chapter II 词汇学第二章

合集下载

英语词汇学第二章课件

• According to various degrees of similarity and their
geographical distribution, the surviving languages of Indo-European language family fall into 10 principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.
of English;
• Let students know the growth of contemporary
English vocabulary and the modes of vocabulary development
➢ Teaching focus:
• the Indo-European language family • three phases of the historical development • general characteristics of English • three sources of contemporary English vocabulary • modes of vocabulary development
➢ Russian俄罗斯语
2. Indo-Iranian印伊语族 ➢ Persian波斯语 ➢ Bengali 孟加拉语 ➢ Hindi 北印度语 ➢ Romany吉普赛语
3. Armenian亚美尼亚语族 ➢ Armenian
4. Albanian阿尔巴尼语族 ➢ Albanian
The Western Set
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：英语词汇的发展制作人：寻阳、孙红梅单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院

词汇学知识点Chapter 1-3

Chapter 1 Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.1.2 - Vocabulary: refers to all the words in a language, and all the words of a particular historical period, a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.1.3 - Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.1.4 Sound and FormEnglish→ Phonetic language表音文字- Chinese→Ideographic language 表意文字The reasons for the inconsistency between sound and form1) More sounds than form2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes. e.g. women, luve→love4)Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary. e.g. cliché, debut1.5 classifications of words1.5.1 - The basic word stock基本词汇is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.1.5.1.1 characteristics of basic word stock1)All national character. 全民性Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language. Most important of all featuresNatural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions e.g. rain, foot, hand, and2) Stability.稳定性Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.3) Productivity . 能产性Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. dog, foot4)Polysemy. 多义性Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous. e.g. take, grey5) Collocability . 搭配性Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like. e.g. heart1.5.2 Non-basic word stock非基本词汇1) Terminology 术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas . e.g. penicillin, sonata, lexicology2) Jargon行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.e.g. bottom line3) Slang俚语Common words with slang meaning(Unconventional use of the standard vocabulary) Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and impressive. Sub-standard, popular used between friends in informal conversation. e.g. fat cats有钱人, jailbait4) Argot 黑话暗语generally refers to the jargon of criminals. e.g. dip (pick-pocket)5) Dialectal words方言are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. e.g. auld lang syne (Scottish)6)Archaisms古语are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use., like p oetry, legal documents, religious writing, business to create Solemn, formal, accurate, authoritative effect. e.g. quoth, perchance, thee7)Neologisms新词are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. e.g. blog, showrooming1.5.3 Function words功能词,虚词(empty/form words): grammatical meaning (conj. prep. aux. articles); small and permanent /stable set of words(154 words); Mostly used words.Content words: lexical meanings (n. a. adv. v.) an open list, numerous1.5.4 Native words本族语词are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words. Features: Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific. Frequent in use.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings借词in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary.Four manners of borrowing1)Denizen同化词Early; well assimilated; conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling指早期借入其拼写和读音完全符合本族语词规范的借词.e.g. porc→pork, skipta→shift2) Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. e.g. bazaar, Kowtow3) translation loans译借词are borrowed words formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. 是利用英语中现有的语言材料但模仿另一种语言模式而构成的词 a.. Word translated according to the meaning (literal translation) e.g. long time no see . b. Words translated according to the sound(Transliteration) e.g. ketchup, Confucius4) Semantic-loans.语义借词Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.指受另一种语言中相关词语的影响而借进新义的词。

chapter 2 词汇学

• In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. • The five Romance languages罗曼斯语-由拉丁语演变而来(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian)belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin.
3) Modern English 现代英语(1500---now)
It began with the establishment of printing in England. It is subdivided into(细分为): a. Early Modern English早期现代英语 (1500-1700) Because of the Renaissance文艺复兴 , many Latin and Greek words entered English and English began to have a Latinate flavor拉丁味.From 1500 to 1700, over 10, 000 new words entered the English language.
分布图
A Historical Overview of the English Vocabulary(英语词汇发展的历史回顾)
• 英语虽是英国的语言 , 但它作为英国人的语言的历史并不悠久 . 大不列颠岛上最早的居民是操凯尔特语的凯尔特人 (Celts), 他们于公元 43 年被罗马人征服 . 罗马人统治英国直到410年,被来自欧洲大陆的几个日耳曼部落取而代之 . 来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人（ Angles ）、撒克逊人（ Saxons ）和朱特人（ Jutes ）。英语（ the English language ）就是盎格鲁 ; 撒克逊人的

0832 英语词汇学第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the

Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。

词汇学chapter 2

13
English Lexicology(I)
3.1 Free and Bound Morphemes
Types of bound morphemes
Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.
3
English Lexicology(I)
1. Morphemes
A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes.
Content / lexical vs. grammatical morpheme on a semantic and syntactic basis
9
English Lexicology(I)

词汇学chapter 2 and 3 Words

Review:

The evolution of the English language consists of three stages, The three people from the northern Europe made a considerable contribution.
ChapБайду номын сангаасer 2 words

Chapter 3 Words and formations

Task 1 Brainstorming What does a word mean to you?

What is a word? A particular string of sounds must be united with a meaning

e. to express officially for judgment or decision The lawyer put several questions to the witness. f. to write down, make What shall I put at the end of the sentence? g. to make busy Put all the boys to work
The features of the native words

1) The polysemic feature Native words have existed for a very long time, for centuries. They are likely to remain unchanged for a long time. They are polysemic words, that is, they have many meanings. The verb put, for instance, has twelve meaning in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English.

词汇学第二单元

4、随着社会的发展而出现的词缀 eg: iPod 衍生出 iCat iDog(电子宠物）
5、当代新的前缀和后缀： all-，audio-， techno-，tele-aholic, -friendly, -seeking (P22)
Ⅱ.派生词的结构
一、以自由词根为主，附以词缀或黏着词根 1、前缀＋自由词根
二、以黏着词根为主，附以词缀或另一个黏着词根 1、前缀＋无构词能力的黏着词根 eg: contradict descend
2、无构词能力的黏着词根＋后缀 eg: confidence liberate
3、前缀＋无构词能力的黏着词根＋后缀 eg: intolerable distinctive
4、组合语素＋组合语素 eg : microscope microbeam(微光束）
be1.加在名词或形容词前构成动词例如：becloud（v.遮掩）、becalm（v.使……平静） 2.也可以加在名词前，名词加上-ed，使其成为形容词，含有“轻蔑”、“戏谑”等意思例如：benighted(a.愚昧的、不觉已天黑的）
a主要用来使名词、动词变成表语性形容词例如：afire(a.燃烧着的），asleep（a.睡着的）
-ful＋-ly =-fully carefully forgetfully -less＋-ness =-lessness helplessness colourlessness
3、前缀＋自由词根＋后缀 eg: enrichment international
4、组合语素＋自由词根 (这种派生词一般出现在当代术语中） eg: techno-chemistry radioactive
前缀
词缀变化的时代性
1、为了交流的简洁达意、迅速便利，人们用e-（电子的)来代替electronic. 例如:e-book、e-cash等

英语词汇基础 CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2analyze attitude category contrast critical deliberate excessive fragile frustration indicateTen Words in ContextIn the space provided, write the letter of the meaning closest to that of each boldfaced word. Use the context of the sentences to help you figure out each word's meaning.1. analyze/'ænəlaiz / - verb●Someone in the laboratory will analyze the blood sample to see if the patient hasan illness.●Before we can suggest solutions, we must carefully analyze the city's moneyproblems.________ Analyze means a. to plan. b. to study. c. to create.2. attitude/'ætitju:d / - noun●Athletes need to have a positive attitude. Even if they have lost the previousgame, they need to come into the next one ready to win.●Rudy came to the party with a poor attitude; he was sure that he'd be bored andwouldn't have any fun.________ Attitude means a. set of rules. b. background. c. way of thinking.3. category/'kætigəri / - noun●When I was in high school, I didn't seem to fit into any category. I wasn't anathlete, a scholar, or a rebel.●The small store had many jazz and rock recordings, but not much in the categoryof country music.________ Category means a. goal. b. feeling. c. group.4. contrast /'kɔntra:st / - noun●Everyone is surprised to see that there's a contrast between Peggy's eyes — oneeye is brown, and the other is green.●I was struck by the contrast between the fancy cars and houses west of MainStreet and the poor neighborhoods to the east.________ Contrast means a. disappointment. b. place. c. difference.5. critical/'kritikəl / - adjective●My boss can be very critical of me when I don't do my best work, but she's alsoquick to praise me when I do well.●My aunt is critical of her neighbors. She calls them lazy because their houseneeds painting and their yard is overgrown with weeds.________ Critical means a. fault-finding. b. jealous. c. proud.6. deliberate /di'libərət / - adjective●Manny's pushing me was quite deliberate; it wasn't accidental at all.●I'm sure our neighbor knew that the tall tree he was planting would keep the sunfrom our flowers. It was a deliberate dirty trick.________ Deliberate means a. easy. b. fair. c. planned.7. excessive/ik'sesiv / - adjective●Excessive speed caused the accident; the truck driver was going nearly eightymiles an hour.●Mrs. Hill's concern about her little boy's health is excessive. She rushes him to thedoctor every time he gets the sniffles or scrapes his knee.________ Excessive means a. overly great. b. off and on. c. normal.8. fragile/'frædʒail / - adjective●The lamp is fragile, so when you pack it, please put it in a deep box with plentyof newspaper around it.●When our daughter was little, we kept our fragile dishes and glasses out of herreach. We knew she would break them.________ Fragile means a. broken. b. strong. c. breakable.9. frustration/frʌs'treiʃən / - noun●Trying to learn to roller-blade, I fell down twenty times and then crashed into awall. Feeling more frustration than pain, I finally gave up.●Elaine felt great frustration when she failed her driving test for the third time.________ Frustration means a. relief. b. discouragement. c. pleasure.10. indicate /'indikeit / - verb●Jeff's frown seemed to indicate that he was unhappy with our plan.●The parking-lot attendant pointed to indicate that I should drive the car all theway up to the fence.________ Indicate means a. to hide. b. to show. c. to plan.Matching Words with DefinitionsFollowing are definitions of the ten words. Print each word next to its definition. If you look closely at each word in context, you will be able to figure out its meaning.1. ___________ A feeling of anger and helplessness that comes from bad luck,defeat, or failure; disappointment2. ___________ A point of view; state of mind; way of thinking or feeling3. ___________ A group of people or things having something in common; type4. ___________Too much; more than is reasonable5. ___________Done on purpose; carefully planned6. ___________An obvious difference7. ___________Disapproving; tending to find fault8. ___________Easily broken or damaged9. ___________To examine carefully; study closely10. ___________T o show; serve as a sign or signalCAUTION: Do not go any further until you are sure the above answers are correct. Then you can use the definitions to help you in the following practices. Your goal is eventually to know the words well enough so that you don't need to check the definitions at all.Sentence Check 1to take driving lessons.________ 2. A planned action is ______.________ 3.______ eating over the holidays led to my gaining three pounds.________ 4. A road sign with a picture of a leaping deer ______s that deer often cross the road at that spot.________ 5.After losing every game last season, the soccer players began training this year with a poor ______. If they don't transform˚their outlook,they will have another losing season.________ 6.Something that is ______ can be easily damaged.________ 7.Which ______ of movie do you prefer, comedy or action-adventure?________ 8.When Maggie ______d her reasons for wanting to marry Joe, she realized that they were not good ones.________ 9.Many teenagers feel their parents are too ______ of their clothing, music, and friends.________ 10.I was surprised by the ______ between kind, gentle Bill and his impatient, bad-tempered brother.Sentence Check 2Using the answer lines, complete each item below with two words from the box.1-2. There is a large ______ between things that fit in the ______ of junk food and those foods needed for basic nutrition.3-4. When a child is learning to play a musical instrument, parents should have an encouraging ______. Rather than being ______ ofthe child, parents should find things to praise.5-6. When we broke three glasses while washing the dishes, it wasn't ______.They were just too ______.7-8. Most people can deal with some ______, but if discouragement becomes ______, it can actually cause illness.9-10. When we ______ the citywide election returns, they will ______ how each neighborhood voted.Related WordsOnce you learn a new word, you can more easily understand many related words. Below are ten words related to the core words of this chapter. Use their definitions toother signs of being sick.________ 2.No matter how many times Mike says it was an accident, I believe he ______ tried to knock me down.________ 3.Our garden is growing more vegetables than our family can eat, so we're giving the ______ to neighbors.________ 4.The laboratory's ______ of the blood sample showed that the patient was quite healthy.________ 5.We painted our living room in ______ colors — one wall is pale yellowI kicked it.________ 7.My parents ______ their books by subject — mysteries, health, humor, and so on.________ 8.My instructor's ______ of my paper was tough, but helpful. In addition to pointing out the paper's faults, he suggested ways to correct them.________ 9.I'm completely ______ when it comes to pizza. Frozen or fresh-baked, crisp or soggy, thick crust or thin — I love it all.________ 10.E ven though her son is now in college, Mrs. Hill is still ______ concerned about him. She calls him every day to be sure he's eatingright and getting enough sleep.Synonyms and AntonymsA. Synonyms. Write the letter of the word or phrase that most nearly means the same as each boldfaced word.________ 1.analyzea. rememberb. examinec. find fault withd. use________ 2.attitudea. heightb. outlookc. knowledged. skill________ 3.categorya. groupb. purposec. reactiond. problem________ 4.criticala. absentb. frightenedc. nervousd. disapproving ________ 5.indicatea. planb. concealc. showd. disappoint B. Antonyms. Write the letter of the word or phrase that most nearly means the opposite of each boldfaced word.________ 6.contrasta. differenceb. environmentc. enjoymentd. sameness________ 7.deliberatea. accidentalb. harmfulc. helpfuld. fortunate________ 8.excessivea. not realb. not enoughc. unexpectedd. required________ 9.fragilea. damagedb. unbreakablec. unnecessaryd. beautiful________ 10.f rustrationa. showing ignoranceb. feeling hatredc. being satisfiedd. expressing surpriseFinal CheckRead the passages carefully. Then fill in each blank with the word that best fits the context.(1)________ of everyone else's mistakes? If the washing machine or the stereo breaks down, is your reaction (2)________ anger and (3)________? If so, beware! Too much bad temper and discouragement could be harming your health. Scientists say that faultfinders and those who are often angry actually seem to have more heart attacks. So if you fall into this (4)________ of people, it's a smart idea to try to change your outlook. Learn to take things more calmly; learn to be more patient when someone or something disappoints you. If your (5)________ improves, your health may improve too.(6)________ there is in their leisure activities! Mira loves an exciting challenge˚ and often takes (7)________ risks. She has mastered the skateboard, she drives in stock-car races, and she's even tried boxing. In fact, she says she'd go skydiving if only she could afford it. Pat is a collector. She spends her spare time searching for old crystal and china — and taking care of it. She never minds the hours it takes her to wash and dust her precious, (8)________ treasures. Then there's Celia, who wants to spend every possible minute reading — and that's all! You've never met Mira, Pat, and Celia, but doesn't this tell you a lot about them? If we (9)________ how people spend leisure time, their interests and hobbies can reveal a great deal about theirpersonalities. What do you think your hobbies and other activities would (10)________ about you?。

英语词汇学各个章节的内容

Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。

英语词汇学课件Chapter 2

CHAPTER 21. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3000B. 2000C. 1000D.40002. It is assumed that the world has approximately 3000 (some put it 5000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D.20003. The Indo-European Language Family accordingly fall into ___________ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A. eightB. sixC. fiveD. several4. In the Eastern set, ___________ and ___________ are each the only modern language respectively.A. Italic; GermanicB. Armenian; AlbanianC. Celtic; HellenicD. Balto-Slavic; Indo-Iranian5. The following words are derived from the dead language Sanskrit except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. HindiD. Romany6. All these languages have some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has ___________ the English vocabulary.A. borrowed words fromB. enlarged words toC. decreased words toD. lent words into7. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton8. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and ___________.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian9. Indo-Iranian comprises the modern language except ___________.A. PersianB. BengaliC. Hindi, RomanyD. Polish10. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon11. The first peoples known to inhabit England were ___________.A. CeltsB. RomansC. Anglo-SaxonsD. Jutes12. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. Angles.B. Celtic.C. Saxons.D. Jutes.13. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish14. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French15. As a result, Celtic made only a ___________ contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller16. The introduction of ___________ at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. printingB. ChristianityC. French wordsD. all the above17. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic18. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 30000 to 40000B. 40000 to 50000C. 50000 to 60000D. 60000 to 7000019. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.A. 1200B. 800C. 900D. 100020. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. Skirt.B. Alter.C. Their.D. Birth.21. The ___________ family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic22. Old English vocabulary was essentially ___________ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.A. ItalicB. GermanicC. CelticD. Hellenic23. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin24. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ___________ words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian25. Which of the following is NOT true about Old English?A. Users of Old English borrowed heavily from Latin and other languages.B. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000.C. Old English refers to the English language used from 450 to 1150.D. Old English was a highly inflected language.26. Identify the word that ___________ is of Scandinavian origin among the following.A. skirtB. dressC. modelD. status27. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English ___________ of them are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent28. By the end of the ___________ century, virtually all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10thB. 11thC. 12thD. 13th29. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. the Renaissance30. Considering the changes in ___________, we regard the year of ___________ as the divison line of Early and Late Modern English.A. grammar; 1600B. grammar; 1700C. vocabulary; 1600D. vocabulary; 170031. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. borrowingC. semantic changeD. both B and C32. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words?A. The rapid development of modern science and technology.B. Geographical and political changes.C. The influence of other cultures and languages.D. Social and economic changes.33. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT ___________.A. kungfuB. TV dinnerC. fast foodD. Watergate34. The modes of modern English vocabulary grow through three major channels: ___________, semantic change, ___________.A. exchange; lendingB. derivation; borrowingC. creation; borrowingD. affixation; creation35. In modern times, ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. reviving archaic or obsolete words36. ___________ has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. obsolete words37. Which of the following is one of the three channels through which modern English vocabularydevelops?A. Acronym.B. Blending.C. Elevation.D. Borrowing.38. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation39. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation40. It is assumed that the world has 3 000 languages, which can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. A. 200 B. 300C. 400D. 50041. The following languages all belong to the Eastern set except___________.A. Balto-SlavicB. Indo-IranianC. ArmenianD. Italic42. In the Eastern set, Armenian and___________ are the sole modern languages in two respective families.A. AlbanianB. RussianC. SlovenianD. Lithuanian43. Which language does not belong to the Italic?A. Portuguese.B. Spanish.C. Welsh.D. French.44. The early inhabitants of the British Isles spoke___________.A. EnglishB. CelticC. ScandinavianD. Hellenic45. The Germanic speakers took permanent control of the land that was later called___________ (the land of Angles).A. GermanB. GreeceC. EnglandD. American46. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50 000 to 60 000words, which is entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from___________ and Scandinavian.A. LatinB. GreekC. CelticD. French47. The influx of French words into English did not occur until after___________.A. 1200B. 1300C. 1400D. 150048. In the Middle English period, the three main dialects of the land were Northern, ___________ and Midland.A. EasternB. WesternC. SouthernD. Oriental49. ___________ is the chief ancestor of Modern English, not Southern.A. EasternB. WesternC. NorthernD. Midland50. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of___________ words into English.A. LatinB. GreekC. DanishD. French51. Midland is an ___________ dialect, as its name implies, and intelligible to Northerners and Southerners alike.A. middleB. intermediateC. interchangeableD. internal52. The number of ___________ words that poured into English was unbelievably great and covered every realm of culture and society in the Middle English period.A. FrenchB. GermanC. LatinD. Russian53. Before English regained social status in Middle English period, those in power spoke French; those who were literate read and wrote ___________; those who could educate their children taught them in ___________; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned ___________or ___________.A. Latin; French; Latin; FrenchB. French; French; French; EnglishC. French; French; Latin; FrenchD. Greek; French; Greek; French54. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge in learning ancient Greek and Roman classics, which is known in history as the ___________.A. RenewalB. RevivalC. ReboundD. Renaissance55. Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly after World War II, although borrowing remains a channel of English vocabulary expansion, more words are created by ___________.A. analogyB. word-formationC. transferD. conversion56. The Anglo-Saxon in the Old English period was almost a "___________" language, which created new words from its own compound elements with few foreign words.A. uniqueB. fashionC. pureD. old57. As one scholar notes, old English was characterized by " ___________ endings", Middle English by "leveled endings", and Modern English by " ___________ endings".A. full; lostB. lost; fullC. full; pureD. pure; lost58. Old English which was a ___________ language has evolved to the present language.A. analytic; syntheticB. synthetic; analyticC. agglutinative; analyticD. isolating; synthetic59. Of all the foreign languages from which we have borrowed words, Latin, Greek, French, and ___________ stand out as the major contributors.A. ItalianB. GermanC. DutchD. Scandinavian60. In the Pre-Anglo-Saxon period, the words borrowed naturally from Latin reflected the new conceptions and experience in ___________ and ___________.A. war; economyB. economy; agricultureC. war; place namesD. war; agriculture61. In the Old English period, borrowings from Latin came in because of the introduction of Christianity, such as, ___________ and ___________.A. cook; candleB. shrine; sackC. candle; shrineD. mass; circle62. The ___________ centuries were especially prolific in Latin borrowings under the influence of Renaissance.A. 12th and 13thB. 13th and 14thC. 14th and 15thD. 15th and 16th63. Some late borrowings from Latin still retain their Latin forms. Which of the following was borrowed in the Modern English period?A. Frustrate.B. Focus.C. Logic.D. Trade.64. Which of the following does not come from Greek?A. Piano.B. Synonym.C. Philosophy.D. Lexicology.65. Typhoon is from ___________ and tatami is from ___________.A. Chinese; AfricanB. Chinese; JapaneseC. Arabic; TurkishD. Malay; Japanese66. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. terminology, analogy and borrowingB. creation* semantic change and borrowingC. creation, archaisms and semantic changeD. semantic change, denizens and argot67. Which of the following contemporary English vocabulary is from the rapid growth of science and technology?A. Fallout.B. Pant suit.C. Black belt.D. Mao jackets.68. The Scandinavian languages: Norwegian* Swedish, Danish and Icelandic, constitute the ___________ branch of the Germanic group.A. easternB. westernC. northernD. southern69. Reviving archaic or ___________ words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though insignificant.A. obsoleteB. oldC. usedD. ancient70. It is assumed that the world has about ___________ languages.A. 3,000B. 2,000C. 1,000D. 4,00071. All languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 200B. 300C. 400D. 50072. The Indo-European language family is made up of most of the languages in the following places except ___________.A. EuropeB. the Near EastC. IndiaD. Africa73. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.A. developedB. advancedC. inflectedD. complicated74. In the western set of the Indo-European language family, Greek is the modern language derived from ___________.A. HellenicB. CelticC. SpanishD. Dutch75. We find the following languages in the Celtic except ___________.A. ScottishB. IrishC. DanishD. Breton76. The first peoples known to inhabit on British Isles were ___________.A. RomansB. GermansC. CeltsD. Saxons77. Now people generally refer to ___________ as old English.A. Anglo-SaxonB. CelticC. LatinD. Armenian78. Which of the following is not included in the Germanic tribes?A. AnglesB. CelticC. SaxonsD. Jutes79. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ words.A. 40,000 to 50,000B. 50,000 to 60,000C. 60,000 to 70,000D. 30,000 to 40,00080. Old English refers to the language used between ___________ and ___________.A. 410, 1150B.450, 1150C. 410, 1100D.450, 110081. Some foreign languages have impact on old English except ___________.A. FrenchB. LatinC. NorwegianD. Danish82. It is estimated that at least ___________ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English.A. 1,200B. 800C. 900D. 1,00083. Which of the following is not Scandinavian origin?A. skirtB. alterC. theirD. birth84. Until 1066, the influence on English was mainly ___________.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic85. After the Norman Conquest a continual flow of ___________ words into English.A. LatinB. FrenchC. GermanicD. Celtic86. Between 1250 and 1500, about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 7,000B. 6,000C. 9,000D. 10,00087. ___________ of the words of French origin are still in use today.A. Eighty-five percentB. Fifty-six percentC. Seventy-two percentD. Seventy-five percent88. As many as 2, 500 words of ___________ origin found their way into Middle English.A. DutchB. FrenchC. LatinD. Celtic89. Modern English began with the establishment of ___________ in England.A. printingB. Bourgeois RevolutionC. Industrial RevolutionD. Renaissance Time90. Modern English began in ___________.A. 1700B. 1066C. 1500D. 190091. Considering the changes in ___________ Early and Late Modem English.A. grammar, 1600B. grammar, 1700C. vocabulary, 1600D. vocabulary, 170092. Modern English is considered to be a/an ___________ language.A. inflectedB. analyticC. syntheticD. new93. Generally, the number of the present day English vocabulary is about ___________.A. two millionB. three millionC. one millionD. four million94. Modern English vocabulary develops through ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. all the above95. ___________ is not the reason of growth of present-day English vocabulary.A. The rapid development of modern science and technologyB. Social, economic and political changesC. The efforts of linguistsD. The influence of other cultures and languages96. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________, semantic change and ___________.A. exchange, conversionB. compounding, borrowingC. creation, borrowingD. suffixation, creation97. ___________ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Meaning change98. ___________ means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.A. CreationB. Semantic changeC. BorrowingD. Derivation99. The word of "recollection" is formed by ___________.A. creationB. semantic changeC. borrowingD. collocation100. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ___________.A. creation, conversion and borrowingB. creation, borrowing and back-formationC. creation, semantic change and borrowingD. semantic change, borrowing and back-formation101. The Norman Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of ___________ words into the English vocabulary.A. FrenchB. GreekC. DanishD. Latin102. The introduction of ___________ had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islam103. After the ___________, the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came in great numbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French104. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out the ___________.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Anglo-SaxonD. Celtic105. Between 1250 and 1500 about ___________ words of French origin poured into English.A. 9,000B. 900C. 10,000D. 20,000106. Since the beginning of the 20th century, ___________ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary.A. word-formationB. creationC. semantic changeD. both B and C107. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed108. The five Romance languages, namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called ___________.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon109. By the end of the ___________ century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14thD. 15th1. The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ___________ language.2. As the invading tribes took over and settled in Britain, the Celtic languages gradually ___________.3. The surviving languages show various degrees of ___________ to one another.4. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.5. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.6. After the Romans, the Germanic tribes came in great numbers. Soon they took___________ control of the land, which was to be called England.7. Augustine came to spread ___________ in Britain at the end of the 6th century.8. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as ___________.9. In the 9th century the land was ___________ again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.10. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.11. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.12. By the end of the eleventh century, ___________ all of the people who held political or social power and many of those in powerful church positions were of Norman French origin.13. The English words "power", "crime" are derived from ___________.14. Modern English began with the ___________ of printing in England.15. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient and Roman classics. This is known in history as the ___________.16. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 -1700) and ___________ Modem English.17. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.18. It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.19. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.20. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.21. There're three modes of vocabulary development; creation, ___________ and borrowing.22. World languages can be grouped into roughly ___________ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar.23. The surviving languages accordingly fall into ___________ principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set.24. Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and ___________.25. Old English was the combination of three ___________ dialects which were used between ___________ and 1150.26. Old English was a highly ___________ language just like modern German.27. Old English has a vocabulary of about ___________ to ___________ words.28. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years from ___________ to ___________.29. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and ___________.30. The English words "power”, "crime" are derived from ___________.31. The introduction of ___________ into England marked the beginning of modem English period.32. Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England, and it can be subdivided into stages.33. Modern English is a ___________ language.34. The rapid development of ___________ and ___________ contributes a lot to the vocabulary development.35. ___________ refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, ___________ and other elements.36. There’re three modes of vocabulary development: creation, ___________ and borrowing.37. It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500 - 1700) and ___________ Modern English.38. The language used in England between 450 and 1150 is called ___________.39. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of ___________.40. The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, ___________.41. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present ___________ language.42. Now people generally refer to ___________ as Old English.43. The language used between 450 and ___________ is called ___________, which has a vocabulary of ___________. Middle English refers to the language spoken from 1150 to ___________. Followed by the ___________ period, subdivided as early modern English (___________) and late ___________ (1700-up to now).( ) 1. English is more closely related to German than French.( ) 2. Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.( ) 3. Old English was a highly inflected language.( ) 4. In early Middle English period, English, Latin and Celtic existed side by side.( ) 5.The introduction of printing into England marked the beginning of Modern English period. ( ) 6. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language.( ) 7. The four major foreign contributors to English vocabulary in earlier times are Latin, French, Scandinavian and Italian.( ) 8. In modern times, borrowing brings less than ten percent of modern English vocabulary. ( ) 9. The three major factors that promote the growth of modern English vocabulary are advances in science and technology* influence of foreign cultures and languages.( ) 10. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is creation of new words by means of word-formation.( ) 11. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.( ) 12. Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.( ) 13. Old English refers to the language used between 100 and 450.( ) 14. We refer to Celtic as old English.( ) 15. Words of old English had full endings.( ) 16. In 55 B. C. -54 B. C., the Romans invaded the British Isles and were to occupy the land until about 410.( ) 17. Celtic made only a small contribution to the English vocabulary.( ) 18. Many religious terms such as abbot, candle, alter, amen were brought into English by Latin-speaking Roman missionaries.( ) 19. Middle English lasted for more than four hundred years.( ) 20. During the Middle English period, Celtic, Latin and English existed side by side.( ) 21. During early Middle English period, Norman French became the polite speech while native tongue was a despised language.( ) 22. Middle English was a language of full endings.( ) 23. Modern English is a synthetic language.( ) 24. After World War II, thousands of new words have been created to express new ideas, inventions and scientific achievements.( ) 25. The influence of other cultures and languages is one of the main sources of new words. ( ) 26. Semantic change is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.( ) 27. In the vocabulary development, some old words fell out of use.( ) 28. The introduction of printing into England by William Caxton marked the beginning of Middle English period.( ) 29. Historically speaking, American English is older than British English.( ) 30. The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism into Britain. ( ) 31. The late Modern English period is characterized by the complete loss of endings.1.What are the main sources of new words?2. What are the features of Old English, Middle English and Modern English? What changes has English undergone as far as inflection is concerned?3. What are the reasons for the growth of contemporary English vocabulary?。

词汇学Chapter-2-the development of the English vocabulary

2.1 Indo-European Language Family
Eastern Set
Western Set Celtic Italic Hellenic Germanic
Indo-Iranian Balto-Slavic Armenian Albanian
2.1 The Indo-European Language Family
1. Hellenic希腊语族 ➢ Greek
2. Celtic凯尔特语族 ➢ Scotish苏格兰语 ➢ Irish爱尔兰语 ➢ Welsh威尔士 ➢ Breton布列塔尼语 ➢ Pictish皮克特语
3. Hittite希泰语族 4. Tocharian吐火罗语族
Norwegian挪威语
Icelandic冰岛语
➢ Scandinavian languages
Swedish瑞典语
Three periods of development
➢Old English/AngloSaxon English (449-1150 AD)
➢Middle English (1100-1500AD)
➢Modern English (1500-present)
➢ Russian俄罗斯语
2. Indo-Iranian印伊语族 ➢ Persian波斯语 ➢ Bengali 孟加拉语 ➢ Hindi 北印度语 ➢ Romany吉普赛语
3. Armenian亚美尼亚语族 ➢ Armenian
4. Albanian阿尔巴尼语族 ➢ Albanian
The Western Set
The first peoples known to inhabit the land were Celts.

自考英语词汇学第二章课件

In fact, more than twenty-five percent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages. 事实上，现代英语词汇中有 25%以上几乎是直接从古典语言中直接介入的（WBD）。 In modern English, word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.在现代英语中，除了少数几个词之外，词尾几乎都消失了。可以这样说，英语已从古英语的综合型语言发展成了现在的分析型语言。
2
- The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. 印欧语就是其中之一。该语系包括欧洲的大多数语言、近东诸语言和古梵语。

2.2.2 Middle English (1150-1500) -中古英语 Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. 虽然英语也从拉丁语中借词，但影响英语的主要还是日耳曼语。 Between 1250 and 1500 about 9000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.从 1250 年到 1500 年的 250 年间，大约有 9000 个法语词汇进入到英语中，其中 75%仍在使用。 If we say that Old English was a language of full endings. Middle English was one of leveled endings. 如果说古英语是全词尾的话，那么中古英语的词尾已去了一半

英语词汇学chapter2

and
vowels
Exercises
Decentralization Specialize Individualistic Half-hearted A man of letters de-, center, -al, -ize, -ation
species, -al, -ize
in-, divide, -al, -ist, -ic half, heart, -ed a, man, of, letter, -s down, fall
(3) Allomorphs Morphs refer to certain phonological and orthographical forms. The linguistic phenomenon that the same functional unit varies in form from one context to another, for example, -(e)s of cats, horses, classes has the regular meaning “more than one”, yet has three different phonological forms:/-s.-z.iz/. The morpheme of plurality {-s}: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after /d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, …/ Allomorphs refers to the variants of the same morpheme(-s, for example)
2) Reversative or privative
Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute

英语词汇学-chapter 2

The Development of the English Vocabulary英语词汇的发展In the study of words, it is important to know about the origin and growth of the vocabulary. The vocabulary of the language develops as the language develops. The English language is not theBut where does it come from? Why is it known as English? In what way is English related to other languages? What is the size of the vocabulary of the first settlers殖民者? How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary? This chapter will give an answer to all these questions.2.1 The Indo-European Language Family印欧语系It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000) languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammer. The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. The prehistoric Ingo-European parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language. It was a language in which the various forms of a given word showed its relationship to other words in a sentence When groups of this language moved away from the original homeland, believed to be somewhere in the easternmost part of Europe, the language of each group grew and developed along different lines in much the same way that American and Australian English now show differences from the language of England. Over very long periods of complete isolation from each other these dialects of a single language changed so much that they became separate languages. Speakers of one were not understood by speakers of another.假定世界上有将近三千（一些人说是五千）种语言，可以在词储和语法相似的基础上分为将近300个语系。

现代英语词汇学概论2

Review
2.Morphological Structure of English Words 英语词汇的形态结构 2.1 Morphemes词素 1.The Definition of “Morphemes” 词素的概念 2. Allomorphs 词素变体 2.2 Classification of Morphemes 词素分类 1. Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes 自由词素与粘着词素 2. Roots and Affixes 词根与词缀 free root and bound root inflectional affixes and derivational affixes
派生词缀分类（derivational morphemes）: Prefixes and suffixes 1) By linguistic origin: Native affixes Foreign affixes 2) By productivity: Productive/living affixes Unproductive/dead affixes
Bound morpheme: cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound E.g. receive re-ceive
back
How does a free morpheme or a bound morpheme form a word? E.g. green, greenhouse, greenness, disagreeable, receive, encyclopedia green (free) green-house (free + free) green-ness (free + bound) dis-agree-able (bound + free + bound) re-ceive (bound + bound) en-cyclo-pedia (bound + bound + bound) Note: A free morpheme is a word. back

词汇学第二章知识点总结

词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。

词汇学-第二章

Language development
The vocabulary of the language develops/changes as the language develops/changes.
The English language is not the language of the early inhabitants of the British isles.
What we want to know
Where does the English language come from? Why is it known as English? In what way is English related to other languages? What is the size of the vocabulary of the first settlers? How has it developed into what is now a huge modern vocabulary?
Old English (450-1150)
Development of Old English Germanic tribes: Angles, Saxons, Jutes England: the land of Angles Language: Anglo-Saxon
Development of Old English
梵语希腊语拉丁语意大利语法语德语英语
Sanskrit Greek Latin Italian French German English
mata meter mater madre mère Mutter mother dvau duo duo due deux zwel two trayah treis tres tre trois drei Three asti esti est è est ist is

词汇学Unit 2 Wordformation I.ppt

❖ Prefixation is a way of forming new words by adding prefixes to stems.
❖ Usually, prefixes do not change the part of speech of a word. Their chief function is to modify its meaning, although there are exceptions. e.g. fair---unfair.
disconnect
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
de
centralize mobilize
im
mobile
patient
balance
il
legal
literate
logical
ir
regular
rational
real
（2）Reversative prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
un-
unpack
de-
reversingdecode来自thedis-
action
unhappiness un-happi-ness
horses
horse-s
taking
talk-ing
❖ Example:
angyaghllangyugtuq ( a word in Eskimo)
angya- boat
-ghlla-
-ng -yug-tuq-
an affix expressing augmentative meaning “acquire” an affix expressing desire an affix expressing third person singular