《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版
(中英双语)2011年中国政府白皮书中英对照版----中国的和平
国务院新闻办公室6日发表《中国的和平发展》白皮书。
全文如下：中国的和平发展国务院新闻办公室2011年9月目录一、中国和平发展道路的开辟二、中国和平发展的总体目标三、中国和平发展的对外方针政策四、中国和平发展是历史的必然选择五、中国和平发展的世界意义China’s Peaceful DevelopmentInformation Office of the State CouncilThe People’s Repub lic of ChinaSeptember 2011, BeijingContentsI.The Path of China’s Peaceful Development: What It Is AboutII.What China Aims to Achieve by Pursuing Peaceful DevelopmentIII.China’s Foreign Policies for Pursuing Peaceful DevelopmentIV.China’s Path of Peaceful Development Is a Choice Necessitated by History V.What China’s Peaceful Development Means to the Rest of the World在世界的东方，中国这个拥有13亿多人口的文明古国，正在现代化道路上阔步前行。
世界对中国的关注集中起来就是，中国选择了一条什么样的发展道路，中国的发展对世界意味着什么？Situated in the East, China, a country with an ancient civilization and a population of over 1.3 billion, is making big strides in its advance toward modernization. What path of development has China ch osen? What will China’s development bring to the rest of the world? These issues are the focus of the whole world.中国多次向世界宣示，中国始终不渝走和平发展道路，在坚持自己和平发展的同时，致力于维护世界和平，积极促进各国共同发展繁荣。
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版Title: China's Healthcare Industry: A Comparison Between Chinese and English VersionsChina's healthcare industry has experienced significant development and transformation over the years. In this white paper, we will analyze and compare the current state of China's medical and health services with the English healthcare system, highlighting key areas of concern and potential improvements. This paper aims to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the healthcare systems in both countries.1. IntroductionThe introduction will outline the objective of the white paper, emphasizing the importance of analyzing and comparing healthcare systems to identify areas for improvement.2. Historical Development of China's Healthcare SystemThis section will provide a brief overview of the historical development of China's healthcare system, from the establishment of the People's Republic of China to the present day. It will highlight key policy shifts and reforms that have shaped the current healthcare landscape.3. Current State of China's Healthcare SystemThis section will examine the current state of China's healthcare system, including its organization, funding, and service delivery. It will discuss the challenges faced by the system, such as the rural-urban divide,lack of access to quality healthcare in rural areas, and issues related to affordability and fairness.4. Comparison with English Healthcare SystemIn this section, we will compare China's healthcare system with the English healthcare system. We will explore the differences in terms of organization, funding mechanism, primary care, and specialist services. We will also analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each system and draw insights for improvement.5. Healthcare Policy and Reform in ChinaThis section will highlight the recent healthcare policies and reforms implemented in China, such as the New Rural Cooperative Medical System and the Healthy China 2030 Plan. It will discuss their goals, strategies, and potential impacts on the healthcare system.6. International Cooperation in HealthcareThis section will address the importance of international cooperation in healthcare, particularly in the context of China. It will discuss China's involvement in global health initiatives, partnerships with international organizations, and exchange programs with other countries.7. Challenges and OpportunitiesThis section will outline the current challenges faced by China's healthcare system and identify opportunities for improvement. It will discuss the need for increased investment in healthcare infrastructure, theimportance of strengthening primary care services, and the potential for digital innovation to enhance healthcare delivery.8. ConclusionThe conclusion will summarize the key findings of the white paper and provide recommendations for improving China's healthcare system. It will emphasize the need for continued policy reforms, increased investment, and international collaboration to achieve a comprehensive and sustainable healthcare system.Note: The word count of this article is approximately 410 words. To reach the desired word count of 1500 words, additional sections and content can be added to each section or new sections can be included as per the requirement.。
药事管理学
药事管理学求助编辑药事管理学药事管理学（the discipline of pharmacy administration）是药学科学的一个分支学科，它的研究和教育集中于应用社会、行为、管理和法律科学，去研究药学实践中完成专业服务的环境的性质与影响。
目录药事管理学综述药事管理学是一门交叉学科，涉及到法学，管理学，还有经济学。
法学是为指导我国已逐步进入法制社会，国家食品药品监督管理机关在执法过程中必须以法律的授权按法定的程序，执行相关的监管活动。
而管理学、经济学为手段药事管理专业课程的另一个特点就是必须借鉴经济学、管理学的分析方法，这也就有别于其他传统的药学理论课（药剂学，药物分析，药理学等等）。
也有别于普通的经济学、管理学，它是二者的有机结合。
药事管理专业的一个重要组成部分就是在药学领域中的一些问题运用管理学、经济学的手段来分析。
药事管理学科具有明显的社会属性，涉及到药学事业的各个层面，与药学活动有紧密的联系。
缺乏药事管理的约束，药学活动就不能有秩序、有规律、公平合法地进行。
任何药学工作者都离不开这门学科的指导。
药事管理的历史公元前18世纪，古巴比伦汉漠拉比王朝用其楔形文字颁布的法令中，有两条惩罚医药使人致死致残的条文。
公元前11世纪，中国西周王朝建立了六宫体制，属天官管的医师为“众医之长，……掌众医之政令，聚毒药以供药事。
”13世纪,欧洲西西里王国的腓特烈二世颁布的一系列卫生法令中规定，药事管理从医药管理中分离出来。
1407年，热那亚市颁布的《药师法》，是最早的法定药师职业标准。
1683年，布鲁市颁布法律，禁止医生为自己的病人配药。
1546年，德国出现了西方国家的第一部法典。
1617年，伦敦药师协会成立，标志欧洲药学职业建立，药事管理范畴扩展。
中国的药事管理学建国初期，我国对药品的管理主要是通过调整政策、下达命令进行约束，如五十年代的查禁烟毒，六十年代查禁滥用麻黄素、安钠咖等案件。
文革期间，药政管理被认为是“管、卡、压”，已经建立的一套行之有效的药政管理规章被废除。
中英文对照版__医改意见
Opinions of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Deepening theHealth Care System Reform中共中央国务院关于深化医药卫生体制改革的意见In the spirit of the 17th CPC National Congress, for the purpose of establishing a health care system with Chinese characteristics, of gradually realizing the goal that everyone is entitled to basic health care services, and of raising the health level of the Chinese people, we hereby put forward the following opinions on deepening the health care system reform.按照党的十七大精神，为建立中国特色医药卫生体制，逐步实现人人享有基本医疗卫生服务的目标，提高全民健康水平，现就深化医药卫生体制改革提出如下意见。
I. Fully recognizing the importance, urgency and arduousness of deepening the health care system reform一、充分认识深化医药卫生体制改革的重要性、紧迫性和艰巨性The health care sector is a major livelihood issue, as it is closely related to the health of billions of people and the happiness of every household. To deepen the health care system reform, quicken the development of health care sector, meet the people’s ever increasing health care demands, and continuously improve the people’s health is an inevitable requirement of implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development and accelerating economic and social development in a coordinated and sustainable manner, an important measure to maintain social fairness and justice and improve the quality of people’s life, and also a major task of building moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and constructing harmonious socialist society.医药卫生事业关系亿万人民的健康，关系千家万户的幸福，是重大民生问题。
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书汉英对照版中国的医疗卫生事业中国的医疗卫生事业一直是国家关注的重要领域。
随着中国经济的快速发展和社会进步，人民对医疗卫生服务的需求也越来越高。
本文将介绍中国医疗卫生事业的现状、挑战和未来发展方向。
中国的医疗卫生事业涵盖了医疗保健、疾病防控、药物监管、医疗教育等多个方面。
我国的卫生体系总体上是以公立医院为主体，辅以私立医院和社区卫生服务中心。
公立医院在提供医疗服务方面起着重要的作用，但也存在着诸多问题。
首先，公立医院的医疗资源分配不均衡。
大城市的公立医院经常人满为患，而农村地区和一些贫困地区的医疗资源严重匮乏。
这导致一些病患需要长时间等待就诊，给患者带来了困扰。
其次，公立医院存在着医患矛盾和药品虚高的问题。
一些患者对医院的服务质量和医生的专业水平持怀疑态度，导致医患矛盾日益严重。
同时，药品价格虚高也成为了患者的负担，这主要是由于一些医院依赖药品利润来维持经营。
为了解决这些问题，中国政府推出了一系列的医疗改革举措。
其中，国家医保制度的建立和完善是其中的重要举措之一。
目前，中国已经实施了城乡居民基本医疗保险，大部分人都可以享受到包括医疗费用报销、门诊费用报销在内的医保政策。
这使得人民的医疗费用负担得到了一定程度的减轻。
此外，政府还加大了对医疗卫生事业的投入，提高了公立医院的综合服务能力。
通过增加医生数量、改善医院设施和技术装备，提高医疗服务的质量和效率。
同时，政府也鼓励私立医院和社区卫生服务中心的发展，提供更多选择给患者。
除了改革举措，中国还在加强疾病防控和药物监管方面取得了一定的进展。
中国建立了覆盖全国的疾病预防控制网络，加强了对传染病的监测和防控。
同时，政府也在加强对药品生产、销售和使用的监管，保证药品的安全和质量。
然而，中国的医疗卫生事业仍面临着一些挑战。
首先，人口老龄化和慢性病的增加给医疗卫生服务提出了更高的要求。
随着人口老龄化的加剧，慢性病的发病率也在增加。
这给医疗资源的配置和医疗服务的提供带来了巨大的压力。
北京公共场所双语标识英文译法(医疗卫生)
公共场所双语标识英文译法
第5部分 医疗卫生
1 范围
DB11/T 334本部分规定了北京市医疗卫生双语标识英文译法的原则。
21 亲友等候区 Visitor Waiting Area
22 请关闭通讯工具 Please Turn Off Cellphones & Beepers
23 闭路电视监视区域 Closed Circuit TV in Operation
前 言
公共场所双语标识英文译法
第5部分 医疗卫生
1 范围
2 规范性引用文件
3 术语和定义
15 血液告急 Blood Donors Needed
16 锐器！请注意 Caution! Sharp Instruments
17 有害气体！注意安全 Caution! Noxious Gas
公共场所通用标识的英文译法
表 A.1 警示提示信息
序号 中文名称 英文名称
1 就诊区 Outpatient Area
2 住院区 Inpatient Area
18 生物危险，请勿入内 Biohazard! No Admittance
19 禁止吸烟、饮食、逗留 No Smoking, Eating, Drinking or Loitering
20 严禁明火 No Open Flame
医院的门诊部、专科医院或医院的诊室和科室译为Clinic，如糖尿病科 Diabetic
Clinic，专家门诊Specialist Clinic,住院部的科或表示区域时用Dept.，如外科 Surgery
Dept.。
GB/T 16159 汉语拼音正词法基本规则
医学英语课文翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
根据医学历史权威的看法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。
无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映了他在医学伦理上的看法。
作为代表当时希腊观点的唯一一小部分，希波克拉底誓言首次被写时并没有受到很好的欢迎。
然而,在那远古时代结束时,医生们开始遵循誓言的条款。
当科学医学在罗马帝国衰亡后遭受一显而易见的衰退时，这个誓言,连同希波克拉底医学的指示命令，在西方都几乎被遗忘是有可能的。
正是通过东方坚持不懈的探索精神，使得希波克拉底医学信念和希波克拉底宣言得以在这一恶化的时期幸存下来，尤其是通过阿拉伯当局在医学上的著作。
希腊医学知识而后在西方基督教复活是通过了阿拉伯文论著和原始希腊文的拉丁文翻译。
到17世纪后期，专业行为标准已经在西方世界建立。
被专业组织通过的第一部医学伦理学的法典是由英国内科医生托马斯·珀西瓦尔(1740 - 1804)1794年编写的, 并在1846年被改编和通过了美国医学协会(AMA)。
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书(汉英对照版)
《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室26日发表《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。
全文如下：The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Wednesday published a white paper on the medical and health services in China. Following is the full text of the white paper:中国的医疗卫生事业（2012年12月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室Medical and Health Services in China(December 2012)Information Office of the State CouncilThe People's Republic of China目录Contents前言Foreword一、卫生基本状况I. Basic Conditions二、医药卫生体制改革II. Reform of Medical and Healthcare Systems三、传染病防治与卫生应急III. Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment, and Health Emergency Management四、慢性非传染性疾病防治IV. Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Non-communicable Disorders五、妇女儿童健康权益保护V. Protecting Women and Children's Right to Health六、中医药发展VI.Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine七、卫生国际合作VII. International Medical and Healthcare Cooperation结束语Conclusion前言Foreword健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。
《中国的中医药》白皮书中英双语
《我国的中医药》白皮书中医药是我国传统文化宝库中的一颗闪亮明珠，它源远流长，历久弥新，对中华民族的生活、医疗等方方面面都有着深远的影响。
本白皮书将从多个角度全面介绍我国的中医药，包括中医药的历史渊源、中医药的理论体系、中医药在世界范围内的影响和发展等，通过深入浅出、中英双语的方式，为广大读者全面呈现我国中医药的魅力和价值。
一、中医药的历史渊源我国的中医药源远流长，可以追溯至数千年前的古代。
早在商朝时期，中医药就已经有了初步的发展。
《黄帝内经》是我国古代最早的中医药典籍，它系统地总结了当时的医疗知识，奠定了我国中医药的理论基础。
在接下来的历史长河中，中医药不断发展壮大，形成了独具特色的中医药理论体系和丰富的中药资源。
中医药的历史渊源丰富而深厚，是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。
二、中医药的理论体系中医药的理论体系主要包括阴阳五行学说、经络学说、脏腑学说、气血津液学说等。
其中，阴阳五行学说是中医药理论的核心，它主张万物之间存在着阴阳对立和统一的关系，而五行则代表了五种基本的物质运动规律。
经络学说认为人体内存在着经络，它贯穿全身，调节着人体的生理功能。
脏腑学说强调人体内脏器之间的相互作用和调节关系。
气血津液学说则是中医药理论中的重要组成部分，它强调了人体内气血津液的平衡和运行。
这些理论体系构成了我国中医药理论的基本框架，为中医药的临床实践提供了理论指导。
三、中医药在世界范围内的影响和发展我国的中医药不仅在国内备受重视，也在世界范围内产生了深远的影响。
许多国家和地区将中医药作为一种重要的辅助医疗手段，取得了显著的疗效。
针灸、中药等中医疗法在国际上得到了广泛应用。
我国的中医药也在国际组织中发挥了重要作用，为促进全球中医药事业的发展作出了积极贡献。
我国的中医药在世界范围内有着不可替代的地位和作用，为人类健康事业做出了积极贡献。
四、中医药面临的挑战和发展前景随着社会的发展和医学科技的进步，中医药在一定程度上受到了一些挑战。
高中历史统编版(2019)选择性必修二第15课 现代医疗卫生体系与社会生活(共22张ppt)
医院运行效率低下
政府财政负担严重
一、现代医疗卫生体系的建立
3．中国现代医疗卫生体系的建立
（1）背景 新中国成立之初，我国仅有九个妇幼保健院和11个专科防治所。当
时，威胁着人民生命健康的主要疾病是急慢性传染病、寄生虫病和各种 地方病。为了加强对公共卫生事业的领导，1949年11月在卫生部内设立 了专管卫生防疫的公共卫生局，统一负责全国的卫生防疫工作。面对资 本稀缺、人才匮乏的约束条件，新中国非常注重卫生政策和卫生体制的 本土化创新，提出了“面向工农兵、团结中西医、预防为主、卫生工作 与群众运动相结合”的卫生工作方针。在城市医疗保障制度不断建立完 善、爱国卫生运动有序开展的背景下，政府开始关注农村地区的医疗保 障问题。 ——摘编自傅虹桥《新中国的卫生政策变迁与国民健康改善》
进展，许多重大传染病得到控制 。
之一。在英国，政府既是医疗服务的提供者， 又是购买者，通过税收来筹集医疗资金、支 付医疗费用。公立医院的人员工资、基础建
如麻疹、百日咳、白喉、 设、运行费用等都由政府投入，各级政府拨 脊髓灰质炎、肺结核等 款支持医院的运行。
——胡爱忠 、李建刚《英国医疗卫生体
系特点及对中国的借鉴 》
——胡爱忠 、李建刚《英国医疗卫生体系特点及对中国的 借鉴 》
一、现代医疗卫生体系的建立 2.西方国家现代医疗卫生体系的建立 （4）医疗保障体系
①二战后，在很多西方国家推广。 ②美国的医疗保障体系发挥了重要作用； ③欧洲宣布建成“福利国家”，为医疗卫生事业 提 供物质支持。
问题 缺少雇员 资源滥用
一、现代医疗卫生体系的建立 2.西方国家现代医疗卫生体系的建立 （2）医疗服务体系 城乡居民都享有一定的医疗服务权利
（3）药品供应体系 药品供应得到了基本保障
2014年白皮书中国的对外援助(中英文对照)
PrefaceChina is the world’s largest developing country. In its development, it has endeavored to integrate the interests of the Chinese people with people of other countries, providing assistance to the best of its ability to other developing countries within the framework of South-South cooperation to support and help other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), to reduce poverty and improve livelihood. China has proactively promoted international development and cooperation and played a constructive role in this aspect.When providing foreign assistance, China adheres to the principles of not imposing any political conditions, not interfering in the internal affairs of the recipient countries and fully respecting their right to independently choosing their own paths and models of development. The basic principles China upholds in providing foreign assistance are mutual respect, equality, keeping promise, mutual benefits and win-win.In recent years, China’s foreign assistance has kept growing. The following is an introduction of China’s foreign assistance from 2010 to 2012.I. Developing Foreign Assistance Cause SteadilyThe scale of China’s foreign assist ance kept expanding from 2010 to 2012. Besides complete projects and goods and materials, which were the main forms of China’s foreign assistance, technical cooperation and human resources development cooperation also saw remarkable increases. Asia and Africa were the major recipient areas of China’s foreign assistance. To promote the realization of Millennium Development Goals, China directed most of its assisting funds to low-income developing countries.1. Financial Resources for Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China appropriated in total 89.34 billion yuan (14.41 billion U.S. dollars) for foreign assistance in three types: grant (aid gratis), interest-free loan and concessional loan.Grant is mainly offered to help recipient countries build small or medium-sized social welfare projects, and to fund human resources development cooperation, technical cooperation, material assistance and emergency humanitarian aid. In the three years, China provided 32.32 billion yuan of grants, accounting for 36.2 percent of the total assistance volume.Interest-free loan is mainly used to help recipient countries construct public facilities and launch projects to improve people’s livelihood. In the three years, China offered 7.26 billion yuan of interest-free loans, taking up 8.1 percent of its foreign assistance volume.Concessional loan is mainly used to help recipient countries undertake manufacturing projects and large and medium-sized infrastructure projects with economic and social benefits, or for the supply of complete plants, machinery and electronic products. In the three years, the concessional loans China provided to other countries amounted to 49.76 billion yuan, or 55.7 percent of its total assistance volume in the same period. Foreign assistance budget is put under the unified management of the Ministry of Finance in line with the budget and final accounts system. Concessional loans are raised by the Export-Import Bank of China on the market. As the loan interest islower than the benchmark interest releas ed by the People’s Bank of China, the difference is made up by the state as financial subsidies.2. Distribution of Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China provided assistance to 121 countries, including 30 in Asia, 51 in Africa, nine in Oceania, 19 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 12 in Europe. Besides, China also provided assistance to regional organizations such as the African Union (AU).3. Forms of Foreign AssistanceFrom 2010 to 2012, China provided foreign assistance mainly in the following forms: undertaking complete projects, providing goods and materials, conducting technical cooperation and human resources development cooperation, dispatching medical teams and volunteers, offering emergency humanitarian aid, and reducing or exempting the debts of the recipient countries.Complete projects. In total, China undertook the construction of 580 such projects in 80 countries, with infrastructure and agriculture as the focus.Goods and materials. China provided 96 countries and regions with 424 batches of goods and materials, including mainly office supplies, mechanical equipment, inspection equipment, transport vehicles, articles for daily use, medicine and medical devices.Technical cooperation. China completed 170 technical cooperation projects in 61 countries and regions, mainly covering industrial production and management, agricultural planting and breeding, culture and education, sports and physical training, medical and health care, clean energy development, and planning and consultation. Human resources development cooperation. China held 1,951 training sessions for officials and technical personnel and on-the-job academic education programs in China, training a total of 49,148 people from other developing countries.Medical teams. China dispatched 55 teams composed of 3,600 medical personnel to 54 countries to provide stationed or touring medical services, treating nearly seven million patients.Volunteer programs. China sent about 7,000 young volunteers and volunteer Chinese language teachers to over 60 countries.Emergency humanitarian aid. China extended 1.5 billion yuan worth of materials and cash assistance in emergency humanitarian aid to more than 30 countries.Debt relief. China relieved nine LDCs and heavily indebted poor countries, namely, Tanzania, Zambia, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Mali, Togo, Benin, Cote d’Ivoire and Sudan, from 16 mature interest-free loans totaling 1.42 billion yuan.II. Helping Improve People's LivelihoodOne of the important objectives of China's foreign assistance is to support other developing countries to reduce poverty and improve the livelihood of their peoples. China prioritizes supporting other developing countries to develop agriculture, enhance education level, improve medical and health services and build public welfare facilities, and provide emergency humanitarian aid when they suffer severe disasters.1. Promoting Agricultural DevelopmentAgricultural development is crucial to poverty reduction in developing countries. Through establishing agricultural technology demonstration centers, dispatching agricultural experts to provide consultations and conduct technical cooperation, and training technical and managerial personnel on agriculture in other developing countries, China has taken proactive efforts to help other developing countries raise their agricultural productivity to effectively cope with food crises. From 2010 to 2012, China assisted 49 agricultural projects, dispatched over 1,000 agricultural experts to recipient countries, and provided them with a great quantity of machinery, improved varieties of grain, fertilizers and other agricultural materials.Assisting the establishment of agricultural technology demonstration centers. Such centers provide an important platform for China's foreign assistance in agriculture. From 2010 to 2012, China-assisted agricultural demonstration centers were completed in 17 countries, including Benin, Mozambique, Sudan, Liberia, Rwanda, Laos, and East Timor. China passed on advanced and applicable production technologies to local farmers through experiment, demonstration and training. The demonstration center in Liberia promoted hybrid rice and corn planting in areas of nearly 1,000 hectares, and trained over 1,000 local agricultural researchers and farmers. The demonstration center in Rwanda researched, experimented on and demonstrated the adaptability of paddy rice and fungi in the context of the local traditional agriculture, and provided technical training to women's associations, paddy rice growers' associations and other organizations in Rwanda.Dispatching senior agricultural experts and expert teams. Chinese agricultural experts took an active part in the agricultural planning of the recipient countries. The expert team dispatched to Benin provided expertise to the drafting of the country's Agricultural Law and Agricultural Administration Law. The expert teams sent to Botswana and Guinea-Bissau participated in the formulation of the two countries' agricultural development plans. Chinese experts assisted recipient countries in promoting their agricultural development. The expert team helped Lesotho with its application to the World Health Organization for FMD (foot-and-mouth disease) free membership. The expert team to Mauritania assisted the country in drawing up the plan for building its central laboratory for agricultural comprehensive analysis and testing. Chinese experts actively disseminated easy-to-learn agricultural techniques suited to the conditions of recipient countries. The expert team to Botswana promoted the use of plastic mulch incrop production. The expert team to Mali devised and promoted the use of iron harrows as a means of intensive cultivation in the paddy fields.Training technical and managerial personnel on agriculture. Taking the characteristics and actual needs of agricultural development in developing countries into consideration, China provided nearly 300 research and training programs of various forms for almost 7,000 agricultural officials and technicians from the recipient countries. These programs covered a wide range of sectors, including management of crop cultivation, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, national policymaking on rural development and poverty reduction, food security, and agricultural cooperation among developing countries, and issues concerning the agricultural chain, such astechnology dissemination and the processing, storage, marketing and distribution of agricultural products.2. Improving the Level of EducationFrom 2010 to 2012, China continuously intensified its efforts of foreign assistance in education by way of constructing and maintaining school buildings, providing teaching facilities, training teachers, offering more government scholarships for foreign students to study in China, and assisting with the development of vocational and technical education, for the purpose of helping other developing countries improve their educational level and support their balanced and equitable development in education.Improving teaching and learning conditions. China assisted over 80 projects in relation to educational facilities, including the construction and maintenance of primary and secondary schools, universities and colleges as well as libraries, and has effectively improved the teaching and learning conditions in the recipient countries. China provided large amounts of free educational facilities and materials to the recipient countries, including computers, teaching tools, stationery and sports equipment, and established university online education networks and distance education systems. In this way, China facilitated the efforts of recipient countries to diversify their means and expand the coverage of education.Training teachers. In the three years, China trained over 1,000 educational officials, principals and faculty members from other developing countries by holding over 30 educational training programs, including those for senior administrators of colleges and universities, for higher education management, for vocational education management, for principals and teachers of primary and secondary schools, and for distance education.Supporting vocational and technical education. Thousands of local people have been trained in the China-assisted Friendship Vocational Training Center in Omdurman. To increase its enrolment, China started the upgrading and expansion project of the center. China took active steps to help the recipient countries develop vocational and technical education. From 2001 to 2012, China dispatched over 400 teachers to Ethiopia to train the local teachers working in agricultural vocational and technical education. A total of 1,800 teachers from agricultural vocational schools and 35,000 agricultural technicians received training.Increasing government scholarships to foreign students. From 2010 to 2012, the Chinese government assisted 76,845 foreign students to study in China. To promote regional development, China has continuously increased government scholarships to African students and augmented assistance for students from the ASEAN countries and the Pacific island countries to help under-developed countries in these regions develop their human resources.3. Improving Medical and Health ServicesMedical and health care is a major field where China directs its foreign assistance. From 2010 to 2012, China helped recipient countries improve their medical and health services, raise their disease control and prevention ability, and enhance their public health capacity by constructing hospitals, providing medicine and medicalequipment, dispatching medical teams, training medical workers and conducting exchanges and cooperation on disease prevention and treatment with other developing countries.Constructing medical facilities and providing free medical equipment. China assisted about 80 construction projects of medical facilities, including general hospitals, mobile hospitals, health centers, specialist clinics, and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) centers, which have effectively alleviated the shortage of medical and health facilities in recipient countries. Moreover, China provided them with about 120 batches of medical equipment and medicine, including color Doppler ultrasound machines, CT scanners, automatic biochemical analyzers, maternal and infant monitors, critical surgical instruments, ICU monitors, and MRI scanners as well as drugs against diseases such as malaria and cholera.Dispatching medical teams. China dispatched 55 medical teams with 3,600 medical workers to nearly 120 medical centers in recipient countries. They trained tens of thousands of local medical staff, which has relieved to a certain extent the shortage of medical services in recipient countries. The training was carried out through demonstrations, lectures, technical courses and academic exchanges, covering such topics as the prevention and treatment of malaria, AIDS, schistosomiasis and other infectious diseases, patient care, the treatment of diabetes and rheumatism, as well as the TCM of acupuncture application, naprapathy, health care methods and Chinese medicines. From 2010 to 2012, more than 100 Chinese medical workers were conferred medals by the recipient countries for their outstanding contributions. Carrying out Brightness Trip activities. Brightness Trip program was actively carried out in both governmental and non-governmental channels to help other developing countries in the treatment of eye diseases. From 2003, China started to send medical teams to provide free surgery for patients with eye diseases in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Cambodia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Pakistan and other Asian countries. In November 2010, a Chinese Brightness Trip medical team arrived in Africa for the first time and carried out operations for over 1,000 cataract patients in countries including Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique and Sudan.Assisting the prevention and control of infectious diseases. From 2010 to 2012, China provided 60 batches of antimalarial medicine, H1N1 influenza vaccine and cholera vaccine free of charge to other developing countries and held training in the prevention and control of infectious diseases, the expenditure for this purpose accumulating to RMB200 million. In 2007, China and the Comoros launched a cooperation program of treating malaria with an artemisinin compound, an effective antimalarial drug, which helped the Comorian island of Moheli reduce its incidence of malaria by 90%. From 2010 to 2012, while making further progress in Moheli, China started promoting the program on the Comorian island of Anjoyan.4. Building Public Welfare FacilitiesTo support other developing countries in improving their people's livelihood and organizing public activities, China actively assisted the construction of urban and rural public welfare facilities, affordable housing and social activity venues, providedrelevant equipment and materials, and conducted technical cooperation on operation and management.Carrying out well-drilling and water-supply projects. China undertook 29 well-drilling and water-supply projects in other developing countries, and drilled over 600 wells. Despite tough natural conditions and the threat of epidemics and terrorism, senior hydrogeologists and engineering geologists from China helped the recipient countries drill wells and undertake water-supply projects. China helped drill 200 fresh water wells in Kara and Centrale of Togo respectively and 38 wells in Darfur, Sudan and Kator of Juba, South Sudan, all of which were equipped with submersible pumps and generator sets. The China-assisted water-supply project in Zinder, Niger has solved the problem of drinking water for hundreds of thousands of local residents. Improving people's living conditions. China assisted 80 residential housing and affordable housing projects in other developing countries, totaling about 600,000 square meters in floor space. China's architects and engineers gave full consideration to the living habits and environmental features of the recipient countries in both external and interior design, and exercised strict quality control while making efforts to reduce costs, for the purpose of providing comfortable and endurable houses to local residents.Assisting the construction of public facilities. China assisted 86 construction projects of public cultural venues, sports venues, office buildings and conference centers in other developing countries. These projects helped enrich local residents' cultural and recreational life, improve the working conditions of local governments, and create a better cityscape. China assisted the rehabilitation of Sri Lanka's Bandaranaike Memorial International Conference Hall, which was a gift from China in the 1970s and took on new dimensions four decades later. China funded the construction of Gabon's 40,000-seat stadium Stade d' Angondje, which hosted the competition final and closing ceremony of the 28th Africa Cup of Nations in 2012. China assisted the construction of the 20,000-square-meter Grand National Theater in Senegal, one of the largest theaters in Africa.5. Humanitarian AidOver the past few years, the world has been frequently hit by severe natural disasters caused by earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and droughts as well as humanitarian crises caused by wars, and many countries have suffered serious casualties and property losses. China has made quick response to the appeals of the international community by providing relief materials or cash aid and dispatching rescue and medical teams as needed, to help the victim countries with disaster relief and post-disaster reconstruction.Providing emergency relief materials or cash aid. From 2010 to 2012, the Chinese government provided RMB1.2 billion worth of emergency relief materials in some 50 batches, including tents, blankets, emergency lights, generators, fuel oil, food, medicine and water filters, to countries affected by natural disasters or humanitarian crises, such as the earthquake in Haiti, floods in Cambodia, earthquake in Myanmar, floods in Pakistan, hurricane in Cuba, the war in Libya, and the turmoil in Syria. In addition, China provided cash aid totaling RMB300 million.Assisting African countries in coping with the food crisis. In 2011 and 2012, the Horn of Africa and the Sahel were stricken by severe droughts and over 30 million people were faced with a serious food shortage. In 2011, the Chinese government provided on three occasions a total of RMB440 million worth of emergency food aid to the countries of the Horn of Africa, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti and Somali. In 2012, the Chinese government provided RMB70 million worth of emergency food aid to Chad, Mali, Niger and other countries in the Sahel.Supporting post-disaster reconstruction. In 2010, Pakistan was hit by a severe flood rarely seen in history. The Chinese government promptly carried out rescue work in all aspects and through multiple channels, participated in post-flood reconstruction by helping the victims and rebuilding transportation infrastructure as the country requested. China also provided cash aid to support Pakistan government's compensation packages for victims, and undertook the restoration project of the340-kilometer national highway network destroyed in the flood-stricken areas, enabling 150 million people to have access to the traffic network. In March 2012, a series of blasts occurred in the north of Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of Congo. China assisted the construction of settlements for people displaced from their homes and actively supported reconstruction after the explosions.Helping improve disaster prevention and relief capacity. China helped recipient countries enhance their emergency rescue, disaster prevention and relief capacity by ways of providing materials and training. Over the three years, China provided over 10 batches of rescue vehicles and equipment, and held 30 training programs on disaster prevention and relief for other developing countries, sharing experience with over 700 officials and technicians.III. Promoting Economic and Social DevelopmentChina has actively helped other developing countries in infrastructure construction, and assisted their efforts in strengthening capacity building and trade development. China has also increased the amount of foreign assistance in environmental protection, helping the recipient countries realize economic and social development.1. Improving InfrastructureIn light of the economic development of different countries, China arranges grants (aid gratis), interest-free loans and concessional loans in a well-proportioned manner to help recipient countries with the much needed infrastructure construction. From 2010 to 2012, China helped build 156 economic infrastructure projects. Exploring its advantages in technology, equipment and materials, and human resources, China effectively cut down investment costs for these projects while ensuring quality. Supporting development of transport system. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of over 70 transport projects, including roads, bridges, airports and ports. For example, China helped build the third section of the Sika Highway that connects Kenya’s capital Nairobi to its economic hub Sika, thus making a contribution to the road network that links up Kenya, Ethiopia and Tanzania. Sri Lanka’s Mattala Rajapaksa International Airport, built with Chinese assistance, further improves the country’s all-dimensional transport network, and plays a positiverole in promoting links and communication between Sri Lanka and its neighboring areas.Increasing energy supply capacity. China assisted the construction of more than 20 energy projects, including hydropower stations, thermal power plants, power transmission, transformation and distribution grids, and geothermal drilling projects. The Bui Hydropower Station built by China in Ghana boasts the capacity of hydroelectricity generation, farmland irrigation, fisheries development and local tourism. Its completion has not only powered economic and social development in Ghana, but also benefited other areas in Western Africa. The China-assisted power transmission, transformation and distribution grids in Dakar, Senegal now provide power to 150,000 local residents, effectively ensuring power supply to the city, which had been troubled by its ageing grid and sudden blackouts until recently.Promoting the development of information-based societies. China assisted the building of over 60 IT-related projects, including optical cable telecommunication networks, e-government websites, and radio and television frequency modulation transmitters. The telecommunication projects assisted by China in Turkmenistan, Togo and Eritrea provide high-quality and steady telecommunication systems to these countries, and the number of users has grown exponentially. The optical cable transmission networks assisted by China in Cameroon and Tanzania have effectively promoted the application of fiber cables in African nations.2. Strengthening Capacity BuildingBelieving in the ancient Chinese wisdom that “teaching one to fish rather than giving one fish,” China shares its experience and technology with other developing countries through human resources and technical cooperation, as well as through volunteer service, to help other developing countries build their own professional teams and enhance their capacity for independent development.Fast development in human resources cooperation. From 2010 to 2012, China held 1,579 seminars for foreign officials, inviting nearly 40,000 officials from the governments of other developing countries to China. The topics of the seminars covered economics and management, multilateral trade negotiation, politics and diplomacy, public administration, vocational education, and non-governmental organizations. China also held 357 training sessions for about 10,000 technical personnel from other developing countries in the areas of agriculture, health care, telecommunications, industry, environmental protection, disaster relief and prevention, and culture and sports. To help other developing countries improve the ability of their senior management personnel in the public sector, China organized, during the three years, 15 on-the-job academic education programs. Master’s degrees in public administration, education, international relations and international media were granted to 359 officials from 75 developing countries.Extensive technical cooperation. During the three-year period, China sent over 2,000 experts to more than 50 countries to conduct technical cooperation, transfer applicable technique, and help improve these countries’ technical management capacity in agriculture, handcrafts, radio and television, clean energy, and culture and sports. China also dispatched senior planning and consulting experts to other developingcountries to help with the planning of land exploitation, clean energy utilization, river regulation, and economic cooperation. In a technical cooperation program, Chinese experts taught 500 Liberians to weave bamboo and rattan into marketable products. This program has not only created jobs, brought the locals more income and lifted them out of poverty, but also boosted the bamboo and rattan industry in the country. The active role of volunteers. China continued to send volunteers to other developing countries to provide services in language teaching, physical education, computer training, traditional Chinese medicine treatment, agricultural technology, art training, industrial technology, social development and international relief for schools, hospitals, government agencies, farms, and research institutes. A Chinese volunteer to Liberia successfully rescued a newborn with gastroschisis, and was awarded the African Star medal. Volunteers to Ethiopia improved the planting method for melons, and local fruit farmers harvested much more than usual that year; the volunteers also taught the locals to build biogas pits so that they could use clean energy more efficiently.3. Promoting Trade DevelopmentAs an active response to the WTO’s Aid for Trade initiative, China strengthened its assistance in infrastructure construction and production capacity building for other developing countries. China also stepped up zero tariff treatment to these countries, supported their involvement in the multilateral trading system, and provided training for their economic and trade professionals so as to promote the trade development of these countries.Improving trade-related infrastructure. During the three-year period, China assisted the construction of 90 large and medium-sized, trade-related infrastructure projects, effectively improving transportation for foreign trade in the recipient countries and reinforcing their connectivity with other areas. China also provided commodity inspection equipment, transport vehicles and other trade-related supplies and equipment to other developing countries. For example, it provided container inspection equipment to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Egypt, Chad, Cape Verde, Zambia and Serbia, which has helped these countries improve their commodity inspection capacity and customs clearance ability, as well as effectively combat against smuggling.Improving trade-related production capacity. China assisted the construction of a number of trade-related production programs, which have helped improve to a certain degree the production capacity of the recipient countries, so that they can better meet the needs of the market and improve the import-export mix. In December 2011, during the eighth ministerial conference of the WTO, China reached agreement with Benin, Mali, Chad and Burkina Faso – the Cotton-4 countries – on a cooperation program in which China provides cotton seeds, farm machinery and fertilizers, shares planting technologies, provides training, and supports local companies for technological upgrading and the expansion of industrial chain, so as to promote the development of the fo ur countries’ cotton industries and foreign trade.Promoting export to China. In an effort to effectively boost export to China from other developing countries, in 2005 China decided to offer zero tariff treatment on。
5月CATTI二级笔译练习题（英译汉部分）
5月CATTI二级笔译练习题（英译汉部分）2017年5月CATTI二级笔译练习题(英译汉部分)人生的旅途，前途很远，也很暗。
然而不要怕，不怕的人的面前才有路。
以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年5月CATTI二级笔译练习题(英译汉部分)，希望能给大家带来帮助!英译汉部分Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert. While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology. “In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other c ountries as they become more active,” the colonel said. Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall. So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.” “The trees also have an imp ortant role in slowingthe soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added. Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boe tsch said.The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.原文：Holding Back the SaharaSenegal Helps Plant a Great Green Wall to Fend Off the DesertBy DIANA S. POWERSNOV. 18, 2014Continue reading the main story Share This PageWomen working in a drip-irrigated garden in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit UMI 3189WIDOU THIENGOLY, Senegal —Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky.Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr.Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.PhotoA tree nursery for the Great Green Wall in Widou Thiengoly, Senegal. Credit Arnaud Spani“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.“In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said.Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plantout rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.Newly planted trees are protected from hungry animals by fencing for six years —time for their roots to reach down to groundwater and their branches to grow higher than the animals can reach. Unplanted strips protect the parcels from forest fire and provide passageways for herders’ livestock.In especially harsh years, when there is nothing left for herds to eat and too many animals starve, the protected parcels are opened up as an emergency forage bank, a flexibility that has won local acceptance of the project.Six indigenous tree species were chosen by local people and the scientists for their hardiness and their economic uses. Among them, Acacia Senegal can be tapped for its gum arabic, a stabilizer and emulsifying agent, widely used in soft drinks, confectionery, paints and other products. The desert date, Balanites Aegyptiacus, is used for food, forage, cooking oil, folk medicine and in cosmetics. Many of the uses of these plants are still being explored by researchers.After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some plantedparcels.“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added.Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.Widou has one of the pumping stations, serving nomads and herders who bring as many 25,000 animals a day — cattle, goats, donkeys and horses — from more than 10 miles around to drink at the basin. A drip-irrigated garden covering 7.5 hectares, or nearly 20 acres, is supplied with seeds by Colonel Sarr’s agency. About 250 women spend a half a day each tending the garden and learning about horticulture. They grow onions, carrots, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, lettuce, tamarind, guava, watermelon and many other fruits and vegetables, taking the produce home to enrich their families’ traditional diet of mi lk and millet.Colonel Sarr said he was looking forward to trying one of the first mangos from young trees in the garden.“In another garden, 30 kilometers away, the first honey willbe gathered next year,” he said. “This is just the beginning,” he added. “The gardens could cover 50 hectares in the future.汉译英部分(摘自《中国的医疗卫生事业白皮书》)健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。
经济学人读译Health-care reform中国医改Heroes dare to cross深渊何惧,英雄敢渡津
Health-care reform中国医改Heroes dare to cross深渊何惧，英雄敢渡津Two articles examine the crisis in China’s health-care system. In the first we look at how China pays the bills.这期的《经济学人》发表了两篇审视中国医疗系统的文章。
首先让我们了解一下中国将如承担医疗费用。
Jul 21st 2012 | BEIJING | from the print editionSO INSPIRED was China’s health minister, Chen Zhu, by a new push to reform the country’s dysfunctional health-care system that he wrote a poem. “Wind and thunder move across the country, health reform brings good tidings,”[1] read the first lines of the paean, dutifully printed on the front page of his ministry’s newspaper. But few share Mr Chen’s optimism. The latest phase of China’s health-care reforms could prove difficult, as hospitals and doctors are asked to end their financial dependence on medicine sales. The wind and thunder could drown out the good tidings.过去中国的卫生部部长陈竺提起中国糟糕的医疗体系时非常激动。
1中英现代医疗保健制度比较.doc
1 中英现代医疗保健制度比较1. 1 中国的现代医疗保健制度中国医疗保健制度的发展始终是与中国经济制度的变革紧密联系的。
20 世纪50 年代初,中国效仿前苏联模式建立了职工医疗保障制度,其中包括公费医疗及劳保医疗,这是一种对城市就业人口“政府全包型”的医疗制度,它属于“低水平、广覆盖”的社会福利保障制度,与计划经济体制相匹配,能够适应当时的经济发展水平,对于保障职工的身体健康,促进生产力发展,维护社会的安定发挥了积极作用。
但是随着八十年代初中国经济体制改革和人民物质需求的不断提高,这种医疗保健制度在实践中渐渐地暴露出了弊端,第一是缺乏有效的管理机制,造成了有限医疗资源的大量浪费;第二是职工医疗保健费增长过快,超过了经济发展水平,国家和企业不堪重负;第三是缺乏合理医疗费用的筹集能力,抵御经济风险能力差;第四是缺乏健全的医疗管理机制;第五是缺乏配套的市场调节机制。
因此,职工医疗保障制度的改革势在必行。
医疗保障制度改革初期,为及早走出计划经济时代的阴影,国家卫生部就提出了“逐步建立起医药费由国家、单位和个人适量分担,社会化程度较高的健康保障体系。
在合理确定年度医疗预算定额标准的前提下,实行多方参与、共同管理的方法。
积极推广形式多样、项目不同、标准有别的医疗保险制度,争取尽早制定出全国性或地方性医疗保险法”1 等宏观举措,但由于中国经济体制的转型仍需要经历一段较长时期,因此,真正的医疗体制改革于1999 年才全面展开,这次改革涉及到全国城镇各种所有制企业里的全体职工,对于这次改革的背景和原因以及具体方式,劳动和社会保障部医疗保险司副司长乌日图解释说:“当前国有企业改革过程中,企业要发生转制、兼并、租赁和破产等,这就涉及到劳动力的流动。
那么,职工要离开过去的国有单位,最担心的就是今后的养老问题和医疗问题,这是最大的后顾之忧,只有建立一个社会医疗保险制度,才能解决这个问题。
而对于那些不在国有和集体所有制单位上班的人来说,医疗更是谈不上任何保障。
新时代下《中国的中医药》白皮书翻译
新时代下«中国的中医药»白皮书翻译∗王春燕㊀贾晓庆(上海理工大学外国语学院)㊀㊀摘要:本文从中医英译对比分析的角度ꎬ对«中国的中医药»白皮书中的部分术语和词语展开分析ꎮ文章认为ꎬ对于中医英译ꎬ特别是对名词术语的英译ꎬ译者不仅要了解中国传统文化ꎬ而且要遵循中医药学名词术语英译的原则ꎬ从而保证译语的规范化ꎮ笔者从中医基本名词术语的三大类着手ꎬ即基本理论㊁临床治疗和中药方剂ꎬ通过对比分析研究ꎬ分别讨论将其翻译成英语的方法和策略ꎮ关键词:«中国的中医药»ꎻ中医术语ꎻ英译０.引言２０１６年１２月６日ꎬ中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室首次发布白皮书«中国的中医药»ꎬ白皮书充分介绍了中医药的发展和相关政策ꎮ因此ꎬ为了推动中医药的传播ꎬ促进中医药的全球发展ꎬ必须保证«中国的中医药»白皮书英译的准确度ꎬ尤其是中医术语的英译ꎮ笔者对白皮书英译的研究颇感兴趣ꎬ对部分译文提出了疑问ꎬ借以和大家共同商榷ꎮ在«上海翻译»２０１７年第４期上ꎬ刘冰(２０１７:３４３５)提到其收集了发表于２０００ ２０１６年间的三家核心期刊ꎬ即«中国翻译»«中国科技翻译»和«上海翻译»ꎬ在共６６篇医学英语翻译研究论文基础上ꎬ笔者又收集了２０１７年医学英语翻译研究相关论文ꎬ统计和分析结果为:在２０００ ２０１７年间ꎬ发表在这三家核心期刊的共６９篇论文中ꎬ翻译技巧占５２篇ꎬ译状思考占５篇ꎬ错误分析占４篇ꎬ翻译理论和书评各占３篇ꎬ译后感占２篇ꎮ由此可见ꎬ对于翻译技巧的研究最多ꎬ其他主题研究参差不齐ꎬ但都相对较少ꎮ以为数不多的有关中医术语期刊论文为例ꎬ对中医术语的研究仅停留在翻译的原则和策略上ꎬ而对术语英译的对比分析研究是没有的ꎮ在中医术语英译尚不规范统一的情况下ꎬ笔者认为对中医术语英译的对比分析研究值得探讨ꎬ这有助于加快术语规范统一的进程ꎮ本文试对白皮书中出现频率较高ꎬ但目前英译名混乱的术语进行分析比较ꎬ从而确定笔者认为正确的译文或提出笔者认为合理的译文ꎮ出于宣传和推广中医药走向国际化的需要ꎬ«中国的中医药»白皮书还由外文出版社出版了纸质版ꎬ向海内外发行ꎮ出于对下文引用规范的考虑ꎬ本文所讨论的中英版本后标注的页码ꎬ分别出自人民出版社和外文出版社的纸质版ꎮ１.关于中国中医术语的对外翻译根据«中医药名词术语英文规范细则»ꎬ中医药名词术语有对应性原则㊁系统性原则㊁简洁性原则㊁同一性原则㊁回译性原则㊁约定俗成原则和民族性原则ꎮ(朱建平ꎬ２０１６:２１７)正如世界上没有完美的存在ꎬ白皮书的部分术语英译遵循了以上原则ꎬ表１即为例证ꎮ但少数译文也存在瑕疵ꎬ笔者下文会举例说明ꎮ中医基本名词术语大致可以分为基本理论㊁临床治疗和中药方剂等三大类ꎮ(李照国ꎬ２０１７:５)下文笔者将从这三大类展开ꎬ结合具体例子加以分析讨论ꎮ表１㊀白皮书相关中医术语范例翻译对照简表∗基金项目:本论文是上海理工大学人文社科重点项目(计划(项目编号１０ １８ １１３ ００７)的成果ꎮ㊀㊀１.１㊀基本理论术语的英译基本理论术语ꎬ即能反映出中医基本理论与实践要旨的概念和用语ꎮ(李照国ꎬ２０１７:５)下面ꎬ笔者将结合基本理论术语深入探讨其英译ꎮ(１) 辨证论治 的英译«中国的中医药»白皮书共有３处提到 辨证论治 (人民出版社２０１６年第３页㊁第４页和第６页)ꎬ英文本(ｐ.３ꎬｐ.５＆ｐ.７)分别将其译为以下３种版本:译文１(ｐ.３):ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓａｎｄｔｒｅａｔ￣ｍｅｎｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎꎻ译文２(ｐ.５):ｇｉｖｉｎｇｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｓｙｎ￣ｄｒｏｍｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎꎻ译文３(ｐ.７):ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｉｎｇｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｒａｐｉｅｓ.但这三种译法都不规范ꎮ尤其是译文２(ｐ.５):ｇｉｖｉｎｇｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎ共８个单词ꎮ笔者认为ꎬ该译法是欠妥的ꎮ因为译文过于冗长ꎬ违背了术语翻译的简洁性原则ꎬ不利于中医药的传播ꎬ进而影响了中医药学名词术语规范统一的进程ꎮ译文１和译文３属于解释性翻译ꎬ其缺陷就是使得原汁原味的中医术语在译文中读来晦涩难懂ꎬ且相对烦琐冗长ꎮ此外ꎬ解释性翻译一般用于补偿翻译中语言和文化的缺失ꎬ即语言暗含信息和文化信息ꎬ笔者认为此处无须采用解释性翻译ꎬ亦可将语义准确传达出来ꎮ笔者认为ꎬ可以综合采用直译法㊁拆译法和合译法来翻译该术语ꎮ因为 辨证论治 为四字术语ꎬ所以我们可将其拆成２个术语来译ꎬ分别为 辨证 和 论治 ꎮ 辨证 的英译是ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎꎬ 论治 的英译是ｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔꎬ因此ꎬ 辨证论治 可直接合译为ｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔꎮ(２) 脏腑 和 经络 的英译«中国的中医药»白皮书在第一部分提到:西晋时期(２６５ ３１７)ꎬ皇甫谧的«针灸甲乙经»ꎬ系统论述了有关脏腑㊁经络等理论ꎬ初步形成了经络㊁针灸理论其英文本(ｐ.４)对这ＣａｎｏｎｏｆＡｃｕｐｕｎｃｔｕｒｅｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＪｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｓｏｆｚａｎｇｆｕｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｓａｎｄｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒ￣译为ｚａｎｇｆｕ(ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌꎬ虽然语义都表则更加简洁ꎮ作为中国人ꎬ相信我们都知道 脏腑 指的是人体内部器官ꎬ故括号中的ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌ一词可以省略ꎮ众所周知ꎬ术语的翻译一直是不规范统一的ꎮ通过查阅文献资料ꎬ笔者发现 脏腑 还有以下四种翻译:译文１:ｓｏｌｉｄｏｒｇａｎｓａｎｄｈｏｌｌｏｗｏｒｇａｎｓꎻ译文２:ｚａｎｇ￣ｏｒｇａｎｓａｎｄｆｕ￣ｏｒｇａｎｓꎻ译文３:ｚａｎｇ￣ｖｉｓｃｅｒａａｎｄｆｕ￣ｖｉｓｃｅｒａꎻ译文４:ｖｉｓｃｅｒａａｎｄｂｏｗｅｌｓ.译文１ꎬ笔者认为语义有偏差ꎬ而且译文不够形象ꎬ缺乏文采ꎮ它只是翻译出脏腑的字面意义ꎬ即人体内部的器官ꎮ值得了解的是ꎬ 脏腑 分为五脏和六腑ꎬ五脏包括心㊁肝㊁脾㊁肺㊁肾ꎬ六腑包括胆㊁胃㊁大肠㊁小肠㊁膀胱和三焦ꎮ但是ꎬ人体内包含的器官繁多ꎬ除了脏腑之外还有很多ꎬ比如科研人员近期发现的人体新器官 间质 ꎬ然而与其他器官不同的是ꎬ该器官里面充满了液体ꎮ因此ꎬ用ｓｏｌｉｄ一词来修饰ｏｒｇａｎｓ有断章取义之嫌ꎬ无法将源语语义完整准确呈现出来ꎮ译文２和译文３采用的都是音译直译结合的方法来翻译的ꎮ笔者认为译文２要优于译文３ꎮ通过查阅英汉大词典ꎬｖｉｓｃｅｒａ解释为内脏ꎬ脏腑ꎮ因此ꎬ译文３采用音译直译结合法后ꎬ译文语义显得重复累赘ꎬ不够清晰凝练ꎮ相反ꎬ译文２采用相同的译法ꎬ却将术语的概念意义和内涵意义都清晰地传达出来了ꎮ译文４ꎬ笔者认为没有体现出术语的专业性和科学性特征ꎮ此外ꎬ笔者通过查阅英汉大词典ꎬ发现ｂｏｗｅｌｓ解释为肠(尤指人肠)ꎮ虽然 脏腑 包含了大肠和小肠ꎬ但是笔者在上文提到ꎬｖｉｓｃｅｒａ本身就是脏腑的意思ꎮ也就是说ꎬｂｏｗｅｌｓ的意义包含于ｖｉｓｃｅｒａ的意义中ꎮ因此ꎬ译文４用ｂｏｗｅｌｓ一词就显得画蛇添足ꎬ违背了中医药术语英译的对应性原则ꎮ综上所述ꎬ笔者认为 脏腑 一词的正确译法为ｚａｎｇｆｕｏｒｇａｎｓ或者采用译文２:ｚａｎｇ￣ｏｒｇａｎｓａｎｄｆｕ￣ｏｒ￣ｇａｎｓꎮ用同样的策略ꎬ译者将 经络 译为ｊｉｎｇｌｕｏ(ｍｅｒｉｄｉ￣ａｎｓａｎｄｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌｓ)ꎮ显而易见ꎬ该译法为音译加解释法ꎬ但括号里的解释是有瑕疵的ꎬ即ｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎ和ｃｏｌｌａｔ￣ｅｒａｌ后面不应加ｓꎬ加了ｓ后表示复数ꎮ然而ꎬ经络只有与数字连用时才在末尾加ｓꎬ比如 十二经 译为ｔｗｅｌｖｅｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｓꎮ此外ꎬ经过查阅曲丽芳(２００６:６７７)有关 经络 方面的相关文献ꎬ笔者发现 经络 还曾有以下３种译法:译文１:ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓａｎｄｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌｓꎻ译文２:ｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｓａｎｄｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌｓꎻ译文３:ｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｅａｎｄｎｅｔ.译文１ꎬ笔者认为是不对的ꎬ经过查阅英汉大词典ꎬ笔者发现ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ根本没有与经络相关的解释ꎬ而且ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ的复数ｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓ的释义为官方渠道ꎬ正式程序ꎻ系统ꎮ因此ꎬ笔者认为ｃｈａｎｎｅｌ一词用在这里不合适ꎮ译文２ꎬ正如笔者上文提及的ꎬ名词末尾后面不应该加ｓꎮ译文３ꎬ笔者查阅英汉大词典ꎬ发现ｌｏｎｇｉｔｕｄｅ有 经度 之义ꎬｎｅｔ虽然可以解释为 络 ꎬ但它指的是计算机科学技术和经济学中的 网络 ꎬ而与医学领域毫不搭界ꎮ因此ꎬ译文３是不恰当的ꎮ综上所述ꎬ笔者认为 经络 的正确译法为ｍｅｒｉｄｉ￣ａｎａｎｄｃｏｌｌａｔｅｒａｌꎮ另外ꎬ音译法多用于源语和目标语无对应词的词语翻译ꎬ故此处不采用音译法的译文ｊｉｎｇｌｕｏꎮ(３) 中药学 的英译«中国的中医药»白皮书在第一部分提到:明代(１３６８ １６４４)ꎬ李时珍的«本草纲目»ꎬ在世界上首次对药用植物进行了科学分类ꎬ创新发展了中药学的理论和实践ꎬ是一部药物学和博物学巨著(人民出版社２０１６年第３页)ꎮ其英文本(ｐ.４)对这段话的翻译如下:ＡｈｅｒｂｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｎａｔｕｒｅｍａｓｔｅｒｐｉｅｃｅꎬｔｈｅＢｅｎＣａｏＧａｎｇＭｕ(ＣｏｍｐｅｎｄｉｕｍｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａＭｅｄｉｃａ)ｃｏｍｐｉｌｅｄｂｙＬｉＳｈｉｚｈｅｎｉｎｔｈｅＭｉｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙ(１３６８ １６４４)ｗａｓｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｂｏｏｋｉｎｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｔｈａｔｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｌｌｙｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｚｅｄｍｅ￣ｄｉｃｉｎａｌｈｅｒｂｓ.ＩｔｗａｓａｐｉｏｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｗｏｒｋｔｈａｔａｄｖａｎｃｅｄＴＣＭｐｈａｒｍａｃｅｕｔｉｃａｌｔｈｅｏｒｙ.在这段话中ꎬ译者将 中医 和 药 的概念均翻译出来了ꎬ这其实是没有必要的ꎮ传统上人们将中国以汉族为主的传统医学称为 中医 时ꎬ其实就包含了 药 这个概念ꎬ如果没有 药 ꎬ 医 亦难立ꎮ(李照国ꎬ２０１３:１０７)笔者查阅了世界中医药科技信息专题服务网站(ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｗｆｃｍｓ.ｏｒｇ/ｚｙｙ/ＴｏＳｅａｒｃｈ?ｐａｇｅＮｕｍ＝１)ꎬ该网站提供的中医名词术语翻译服务对 中药学 的翻译给出了如下两种译文:译文１:Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｍｅｄｉｃａꎻ译文２:Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｍａｃｙ.译文１ꎬ笔者认为翻译得不够专业化ꎬ表义模糊ꎮ因为ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｍｅｄｉｃａ虽然可以解释为 中药学 ꎬ但需要注意的是ꎬ该词通常用来表示 本草 ꎬ比如«本草纲目»译为ＣｏｍｐｅｎｄｉｕｍｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａＭｅｄｉｃａꎮ因此ꎬ假设笔者作为读者ꎬ看到译文１ꎬ则会联想到两层含义ꎬ分别为 中药学 和 本草(学) ꎬ因而导致表义模糊ꎬ引起语义偏差ꎬ不符合术语翻译的单一性要求ꎮ译文２ꎬ笔者认为翻译规范ꎬ符合术语翻译的单一性要求ꎮ值得注意的是ꎬ我们最好在第二译语 Ｃｈｉ￣ｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｍａｃｙ 前加上ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ一词ꎬ该词通常不省略ꎬ从而体现出该术语的民族性原则ꎮ同时ꎬ笔者通过查阅有道词典和词都网ꎬ发现对 中药学 给了另一种同样的译文ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙꎬ该译文是不准确的ꎮ通过查阅英汉大词典ꎬ笔者发现ｐｈａｒｍａｃｏｌｏｇｙ为 生物学 中 药理学ꎬ药物学 的意思ꎬ而 中药学 研究的是中药基本理论和临床应用的学科ꎬ不同于 生物学 中 药 的研究ꎬ因此宜译为ｐｈａｒｍａｃｙ才合适ꎮ综上所述ꎬ 中药学 的唯一正确译文为ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｐｈａｒｍａｃｙꎮ１.２㊀临床治疗术语的英译中医临床用语为数甚众ꎬ依其名实关系ꎬ大致可分三类ꎬ即疾病名称㊁诊疗手段和治疗方法ꎮ(李照国ꎬ２０１７:２３)下面笔者将从诊疗手段角度结合具体例子加以阐述ꎮ(４) 闻 和 切 的英译«中国的中医药»白皮书在第一部分提到:春秋战国(前７７０ 前２２１)时期ꎬ扁鹊总结前人经验ꎬ提出 望㊁闻㊁问㊁切 四诊合参的方法ꎬ奠定了中医临床诊断和治疗的基础(人民出版社２０１６年第２页)ꎮ其英文本(ｐ.２)对这段话的翻译如下文:ＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅＳｐｒｉｎｇａｎｄＡｕｔｕｍｎａｎｄＷａｒｒｉｎｇＳｔａｔｅｓＰｅｒｉｏｄ(７７０ ２２１ＢＣ)ꎬＢｉａｎＱｕｅｄｒｅｗｏｎｔｈｅｅｘｐｅｒｉ￣ｅｎｃｅｏｆｈｉｓｐｒｅｄｅｃｅｓｓｏｒｓａｎｄｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｄｉａｇｎｏｓ￣ｔｉｃｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ￣ｉｎｓｐｅｃｔｉｏｎꎬａｕｓｃｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎ＆ｏｌｆａｃｔｉｏｎꎬｉｎｑｕｉｒｙꎬａｎｄｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎꎬｌａｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＴＣＭｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓａｎｄｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ.在这段话中ꎬ译者将 闻 译为ａｕｓｃｕｌｔａｔｉｏｎ＆ｏｌ￣ｆａｃｔｉｏｎꎬ将 切 译为ｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎꎬ其实是欠妥的ꎮ这说明译者并没有了解中医术语英译的最新进展ꎬ而且对术语的理解也不到位ꎮ但是ꎬ这两个术语确实比较难译ꎬ因为不仅要对中医英语翻译理论有所了解ꎬ更要对中医中所涉及的古典文化和哲学等有所了解ꎬ对于一闻诊诊方法之一ꎬ 闻病ꎮ所以翻译 闻诊阅了英汉大词典ꎬｔａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｏｌｆａｃｔｉｏｎꎬ者而言ꎬｉｎｇ来得通俗易懂ꎮ因为实现原语概念的完整再现是翻译术语时应首要遵循的原则ꎬ其次要考虑的就是术语的语用价值ꎬ从而更好地促进学术交流和意义传达ꎮ综上所述ꎬ 闻诊 的最佳译文为ｌｉｓｔｅｎｉｎｇａｎｄｓｍｅｌｌｉｎｇꎮ 切诊 包括脉诊和按诊(或称触诊)两部分ꎮ通过查阅新世纪汉英大词典ꎬ 脉诊 一般译作ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓｂｙｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｕｌｓｅꎻｐｕｌｓｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓ或ｐｕｌｓｅ￣ｔａｋｉｎｇꎬ 触诊 译为ｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎꎮ因此ꎬ此处作者将 切诊 译为ｐａｌ￣ｐａｔｉｏｎ是欠妥的ꎬ它并没有反映出另一层 脉诊 之意ꎬ违背了中医药名词术语英译的回译性原则ꎮ此外ꎬ新世纪汉英大词典对于 切诊 给出的译文为ｐｕｌｓｅｆｅｅｌ￣ｉｎｇａｎｄｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎꎮ综上所述ꎬ笔者认为 切诊 的正确译法有:ｐｕｌｓｅｆｅｅｌｉｎｇａｎｄｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎ和ｐｕｌｓｅｔａｋｉｎｇａｎｄｐａｌｐａｔｉｏｎꎮ(５) 推拿 的英译«中国的中医药»白皮书共有两处提到 推拿 (人民出版社２０１６年第５页和第１９页)ꎮ其英文本(ｐ.６＆ｐ.２６)对该术语的翻译如下:译文１(ｐ.６):ｔｕｉｎａ(ｍａｓｓａｇｅ)ꎻ译文２(ｐ.２６):ｍｅｄｉｃａｌｍａｓｓａｇｅ.这两种译法都不够准确ꎬ尤其是第二种译法ꎬ第一种译法有点画蛇添足ꎮ此外ꎬ译者前后的译法不一致ꎬ没有遵循术语单义性和科学性原则ꎬ不利于中医药学名词术语规范化和统一化ꎮ因此ꎬ对于专业为非中医英语类的译者有必要做好译前准备工作ꎬ确保同一术语前后译文一致ꎬ避免不该有的翻译错误ꎮ实际上ꎬ我们应将 推拿 音译为ｔｕｉｎａꎬ以前 推拿 多译作ｍａｓｓａｇｅꎬ查阅英汉大词典即可发现该译文容易使人凭空产生无限联想ꎬ不易于对这一概念的全面了解和恰当把握ꎮ综上所述ꎬ为了化繁就简ꎬ保证语义的唯一性和术语的实用性ꎬ 推拿 直接音译为ｔｕｉｎａ即可ꎮ１.３㊀中药方剂术语的英译中药方剂方面的术语主要体现在药剂名称㊁性味用制和配伍剂型等方面ꎮ(李照国ꎬ２０１７:５)下面笔者结合具体例子来分析中药方剂术语的英译ꎮ:中药已㊁片剂㊁㊁工业为主业体系(人民出版社２０)对这段话的翻译ｈａｖｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｆｒｏｍａｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｆｏｒｍｓｓｕｃｈａｓｐｉｌｌｓꎬｐｏｗｄｅｒｓꎬｏｉｎｔｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄｐｅｌｌｅｔｓｉｎｔｏｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ４０ꎬｉｎｃｌｕ￣ｄｉｎｇｄｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｐｉｌｌｓꎬｔａｂｌｅｔｓꎬｐｏｄｓａｎｄｃａｐｓｕｌｅｓꎬｉｎｄｉｃａ￣ｔｉｎｇｍａｒｋｅｄｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｅｖｅｌｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｍｅｄｉｃｉｎａｌｄｒｕｇｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎꎬａｎｄｉｎｉｔｉａｌｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈ￣ｍｅｎｔｏｆａｍｏｄｅｒｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｅｄｉｃｉｎａｌｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｒｏｄｕｃ￣ｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｉｅｄｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒｂｙｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ.译者有必要遵循中医药学名词术语规范化研究的约定俗成原则ꎮ对于应用面较广ꎬ沿用已久ꎬ已在社会上广为流传的名词ꎬ即使科学性牵强ꎬ也可保留ꎬ不轻易改动ꎬ以免引起新的混乱ꎮ(朱建平ꎬ２０１６:２０４) 丹 是指颗粒或粉末状的中药ꎮ在这段话中ꎬ作者将 丹 译为了ｐｅｌｌｅｔｓꎬ按道理是没错的ꎮ此外ꎬ通过查阅英汉大词典ꎬ笔者发现 ｐｅｌｌｅｔ 译为药丸ꎬ ｂｏｌｕｓ 译为(尤指兽医用的)大丸药ꎬ大片剂ꎮ因此ꎬ笔者相信很多人第一感觉都会选择ｐｅｌｌｅｔ作为 丹 的译文ꎮ值得注意的是ꎬ由于 丹 是中医中特有的药物剂型ꎬ这些中医特有剂型的翻译ꎬ国内外较为统一ꎬ比如将此处的 丹 译为ｂｏｌｕｓꎮ(李照国ꎬ２００８:３９０)因此ꎬ译者在某些情况下有必要遵循术语的约定俗成原则ꎬ适时变通ꎬ不可画地为牢ꎮ２.关于白皮书中的其他词语翻译问题除了以上提到的几个术语翻译有问题外ꎬ白皮书中部分词语翻译也存在一些问题ꎬ翻译欠妥ꎮ笔者拟举几例加以说明ꎮ(７) 神农尝百草 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 神农尝百草 (人民出版社２０１６年第２页)被译为Ｓｈｅｎｎｏｎｇ(ＣｅｌｅｓｔｉａｌＦａｒｍｅｒ)ｔａｓｔｉｎｇａｈｕｎ￣ｄｒｅｄｈｅｒｂｓ(ｐ.２)ꎬ笔者认为这里的数词 百 为虚数ꎬ它并不是确指ꎬ只是为了说明品尝的药草种类之多ꎬ数量之大ꎮ因此ꎬ笔者认为将其译为Ｓｈｅｎｎｏｎｇｔａｓｔｉｎｇａｌｌｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｈｅｒｂｓ或Ｓｈｅｎｎｏｎｇｔａｓｔｉｎｇｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓｏｆｈｅｒｂｓ似乎更妥ꎮ(８) 药食同源 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 药食同源 (人民出版社２０１６年第２页)被译为ｆｏｏｄａｎｄｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓａｍｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ(ｐ.２)ꎬ有道词典和词都网给出的相同译文为ｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅａｎｄｆｏｏｄꎬ此外有道词典给出的第二种译文为ａｆｆｉｎａｌｄｒｕｇａｎｄｄｉｅｔꎮ分析这三种译文ꎬ首先ꎬ译者给出的译文只是对该词语的解释ꎬ有待推敲ꎬ而且译文冗长达８个单词ꎮ而最后一种译文ａｆｆｉｎａｌｄｒｕｇａｎｄｄｉｅｔ中含有ｄｒｕｇ一词ꎬ该词通常译为毒品ꎬ会给人一种不好的联想ꎮ因此ꎬ笔者认为ｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｏｆｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅａｎｄｆｏｏｄ更适合ꎬ它完整且准确地表达了原文的内涵ꎮ(９) 大医精诚 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 大医精诚 (人民出版社２０１６年第３页和第６页)被译为ｍａｓｔｅｒｓｈｉｐｏｆｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｌｙｉｎｇｉｎｐｒｏ￣ｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｍｅｄｉｃａｌｓｋｉｌｌｓａｎｄｌｏｆｔｙｍｅｄｉｃａｌｅｔｈｉｃｓ(ｐ.４＆ｐ.７)ꎮ该译文共１２个单词ꎬ过于冗长复杂ꎮ笔者认为译文应简洁凝练ꎬ语义表达到位即可ꎬ因而改为ｏｎｔｈｅａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｓｉｎｃｅｒｉｔｙｏｆｇｒｅａｔｐｈｙｓｉｃｉａｎｓ似乎更好ꎮ(１０) 中西医结合 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 中西医结合 (人民出版社２０１６年第１１页)被译为ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄＣｈｉｎｅｓｅａｎｄＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ(ｐ.１５)ꎬ但为了保证语义的准确性和中医术语的民族性特色ꎬ最好译为ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅａｎｄＷｅｓｔｅｒｎｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅꎬ这里的ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ一词一般不省略ꎮ(１１) 疑难杂症 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 疑难杂症 (人民出版社２０１６年第１１页)被译为ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ(ｐ.１６)ꎬ笔者认为是不妥的ꎬ因为该词语的内涵义是指难辨或难治的各种疾病ꎬ强调种类之杂之多ꎬ因此译为ｄｉｆｆｉｃｕｌｔｍｉｓｃｅｌｌａｎｅｏｕｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓ可能更妥ꎬ若把单词ｍｉｓｃｅｌｌａｎｅｏｕｓ省略ꎬ则体现不出该特点ꎮ通过该例ꎬ我们可以总结出: 翻译不是文字表面的简单对等ꎬ而是两种语言在语义上的高度契合ꎮ(１２) 中药产品 的英译白皮书中ꎬ 中药产品 (人民出版社２０１６年第１５页)被译为Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｍｅｄｉｃｉｎａｌｄｒｕｇ(ｐ.２０)ꎬ这是不妥的ꎬ问题就出在单词ｄｒｕｇ上ꎬ关于ｄｒｕｇ一词的问题ꎬ笔者在例８中也有提及ꎬ这里就不赘述ꎮ笔者认为译为ＴＣＭｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ更妥ꎬ不会让读者想偏ꎬ给读者造成心理上的误解和困扰ꎮ因此ꎬ译者在翻译时ꎬ需要考虑单词的选择㊁引申与褒贬ꎬ努力传播正能量性的语言ꎬ有助于推动中国彰显正义友好的国际风范ꎬ展示负责任大国形象ꎮ３.结语中医术语英译的正确对于中医在国际社会上的传播起着关键性作用ꎮ因为此份白皮书会被译为多个版本ꎬ可想而知ꎬ如果英译版都没有翻译准确ꎬ那其他版本的规范性会如何?因此ꎬ译者需要不断学习中医翻译的基本知识ꎬ掌握中医药名词术语英译的原则和方法ꎮ笔者目前最关心的已经不再是术语和词语的英译问题ꎬ而是«中国的中医药»白皮书的英译本在主要英语国家的接受情况㊁本土非中医英语专业的英译本读者能否抱着批判性思维去发现问题以及外文出版社能否在今后的再版中解决这些问题ꎮ笔者希望通过本文见微知著ꎬ带动更多学者探讨中医术语翻译领域的问题ꎬ加快推动中医药国际化进程ꎮ参考文献[１]ＴｈｅＳｔａｔｅＣｏｕｎｃｉｌＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＯｆｆｉｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.ＴｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ[Ｃ].Ｂｅｉ￣ｊｉｎｇ:ＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅＰｒｅｓｓꎬ２０１６:２２６. [２]ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｗｆｃｍｓ.ｏｒｇ/ｚｙｙ/ＴｏＳｅａｒｃｈ?ｐａｇｅＮｕｍ＝１[３]陈斯歆.文化视阈下中医术语英译的原则和策略[Ｊ].上海翻译ꎬ２０１７(３).[４]惠宇ꎬ杜瑞清.新世纪汉英大词典(第二版)[Ｚ].北京:外语教学与研究出版社ꎬ２０１６(９).[５]刘冰.新世纪初叶国内医学英语翻译研究评述与展望[Ｊ].上海翻译ꎬ２０１７(４):３４３５.[６]陆谷孙.英汉大词典(第二版)[Ｚ].上海:上海译文出版社ꎬ２０１６(１０).[７]李照国.中医基本名词术语:英译国际标准化研究[Ｍ].上海:上海科学技术出版社ꎬ２００８:３９０.[８]李照国.中医英语翻译研究[Ｍ].上海:上海三联书店ꎬ２０１３:１０７.[９]李照国.中医基本名词术语英译研究[Ｍ].西安:世界图书出版西安有限公司ꎬ２０１７:５２３.[１０]曲丽芳.经络经脉及其英译[Ｊ].中国针灸ꎬ２００６(９):６７７.[１１]中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室.中国的中医药[Ｃ].北京:人民出版社ꎬ２０１６:２１９.[１２]朱建平.中医药学名词术语规范化研究[Ｍ].北京:中医古籍出版社ꎬ２０１６(４):２０４２１７.[１３]张顺生.对翻译中 约定俗成 的再思考[Ｊ].上海翻译ꎬ２００９(２).[作者信息]王春燕㊀Ｅｍａｉｌ:ｓｚａｌｉｍａ９３２＠１６３.。
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《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书White Paper: Medical and Health Services in China中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室26日发表《中国的医疗卫生事业》白皮书。
全文如下：The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China on Wednesday published a white paper on the medical and health services in China. Following is the full text of the white paper:中国的医疗卫生事业（2012年12月）中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室Medical and Health Services in China(December 2012)Information Office of the State CouncilThe People's Republic of China目录Contents前言一、卫生基本状况二、医药卫生体制改革三、传染病防治与卫生应急四、慢性非传染性疾病防治五、妇女儿童健康权益保护六、中医药发展七、卫生国际合作结束语前言Foreword健康是促进人的全面发展的必然要求。
提高人民健康水平，实现病有所医的理想，是人类社会的共同追求。
在中国这个有着13亿多人口的发展中大国，医疗卫生关系亿万人民健康，是一个重大民生问题。
Good health is a prerequisite for promoting all-round development of the person. And it is a common pursuit of human societies to improve people's health and ensure their right to medical care. For China, a large developing country, medical and healthcare is of vital importance to its population of over 1.3 billion, and is a major issue concerning its people's well being.中国高度重视保护和增进人民健康。
宪法规定，国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和传统医药，保护人民健康。
围绕宪法，中国逐步形成了相对完善的卫生法律法规体系。
China pays great attention to protecting and improving its people's health. As the Constitution stipulates, "The state develops medical and health services, promotes modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine..., all for the protection of the people's health." Based on this constitutional stipulation, China has put in place a complete system of laws and regulations concerning medical and health services.多年来，中国坚持“以农村为重点，预防为主，中西医并重，依靠科技与教育，动员全社会参与，为人民健康服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务”的卫生工作方针，努力发展具有中国特色的医疗卫生事业。
经过不懈努力，覆盖城乡的医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，疾病防治能力不断增强，医疗保障覆盖人口逐步扩大，卫生科技水平日益提高，居民健康水平明显改善。
Over the years, China has worked hard to develop its medical and health services with Chinese characteristics in accordance with the policy of "making rural areas the focus of our work, putting disease prevention first, supporting both traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, relying on science, technology and education, and mobilizing the whole of society to join the efforts, improving the people's health and serving socialist modernization." Thanks to unremitting efforts that have been made, medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have taken shape, the capabilities of disease prevention and control have been enhanced, the coverage of medical insurance has expanded, continuous progress has been made in medical science and technology, and the people's health has been remarkably improved.为建立起覆盖城乡居民的基本医疗卫生制度，保障每个居民都能享有安全、有效、方便、价廉的基本医疗卫生服务，中国深入推进医药卫生体制改革，取得了重要阶段性成效。
To put into place basic medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe, effective, convenient and affordable basic medical and health services, China has kept advancing the reform of its medical and healthcare system, and made important achievements in the current stage.一、卫生基本状况I. Basic Conditions居民健康状况不断改善。
从反映国民健康状况的重要指标看，中国居民的健康水平已处于发展中国家前列。
2010年人均期望寿命达到74.8岁，其中男性72.4岁，女性77.4岁。
孕产妇死亡率从2002年的51.3/10万下降到2011年的26.1/10万。
婴儿死亡率及5岁以下儿童死亡率持续下降，婴儿死亡率从2002年的29.2‰下降到2011年的12.1‰，5岁以下儿童死亡率从2002年的34.9‰下降到2011年的15.6‰，提前实现联合国千年发展目标。
The people's health has been improved. Judging from important indicators that give expression to national health, the health of the Chinese people is now among the top in developing countries. In 2010, the life expectancy was 74.8 years - 72.4 years for males and 77.4 years for females; the maternal mortality rate went down from 51.3 per 100,000 in 2002 to 26.1 per 100,000 in 2011; the infant mortality rate and the mortality rate of children under the age of fivehave kept dropping, with the former going down from 29.2 per thousand in 2002 to 12.1 per thousand in 2011, and the latter, from 34.9 per thousand to 15.6 per thousand, attaining ahead of schedule the UN Millennium Development Goal in this regard.建立起覆盖城乡的医疗卫生体系。
一是公共卫生服务体系。
包括疾病预防控制、健康教育、妇幼保健、精神卫生、卫生应急、采供血、卫生监督和计划生育等专业公共卫生服务网络，以及以基层医疗卫生服务网络为基础、承担公共卫生服务功能的医疗卫生服务体系。
二是医疗服务体系。
在农村建立起以县级医院为龙头、乡镇卫生院和村卫生室为基础的农村三级医疗卫生服务网络，在城市建立起各级各类医院与社区卫生服务机构分工协作的新型城市医疗卫生服务体系。
三是医疗保障体系。
这个体系以基本医疗保障为主体、其他多种形式补充医疗保险和商业健康保险为补充。
基本医疗保障体系包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗和城乡医疗救助，分别覆盖城镇就业人口、城镇非就业人口、农村人口和城乡困难人群。
四是药品供应保障体系。
包括药品的生产、流通、价格管理、采购、配送、使用。
近期重点是建立国家基本药物制度。
Medical and healthcare systems covering both urban and rural residents have been put in place. Of these systems, the first is the public health service system, which covers disease prevention and control, health education, maternity and child care, mental health, health emergency response, blood collection and supply, health supervision, family planning and some other specialized public health services, and a medical and healthcare system based on community-level healthcare networks that provides public health services. The second is the medical care system. In the rural areas, it refers to a three-level medical service network that comprises the county hospital, the township hospitals and village clinics, with the county hospital performing the leading role, and township hospitals and village clinics service at the base. And in the cities and towns, it refers to a new type of urban medical health service system that features division of responsibilities as well as cooperation among various types of hospitals at all levels and community healthcare centers. The third is the medical security system. This system comprises mainly the basic medical security, supported by many forms of supplementary medical insurance and commercial health insurance. The basic medical security system covers basic medical insurance for working urban residents, basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents, a new type of rural cooperative medical care and urban-rural medical aid, which cover, respectively, the employed urban population, unemployed urban population, rural population and people suffering from economic difficulties. And the fourth is the pharmaceutical supply system, which covers the production, circulation, price control, procurement, dispatching and use of pharmaceuticals. The recent work is focused on establishing a national system for basic drugs.卫生筹资结构不断优化。