《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案

《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and producesentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing afavorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what iscommunicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’ is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way ofcreating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positionsof importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way ofexpressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to theword, they are collectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. Assimilation Key: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family.Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD.Malayo-PolynesianKey: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemicwords which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: B12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. Austin Key: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language,we are dealing with addressee relationship—continually categori zed as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a specialtype of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairsKey: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labele d as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?a. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]?a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?a. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?a. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?a. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning ratherthan by instinct. This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other namewould smell as sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to thesequential rules in English.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipientshould stay adjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent ParameterKey: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: A37. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, andpersonal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach whichstudies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeKey: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of anotheris called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaningand sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in thehearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.A. associativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z]can be labeled as _______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morphological analysis, the underlined part in the word“inter nation alism” should be regarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John isa student.” belongs to __________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a wordor a fragment of a sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/FKey: F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix canbe added to it. T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/F Key: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation ofwords, idioms and collocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usuallyindicates a rather narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/F Key: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form asyntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitualco-occurrences of individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/FKey: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maximactually works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combinedto make grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11. Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact thatchildren acquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal.Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal systemof communication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so languageis only one aspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary. Key: T15.Descriptive linguisti cs aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., totell people what they should say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech soundsand their patterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntacticrelationship between words in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.Key: F19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study thatdeals with the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others.Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [] and [] are all fricative in English, but [] and [] arealveolar while [f] and [v] are dental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements insentence structure, and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, andN. Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing oneword or one shape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs. Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction whereconstituents have been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words. Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are calledtones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships,rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the CooperativePrinciple, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spokenform. T/FKey: F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel suchas/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “Thelinguistic lecture”in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.”belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/F Key: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition,unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a languagesuccessfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/FKey: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ isproposed by N. Chomsky.Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.Key: F54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which standin specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages. Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricates Key: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution tothe proposition of Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixationand suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ wri ting.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internalreconstruction and the _______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic_______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to thenon-standard language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalizationof the language are called “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words isfunctionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_9.It’s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it’s used for_________.Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ inlanguage testing, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test. Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituation of the speaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structureof ___________.Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and_________ phonetics.Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivationalmorphology.Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurityand ambiguity accords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstreamat some point of the vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language. Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links withother branches of ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution. Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of ________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utterance27.Phonological rules may move phonemes from one place in the string to another. For example, Modern English verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________. Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they aretransmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels oflanguages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitutionof one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all ofthem can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members arenot regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as anexample to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use oflanguage.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together andthe air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables and ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words ina language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns,and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______components.Key: semantic44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in thesentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none ofthe words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions andattitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive。