1.7cents to produce, so it generates what called negative seigniorage.Negative seigniorage is when the cost of minting a coin is more than the coin’s face value. Even though the penny generates quite a bit of negative seigniorage there is concern that if it’s elimi-nated we will need more nickels. Because more merchants might start setting prices in fivecent increments. 4 dollars and 95 cents and so on. So we need a trusty five cent piece that can be minted economically. But the n ickels’ negative seignior age is even worse than the pennies. Each nickel costs the U.S mint ten cents to produce. Also, some of us are pretty attached to pen-nies for whatever reason. Nostalgia and there is collectors. And people if they see a penny on the sidewalk, they will pick it up and think it’s my lucky day. Another scenario is that without pennies merchants instead of charging 4.98 might round up the price to even 5 dollars. So con-sumer goods would become slightly more expensive. But on the other hand, some cash transac-tions would be more convenient for consumers. And as I said, the government would save money if pennies were eliminated.But would’t the copper industry suffers financially if the U.S. government stopped buying cop-per to make pennies? But how much copper do pennies actually contain? How much? ohm, got it. Right. So what else comes in mind when you think about copper? what else is copper used for? I know that copper cane shaped to all sorts of things. Sheets, tubing, my cousin’s house has a copper roof. Yes, like gold and silver, copper is extremely malleable. But it’s not a precious metal. It’s far less expensive than gold or silver, it’s also a superb conductor of electricity, so you can stretch it into wires which go into appliances and even car molders.Copper also has superior alloying properties; you know when it’s combined with other metals. For instance, how many of you play a brass instrument? Like a trumpet or trombone. Well brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. If your trombone is made of pure copper or pure zinc it wouldn’t sound nearly as beautiful as a brass trombone. Another alloy, a combination of copper andnickel resists corrosion. It doesn’t rust even with long exposure to water. But what aboutthe statue of liberty in New York harbor, it’s made of pure copper but it turned green. Isn’t that a sign of corrosion? Indirectly, if copper exposed to damp air, its color changes from reddish or-ange to reddish brown.But in time, green film called patina forms. And the patina actually serves a halt for further cor-rosion. It’s one reason that ship holds are made of copper nickel alloys. This alloys are also hard for barnacles to stick to. If these little shellfish adhere to the haul of a ship, it producesdrag, solving the vessel down. Copper is also a key material used in solar heating units and wa-ter desalination plants which are playing increasingly important roles in society. Bottom line, if you are a copper miner, you won’t lose any sleep should the penny get if you excuse the expres-sion pinched out of existence.。
TPO46听力C2原文
S: So I definitely wanna write my term paper on American Journalism in the 18th century. That old copy of the New York delicate that you showed us, the one printed from the library’s microfilm, just seeing a newspaper that was published in 1789. That was really cool.T: Yes, reading old newspapers can be a powerful experience, especially to a ..like yourself. As a resource for scholars and researchers, I don’t think any form of publication really capture the day to day life of a community better than a local newspaper.S: Yeah, I knew that the numbers of newspapers exploded in the 18th century, but I figured they all deteriorated before the technology was invented to preserve them or you know, make copies.T: Well, actually before the mid-1800s, newspapers were printed on fairly sturdy paper made from cotton fibers, those that survived are in surprisingly good shape.S: Are there many more copies of the gusset on microfilm?T: Yeah, we’ve got a great microfilm library on campus. You’ll find invaluable ensures on your research paper. But also talk to the librarian because they are creating an online archive of their micro film collection. I’m not sure the project status, but if it’s done, it will probably save your time. So 18th century journalism, you mustrealize that that topic is to board for this assignment.S: I do. So one idea I have was like looking at an important world event like maybe the French Revolution at 1789 since we just finished the unit on it. The readings you have given us was incredibly vivid, I loved them. But they were translations of French writers, historians. So I thought it would be interesting to pick the gusset in one other American newspaper to see how each covered the revolution. How the journalist reported it from American’s perspective.T: UM, interesting approach. But remember, I’ll be grading your paper based on the details you include, and on some points in your paper. You wanna focus on a particular event of the revolution. Like maybe the storming of the Bastille prison.S: how about the formation of the French national constituent assembly?T: Sure. That would work.S: and I’m gonna looking for newspapers from two studies, I could read the editorials, the opinion pieces to find out what each community thought about the national assembly.T: Ok, but you know, I went to attend a history conference where professor present a paper on the American press in the French revolution. She was discussing the development of democraticideals here and in France at the time. But she also pointed out that using old newspapers is primary sources to be where that they reflected the values of only a segment of the society, and should not be used to draw conclusion sabout all Americans. I don’t think I hold on to her paper but it was subsequently published. So you have no trouble tracking it down on the internet. Let me give you her name.。
TPO46综合写作听力文本宋克明
TPO46综合写作听力文本宋克明The benefits claimed for electronic medical records are actually every uncertain.First, the costs savings are unlikely be as significant as the reading suggests. For example, there probably won't be any savings related to record storage. You see, doctors who adopt electronic records usually don't throw out or discontinue the paper records. They keep the paper records as an emergency backup or because the paper originals with signatures are needed for legal reasons. So as a result, most doctors who adopt electronic record keeping still have to pay storage costs associated with paper-based record keeping.Second, electronic medical records cannot eliminate the possibility of errors caused by poor handwriting or by mistakes in the transcription of data. That's because most doctors, including those who've adopted electronic medical record keeping, still use pen and paper while examining patients. They take notes and write prescriptions by hand. It's usually the office staff of a doctor who entered this information at a later time from the handwritten documents into electronic systems. So poor handwriting can still lead to errors in the records since the staff members have to interpret what the doctor has written.Third, medical research would not necessarily benefit from electronic record keeping. Researchers will still find it difficult to access and use medical information. That's because access to all medical information is subject to strict privacy laws in the United States. Privacy laws exist to allow patients to keep their medical information private if they wish to. As a consequence, researchers who want to collect data from electronic medical records have to follow strict and complicated procedures and obtain many permissions along the way, including permissions from the patients. And often, such permissions are not granted. For example, patients can block the use of their medical records for any purpose other than their own medical treatment.。
tpo46口语范文答案
tpo46口语范文答案Task 1.Question: Talk about a special event that you and your family orfriends recently celebrated. Explain how you celebrated this event.Answer: Well, recently my friends and I celebrated my friend's graduation. It was super exciting. We started the day by having a big brunch at a really nice café near our school. We ordered all kinds of delicious stuff like pancakes with lots of syrup and fresh fruit, and big mugs of coffee. After that, we went to a park. We brought a frisbee and a soccer ball. We just ran around, playing games and laughing like crazy. It was so much fun. In the evening, we had a dinner at a fancy restaurant. We all dressed up a bit. And we toasted to my friend's success with somereally nice champagne. Then we surprised her with a scrapbook we made. It had all kinds of pictures from our time together in school. She was really touched and started crying a little. It was a great day filled with good food, fun activities, and lots of love.Task 2.Question: Some people like to make decisions quickly. Others prefer to take their time. Which do you usually do? Explain why.Answer: I usually like to take my time when making decisions. You know, decisions are like big forks in the road. If you rush into them, you might end up on a really bumpy path. For example, once I was thinking about buying a new phone. There were so many models out there. If I had just quickly picked one, I might have ended up with a phone that didn't have a good camera, and I love taking pictures. So I spent a couple of weeks looking at reviews, asking my friends who had different phones, andcomparing prices. By taking my time, I finally got a phone that was perfect for me. It's like cooking. If you rush and don't measure the ingredients carefully, the dish might taste awful. And I don't want my decisions to be "awful", so I take my time.Task 3.Reading: The university is planning to build a new art museum on campus. It will display works of art by students, local artists, and famous artists from around the world. It will also have spaces for art classes and workshops.Listening: The man in the conversation is really excited about the plan. He says that currently, there is no proper place on campus to display art. Students' works are just put up randomly in hallways or small classrooms. With the new museum, their works can be shown in a more professional setting, which will encourage more students to create art. Also, having art classes and workshops in the museum will be great. It will be inspiring for students to be surrounded by all those great works of art while they are learning and creating.Question: Explain the man's opinion about the university's plan tobuild a new art museum.Answer: Well, the man is all for the university's plan to build a newart museum. He thinks it's a great idea for a couple of reasons. First off, right now, students' artworks are just kind of scattered all over the place on campus. They're in hallways or small classrooms, not really in a proper display area. But with this new museum, students' art will be shown in a much more professional way. And he believes this will give students more motivation to create art. It's like if you have a nice clean canvas topaint on instead of a crumpled piece of paper, you're more likely to do agreat job. Second, he's really into the idea of having art classes and workshops in the museum. He figures that being around all those amazing artworks from different artists, whether they're local, students, or famous from around the world, will be really inspiring for students when they're learning and making their own art. It's like getting a boost of creativity just from being in that space.Task 4.Reading: The concept of "information overload". It occurs when people are exposed to too much information, which can make it difficult for themto process and use the information effectively.Listening: The professor gives an example of a student doing researchfor a paper. The student goes to the library and searches for books and articles on the Internet. He finds hundreds of sources. At first, he's excited because he thinks he has a lot of information. But then, herealizes that he can't read all of them carefully. He tries to read alittle bit from each source, but he gets really confused. He can't figure out which information is important and which is not. As a result, he spends a lot of time just trying to sort through all the information, and hedoesn't make much progress on his paper.Question: Explain the concept of "information overload" using the example from the lecture.Answer: Okay, so "information overload" is when you get bombarded with so much information that you can't really deal with it well. The examplethe professor gave was about a student doing research for a paper. The student goes to the library and looks on the Internet for sources. He ends up with a huge pile of stuff, like hundreds of books and articles. At first, he's all happy 'cause he thinks, "Wow, I've got so much to work with." Butthen he realizes he can't read all of them thoroughly. So he tries to skim through each one a little bit. And that's when the trouble starts. He gets all mixed up. He can't tell what's important and what's just filler. He spends ages just trying to sort through all that information, and his paper doesn't get very far. It's like he's drowning in a sea of facts and figures and he can't swim his way out to actually use the good stuff for his paper.Task 5.Listening: The woman has a problem. She is supposed to give a presentation in her history class tomorrow, but she just found out that her laptop, which has all her presentation materials on it, has a broken screen. She can't see anything on it. One option is to go to the campus computer center and try to borrow a laptop. But she's worried that she might not be able to transfer all her files in time, and she also needs to get used to a new laptop quickly. Another option is to ask her roommate to borrow her laptop. But her roommate is out of town and won't be back until tonight. So she won't have much time to practice with the roommate's laptop before the presentation.Question: Briefly summarize the problem. Then state which of the two solutions you would recommend and explain why.Answer: Well, the woman's problem is that she has a historypresentation tomorrow and her laptop with all the presentation stuff on it has a broken screen. For solutions, she could go to the campus computer center and borrow a laptop, but she's afraid she won't transfer her filesin time and get used to it fast enough. Or she could borrow her roommate's laptop, but her roommate is out of town until tonight, so she won't have much time to practice. I'd recommend that she borrows her roommate's laptop.I mean, sure, she won't have a ton of time to practice, but at least shewon't have to worry about file transfer problems. And she probably knowsher roommate's laptop a bit already. It's like choosing between two not so great options, but this one seems less risky. If she goes to the computer center, there are too many things that could go wrong with the filetransfer and getting used to a new machine. With her roommate's laptop, she can just focus on practicing as much as she can when her roommate gets back.Task 6.Listening: The professor is talking about two ways that animals use camouflage to protect themselves. One way is called "background matching". For example, a snowshoe hare in the winter. Its fur turns white to matchthe snow covered environment. This makes it hard for predators like foxesto see it. The other way is "disruptive coloration". Take a zebra for example. A zebra has black and white stripes. When a zebra is in a herd, these stripes break up its body shape. So a lion looking at the herd has a hard time picking out an individual zebra to attack.Question: Using the examples from the lecture, explain two ways animals use camouflage to protect themselves.Answer: Alright, so animals use two main ways of camouflage to protect themselves. The first way is "background matching". The snowshoe hare is a great example. In the winter, its fur changes to white. And why does it do that? Well, it's to match the snowy environment all around it. You know, if a fox is looking for something to eat, it's going to be really hard for the fox to spot that white hare against the white snow. It's like the hare is wearing an invisibility cloak made of snow. The second way is "disruptive coloration". Zebras are a perfect example of this. A zebra has those black and white stripes. When it's in a herd, those stripes make it reallydifficult for a predator like a lion to single out one zebra. The stripesbreak up the zebra's body shape. It's like the zebra's body is all jumbled up in the lion's eyes, and the lion can't focus on just one zebra to attack. So these two ways of camouflage are really smart survival strategies for animals.。
TPO-45 口语题目文本——综合部分
3.reading timeClose the CoffeehouseLike many people, I was happy when the university opened a coffeehouse. A good coffeehouse is a perfect place to meet people or to study while having a coffee. Unfortunately, our coffeehouse usually empty, so it’s not a good place to meet people And the lighting there is very poor, so it's not a good place to study, either. A coffeehouse seemed like a great idea, but it just hasn't worked out, and the time has come for the university to close it.Sincerely,Marvin BakerThe woman disagrees with the student’s proposal for the coffeehouse. Explain the proposal and the reasons she gives for disagreeing with it.4. reading timeMethod of LociSpecial techniques, or memory devices, are often used to help us recall information. One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. To use this technique, we first imagine a familiar place such as a building or an outdoor area. This familiar place should have a series of landmarks or locations within it that we can imagine walking past in a predictable, logical order. Once the landmarks have been identified in a given order, we assign one piece of the information that we want to later recall to each location. The information should be assigned in the order in which we want to remember it. To later recall the new information in order, we imagine walking through the familiar place, recalling what is stored at each location along the way.Using the professor’s example, explain how the method of loci is used to recall information in sequence.5.Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.6.Using the examples of the electric eel and the knifefish, explain how producing electricity benefits certain fish.。
TPO-46阅读文本和对应题目文本第2篇
TPO-46阅读⽂本和对应题⽬⽂本第2篇2.The Commercial Revolution in Medieval EuropeBeginning in the 1160s, the opening of new silver mines in northern Europe led to the minting and circulation of vast quantities of silver coins. The widespread use of cash greatly increased the volume of international trade. Business procedures changed radically. The individual traveling merchant who alone handled virtually all aspects of exchange evolved into an operation invoh/ing three separate types of merchants: the sedentary merchant who ran the "home of fice," financing and organizing the firm’s entire export-import trade; the carriers who transported goods by land and sea; and the company agents resident in cities abroad who, on the advice of the home office, looked after sales and procurements. Commercial correspondence, unnecessary when one businessperson oversaw everything and made direct bargains with buyers and sellers, multiplied. Regular courier service among commercial cities began. Commercial accounting became more complex when firms had to deal with shareholders, manufacturers, customers, branch offices, employees, and competing firms. Tolls on roads became high enough to finance what has been called a road revolution, involving new surfaces and bridges, new passes through the Alps, and new inns and hospices for travelers. The growth of mutual trust among merchants facilitated the growth of sales on credit and led to new developments in finance, such as the bill of exchange, a device that made the long, slow, and very dangerous shipment of coins unnecessary.The ventures of the German Hanseatic League illustrate these advancements. The Hanseatic League was a mercantile association of European towns dating from 1159. The league grew by the end of the fourteenth century to include about 200 cities from Holland to Poland. Across regular, well- defined trade routes along the Baltic and North seas, the ships of league cities carried furs, wax, copper, fish, grain, timber, and wine. These goods were exchanged for finished products, mainly cloth and salt, from western cities. At cities such as Bruges and London, Hanseatic merchants secured special trading concessions, exempting them from all tolls and allowing them to trade at local fairs. Hanseatic merchants established foreign trading centers, the most famous of which was the London Steelyard, a walled community with warehouses, offices, a church, and residential quarters for company representatives. By the late thirteenth century, Hanseatic merchants had developed an important business technique, the business register. Merchants publicly recorded their debts and contracts and received a league guarantee for them. This device proved a decisive factor in the later development of credit and commerce in northern Europe.These developments added up to what one modern scholar has called "a commercial revolution." In the long run, the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages (A D 1000-1300) brought about radical change in European society. One remarkable aspect of this change was that the commercial classes constituted a small part of the total population—never more than 10 percent. They exercised an influence far in excess of their numbers. The commercial revolution created a great deal of new wealth, which meant a higher standard of living. The existence of wealth did not escape the attention of kings and other rulers. Wealth could be taxed, and through taxation, kings could create strong and centralized states. In the years to come, alliances with themiddle classes were to enable kings to weaken aristocratic interests and build the states that came to be called modern. The commercial revolution also provided the opportunity for thousands of agricultural workers to improve their social position. The slow but steady transformation of European society from almost completely rural and isolated to relatively more urban constituted the greatest effect of the commercial revolution that began in the eleventh century. Even so, merchants and business people did not run medieval communities, except in central and northern Italy and in the county of Flanders. Most towns remained small. The nobility and churchmen determined the predominant social attitudes, values, and patterns of thought and behavior. The commercial changes of the eleventh through fourteenth centuries did however, lay the economic foundation for the development of urban life and culture.1. According to paragraph 1, one effect of the increased use of cash was thatO an individual merchant no longer performed all aspects of trading operationsO a company's home office declined in importanceO merchants no longer had to transport their goods to distant placesO the volume of trade declined in areas lacking silver mines2. The word “radically”，in the passage is closest in meaning toO fundamentallyO quicklyO unexpectedlyO gradually3. The word oversaw" in the passage is closest In meaning toO understoodO includedO deliveredO supervised4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT an effect of the change in business procedures?O An increase in credit salesO The use of courier services between citiesO The adoption of simpler accounting proceduresO The improvement of roads5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Credit sales and bills of exchange were devices that merchants developed in order to increase their mutual trust.O Merchants developed ways to finance their sales without having to rely on slow and dangerous shipments of coins.O Greater trust among merchants led to an increase in credit sales and to the use of bills of exchange that made the shipping of coins unnecessary.O Merchants began to trust one another when it became too slow and dangerous for a single merchant to ship coins.6. According to paragraph 3, Hanseatic merchants benefited by all of the following EXCEPTO the use of trading centers in distant citiesO a new system of recording commercial transactionsO the opening of overland trade routes across northern EuropeO access to markets in about 200 cities7. The word "decisive" in the passage is closest in meaning toO probableO determiningO helpfulO limiting8. Why does the author provide the information in paragraph 4 that the commercial classes never exceeded 10 percent of the population?O To argue that the wealth created by the commercial revolution benefited only a small number of peopleO To challenge the view that the commercial classes made up a majority of the population of EuropeO To suggest a reason that the commercial revolution ended around A. D. 1300O To emphasize the point that the commercial revolution was brought about by a small part of the population9. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was associated with the rise of modem states?O Increased wealth for the ruling classesO The weakening of the aristocracyO The decline of the middle classO A reduction in taxes10. The word "alliances" in the passage is closest in meaning toO transactionsO communicationsO partnershipsO conflicts11. According to paragraph 5, the most important result of the commercial revolutionwas toO simplify the organization of European societyO provide employment to agricultural workersO encourage merchants to become community leadersO change Europe from a rural to a more urban society12. Paragraph 5 supports which of the following inferences about the commercial revolution between ad 1000 and 1300?O It had very little impact on social attitudes and values.O It brought about major political changes throughout Europe.O It lessened the influence of the church.O It increased the population of small towns.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.While It originated in the German city of Liibeck, it began to expand in 1241 when Liibeck entered into a mutual protection treaty with the city of Hamburg.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong To remove an answer choice, click on itTo review the passage, click VIEW TEXTDuring the High Middle Ages (A.D. 1000-1300), Europe underwent a commercial revolution.Answer ChoicesMerchants adopted new accounting and trading procedures to make long-distance trading more efficient.The faster transportation made possible by improved roads expanded the variety of goods that could be brought to European towns from far away.The increasing importance of commercial trade led to a decline in the influence of traditional sources of power, such as kings and church leaders.The mining of silver improved the security of commercial transactions by allowing coins to replace credit and bills ofexchange as the means of exchange.The Hanseatic League was an association of European towns that obtained shipping, trading, and financial benefits for its members.European society became increasingly urban, with better living conditions and a stronger centralized government.。
TPO 46答案及解析
Conversation 11. Why does the student go to see the woman? 【题型】目的主旨题A To ask about events that the music house sponsorsB To find out which of the common interest houses have rooms availableC To find out if it would be possible for him to live inthe music houseD To check on the status of his application to move intothe music house答案：C破题关键词汇：why解析：(从第35“开始，原文重现：Yeah, the music house. That’s the one I’m interested in, but, um, I’m not a music major.)Student说自己想选择music house, 所以C选项正确。
2. According to the woman, why might some people not wantto live in the music house? 【题型】细节题A is rarely quiet.B is not conveniently located.C All of the residents are required to participate inhouse activities.O All of the residents must be enrolled in a music class.答案：A破题关键词汇：why, not want to live解析：(从第1‘04“开始，原文重现：You’re pretty much always gonna hear music there. That might bother some people.)Woman说music会bother some people. A选项与此同义，故A正确。
tpo-46 综合写作独立写作题目文本
1. (Reading)In the United States, medical information about patients traditionally has been recorded and stored on paper forms. However, there are efforts to persuade doctors to adopt electronic medical record systems in which information about patients is stored in electronic databases rather than on paper. It is argued that storing patients' medical records in electronic databases has several advantages over traditional paper-based record keeping.Reducing CostsFirst, the use of electronic records can help reduce costs by saving money on storing and transferring medical records. While paper records require a significant amount of storage space, electronic medical records take up virtually no space. Moreover, by having patients' records computerized in databases, doctors can easily access the records from almost anywhere and can easily duplicate and transfer them when necessary. This costs much less than copying, faxing, or transporting paper records from one location to another.Preventing ErrorsSecond, electronic medical records are crucial to reducing the chances of medical errors. Illegible handwriting, improper transcription of data, and nonstandard organization of paper records have caused errors that in some cases have had serious consequences for the patients* health. In contrast, electronic records are associated with standardization of forms and legible computer fonts and thus minimize the possibility of human errorAiding ResearchThird, electronic medical records can greatly aid medical research by making it possible to gather large amounts of data from patient records. It is often impractical, impossible, or prohibitively expensive to manually go through thousands of patients’paper records housed in doctors' offices. However, with the existence of electronic medical records, it would be simple to draw out the needed information from the medical databases because the databases are already formatted for data collection. Once in the electronic system, the records could be accessed from any research location.Directions: You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically, an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.2. Directions: Read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write, and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The opinions of celebrities, such as famous entertainers and athletes, are more important to younger people than they are to older people.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.。
TPO-48 口语题目文本——综合部分
Task 3An Art Museum at the University?Many universities have their own art museums, with collections of paintings and sculptures by well-known artists. I think our university should create a similar museum on our own campus. Such a museum would give our students an opportunity to learn to appreciate high-quality fine art. It would be a great way for us to see artworks that we might not have access to other wise. In order to pay for the museum, the university could write letters to alumni asking them to d onate money to help build the museum. I’m sure many former students love art and would be glad to donate money to help the university build a museum here.SincerelyDiane MillerQuestion: The man expresses his opinion about the letter-writer’s proposal. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state the man’s opinion and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion.Task 4Optimal ForagingFood provides animals with the energy they need to survive. However, animals also lose energy in the process of obtaining, or foraging, for food. Therefore, in order to conserve energy, many animals behave in ways that minimize the energy they expend in the foraging process while at the same time maximizing their nutritional benefits. This energy-efficient approach to obtaining food is known as optimal foraging. The practice of optimal foraging allows animals to expend the least possible amount of energy while at the same time obtaining prey with high food value that will provide them with necessary nutrients.Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of optimal foraging.Task 5Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which solution you would recommend. Explain the reasons for your recommendation.Task 6Using the points and examples from the lecture, explain two ways that advertising can negatively affect the environment.1。
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小编给考生们带来了托福TPO46口语文本，希望大家多做题，多积累、多研究，有针对性的规划考试。
托福TPO46口语task1题目:
Talk about one way in which you have benefited from using the Internet. Use
specific examples and details in your response.
托福TPO46口语task2题目:
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People today have
healthier lifestyles than people did 100 years e specific examples and
details to support your opinion.
托福TPO46口语Task3阅读:No More Posters Outside the Student Center
Reading Time
No More Posters Outside the Student Center
Traditionally, students have been permitted to put up posters advertising
events, clubs, and activities on the concrete wall outside the main entrance to
the student center Beginning next semester, however, students will no longer be
allowed to attach anything to the front of the building According to a
university official, the new policy is part of an effort to improve the campus’s
appearance. “The posters on the wall make the building unattractive," he said,
"so they have to come down." He added that posters can instead be displayed in
the dining hall: "Students can use the bulletin board in the dining hall for
posters, so the policy change should not be a problem.
The woman expresses her opinion about the new policy. Briefly describe the
policy. Then state the woman’s opinion about the policy, and explain the reasons
she gives for holding that opinion.
托福TPO46口语Task4阅读：Warning Coloration
Reading Time
Warning Coloration
Many animals have defense mechanisms that help protect them from predators.
In some cases, these animals have distinct coloring that signals predators of
the presence of such defenses. This type of coloring is called warning
coloration. If a predator does not recognize the meaning of this coloration and
attacks, it may suffer significant discomfort or injury when its would-be prey
employs its defense mechanism. As a result, the predator learns to associate the
warning coloration with negative consequences, and will from that point forward
avoid attacking animals that have that coloration.
Explain how the professor’s example from the lecture illustrates warning
coloration.
托福TPO46口语Task5题目
Question：Briefly summarize the problem the speakers are discussing. Then state which
of the two solutions from the conversation you would recommend. Explain the
reasons for your recommendation.
托福TPO46口语Task6听力+题目
Listening
When we think about the past, we try to remember the past; we remember
something better than others. Why is that? Well there're few different
explanations. One explanation is that we remember something better if we already
have some previous knowledge about it. Some previous understanding of it. For。