《跨文化交际》_名词解释

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跨文化交际名词术语解释

跨文化交际名词术语解释

Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化:文化中的文化Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,标准的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,标准对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释导语:随着全球化进程的加速,跨文化交际成为了当今社会中不可忽视的一个重要领域。

在跨文化交际中,涉及到许多专有名词。

本文将对其中一些常见的跨文化交际名词进行解释,以帮助读者更好地理解和适应跨文化交际环境。

一、文化认知(Cultural Awareness)文化认知是指对不同文化之间的差异和特点进行了解和理解的能力。

这包括对文化背景、价值观、习俗、信仰、礼仪等方面的了解。

在跨文化交际中,文化认知是跨越文化差异和潜在冲突的关键。

具备文化认知的能力可以帮助人们更好地处理和解决跨文化交际中的问题。

二、文化折衷主义(Cultural Hybridization)文化折衷主义是指不同文化之间互相吸收、交融并形成新的文化形态的过程。

在全球化的背景下,不同文化之间的互动和融合日益增多,导致了文化的折衷和更新。

文化折衷主义在跨文化交际中意味着不同文化之间的互相尊重和互动,并且在这个过程中形成更加包容和开放的态度。

三、文化霸权(Cultural Hegemony)文化霸权指的是在跨文化交际中,某一文化因其经济、政治或军事上的强势,通过文化传播手段和方式来主导其他文化的现象。

具有文化霸权意识的文化会在其他文化中产生一定程度的影响力,导致其他文化的价值观、行为方式等趋于同质化。

在跨文化交际中,要重视和避免文化霸权对于其他文化的消解和侵害。

四、文化认同(Cultural Identity)文化认同是指个体对于自己所属文化的认同感和对该文化的归属感。

在跨文化交际中,个体的文化认同既受个体内因素的影响,也受外在因素的影响。

文化认同对于个体的行为、态度和价值观有着重要影响,同时也会影响个体在跨文化交际中对其他文化的接纳程度和开放度。

五、文化冲击(Culture Shock)文化冲击是指个体在跨越文化差异的过程中,经历新文化所带来的一系列困惑、不适和认知上的障碍。

文化冲击通常分为三个阶段:初始阶段的兴奋期,接着是困惑期,最后是适应期。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

1.Culture:is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.2.Norms:refer to rules for appropriate behavior, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others.3.Subculture:A subculture is a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society. In a sense, a subculture can be thought of as a culture existing within a larger, dominant culture.5.Context:Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.6.Collectivism:On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups7.Individualism:in the individual culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group.8.Nonverbal communication:Narrowly speaking, nonverbal communication refers to intentional use of nonspoken symbol to communicate a specific message.9.Taboo:refers to some words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.10.Euphemism:means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vagueterm for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.11.Anxiety: occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.12.Sensation:is a neurological process. We are not directly aware of what is in the physical world, but, rather, of our own internal sensations.13.Religion:refers to belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creator and a governor of the universe.14.Noise: The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.15.Channel:The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.。

《跨文化交际》名词解释资料讲解

《跨文化交际》名词解释资料讲解

《跨文化交际》名词解释1. Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2. Macroculture :The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3. Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4. Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化:文化中的文化5. Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释跨文化交际指的是在不同文化背景下进行的交流和互动。

在全球化的背景下,跨文化交际变得越来越重要,因为不同国家和文化之间的交流和合作已经成为现实。

以下是几个与跨文化交际相关的重要名词解释。

1. 文化冲突(Cultural Conflict):指在不同文化间发生的摩擦或冲突。

文化冲突可能源于不同的价值观、信仰、惯例、行为方式等。

通过跨文化交际,人们可以更好地理解和尊重他人的文化差异,减少文化冲突的发生。

2. 文化智商(Cultural Intelligence):指人们在跨文化环境中有效运用跨文化知识、技巧和能力的能力。

高文化智商的个体能够适应和应对不同文化之间的差异,从而更好地与其他人进行有效的跨文化交际。

3. 冷冻音(Frozen Accent):指在学习第二语言时,母语的语音习惯会影响人们发音的现象。

冷冻音是一种跨文化交际的障碍,会导致人们的发音不准确,难以被他人理解。

4. 文化微观描绘(Culture Micro-Mapping):研究人们在跨文化交际中特定情境下的行为和交际方式的方法。

文化微观描绘通过分析人们的行为习惯、价值观念、非语言交际等方面的差异,帮助人们更好地理解不同文化之间的交际模式。

5. 柔性文化 (Flexible Culture):柔性文化强调对不同文化之间的差异保持开放和灵活的态度。

在跨文化交际中,柔性文化的人们能够适应和接纳不同文化的观念和行为方式,与他人进行有效沟通和合作。

6. 文化同化(Cultural Assimilation):指在跨文化交际中,个体为了更好地适应和融入特定文化,逐渐接受并遵从目标文化的价值观、行为方式和社会规范的过程。

文化同化是跨文化交际中一个重要的适应策略。

7. 语言障碍(Language Barrier):指由于语言差异导致的交际障碍。

不同的语言系统和语言表达方式可能使人们难以理解和沟通。

在跨文化交际中,克服语言障碍是一个重要的挑战,可以通过学习对方语言和使用辅助工具等方式解决。

跨文化交际

跨文化交际

名词解释1.跨文化交际①所谓跨文化交际,即指不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。

也就是说,所谓跨文化交际,实际上是包含了许多不同的维面,如跨种族交际、跨民族交际、同一主流文化内不同群体之间的交际、国际性的跨文化交际等等。

②在特定的交际情景中,具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言(母语或者目的语)进行的口语交际。

这个概念界定是明确的,它是立足于对外汉语专业的需要而定的,于是与普通的跨文化交际概念是有区别的。

③跨文化交际的学科背景包括文化语言学, 社会语言学,言语交际学.④跨文化交际对于有些人来似乎说是一个新词,可实际上,我们时常在从事跨文化交际,只是我们不自觉而已。

例如:我们给外国游客指路、和留学生交往、阅读外国小说、看外国电影电视等等,都是不同形式的跨文化交际。

2.文化定势世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或者社团,这些群体或者社团对地域、历史、生活方式以及价值观等方面的共享,使其成员形成、发展并强化了自己独特的文化及与之相适应的交际文化。

在跨文化交际研究中,学者们往往倾向于把某一文化群体的每一个成员都视为该文化定势的代表或者整体文化形象。

这种整体式的文化取向通常被称为文化定势。

3.价值观①在跨文化交际研究中,价值观是个至关重要的问题。

价值观是文化的底层,不理解其差异就不能理解不同文化之间的根本差异。

②价值观对人类的活动起着规定性或者指令性的作用,是人们行为的规则、思维的方式、认知的准绳、处世的哲学、推理的模式、评价的依据、道德的标准。

人们在不知不觉中通过交际习得这套价值系统,它变成为了他们的集体无意识,变成为了他们的信仰、心态、行为、生活等诸方面的可评价系统,变成为了他们民族性格的基石。

每一种文化都有其独特的一套系统,而价值观是它的核心。

③价值观总是相对稳定的,一个人的价值观是从出生开始,在家庭和社会的影响下逐步形成的。

一个人所处的社会生产方式及其所处的经济地位,对其价值观的形成有决定性的影响;同时舆论宣传,以及父母、老师、朋友和公众名人的观点与行为,对一个人的价值观形成也有不可忽视的作用4.体态语体态语( body language )是非语言交际的重要组成部份,它包括眼神、手势、身势、面部表情、体距、体触等。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

目前,跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。

4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的,表现在社会文化的各个方面。

从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中,可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的,就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。

就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向,但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。

此外,除了民族、地域文化差异之外,不可否认,还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。

可以说,公司内文化差距越大,产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。

霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义:所谓“文化”,是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。

因此,文化不是一种个体特征,而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。

不同的群体,不同的国家或地区的人们,这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异,是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作,从而也就有不同的思维方式。

(权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向)5、文化词,什么是文化词呢?文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语,文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。

文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关,是词汇中最活跃的部分。

文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座,与语言紧密相随,在语言中也随处可见。

通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现,对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求,文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节,甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。

6、体态语释义:又称“身体语言”。

是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。

包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段,如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。

跨文化交际》_名词解释

跨文化交际》_名词解释

跨文化交际》_名词解释名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication betweenpeople whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to aparticular culture or ethnic group.文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessingcharacteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct andincorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

《跨文化交际》_名词解释之欧阳家百创编

《跨文化交际》_名词解释之欧阳家百创编

名词解释1.欧阳家百(2021.03.07)2.Intercultural communication refers to communication betweenpeople whose culture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

3.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations aboutbeliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

4.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particularculture or ethnic group.文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

5.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessingcharacteristic traits that set apart and distinguish them from others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

6.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrectbehaviors which, if broken carry a form of overt or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

跨文化交际主要名词解释

跨文化交际主要名词解释

1.verbal communication1.言语交际V erbal intercultural communications happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other by using language.当来自不同文化背景的人们用语言进行交流时言语交际就发生了。

2.非言语信号:(狭义)noverbal communication refers to intertional use of non-spoken symbol to communicate a specific message .运用非言语符号传达特定信息的交际行为。

(广义)refers to elements of the environment that communicate by virtue of people’s use of them.人们交际时运用的环境因素。

municative context;Communicative context is more likely to affect our communication with those who have different culture from ours or hold our language as their second language.情境context交际发生的环境并且有助于解释交际内容的含义。

The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. It’s the information that surrounds an event, it is in extricably bound up with the meaning of the event.4.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行有效沟通和互动的过程。

以下是对一些与跨文化交际相关的名词的解释:
1. 文化:文化是指一组人共同拥有的信仰、价值观、行为模式、语言、习俗等共同特征。

每个社会都有自己独特的文化,跨文化交际需要理解和尊重不同文化之间的差异。

2. 跨文化意识:跨文化意识是指对不同文化之间差异性的认知和理解。

它包括对文化差异的敏感性、接受多样性和开放心态,以及意识到自己的文化观念和偏见。

3. 跨文化沟通:跨文化沟通是指在不同文化背景下进行有效的信息交流和理解。

它需要关注语言、非语言和文化隐喻的差异,并灵活应对跨文化交流中的挑战。

4. 文化冲突:文化冲突指在跨文化交际中由于文化差异引发的矛盾、误解或不适应。

文化冲突可能涉及价值观、礼仪、沟通方式等方面,需要通过互相理解、尊重和妥协来解决。

5. 语言barrier:语言障碍指因为不同语言的使用而导致的交流困难。

语言障碍可能涉及词汇、语法、发音、口音等方面,需要通过语言学习和翻译等方式克服。

6. 文化适应:文化适应是指在跨文化环境中适应和融入新的文化。

它包括学习和理解新的价值观、行为规范、社交习惯等,以便更好地与不同文化的人进行交流和合作。

7. 文化敏感性:文化敏感性是指对他人文化背景的敏感和尊重。

它包括对文化差异的认识、意识到自己的文化偏见、避免歧视和偏见,
并以尊重和包容的态度对待不同文化。

跨文化交际是在全球化时代中越来越重要的能力,它帮助个人和组织更好地理解和应对多元文化环境中的挑战,并促进不同文化之间的和谐与合作。

跨文化交际 名词解释

跨文化交际 名词解释

Introduction1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment ininternational business operations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences andforming one large society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of differentbackgrounds and nationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化:文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whoseculture perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,andnorms,which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

《跨文化交际》名词解释

《跨文化交际》名词解释

名词解释1.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbolsystems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

2.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of arelatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

3.Culture identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份:指有意识地把自己归为某一特定文化或种族群体。

4.Subculture are formed by groups of people possessing characteristic traits that set apart and distinguish themfrom others within a larger society or dominant culture.亚文化:具有能在更大的一个社会范围内或主流文化中使自己有别于他人的特点的人类群体所形成的文化。

5.Norms are culturally ingrained principles of correct and incorrect behaviors which, if broken carry a form ofovert or covert penalty.规范指的是正确和不正确行为根深蒂固的文化原则,这种不正确的行为一旦发生,就意味着一种显性或隐性的处罚。

跨文化交际名词解释汇总

跨文化交际名词解释汇总

跨文化交际名词解释汇总
跨文化交际(Intercultural Communication)是指不同文化之间进行的交际活动。

在跨文化交际中,涉及到许多名词和概念。

以下是对一些常见的跨文化交际名词的解释:
1.文化(Culture):文化是人类社会的一种现象,包括人类所共同创造的一切物质和非物质的事物,如语言、宗教、价值观念、习俗等。

2.文化冲突(Culture Clash):指不同文化之间的价值、信仰、行为方式等存在差异,导致交流过程中产生的冲突。

3.文化认知(Cultural Awareness):指人们对不同文化的理解、认识和感知。

4.跨文化交际能力(Intercultural Communication Competence):指具备有效应对跨文化交际的能力,包括对不同文化的理解、适应和应对。

5.文化智商(Cultural Intelligence):指人们在跨文化交际中应对复杂情境的能力,包括对文化差异的认知、理解和应对能力。

6.文化适应(Culture Adaptation):指在新的文化环境中,个体逐渐适应并接受该文化的过程。

7.文化刻板印象(Cultural Stereotype):指对某一文化或文化群体的普遍化、片面化的看法和评价。

8.文化代际冲突(Intergenerational Culture Conflict):指不同世代之间在文化、价值观念等方面的差异导致的冲突。

9.文化霸权(Cultural Hegemony):指某一特定文化在全球范围内的主导地位。

以上是一些常见的跨文化交际名词的解释。

在跨文化交际中,了解这些名词的含义对于有效的跨文化交际至关重要。

跨文化交际名词解释

跨文化交际名词解释

目前,跨文化交际学已发展成为一门被国际学者们充分重视的集人类学、语言学、心理学、传播学、社会学等为一体的综合性学科。

4.文化差异文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的,表现在社会文化的各个方面。

从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中,可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的,就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。

就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向,但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。

此外,除了民族、地域文化差异之外,不可否认,还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。

可以说,公司内文化差距越大,产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。

霍夫斯坦特对文化下了这样一个定义:所谓“文化”,是在同一个环境中的人民所具有的“共同的心理程序”。

因此,文化不是一种个体特征,而是具有相同社会经验、受过相同教育的许多人所共有的心理程序。

不同的群体,不同的国家或地区的人们,这种共有的心理程序之所以会有差异,是因为他们向来受着不同的教育、有着不同的社会和工作,从而也就有不同的思维方式。

(权力距离、不确定性避免、个人主义与集体主义、男性度与女性度、长期取向与短期取向)5、文化词,什么是文化词呢?文化词就是指蕴含社会文化意义的词语,文化意义就是指社会赋予词语的引申义、联想义、比喻义、象征义等。

文化词与民族心理、风俗习惯和社会变革等密切相关,是词汇中最活跃的部分。

文化词和其他词汇一起组成了语言的底座,与语言紧密相随,在语言中也随处可见。

通过多年的对外汉语教学我发现,对留学生的文化词教学仅仅停留在词汇的表层意义上已经不能满足学生对汉语深层意蕴的渴求,文化词教学在对外汉语教学中是一个必须面对又很难把握的环节,甚至很多老师还没有认识到文化词教学其实是对外汉语教学的一部分。

6、体态语释义:又称“身体语言”。

是用身体动作来表达情感、交流信息、说明意向的沟通手段。

包括姿态、手势、面部表情和其他非语言手段,如点头、摇头、挥手、瞪眼等。

(完整版)《跨文化交际》名词解释

(完整版)《跨文化交际》名词解释

Introduction1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化:文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

Chapter 16.Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs,values,and norms,which affectthe behavior of a relatively large group of people.文化是习得的一套关于信仰,价值观,规范的公认的解释,这些信仰,价值观,规范对相当大人类群体的行为产生影响。

跨文化交际 名词解释

跨文化交际 名词解释

Give definitions to the following(1)Intercultural communication: Face-to-face communication between peopl efrom differing cultural backgrounds.(2)Intracultural communication: Shared interpersonal communication(人际交际)between members of the same culture.(3)Host culture: The mainstream culture in any one particular country.(4)Minority culture: cultural groups that are small er in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.(5)Subculture (co-culture): A small er, possibly nonconformist(不遵循社会常规的人), subgroup with the host culture.(6)Multiculturalism: The official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.(7)Cross-cultural communication: Face to face communication betweenrepresentatives of business, government and professional groups from different cultures.(8)Perception(感知): Perception is the means by which we make sense of ourphysical and social world.(9)Individualism: individualism refers to the d octrine(教义)that the interests ofthe individual are or ought to be paramount(至上的), and that all values, rights and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative(主动权), ind epend ence,individual expression, and even privacy.(10)Coll ectivism: Coll ectivism means greater emphasis on the views, needsand goals of the in-group rather than oneself; social norms(标准,规范) and duty d efined by the in-group rather than behavior to get pl easure; beliefs shared with the in-group rather than beliefs that distinguished self from in-group and great readiness to cooperate with in-group members.(11)Power distance: Power distance refers to the extent to which a societyaccepts that power, in relationships, institutions and organizations are distributed unequally.(12)Context: Information that surrounds an event; it is inextricably(免不了的)bound up with the meaning of the event.(13)High-context communication: A high- context communication ormessage is one in which most of the information is ready in the person, while very little is in the cod ed, explicitly(明白的)transmitted part of the information.(14)Low-context communication: Low-context communication or message isone in which little information is ready in the person, whil e most is in the cod ed, inexplicitly transmitted part of the information.(15)High-context culture: Most of the information lies either in the setting orin the peopl e who are part of the interaction. Very little information is actually contained in the verbal message.(16)Low-context cultures: The verbal message contains most of theinformation and very little is embed d ed(嵌入)in the context or the participants.(17)Activity orientation(活动观): Activity orientation is the way a cultureviews activity. There common mod es of activity expressions are: being orientation(存在观), being-in-becoming orientation and d oing orientation.(18)Nonverbal communication: Nonverbal communication involves all thosenonverbal stimuli(刺激)in a communication setting that are generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receive.(19)Paralanguage(副语言): Paralanguage involves the linguistic el ements ofspeech that is, how something is said and not the actual meaning of the spoken words. Most classifications divid e paralanguage into 3 kinds of vocalizations(发声): vocal characterizers, vocal qualifiers and vocal segregates.(20)M-time: Peopl e in M-time culture tend to think of time as something fixedin nature, something around us and from which we cannot escape; an ever-present part of the environment. They see time as lineal, segmented and managed.(21)P-time: For P-time culture, time is l ess tangibl e and hence feelings ofwasted time are not as prevalent as in M-time culture.。

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The Ethical Principles of ConfucianismConfucianism had been regarded as an ethic-political system in ancient China. For more than two thousand years it has moulded and shaped the civilization of China and exerted a profound influence upon almost one fourth pf the human race.Confucianism has left us a rich literary heritage known as the Four Books and Five Classics; Analects (《论语》), Mencius (《孟子》),The Mean (《中庸》),The Great Learning (《大学》) ; and Book of Change(《易经》), Book of History (《尚书》), Book of Rites (《礼记》) ,Book of Odes (《诗经》), and Spring and Autumn Anna ls(《春秋》)。

For six centuries (1313—1905) these four texts became the elementary requirements of Chinese education in the feudal society and served as the basis of the civil service examination (科举考试) by which scholars were selected for official posts at various levels of the government.The ethical principle of Confucianism is its discovery of the ultimate in the moral character of human relationships in which Confucius offered the solution for the ills and evils of his day. That is the well-known Five Relationships: father-son, husband-wife, elder-and-younger brother, friend-friend and ruler-minister. The responsibilities ensuing from these relationships are mutual and reciprocal. A minister owes loyalty to his ruler, and a child filial respect to his parent. But the ruler must care for his subjects, and the parent for the child. Just as Confucius said of the doctrine of reciprocity and neighborliness: "Within the four seas all men are brothers. " ( 四海之内皆兄弟) " Do not do to others what you would not want others to do to you. " (己所不欲,勿施于人)Confucius' central doctrine is that of the virtue of ren (仁). What is ren? Ren is translated variously as goodness, benevolence, humanity, and human-heartedness. In short, ren means affection and love. "A man of ren loves others" (仁者爱人) .Fan Chi asked about " ren". Confucius said, "Love all men. " (樊迟问任,子曰“爱人”)The ethical thought of Confucius can be summed up as the following five cardinal virtues;1. ren (仁), the will to show benevolence to others (the root)2. yi (义), righteousness by justice (the trunk)3. li ( 礼), moral ways of conduct (the branches)4. zhi (智), wisdom (the flower)5. xin (信), faithfulness (the fruit)In my opinion Confucianism's greatest contribution to the Chinese nation is its shaping and moulding of the Chinese character and national soul and its founding of the complete system of knowledge. Just as Dr. Sun Yat-sen said; "Therefore the old morals of loyalty (忠) and piety (孝), affection and love (仁爱), faithfulness and righteousness(信义), are superior to those of the foreign countries, let alone that of peace and harmony (和平). These high standards of morals are our national spirit. "(所以中国从前的忠孝、仁爱、信义种种就倒地,固然是驾乎外国人,说到和平的道德,更是驾乎外国人。

这种特别好的道德,便是我们的民族精神。

《孙中山选集》684页)The complete system of knowledge is laid down in the book of Great Learning:The way of the Great Learning lies in illustrating virtue, rejuvenating the people, and reaching perfection. ... The ancients who wished to illustrate virtue throughout the world would first govern well their own state. To govern their state well, they would first regulate their families. To regulate their families, they would first cultivate their own personality. To cultivate their personality they would rectify their minds. To rectify their minds, they would first strive to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing for sincerity in their thoughts, they would expand their knowledge. The expansion of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. (The Text of Confucius)【原文】大学之道,在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。

……古之君子欲明明德于天下者,先治其国。

欲治其国者,先齐其家。

欲齐其家者,先修其身。

欲修其身者,先正其心。

欲正其心者,先诚其意。

欲诚其意者,先致其知。

致知在格物。

[《大学》·孔经]【今译】最大的学问,在于弘扬道德,是人们革故鼎新,从而达到至善至美的理想境界。

……古之君子要想发扬光大美德于天下,想要治理好自己的国家;要想治理好自己的国家;想要治理好自己的家庭;要想治理好自己的家庭,想要修养好自己的本身;要想修养好自己的本身,先端正自己的思想;要想端正自己的思想,想要使自己的意念诚实,先要获得知识。

获得知识的目的,在于懂得事物的道理。

Introduction1.Globalization is considered as a process of increasing involvment in international businessoperations.经济学视角中的全球化表现为不断增加的国际商务往来过程。

2.Macroculture:The term macroculture implies losing ethnic differences and forming onelarge society.宏观文化意味着种族差异的消失和一个大社会的形成。

3.Melting pot means a sociocultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds andnationlities.熔炉:不同背景和国籍的人们之间的社会文化的同化。

4.Microcultures:cultures within cultures微观文化:文化中的文化5.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultureperceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.跨文化交际:指拥有不同文化认知和符号体系的人文之间进行的交际。

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