chapter1总结.ppt
2011功能语言学课程Chapter 1 and 2 课件PPT
Trochaic : iambic – 2 syllables
Trochaic（扬抑拍）: strong + weak e.g. better butter Iambic（抑扬拍）：weak +strong If all the world was ap--ple pie foot
Poem structure in two systems
Questions:
How many words consist of a sentence? ____one? two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “yes”, “ok”, “I did”, “I did it” How many letters consist of a word? ____one? Two? Several? (maybe) E.g. “I”, “no”, “and” ......
教材及主要参考书目
An Introduction to Functional Grammar Second edition by M. A.
K. Halliday.Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited (外语教学与研究出版社， 爱德华 阿诺德出版社）. 2000. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. By Thompson, Geoff. 1996. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London: continuum. By Martin, J. R.and David Rose. 2003. The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan Approach. London: Edward Arnold. By Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 1995. 《系统功能语法概论》胡壮麟，朱永生，张德禄，李占子， 北京： 北京大学出版社. 2005.
Chapter1科技英语专业知识课件PPT
01
Overview of Science and Technology English Major
Definition of Science and Technology English Major
Summary writing skills
Identifying key information
Ability to select the most important ideas and details from a text and organize them into a coherent summary.
and the ability to explain them clearly.
03
Avoiding ambiguity
Ability to avoid ambiguity when using technical terms by
providing clear definitions and examples.
• Formatting and style: Adherence to specific formatting guidelines (e.g., APA, MLA) and maintenance of a consistent style throughout the paper.
• Organization and structure: Clear organization of ideas into logical sections with appropriate headings and subheadings, and use of transitional phrases to facilitate the reader's understanding.
chapter1简介和翻译标准.ppt
课程的教学内容
• 1. 翻译的性质；翻译的标准；翻译理论和实践的辨证关系。 2. 中外翻译史和翻译理论简介。 3. 翻译的分类、翻译的过程以及对译者的要求。 4. 直译和意译 5. 文化和翻译的关系 6. 英汉语言的对比与翻译 7. 增词法 8. 省略法 9. 正反、反正表达法 10. 被动语态的译法 11. 分译法、合译法 12. 定语从句的译法 13. 状语从句的译法 14. 长句的翻译 15. 文学类、新闻类和科技类的篇章翻译 16. 广告类、法律类和旅游类的篇章翻译
• 3 spiritual conformity
• 梁实秋 • 钱钟书
• 4 rather smooth than faithful
• 5 sublimed adaptation
• 6 faithfulness and readability (求真 喻俗)
泰特勒（Tytler）:1.the translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work. 2. the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 3.the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
John is now with his parents in New York. It is already three years since he was a bandmaster.
理解原语文化中特有的语言现象：
管理会计双语版总结PPT
第四页，共七十三页。
Chapter 3 :Determining Costs of Products
Job order costing
Direct material : trace Direct labor : trace Manufacturing overhead : allocate
Cost pool and allocation base Actual cost system vs. normal cost system Over-apply vs. under-apply
Three formulas (page 136)
Sensitivity analysis
8 第九页，共七十三页。
CVP Equations
Sales – Variable Costs – Fixed Costs = target profit
(SP/unit * units) – (VC/unit * units) – FC = target profit
Chapter 1: Introduction
Why management accounting? Origin and evolution of management
accounting Contrasting financial and management
accounting Ethical standards for management
Accounting rate of return
17
第十八页，共七十三页。
Chapter 9 : The Operating Budget
Different approaches to budgeting
跨文化交际PPTChapter 1
Communication
Look at the picture and try to figure out:
1. What is communication?
2. How do we communicate? 3. Is it a process? If yes, what?
4. three models
Man is part of nature and also transcends nature. Culture is man‟s “second nature”.
Culture is man‟s “second nature”;
What is the basic difference etween man and animal?
Familiar “culture”
Air to man; water to fish When are we aware of their existence?
Culture is beneath awareness in the sense that no one bothers to verbalize it, yet it forms the roots of action. Iceberg.
A Couple on a Tandem Bike
“… culture and communication work in tandem. In fact, they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which is the echo.” (Samovar and Porter, 1994: 44) The same goes for the two wheels of a tandem bike and a mature couple in life: they work in tandem with each other to make life go smoothly.
大学化学专业英语PPT课件 第一章 Chapter1
李阳经典理论精选：
Don't be shy, just try. I enjoy losing face. I enjoy being embarrassed. I enjoy being laughed at. I enjoy being made fun of. I enjoy making mistakes. I enjoy learning from my mistakes! The more mistakes I make, the more progress I make! Try to lose face as much as possible! Try to make people laugh as much as possible! Try to be embarrassed as much as possible! Try to make progress as much as possible! Start to make mistakes and lose face today! That's the only way to success!
化学专业英语的特点
1、英语（表达、思维、语言文字） 单词、语法、课文、习题 2、专业性： 词汇：化学专业词汇 课文：（1）化学相关的文章 （2）英文原版教材 （3）化学计算的英文表述
教学方式：
1、中英文双语讲授 2、多媒体教学 专业词汇：英文解释 专业文献：学生朗读、难点解释 习题：英文提问、英文回答 讨论交流：化学专业英语角(CSEC) Chemistry Speciality English Corner 化学专业英语竞赛：科技部主办 Chemistry Speciality English Society
Chapter 1 PPT
LinguisticsTime allocation:Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics(2 weeks)Chapter 2 Speech Sounds (2 weeks)Chapter 3 Lexicon (2 weeks)Chapter 4 From Word to Text (2 weeks)Chapter 5 Meaning (2 weeks)Chapter 6 Language and Cognition (2 weeks)Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Society (2 weeks)Chapter 8 Language in Use (2 weeks)Chapter OneInvitation to Linguistics(1) Teaching aims:Let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.(2) Teaching difficulties:design features of language;functions of language;some important distinctions in linguistics;1.1 Why study language?Myths about language:⏹Language is only a means of communication.⏹Language has the form-meaning correspondence.⏹The function of language is to exchange information.⏹English is more difficult to learn than Chinese.⏹Black English is not standard and should be reformed. Fundamental views about language:⏹Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and withoutinstruction.⏹Language operates by rules.⏹All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics.⏹Everyone speaks a dialect.⏹Language slowly changes.⏹Speakers of all language employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.⏹Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.⏹Writing is derivative of speech.What is language? (p. 2)Different senses of the word “language”:1. Language is human speech;2. the ability to communicate by this means;3. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings;4. the written representation of such a system (Webster's New World Dictionary)What is language?Our understanding and definition:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.How do you understand the underlined words?⏹A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will.⏹e.g. He the table cleaned. (×)⏹The child the street alone crossed. (×)⏹bkli (×) xbo (×)⏹Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between alinguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.⏹Different language have different words for the same object.椅--chair；桌--table; 玫瑰--rosePeople might call a rose something else.⏹Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.⏹Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms.e. g. Small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.⏹Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)What does it mean to“know’’ a language?1. knowing the sounds that are part of thelanguage and those that are note.g. Bach ch German sound outside the English sound system ,2. knowing which sounds may start a word, end a word, and follow each othere.g. English spelling & pronounciationph- phrase, phone, elephantpf- What’s the word?3. knowledge of a language enables you to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences, to be able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard beforeNoam Chomsky calls this ability ---the part of the creative aspect of language use.4.knowing what sentences are appropriate in various situationsThere are formal and informal situations. People also use formal and informal language in their communication.A professor talking with somebody:with another professor in the office;with the dean;with a child;with his wife;1.3 Design features of languageA question for you to consider:What makes our language advantageous over animal languages?e.g. the singing of the birdsthe dancing of the beesthe bark of the dogs1.3.1 Arbitrariness（任意性）(p. 4)According to Saussure, Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the formof linguistic signs bare no natural relationship to their meanings.⏹There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.⏹e.g. A dog might be a pig if only the first person of group of persons had used it for a pig.⏹Language is therefore largely arbitrary.Onomatopeic words⏹The linguistic sign and its meaning⏹They are words that sound like the sounds that describe.⏹In English: Bang, cuckoo, tick-tack, jingle, clink, crack, etc.⏹In Chinese: 叮咚，叮呤，咕咚，轰隆，咣铛But there are only few of these compared with the total number of words in one language.Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelAccording to systemic-functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level.When we make up sentences, we must obey grammar rules. The sentences must be constructed according to the grammar of arrangement.Look at the sentences on p.5, which sentence is acceptable?1. He came in and sat down.2. He sat down and came in.3. He sat down after he came in.Arbitrariness and convention⏹The relation between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.⏹The linguistic forms and meaning are conventionally accepted.⏹When we learn a foreign language, the conventionality of the language is much more worth noticing than its arbitrariness.1.3.2 Duality（二重性）Look at the definition given by Lyons (1981: 20) on p.5: Language has two levels of structures:1. Sounds: (secondary units) a sequence of segments which lack anymeaning in themselves;The only function of the sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning.2. Words: (primary units) Language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units.⏹The secondary units are meaningless.⏹The primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning. Discuss the following statement:Many animals communicate with special calls. But animal communication system do not have this design feature. Remember the following statements:(P. 6)⏹The lowest level of language consists of dozens of bits of meaningless sounds which occur in champs that we call syllables. A syllable is the smallest meaningless unit that is normally spoken. Scores of syllables become the carriers of hundreds of meaningful segments of words. With thousands of words we associate millions of meanings.⏹ A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements—tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of English.1.3.3 Creativity（创造性）⏹Creativity refers to the ability that we all have to construct and understand an definitely large number of sentences in our native language, including sentences that we have never heard before, but that are appropriate to the situation in which they are uttered.⏹The grammar rules and the words are finite, but thesentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.⏹Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.⏹Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have nevercome across that usage before.Examples of sentences:⏹He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduateswho ...⏹She killed the man that visited the jeweler that made the ring that won the prize that was given at the fair that was held …1.3.4 Displacement（移位性）⏹Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.⏹Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.Look at the two groups of words:Group A: Group B:Confucius North PoleGeorge Washington AmericaWilliam Shakespear Big BenKing George Sydney Opera HousePeople use language to describe the people and the places far away from them.1.4 Origin of Language⏹Scripture in the Bible:In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with the god, and the Word was God.And the lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and they begin to do; and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do.(P. 8)⏹The bow-wow theory⏹The pooh-pooh theory⏹The yo-he-ho theory1.5 Functions of LanguageWe know that⏹Language is a tool for people to have communication.⏹Language is a tool for people to know the world.⏹Language is a tool for people to create artistic works.⏹For Jakobson, language is above all for communication.⏹In his famous article, Linguistics and Poetics, he defined six primary factors of any speech event, namely:⏹addresser, addressee, context, message, code, contact. (P.9)⏹ 1. Referential（所指功能）-- to convey message and information;⏹ 2. Poetic（诗学功能）-- to indulge in language for its own sake;⏹ 3. Emotive（感情功能）-- to express attitudes, feelings, emotions;⏹ 4. Conative（意动功能）-- to persuade and influence others through commands and requests;⏹ 5. Phatic（交感功能）-- to establish communion with others⏹ 6. Metalingual function（元功能）-- to clear up intentions and meanings;1.5.1 Informative（信息功能）⏹People use language to record facts and express thoughts. For example:a speaker / writer: supply informationa listener / reader: receive information1.5.2 Interpersonal function（人际功能）⏹It is the most important sociological use of language. People use language to establish and maintain status in a society and have different communicative roles.For example:The ways people address others and refer to themselves indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.Dear Sir, Dear Professor,sincerely yours;Which sentence do you use if you speak politely?⏹Would you please pass me the salt?⏹Pass me the salt.⏹I need some salt.⏹I have been waiting for a long time.⏹You must stop using it. It is my turn.1.5.3 Performative（施为功能）⏹This function of language is to change the social status of persons. For example:⏹I apologize. (In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of saying sorry to the listener. )⏹I advice you to give up smoking. ( In the process of speaking the sentence, the speaker has already carried out the act of giving advice. )1.5.4 Emotive function（感情功能）⏹It is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for / against sth. or sb.For example:My goodness! (surprise)Dame it! (dislike or hatred)What a sight! (appreciation and like)Wow, Ugh, Ow (surprise, sympathy)1.5.5 Phatic communion（交感性谈话）⏹Some seemingly meaningless expressions are used to maintain good personal relations.Ritual exchanges about health, weather, etc.For example: Good morning. God bless you.Nice day. Good luck.Nice to meet you.1.5.6 Recreational function（娱乐功能）⏹The use of language for the sheer joyFor example:⏹Entertainment program⏹Verbal duelings: one person begins a few lines and challenges his opponent tocontinue the content or provide a rejoinder in a similar rhythm and rhyme scheme.⏹Children’s nursery rhymes;⏹Poetry writing: the pleasure of using language for its sheer beauty;1.5.7 Metalingual function（元功能）⏹Language is used to talk about itself.For example:1. Book (a word)Write a book to talk about “book”.2. Change the linear order of the sentence to organize a written text into a coherent one.For example:The lion chased the unicorn all around the town.All around the town the lion chased the unicorn.1.6 What is linguistics?(P. 14)Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or as the scientific study study of language.It has firmly established its place as a major branch of humanity and social science as well.1.7 Main branches of linguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)⏹Phonetics 语音学⏹Phonology 音系学⏹Morphology 形态学⏹Syntax 句法学⏹Semantics 语义学⏹Pragmatics 语用学1.7.1 PhoneticsPhonetics studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the sounds of speech, thedescription and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.1.7.2 PhonologyPhonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme as he point of departure. A phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning. English has approximately forty-five phonemes. If you repeat the /p/ sound ten times, each production will vary slightly for some physiological reasons. In addition, the /p/ sound differs from that in poor or soup because each is influenced by the surrounding sounds. Even so, each /p/ sound is similar enough so as not to be confused with another phoneme.1.7.3 MorphologyMorphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning—morphemes and word-formation processes. Although many people think of words as the basic meaningful elements of a language, many words can be broken down into still smaller units, called morphemes. Morphemes serve different purposes. Some derive new words by changing the meaning or the part of speech, others only refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning of a word. As morphemes are pairings of sounds with meanings, there are many complexities involved.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences. The form or structure of sentence is governed by the rules of syntax. These specify word order, sentence organization, and the relationships between words word classes and other sentence elements. We know that words are organized into structures more than just word order.1.7.5 SemanticsSemantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below the word and above it, e.g. meaning of morphemes and sentences. The following are what the key concepts look like: semantic components, denotation of words, sense relations between words such as antonymy and synonymy, senserelations between sentences such as entailment and presupposition.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which the many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 1.8 Macrolinguistics(Students are suggested to read this section by themselves.)psycholinguisticsSociolinguisticsAnthropological linguisticsComputational linguistics1.9 Important distinctions of linguistics⏹Descriptive vs. prescriptive⏹Synchronic vs. diachronic⏹Langue & parole⏹Competence and performance1.9.1 Descriptive vs prescriptive(描写式与规定式）⏹In our textbook (P. 19): Don't say X. People don't say X.⏹The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement.⏹The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.⏹If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.(e.g. Grammar)⏹In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively.⏹The grammarians then tried to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all.⏹Some usages were prescribed to be learned by heart, followed accurately or avoided altogether.⏹The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.1.9.2 Synchronic vs diachronic（共时与历时）(p. 20)⏹Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study and most linguistic studies are of this type.A Grammar of Modern EnglishA Grammar of Modern GreekThe Structure of Shakespeare’s EnglishThey can be the description of a single present / past state of language.⏹The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.1.9.3 Langue and parole（语言与言语）⏹Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as langue and parole.⏹Langue and parole are French words; Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.⏹Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.⏹Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events.⏹Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.1.9.4 Competence and performance（语言能力与语言应用）⏹This fundamental distinction is discussed by Chomsky in hisAspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965).⏹Competence refers to the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance refers to the in linguistic communication. actual realization of this knowledgeDiscuss:Can a person who has perfect knowledge (excellent competence) of his language have excellent performance?⏹According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized set of rules about his language, this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous.⏹Despite his perfect knowledge of his own language, a speaker can still make mistakes in actual use, e. g., slips of the tongue, and unnecessary pauses. This imperfect performance is caused by social and psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and embarrassment.Major points in this chapter:To sum up, students need to be familiar with the following points:⏹What is language?⏹Design features of language⏹Functions of language⏹Important distinctions of linguistics。
英语语言学课件Chapter 1 The Origins of Language.ppt
• We do not know how language originated • Spoken language developed well before
written language
The Divine Source
• In most religions, there appears to be a divine source who provides humans with language
• We can use mime or specific gestures for a variety of communicative purposes, hard to visualize the actual “oral” aspect which would mirror many such gestures.
• A concentration on some of the physical aspects of humans (past and present) that are not shared with any other creatures
• At some early state, our human ancestors made the transition to an upright posture, with bipedal locomotion, and a revised role for the front limbs
• God/ Hindu tradition • Experiments: An Egyptian pharaoh tried two new
born infants around 600 B.C • James IV of Scotland, around AD 1500, the
希尔 《国际商务》第11版 英文PPT Chapter 1Chapter1
Chapter 1
Globalization
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
What Is Globalization?
➢Globalization - the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy
➢The world is moving away from self-contained national economies toward an interdependent, integrated global economic system
1-7
Why Do We Need Global Institutions?
➢Global institutions
➢ help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace ➢ promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
词汇学PPT chapter 1
• The written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language (Quirk 1978).
1.4 Sound and Form
1.5 Classification of Words
1. the basic word stock & nonbasic vocabulary 2. content words & functional words 3. native words & borrowed words … 1=2=3=English vocabulary 1. use frequency 2. by notion 3. by origin
1.5.3 native words & borrowed words
native words • Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language. • They also have the features of the basic word stock.
1.3 Sound and Meaning
• There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. • It is only a symbolic connection. • In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
大学英语跨文化交流完整第一章ppt课件
A_____ P_____
.
Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?
What and how people eat How to keep healthy How to raise children How to do business How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye contact Etiquette Work speed What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or
.
3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective
According to the social scientists: “Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior”.
.
DEFINITIONS OF ‘CULTURE’
1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective
A-Levle 经济学 Economics 第一章 PPT (精心打印版)CIE IB AP 通用
What will be the opportunity cost in monetary terms to the driver over the year of travelling by car rather than by public transport? A $1500 B $3000 C $3700 D $7800
Chapter 1 Basic economic ideas and resources allocation
Aaliyah Yu
2020
Agenda
1. Scarcity, choice and opportunity cost 2. Positive and normative statements 3. Factors of production 4. Resource allocation in different economic systems and issues of transition 5. Production possibility curves 6. Money 7. Classification of goods and services
chapter_1
第一章: 引论
Slide 9
微观经济学的课题 Allocation of Scarce Resources
微观经济学
稀缺资源的配置和权衡
Trade-offs ：（在需 要而又相互对立的两 者间的）权衡、协调
在计划经济下 a planned economy
在市场经济下 a market economy
年度
名义价格 CPI
1970
.40
38.8
1980
.65
82.4
1999 1.05 167.0
实际价格 以1970年价格
.40 = 38.8/38.8 x .40 .31 = 38.8/82.4 x .65 .24 = 38.8/167.0 x 1.05
第一章: 引论
Slide 34
计算实际价格举例:鸡蛋与大学
• 我们如何选择要买什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 3
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学研究：
个体单位的行为 当生产时
• 我们如何选择要生产什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 4
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学（Microeconomics）研究:
市场（Markets）: 消费者与生产者的相互影 响
第一章: 引论
Slide 15
理论和模型
微观经济学分析
发展理论 测试和改进理论是经济学科发展的最重要 所在.
第一章: 引论
Slide 16
实证和规范分析 Positive Versus Normative Analysis
实证分析 Positive Analysis
实证分析是运用理论和模型预测选择的影响 或作用.
英语写作基础教程(第三版)Chapter 1 PPT
be avoided
lay∙man words
with hyphens should be divided only at phens
பைடு நூலகம்
broken -hearted
two -syllable words with double consonant in
the middle are as rule divided between the
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
一、Manuscript Form
1. Arrangement (title)
Task 1 : Capitalize the following titles (p2) 1. where i lived, and what i lived for 2. are transgenic crops safe? 3. well-known dramatists of the ming dynasty 4. a day to remember 5. approaches to teaching english as a foreign
一、Manuscript Form
2. Word division (1). one syllable cannot be divided 单音节
(2). two or more syllables 双/多音节
a stressed close syllable usually takes a
nouns e.g. Bob, Lily, Judy - none of them know where he is. (5) used like quotation marks in a dialogue. (6) introduce subheading and authors after quotation
2019年-英语教学论Chapter1 Language and Language Learning-PPT精选文档
• 3. Linguistic Performance refers the practical use of the language when the ideal speaker/hearer speaks or writes in homogeneous language situation.
Unit one Language and Language Learning
School of Foreign Languages, Sichuan Normal University
Views on language
What is Language?
•1. Language is systematic—possibly generative system. •2. Language is a set of arbitrary symbols. •3. Those symbols are primarily vocal, but may also visual. •4. The symbols have conventionalized meaning to which they refer.
Views on language
• 5. Language is used for communication. • 6. Language operates in a speech community or culture. • 7. Language is essentially human, although possibly not limited to humans. • 8. Language is acquired by all people in much the same way—language and language learning
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
假设Ⅴ：Pauli原理
§ 1.2 量子力学在简单体系中的应用
一维势箱
n (x)
2 l
sin
n
l
x；En
n2h2 8ml 2
(0 x l；n 1,2,3)
立方势箱
nz,ny,nz (x, y, z)
8 a3
sin
nx
a
x
sin
ny
a
y sin
nz
a
z；
Enz , ny , nz
h2 8ma2
(nx2
ny2
nz2 )
(0 x, y, z a；nx , ny , nz 1,2,3 )
简并能级；简并态；简并度
第二章 原子结构和性质
Chapter 2 The structure and properties of atoms
例题：
• 1.微观粒子体系的定态波函数所描述的状态 是（ ）
• A. 波函数不随时间变化的状态 • B．几率密度不随时间变化的状态 • C. 自旋角动量不随时间变化的状态 • D. 粒子势能为零的状态
• (北师大) 简答: 1.波函数的合格条件
•
2. Pauli原理
• 选择：1.一维谐振子的势能表达式 为 V 1 kx2 ，则该体系的定态S方程式中
2
的哈密顿算符为（ ）
原子光谱
-Bohr “玻尔假说”
2. 实物粒子的波粒二向性
粒 子 性
= h v 波
动
p= h /λ 性
h h
p mv
德布罗意(de Broglie)波长
3. 物质波统计解释
玻恩（Born）提出实物微粒波的统计解释 －几率波
4. 不确定关系（测不准原理）
△x△px≥h
△y△py≥h
△z△pz≥h
§1.1.2 量子力学基本假设
第一章 量子理论基础
Chapter 1 The basic knowledge of quantum mechanics
§1.1 量子力学基础
1.1.1经典物理学的三大困难和旧量子论的诞生
1. 导致量子力学引入的三大实验
黑体辐射实验 -Planck “能量量子论”
光电效应
-Einstein “光子学说”
• 假设Ⅰ-状态波函数和概率
合格（或品优）波函数必须满足三个条件：①②③ 波函数的归一化和归一化系数
假设II -力学量和线性厄米算符
线性算符
假设Ⅲ -本征方程与薛定谔方程
Schrödinger方程
Hˆ (x, y, z) E (x, y, z) (Hˆ 2 2 V )
2m
假设Ⅳ-态叠加原理