英语语法归纳之非谓语动词(现在分词)
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英语语法归纳之非谓语动词（现在分词）
敬告：
以下内容，不参加高考等有语法题（语法单选、语法填空、短文改错等）考试的应用类学员无须深究，知道该语法结构的存在，及其充当的句子成分和功能即可，应多花时间练习听说读写，否则就背离了语言学习真正目的。应试类学员有时间可以比较分析，基本搞懂。
现在分词长什么样？就是动词的进行时ing形式；
如果是及物动词，还可以跟它的宾语和补语；
现在分词可以充当定语、状语、补语，是非谓语的动词，不能充当主语、宾语；动词进行时ing形式充当主语或宾语，恰恰是动名词的事儿。
1、现在分词可以充当定语
This is a moving story.
The girl standing over there (who is standing over there) is my daughter.
2、现在分词可以充当状语，多为时间状语从
The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point.
现在分词引导时间状语从句，相当于：
The lawyer listened with full attention, when he tried not to miss any point.
Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.
现在分词引导时间状语从句，相当于：
After Carter had lived in Beijing for many years, He knew the city well.
3、现在分词可以充当补语，对主语或宾语进行补充说明
(1) Don’t have your students studying all day.
(2) The movie is very interesting.
现在分词有多种体现时态和语态的形式：
1、现在分词的一般式（doing）通常表示其动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生。如：
(1) She sat there reading a novel.
(2) A little child learning to walk (who is learning to walk) often falls.
(3) The lawyer listened with full attention, trying not to miss any point.
2、现在分词的完成式（having done）表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
(1) Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.
(2) Having lived in Beijing for many years, Carter knew the city well.
现在分词的完成式强调时间先后，相当于：
(3) After Carter had lived in Beijing for many years, He knew the city well.
3、现在分词的被动式（being done）表示其逻辑主语为现在分词动作的承受者。
(1) The building being built (which is being built) is our library.
(2) The question being discussed (which is being discussed) is important.
4、现在分词的完成被动式（having been done）表示其动作在谓语动词的动作之前完成。
(1) Having been warned by the teacher, the students didn’t make such mistakes.
(2) Having been told many times, he finally understood it.
现在分词的完成被动式也强调时间先后，相当于：
(3) After he had been told many times, he finally understood it.
5、现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成。如：
(1) Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.
Because the girl didn’t know which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.