chapter II 词汇学第二章

• Derivational affixes
----Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided to prefixes and suffixes.
Diagram of morphemes
2.3 Classifications of morphemes • In general ,there are two main types of classification of morphemes:
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----Free morphemes and bound morphemes
----Roots and affixes
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2.1 Morphemes
• The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. • The morpheme denotes the smallest units or the minimum distinctive feature of some class of things. • A morpheme is also two-facet language unit which possess both sound and meaning.
• ----Inflectional elements and affixes are bound morphemes. • ----They have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slowly, walk -ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes.
• Roots are either free or bound
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----Free roots: In English, many roots are free morphemes ,such as boy, walk etc. Free roots, just like simple words, belong to the word-stock. ----Bound roots: Quite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes, such as tain in words like contain, detain.
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2.2 Allomorphs
• An allomorph(词/语素变体)
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----any of variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. Different forms of the same morpheme. (An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.)
• Inflectional affixes
----Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional , thus known as inflectional morpheme.
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• Bound morphemes
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----A bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance ;it must appear with at least one other morpheme ,free or bound.
Chapterቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱⅡ MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF
ENGLISH WORDS
2.1 2.2 2.3
Morphemes Allomorphs
Classifications of morphemes
• Morphological structure of the word
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----The internal structural of words and rule by which words are formed. ----A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally ,however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes.
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• Affixes
• Affix is a “collective term for type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” Affixes, therefore, are considered bound morphemes. • ----Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word
elements to modify meaning or function.
• According to the functions of affixes , affixes may be divided into inflectional (屈折词素) and derivational (派生词素) types.
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2.3.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes
• Free morphemes
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----A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. ----Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences ,i.e., free roots(自由词根). ----A free morpheme is a word, in traditional sense.
2.3.2 Roots and affixes
• Roots , i.e., root morphemes
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----A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word ,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.