考研英语新题型解析与参考答案汇编
2023年考研英语真题及解析
全国攻读硕士学位硕士入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience. And they also need to give serious 1 to how they can best 2 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 3 , but not justin ways that emphasize competition. 4 they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the 5 that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are 6 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be 7 to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 8 ,publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, 9 student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 10 opportunities for leadership, as well as for practice in successful 11 dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 12 of some kind of organization with a supportive adult 13 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have 14 attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized 15 participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to 16 else without feelingguilty and without letting the other participants 17 . This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility. 18 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by 19 for roles that are within their 20 and their attention spans and by having clearly stated rules.1. [A] thought [B] idea [C] opinion [D] advice2. [A] strengthen [B] accommodate [C] stimulate [D] enhance3. [A] care [B] nutrition [C] exercise [D] leisure4. [A] If [B] Although [C] Whereas [D] Because5. [A] assistance [B] guidance [C] confidence [D] tolerance6. [A] claimed [B] admired [C] ignored [D] surpassed7. [A] improper [B] risky [C] fair [D] wise8. [A] in effect [B] as a result [C] for example [D] in a sense9. [A] displaying [B] describing [C] creating [D] exchanging10. [A] durable [B] excessive [C] surplus [D] multiple11. [A] group [B] individual [C] personnel [D] corporation12. [A] consent [B] insurance [C] admission [D] security13. [A] particularly [B] barely [C] definitely [D] rarely14. [A] similar [B] long [C] different [D] short15. [A] if only [B] now that [C] so that [D] even if16. [A] everything [B] anything [C] nothing [D] something17. [A] off [B] down [C] out [D] alone18. [A] On the contrary [B] On the average [C] On the whole [D] On the other hand19. [A] making [B] standing [C] planning [D] taking20. [A] capability [B] responsibility [C] proficiency [D] efficiencySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Inter net. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War Ⅱ and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the “great game”of espionage—spying as a “profession.”These days the Net, which has already re-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan’s vocation as well.The latest revolution isn’t simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen’s e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point-and-clic k spying. The spooks call it “open source intelligence,” and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open-Source Solutions,whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin, Texas. Straitford makes moneyby selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online .Straiford president George Friedman says he sees the online world as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster’s dream. Last week his firm was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign-ups from Ukraine,”says Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we’ll hear back from some of them.”Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That’s where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a lean staff of 20 in Austin. Several of his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm’s outsider status as the key to its success. Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independent voice.21. The emergence of the Net has .[A] received support from fans like Donovan[B] remolded the intelligence services[C] restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession22. Donovan’s story is mentioned in the text to .[A] introduce the topic of online spying[B] show how he fought for the US[C] give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA23. The phrase “making the biggest splash” (line 1,paragraph 3) most probablymeans .[A] causing the biggest trouble[B] exerting the greatest effort[C] achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity24. It can be learned from paragraph 4 that .[A] straitford’s prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B] straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C] straitford’s business is characterized by unpredictability[D] straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information25. Straitford is most proud of its .[A] official status[B] nonconformist image[C] efficient staff[D] military backgroundText 2To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.” One such cause now seeks to end biomedical research because of the theory that animals have rights ruling out their use in research. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, whose arguments are confusing the public and thereby threateningadvances in health knowledge and care. Leaders of the animal rights movement target biomedical research because it depends on public funding, and few people understand the process of health care research. Hearing allegations of cruelty to animals in research settings, many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm an animal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. Asked if she opposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines come from animal research. When assured that they do, she replied, “Then I would have to say yes.”Asked what will happen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’t worry, scientists will find some way of using computers.” Such well-meaning people just don’t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public in a compassionate, understandable way—in human terms, not in the language of molecular biology. We need to make clear the connection between animal research and a grandmother’s hip replacement, a father’s bypass operation, a baby’s vaccinations, and even a pet’s shots. To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle school classes and present their own research. They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animal rights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions could be opened to tours, to show that laboratory animals receive humane care. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statementsabout the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. If good people do nothing, there is a real possibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguish the precious embers of medical progress.26. The author begins his article with Edmund Burke’s words to .[A] call on scientists to take some actions[B] criticize the misguided cause of animal rights[C] warn of the doom of biomedical research[D] show the triumph of the animal rights movement27. Misled people tend to think that using an animal in research is .[A] cruel but natural[B] inhuman and unacceptable[C] inevitable but vicious[D] pointless and wasteful28. The example of the grandmotherly woman is used to show the public’s .[A] discontent with animal research[B] ignorance about medical science[C] indifference to epidemics[D] anxiety about animal rights29. The author believes that, in face of the challenge from animal rights advocates,scientists should .[A] communicate more with the public[B] employ hi-tech means in research[C] feel no shame for their cause[D] strive to develop new cures30. From the text we learn that Stephen Cooper is .[A] a well-known humanist[B] a medical practitioner[C] an enthusiast in animal rights[D] a supporter of animal researchText 3In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.Supporters of the new supersystems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such“captive”shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucksor other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.“Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?”asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper.Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be hit with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortuning fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $10.2 billion bid by Norfolk Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.31. According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikelybecause .[A] cost reduction is based on competition.[B] services call for cross-trade coordination.[C] outside competitors will continue to exist.[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat.32. What is many captive shippers' attitude towards the consolidation in the railindustry?[A] Indifferent.[B] Supportive.[C] Indignant.[D] Apprehensive.33. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that .[A] shippers will be charged less without a rival railroad.[B] there will soon be only one railroad company nationwide.[C] overcharged shippers are unlikely to appeal for rate relief.[D] a government board ensures fair play in railway business.34. The word “arbiters”(line 7,paragraph 4)most probably refers to those .[A] who work as coordinators.[B] who function as judges.[C] who supervise transactions.[D] who determine the price.35. According to the text, the cost increase in the rail industry is mainly causedby .[A] the continuing acquisition.[B] the growing traffic.[C] the cheering Wall Street.[D] the shrinking market.Text 4It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans’ life expectancy has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered medicine 50 yearsago. But not even a great health-care system can cure death—and our failure to confront that reality now threatens this greatness of ours.Death is normal; we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all understand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians —frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient—too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In , the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable. Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain age—say 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a duty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential.I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as productively as they have.Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician,I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve people’s lives.36. What is implied in the first sentence?[A] Americans are better prepared for death than other people.[B] Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.[C] Americans are over-confident of their medical technology.[D] Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.37. The author uses the example of caner patients to show that .[A] medical resources are often wasted[B] doctors are helpless against fatal diseases[C] some treatments are too aggressive[D] medical costs are becoming unaffordable38. The author’s attitude toward Richard Lamm’s remark is one of.[A] strong disapproval [B] reserved consent[C] slight contempt [D] enthusiastic support39. In contras to the US, Japan and Sweden are funding their medical care.[A] more flexibly [B] more extravagantly[C] more cautiously [D] more reasonably40. The text intends to express the idea that.[A]medicine will further prolong people’s lives[B]life beyond a certain limit is not worth living[C] death should be accepted as a fact of life[D] excessive demands increase the cost of health carePart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.(41)Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.(42)Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political, science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is afield-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.(43)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.(44)Tylor d efined culture as “…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.” This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned. shared, and patterned behavior.(45)Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept w hich makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.Section III Writing46. Directions:Study the following set of drawings carefully and write an essay entitled in which you should1)describe the set of drawings, interpret its meaning, and2)point out its implications in our life.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)第一部分英语知识运用试题解析一、文章总体分析文章重要论述了教师们应当关注青少年在成长时期所经历旳情感、心智和生理上旳变化,并采用措施协助他们适应这些变化,健康成长。
新考研英语真题及解析
2002二、试题具体解析21. 要使自己的幽默让人发笑,你应当 _ ;A 利用不同类型的听众B 取笑杂乱无章的人C 对不同的人谈不同的问题D 对你的听众表示同情答案 C解析本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题;本题考查的是局部信息,考生关键要理解第一段;该段首句指出,如果你想在谈话中用幽默使人发笑,你就必须知道如何辨别共同的经历和共同的问题;接着作者又对此进行了解释,即:你的幽默必须与听众相关,显示你是他们中的一员,或你理解他们的处境并赞成他们的观点;作者在第三句得出结论,即“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different 针对不同的听众,谈及不同的问题”;由此可知,C选项恰好是对该段中心的概括,为正确答案;A选项虽然在某种程度上谈到了“不同的听众”的重要性,但没有接着阐述听众不同应该怎样做,而且它出现了文中没有的内容:利用听众;B选项是该段最后举例说明的内容,if you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses;但这只是用来论证“听众不同问题不同”这个论点的一个具体个案,缺乏普遍性,无法由此而得出取笑他们就总会使幽默起作用的结论,因此不能选;D选项就是该段第二句谈到的in sympathy with their point of view,但是它仅仅是“对不同的人谈不同的问题”这个中心论点的部分解释,不具备完整性和概括性;答题技巧:本题要求考生透过字里行间去把握段落主题句;注意主题句一般是观点而非描写、说明或事实;段落中除了表观点的主题句外,其他的内容一般起说明或论证作用,并且,主题句大都具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点;22. 从那个关于医生的笑话里推出护士对医生的看法是他们____;A 对新来的人没有礼貌B 非常在乎自己上帝般的角色C 享有某些特权D 用午餐时都很忙答案 B解析本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题;本题考查考生概括理解具体例子的能力,考生关键要把握作者通过举例手法所表达的观点;作者在第二段讲述了一则嘲笑医生的笑话;笑话中上帝的动作rush to grab 和stomp over都表明了上帝的傲慢和目中无人,而圣彼德的话“但是有时他认为自己是一名医生”表明医生也有同样的特点,即无礼、傲慢、自以为像上帝一样;由此可知,B选项为正确答案;A选项不是笑话中暗示的医生的普遍特点,我们无法从笑话中得出医生对所有新来的人都不礼貌;而C选项和D选项都没有嘲笑他们的意味,因此也不对;23. It can be inferred from the text that publicservices .A have benefited many peopleB are the focus of public attentionC are an inappropriate subject for humorD have often been the laughing stock 23. 从文中可以推出,公共服务____;A 给许多人带来利益B 是公众注意的焦点C 不适合作为幽默的笑料D 经常是大家的笑料答案 D解析本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题;本题要求考生根据第三段的内容去推测最后一句的含义;文章第三段指出,如果谈话者是听话者中的一分子,就可以用双方共同的经历作为幽默的素材,否则,这样做就不合适;最后指出,这时如果拿公共服务行业作为替罪羊scapegoats去评论,你就会处于安全境地;这就说明即使对不同的听众也可以以它们为笑料,也就是说它们是大家经常谈论的笑料;因此D选项为正确答案;C 选项恰与原文意思相悖;A 选项未提到,因为当作笑料并非就是带来利益;B选项似乎也有道理,但是他的针对性不如D选项;24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .A in well-worded languageB as awkwardly as possibleC in exaggerated statementsD as casually as possible24.为了达到预期的效果,幽默故事应该以____方式讲述;A 话语措辞得当;B 尽可能地不自然;C 用夸张的词语;D 尽可能自然;答案 D解析本题考核的知识点是:段落主旨题;本题要求考生理解第四段的主题思想;文章第四段指出,如果在讲述幽默时感到有些不自然,就必须加以练习,使之变得更自然;你可以加入一些随便的、看上去是即兴off-the-cuff的话,用轻松的、自然的方式把它说出来;让听众发笑的通常是讲述幽默的过程,因此应该放慢语速,再加上一些表情,这些都在告诉人们你在讲述笑话;从该段的一些关键词natural,relaxed,unforced和light-hearted等,都可看出D选项才是讲幽默故事的正确方法;A选项是文中未出现的内容;B选项与文章内容相悖;C选项是在第五段中谈到搜集幽默素材时应该留意的内容之一,只是列举,同样不具有概括性,因而不能入选25. 这篇文章最好的标题是 ;A 有效地使用幽默B 各种各样的幽默C 在谈话中添加幽默D 不同的幽默策答案A解析本题考核的知识点是:文章主旨题;本题考的是对全文的理解,是总括题,要求考生综合各段主题找出全文的主旨;文章第一至三段谈的是选择恰当的幽默话题,以求实现幽默效果;第四段谈论的是自然随意的幽默,可以达到幽默效果;第五段建议人们留意幽默,并指出了幽默可能存在的地方,也就是实现幽默的一些策略方法;因此可知,A选项是全文都在谈论的论点,为正确的答案;B选项不符合文章的主要内容,因为文中并未举出幽默有哪些种类;C选项也不是全文探讨的问题;D选项只是最后一段间接涉及的一些内容,如:对一句常言进行歪曲,玩弄语言文字或情景,夸大其词或是故意地轻描淡写等以求实现幽默的效果,因此无法概括全篇;四、核心词汇与超纲词汇1 identifyv.认出,识别;鉴定;identificationn.识别,身份证明,简写成ID;2 sympathyn.同情,同感;be in~with sb./sth. 同意,赞同;如:We are all in~with your proposals. sym-前缀表示“相同的”;anti-表示“相反的”,如:antipathy反感;3 addressv.与…说话,向…致辞,演说;从事,忙于4 alternativelyad.作为选择,或者;这个词在写作中常用来引导另外一个平行的观点或意见;alternativea./n.二者择一的,选择性的5 conventionn.大会,协定,习俗,惯例;conventionala.6 accommodationsn.住处,住所;座位,车厢;适应;便利的设备,有帮助的事物7 St. Peter 圣彼德,St.是Saint的缩写,是人们对耶稣基督的尊称;8 stompn./v.跺脚,践踏,重踏9 passinga.经过的,短暂的,匆匆的,随便的,偶然的,及格的10 notoriousa.声名狼藉的,臭名昭着的;notorious是一个贬义词;表示“名气很大”的贬义词还有infamous;褒义词很多,如:famous,well-known,renowned等;11resentv.愤恨,怨恨,对…感觉不愉快;resentmentn.12disparaginga.蔑视的,轻视的,毁谤的13scapegoatn.替罪羊;记住goat,与“羊”有关的词语还有black sheep害群之马;14understatementn.一种修辞手法,故意的轻描淡写;under-前缀表示“未达,未满,不足”,如:undertreatment处理不足或不力,underestimate,underripe不成熟的;15turn about转变,改变意见,转身,反复思考五、全文翻译如果你想在谈话中用幽默来使人发笑,你就必须知道如何识别共同的经历和共同的问题;你的幽默必须与听众有关,向他们表明你是他们中的一员,或者你了解他们的处境并同情他们的观点;长难句①根据谈话对象的不同,问题也有所不同;佳句①如果你在和一群经理谈话,你就可以评论他们秘书紊乱的工作方法;相反,如果你在和一群秘书谈话,你就可以评论他们毫无章法的老板;佳句②下面举一个例子,它是我在一个护士大会上听到的;这个故事效果很好,因为听众对医生都有同样的看法;长难句②一个人到了天堂,由圣彼得带着他参观;他看到了豪华的住宅、美丽的花园、晴朗的天气等等;所有人都很安静、礼貌和友善,然而当这位新来的人在排队等候午餐时,突然被一位穿白大褂的人推到一旁;只见这人挤到了队伍的前头,抓起他的食物,噔噔地旁若无人地走到一张餐桌旁;“这是谁啊”新来的人问圣彼得,“哦,那是上帝,”他回答说,“但有时也认为自己是一名医生;”如果你是你谈话对象集体中的一员,你就有条件去了解你们所共有的经历和问题,你就可对餐厅极难吃的食物或者总裁在选择领带方面差劲的品味进行评头论足;长难句③而对于其他听众,你就不能试图贸然地讲这种幽默,因为他们也许不喜欢外人对他们的餐厅或总裁有如此微词;长难句④但如果你选择去评论邮局或电话局这样的替罪羊,那你就会很安全;如果你在幽默时感到很别扭,你应该进行练习使它变得更自然;包括一些很随便的、看上去是即兴的话,你可以用轻松的、不做作的方式把它们说出来;常常是你说话的方式使听众发笑,因此说慢一些,并且记住扬扬眉毛或者做出一种不相信的表情都会向人们显示你正在说笑话;留意幽默,它常常是在出其不意的时候出现;它可以是一句常言的歪曲如“你要是一开始不成功,就放弃”,或者是调侃词藻和场景;寻求夸大其词和轻描淡写;考虑一下你的谈话,选出一些词汇和句子,对它们反复琢磨,并注入一些幽默;二、试题具体解析26.人类智慧最初表现在 ;A使用机器去创作科幻小说B制造业中机器的广泛使用C发明工具去处理困难和危险的工作D精英们对危险、乏味的工作的灵巧处理答案C解析本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题;本题是个局部题,考查考生是否看懂了第一段;题干中的initially与原文的the dawn对应;该段第一句指出“自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理一些危险、乏味、繁重或者是讨厌的工作”;C选项是对此句的恰当改写:the invention of tools与devised ever more cunning tools对应,for difficult and dangerous work与to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty对应,因此它是正确答案;A选项是文章中没有的内容,其中的干扰词science fiction 只在第一段末尾提到,“如果说科学家还没有创造出机械版的科幻小说,他们也已经接近这个目标了”,这里只是通过打比方来形容科学家创造的机器工具越来越灵巧,和科幻小说一样神奇;B选项是智慧的表现,但却不是人类智慧的最初表现;D选项谈的是文中没有的“精英人物”;27.第二段第一行中的“gizmo”在句中可能的意思是____;A 程序B 专家C 设备D 生物答案C解析本题考核的知识点是:词义题;本题考查学生从上下文猜测词义的能力;文章第二段第一句指出“现代世界充斥着越来越多聪明的gizmos,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力”,由此可知gizmos的特点是:普遍存在和节省劳力;下文提到的“工厂的机器人”、“银行的自动柜员机”、“地铁的机器人司机”、“医院做手术的机器人系统”对“gizmos”进一步举例说明,由此可猜出gizmos指的是“机器、设备或装置”,C选项正确;其他三个选项都不在本文讨论的对象范围之内;28.根据文章,现在超出人类能力范围的是制造能_____的机器人;robot that can___.A 完成类似于做大脑手术这样需要高技术的任务B与人进行口头交流 C有一点点常识 D独立地对变化的世界做出反应答案D解析本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题;文章第三段首句指出“机器人若要进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够自己做些决定,这样的目标为我们提出了一个真正的挑战”;接着在第二句里作者谈到此项挑战之所以艰巨的原因是:“尽管我们知道如何让机器人处理一个具体的错误,但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”;由此可知,机器人目前还必须在人的操控下工作,它还不能独立适应不断变化的外部环境;D选项是对原句‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world 的改写,为正确答案;A和B选项均在第二段提及医院做手术的机器人和自动取款机,可见这样的机器人是人能够造出来的;C选项不正确,因为第三段指出的“但是我们不能给他们足够的‘常识’去与动态世界进行可靠的交流”说明目前的机器人还是有一点点常识的;29.除了能够节省劳力外,机器人还能_____;A 自己做些决定B 在人的干预下处理一些错误C 改善工厂的环境D 开发人类创造性答案B解析本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题;文章第三段翻译见上一题说明当前阶段机器人只能在较多的人工监控下运行,可以处理具体的错误但不能独立地做决定,因此只有B选项的内容是机器人可以做的,排除A选项;文章提到工厂的机器人是用于节省人类劳动力,而不是改善环境的,排除C选项;D选项本末倒置,应该是人类创造力推动了机器人的发明30.作者以猴子为例想要说明机器人_____;A 有望被用来复制人脑的内部结构B 能够立即感知不正常的现象C 在聚焦相关信息方面远不如人脑D 最好在一个被控制的环境下使用答案C解析本题考核的知识点是:作者意图题;本题表面上是考查例证写作的意图,实际上却考查了对文章最后一段的理解;该段的主题句是首句:研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂;接下来作者通过对机器人和人脑的比较来说明段落主题,“机器人能够在人工控制的工厂环境下识别机器控制面板上不到一毫米的误差;但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即把注意力集中到婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上”;该段末句既对前面比较论证部分的目的进行说明,又重申了主题:世界上最先进的机器人也无法和人脑相比;可见文中举猴子的例子只是为了说明人脑的复杂性;四个选项中只有C选项说明机器人不如人脑,符合题意;四、核心词汇与超纲词汇1 dawnn.黎明,拂晓,开端,起始;v.破晓,开始出现,变得为人明白;文中取其比喻意,相当于appearance出现,又如:The war was ended and they looked forward to the dawn of happy days.战争结束了,他们期待着幸福日子的来临;2 ingenuityn.智巧,精巧的设计,创造力;ingeniousa.灵敏的,聪明的,有发明天才的;genuinea.真实的,真正的,诚恳的3 cunninga.聪明的,美漂亮的,可爱的;英狡猾的,巧妙的;该词一般为贬义,但在文中是中性的,含贬义的近义词有:sly,shrewd4 nastya.令人不愉快的,讨厌的,肮脏的,险恶的5 compulsion强迫,强制;难以抗拒的冲动,禁不住要做的事,如:Drinking is a ~ with her.她忍不住要喝酒6 robotics机器人学,关于建造和使用机器人的技术;-ics后缀表示“学科”,如:physics,aesthetics美学7 conferv.授予,赠予,赋予,协商,~sth. on sb.;conferencen.会议8 humv.动物等发出嗡嗡声;哼哼声;活跃,忙碌,~to 随着…而忙碌9 terminaln.终点,终端;极限;a. 末端的,极限的,定期的Automatic Teller Machine指“自动取款机”;10 miniaturizationn.小型化,mini“小的”,-ize“化”-ation 名词后缀11 submillimetern.小于毫米的,sub“小于,低于,在…之下”,mill“千分之一”,meter是“米”12 dynamica.动力的,有活力的;动态的;dynamicsn.动力学;dynamite n.炸药13 paneln.面板,嵌板;座谈小组;全体陪审员14 fractionn.破片,小部分,片段,分数15 instantaneouslyad.瞬间地,即刻地;突如其来地;instantaneousa.;instanta.立即的,直接的,紧迫的16 neuroscientistsn.神经科学家,neuro- 神经系统的,neuroscience神经科学17 本文出现了和计算机相关的词汇,如:artificial intelligence 人工智能,在电脑上模拟人智慧的科学,transistor circuits晶体管电路,microprocessors微处理器;同类词汇还有:assembler 汇编程序,batch processing 成批处理,binary digit 二进制位,buffer storage 缓冲存储器,cybernetics 控制论,data processing 数据处理,flow chart 流程图,latency time 等待时间等等;五全文翻译自从人类开始有了创造力,就一直在设计日益巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、枯燥、繁重或者是讨厌的工作;这样一种驱动力导致了机器人学的诞生,即赋予机器以人的各种技能的科学;如果说科学家还没有实现科幻小说中对机器的幻想,他们也已经很接近这个目标了长难句①;由此引起的结果是,现代世界充斥着越来越多的智能仪器,虽然我们几乎都注意不到他们,但他们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力长难句②;我们的工厂里轰鸣着机器人组装臂的节奏声;我们的银行业务完成于自动柜员机旁,完成业务后,它们还会用机器语言礼貌地感谢我们;我们的地铁车由不知疲倦的机器人司机驾驶;佳句①由于电子器件和微型机械仪器的不断缩小,现在已出现了机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米的脑部和骨髓手术,其精确性远远超过熟练的医生仅用他们的双手所达到的水平长难句③;但是要想让机器人进入节省劳力的下一个阶段,它们必须能够在更少的人工监控下运行,并且至少能够独立地作一些决定;这些是真正具有挑战性的目标;长难句④“虽然我们知道如何让机器人去处理一个特定的错误,”NASA的一个机器人项目经理戴维·拉维里说,“但是我们不能给它们足够的‘常识’使其与不断变化的世界进行可靠的交流”;实际上对真正的人工智能的探索己经取得了各种不同的成果;虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时侯仿佛晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使人们相信它们在2010年能够复制人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员己经开始将这个预测延后数十年,甚至数百年长难句⑤;在试图建造思维模型的过程中,研究人员发现,人类大脑中的近一千亿个神经细胞要比以前想象的更聪明,人类的感觉器官也更复杂长难句⑥;他们建造的机器人在严格控制的工厂环境里,能够在机器控制面板上识别毫米以下的误差;但是人脑扫一眼一个快速变化的场景,就能迅速排除98%的不相干信息,立即聚焦于婉蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子,或者一大群人中的一张可疑的面孔上长难句⑦;世界上最先进的计算机系统也不达不到这种能力;神经学科学家至今仍然不知道我们人类是怎样做到这一点的;31.最近石油价格上涨的主要原因是A 全球性通货膨胀B 石油供应量下降C 经济快速增长;D 伊拉克暂停石油出口;答案 B解析本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题;第一段明确指出“自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升至约26美元一桶”,因此B选项为正确答案;A选项是第一段提到的前两次油价暴涨造成的后果,而非原因; C选项和D选项是第二段提到的进一步推动油价上涨的原因,而非主要原因;答题技巧:题干中如果有找出主要原因之类的提法,说明原文中肯定有不止一个原因,命题意图是检查考生能否从众多信息中抓住主要信息;32.从文中可以推出,在什么情况下,石油零售价格会大幅上涨A 原油价格上涨B 商品价格上涨C 消费上涨D 石油税上涨答案 D解析本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题;文章第三段指出,原油价格只占汽油零售价格的一小部分,其大部分在欧洲高达五分之四是税收,因此原油价格的变动对汽油价格影响不大;由此可知,影响汽油价格的主要因素是税收;D选项为正确答案,而不是A选项;B选项是前两次石油涨价产生的结果第1段第4句;而C选项文中未提及;答题技巧:命题目的是检查考生能否通过文章所给事实推出二者的潜在关系;对于此题,需要考生准确把握price的具体所指,方能正确解题;33.在经济展望中的文章估计在发达国家 ;A 重工业消耗更多能源B 收入的损失来自原油价格的波动C 制造业受到严重冲击D 油价变化队GDP没有很大影响答案 D解析本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题;根据“rich countries”可断定答案大抵在第四段,原文为“Rich economies”;文中提到,“国际经合组织在最近一期的经济展望中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在每桶22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,也只会使发达国家的石油进口在支出增加GDP的%~%”;这个数据表明影响不是很大,因此D选项为正确答案;B选项和C选项文中没有提及,A选项和题干不能构成因果关系;34. 从课文中,可以得出的结论是 ;A 现在的油价暴涨并不可怕B 通货膨胀与油价暴涨无关C 能源储备可以抑制油价D 原油价格上涨导致重工业的萎缩答案 A解析本题考核的知识点是:推理引申题;文章一开始提出最近石油价格大幅上涨,接下来阐述这次油价上涨不会造成经济衰退的原因:1原油价格只占汽油价格的一小部分;2发达国家对石油的依赖性不如从前;3此次油价上涨并不在商品总价格上涨和全球需求旺盛这种大环境中发生;因此,综合全文得出的结论是A选项;B选项与文中通货膨胀是石油危机的结果相悖第1段第4句;C选项第4段第2句和D选项第4段最后一句都是文中的事实细节,并非综合全文而得到的结论;35.作者对“油价上涨”所持的态度为A 乐观B 敏感C 悲伤D 害怕答案 A解析本题考核的知识点是:作者态度题;作者大篇幅地给出理由说明这次油价上涨的后果不会很严重;第三段谈到,“我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会像20世纪70年代那么严重”,最后一段第一句话又谈到“另一个不应该因为油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下”;可见A选项表达了作者的真正态度;四、核心词汇与佳句赏析1conservationn.保护;保存;保护区2conservev.保存3crudea.天然的;未加工的;粗制的;粗鲁的4doomn.毁灭,灭亡5energy intensivea.能源密集型的6gloomn.黑暗,阴暗7hemispheren.半球,半球体8quadruplea.四倍的;quadri= quadru前缀,表示“四”,如:quadruple 四倍的;quadrilingual 能用四种语言的9squeezev.压榨,挤,挤榨10swingv.摇摆,摆动,回转,回旋;n.秋千,摇摆,摆动五、全文翻译过去经济衰落的坏日子是否会重来自从石油输出国组织在3月决定减少原油供应以来,原油的价格便从去年12月的不到10美元一桶上升到到约26美元一桶;这次近三倍的涨价令人想起了1973年和1979-1980年两次可怕的石油恐慌,当时的油价分别是涨了四倍和近三倍;长难句①前两次的油价暴涨都导致了两位数的通货膨胀率以及全球性的经济衰退;那么这次警告人们厄运来临的头版新闻都到哪里去了呢佳句①本周伊拉克暂停石油出口,这使油价又一次上扬;强劲的经济增长势头,随着北半球冬季的到来,有可能在短期内使石油价格涨得更高;长难句②然而,我们有充分的理由预期这次油价暴涨给经济带来的影响不会象20世纪70年代那么严重;与70年代相比,现在多数国家的原油价格占汽油价格的分额要小;在欧洲,税金在汽油零售价的比例高达五分之四,因此,即使原油价格发生很大的波动,汽油价格所受的影响也不会象过去那么显着;发达国家对石油的依赖性也不如从前,因此对油价的波动也就不会那么敏感;能源储备、燃料替代以及能源密集型重工业的重要性降低,这些都减少了石油消耗量;软件、咨询及移动通讯消耗的石油,比钢铁、汽车行业少得多;发达国家国内生产总值以目前价格计算中,每一个美元所消耗的石油量比1973年少了近一半;国际经合组织在最近一期的经济展望中估计,如果油价持续一年维持在22美元左右,与1998年的13美元一桶相比,这也只会使发达国家的石油进口支出上增加GDP的—个百分点;长难句③这还不到1974年或1980年收入减少部分的四分之一;另一方面,进口石油的新兴国家由于转向了重工业,消耗能量更大,因此可能会受到石油危机的强烈影响;长难句④另外一个不应因油价上升而失眠的原因是,与20世纪70年代不同,这次油价上升不是发生在普遍的物价暴涨及全球需求过旺背景之下;长难句⑤世界上很多地区才刚刚走出经济衰落;经济学家的商品价格指数与一年前相比,总体上没有什么变化;1973年的商品价格跃升了70%,而1979年也上升了近30%;36. 从前三段中,我们可以知道 ;A 医生曾经用增加药物剂量的方法控制病人的疼痛B 医生帮助病人结束生命仍是不合法的C 最高法院强烈反对医生协助病人结束生命D 病人没有法律赋予的权力去自杀答案B解析本题考核的知识点是:事实细节题;。
2024考研英语一真题答案及解析
2024考研英语一真题答案及解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishThere’s nothing more welcoming than a door opening for you.1the need to be touched to open or close,automatic doors are essential in2disabled access to buildings,facilitating hygiene in required areas and helping provide general3to commercial buildings.Self-sliding doors began to emerge as a commercial product in1960after being invented six years4by Americans Dee Horton and Lew Hewitt.They5as a novelty feature,but as their use has grown their6have extended within our technologically advanced world.Particularly7in busy locations or during times of emergency,the doors8crowd management by reducing the obstacles put in peoples’way.They give us one less thing to tackle during daily life and the occasional quick escape.9making access both in and out of buildings easier for people,the difference in the way many of these doors open helps reduce the total area10by them.Automatic doors often open to the side,with the panels sliding across one another.Replacing swing doors,these11smaller buildings to maximise the usable space inside without the need to12the way for a large,protruding door.There are many different types of automatic door,with each13specific signals to tell them when to open.14these methods differ,the main15remain the same.Each automatic door system16the light,sound,weight or movement in their vicinity as a signal to open.Sensor types are chosen to17the different environmentsthey are needed in.18,a busy street might not19a motion-sensored door,as it would constantly be opening for passers-by.A pressure-sensitive mat would be more 20to limit the surveyed area.1.A.Through B.Despite C.Besides D.Without2.A.revealing B.demanding C.improving D.tracing3.A.experience B.convenience C.guidance D.reference4.A.previously B.temporarily C.successively D.eventually5.A.held on B.started out C.settled down D.went by6.A.relations B.volumes C.benefits D.sourceseful B.simple C.flexible D.stable8.A.call for B.yield to C.insist on D.act as9.A.As well as B.In terms of C.Thanks to D.Rather than10.A.connected B.shared C.represented D.occupied11.A.allow B.expect C.require D.direct12.A.adopt B.lead C.clear D.change13.A.adapting to B.deriving from C.relying on D.pointing at14.A.Once B.Since C.Unless D.Although15.A.records B.positions C.principles D.reasons16.A.controls B.analyses C.processes D.mixes17.A.decorate pare C.protect plement18.A.In conclusion B.By contrast C.For example D.Above all19.A.identify B.suit C.secure D.include20.A.appropriate B.obvious C.impressive D.delicate【1】D解析:空格后的短语意为“需要触摸才能打开或关闭”。
2023年考研英语二真题试卷+参考答案及解析【详细版】全
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试(英语二)参考答案及解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishHere’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the CEO of a small business and though you're making a nice 1 , you need to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team. A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.Let's look at a real-world 4 . Prior to forming a growth team, the software company BitTorrent had 50 employees.Working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development. This brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. And 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.Things changed, 8 , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue. Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.Armed with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version. 14 ,upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.But in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader. It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals. This growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.1.A. purchase B. profit C. connection D. bet2.A. define B. predict C. prioritize D. appreciate3.A. exclusively B. temporarily C. potentially D. initially4.A. experiment B. proposal C. debate D. example5.A. identical B. marginal C. provisional D. traditional6.A. rumor B. secret C. myth D. problem7.A. despite B. unlike C. through D. besides8.A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. again9.A. inspected B. created C. expanded D. reformed10.A.cultural B. objective C. fresh D. personal11.A. end B. burden C. lack D. decrease12.A. policy B. suggestion C. purpose D. insight13.A. contributing B. allocating C. promoting D. transferring14.A. As a result B. At any rate C. By the way D. In a sense15.A. unite B. finance C. follow D. choose16.A. share B. identify C. divide D. broaden17.A. announcement B. assessment C. adjustment D. accomplishment18.A. famous B. responsible C. available D. respectable19.A. Before B. Once C. While D. Unless20.A. serve B. limit C. summarize D. alter【1】B. profit 原文提到“小公司的CEO也挣到了大钱”。
考研英语试题精解及答案
考研英语试题精解及答案1. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.In a world where technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, the role of education has become more critical than ever. The integration of technology in classrooms has transformed the way students learn and teachers teach. However, the rapid pace of technological change also presents challenges for educators who must keep up with the latest developments to effectively utilize these tools in their teaching practices.2. Question: What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To highlight the importance of technology in education.B. To discuss the challenges faced by educators due to technological advancements.C. To argue that technology has revolutionized the educational system.D. To emphasize the need for continuous learning in the field of education.Answer: A3. Question: According to the passage, how has technology impacted the educational system?A. It has made learning more difficult for students.B. It has replaced the need for teachers in classrooms.C. It has changed the way students learn and teachers teach.D. It has led to a decline in the quality of education.Answer: C4. Question: What is one of the challenges mentioned for educators in the passage?A. They need to learn new teaching methods.B. They need to keep up with the latest technological developments.C. They need to reduce the use of technology in classrooms.D. They need to focus on traditional teaching methods.Answer: B5. Directions: Complete the sentence by choosing the correct option from the brackets.The use of interactive whiteboards in classrooms has significantly improved student engagement and (A) participation / (B) isolation.Answer: A6. Directions: Choose the best word to fill in the blank.Despite the numerous benefits of incorporating technology into education, there are concerns that it may lead to anover-reliance on digital tools, potentially (A) undermining / (B) enhancing the importance of human interaction in the learning process.Answer: A7. Directions: Read the following dialogue and answer the question that follows.Student: I'm really struggling with the new online learning platform. It's so confusing!Teacher: Don't worry. It's normal to feel overwhelmed at first. With a little practice, you'll get the hang of it.Question: What is the teacher's advice to the student?A. To give up on the online learning platform.B. To practice using the platform more.C. To ask a friend for help.D. To focus on traditional learning methods.Answer: B8. Directions: Identify the main idea of the following statement."The integration of technology in education has not only made learning more interactive and engaging but also has provided teachers with a wealth of resources to enhance their teaching methods."Main Idea: The positive impact of technology integration in education.9. Directions: Match the following terms with their correct definitions.A. Blended learning - a teaching method that combines traditional classroom learning with online learning.B. Flipped classroom - a teaching approach where students learn new material at home and work on assignments in class.C. E-learning - a system of education where instruction is delivered through digital technology.Answer: A - C, B - A, C - B10. Directions: Summarize the main points of the passage in no more than three sentences.The passage discusses the critical role of education in a technologically advancing world, how technology has transformed learning and teaching, and the challenges educators face in keeping up with these rapid changes. It emphasizes the importance of continuous learning for educators to effectively use technology in their teaching practices.。
2019考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析(文字版)
2019考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析(文字版)2019年考研英语一已经结束,小编为大家提供2019考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析(文字版),一起来看看有关医学杂志的内容吧!2019考研英语一新题型真题及答案解析(文字版)It wasn’t until after my retirement that I had the time to read scientific papers in medical journals with anything like close attention. Until then, I had, like most doctors, read the authors’ conclusions and assumed that they bore some necessary relation to what had gone before. I had also naively assumed that the editors had done their job and checked the intellectual coherence and probity of the contents of their journals.It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad —inaccurate, misleading, sloppy, illogical —much of the medical literature, even in the best journals, frequently was. My discovery pleased and reassured me in a way: for it showed me that, even in advancing age, I was still capable of being surprised.I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published?A rece nt paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and importantquestion.According to the authors, the problem is not merely that people do bad science, as they have always done, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. They quote ananonymous researcher who said pithily: ‘Poor methods get results.’ What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: 47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number. It is at least an objective measure.In addition to the pressure to publish, there is a preference in journals for positive rather than negative results. To prove that factor a has no effect whatever on outcome b may be important in the sense that it refutes a hypothesis, but it is not half so captivating as that factor a has some marginally positive statistical association with outcome b. It may be an elementary principle of statistics that association is not causation, but in practice everyone forgets it.The easiest way to generate positive associations is to do bad science, for example by trawling through a whole lot of data without a prior hypothesis. For example, if you took 100 dietary factors and tried to associate them with flat feet, you would find some of them that were associated with that condition, associations so strong that at first sight they would appear not to have arisen by chance.Once it has been shown that the consumption of, shall we say, red cabbage is associated with flat feet, one of two things can happen: someone will try to reproduce the result, or no onewill, in which case it will enter scientific mythology. The penalties for having published results which are not reproducible, and prove before long to be misleading, usually do not cancel out the prestige of having published them in the first place: and therefore it is better, from the career point of view, to publish junk than to publish nothing at all. A long list of publications, all of them valueless, is always impressive.48)Attempts have been made to (control this inflation命题人改编为curb this kind tendency),(for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement这部分被出题人删除), to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. 49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling dow n an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.In other words, what we need is more emphasis on personal contact and even nepotism in the way careers are advanced: but tell it not in Gath, publish it not in the streets of Askelon; lest thedaughters of the Philistines rejoice…46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.【解析】1. 本句主干为There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals(在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈)2. which引导定语从句,修饰this kind of nonsense,which指代this kind of nonsense,在定语从句中做主语(1) 则定语从句为“这些无稽之谈引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热”(2) when引导状语从句,可以理解为条件,从句省略this kind of nonsense is,则为“如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈”【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈,如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈,那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2021年考研英语二阅读及新题型答案解析
2021年考研英语二阅读及新题型答案解析21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “alast victory” because ____-。
A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoriesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis33623037 选【D】,因为第一段段尾句As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 即雷曼兄弟公司破产。
正门对面22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggests that_____ 。
A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions kaoyantjB. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries kaoyantjC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent业D. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying业选【A】,本题迷惑选项为C,文章第三段只强调了 collectors stayed away;Sales fell,并没有强调“收藏时尚早在这之前就已经大大降温了”。
2023年考研英语真题及解析
1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress.Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experienc e demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expense s[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove t he author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept thepaper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches ta ller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at t his genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist WilliamCameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, auth or of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessa ry to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a Stateof Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that d escribed Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring t o his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography,Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his ownPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2023年全国硕士硕士招生考试英语(一)答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
考研英语试题及答案分析
考研英语试题及答案分析Part A: Reading Comprehension (阅读理解)Section 1: Reading QuestionsPassage 1In recent years, the popularity of e-books has surged,leading to a debate on the future of traditional print books. Some argue that e-books are more convenient and environmentally friendly, while others believe that thetactile experience of reading a physical book cannot be replaced.Questions 21-25 are based on the passage.21. What is the main reason for the rise in e-book popularity?[A] Convenience[B] Environmental concerns[C] Aesthetic appeal[D] Cost savings22. What do proponents of e-books often claim?[A] They are more durable than print books.[B] They offer a better reading experience.[C] They are more eco-friendly.[D] They are easier to transport.23. What is the primary concern of those who prefer print books?[A] The cost of e-books.[B] The lack of physical interaction.[C] The potential health risks.[D] The impact on the publishing industry.24. What is the author's opinion on the future of print books?[A] They will be replaced by e-books.[B] They will coexist with e-books.[C] They will become a niche market.[D] They will disappear completely.25. What is the best title for the passage?[A] The Decline of Print Books[B] The Rise of E-books[C] The E-book vs. Print Book Debate[D] The Environmental Impact of E-booksAnswer Analysis:21. [A] Convenience - The passage mentions that e-books are more convenient, which is a key factor in their rising popularity.22. [C] They are more eco-friendly - Proponents of e-books argue that they are better for the environment, which is a common claim made by those who support digital reading material.23. [B] The lack of physical interaction - The passagediscusses the preference for the tactile experience of physical books, indicating that the lack of physical interaction is a concern for some.24. [B] They will coexist with e-books - The author suggests that while e-books have their advantages, there is still a place for print books, indicating a belief in coexistence.25. [C] The E-book vs. Print Book Debate - The passage explores the arguments on both sides of the issue, makingthis the most appropriate title.Part B: Cloze Test (完形填空)In the heart of the city, there stands a statue that has become a symbol of the city's resilience. The statue was erected to commemorate the citizens' courage and unity during a difficult time in the city's history.36. The statue is a symbol of the city's _______.[A] wealth[B] resilience[C] beauty[D] history37. The statue was erected to _______.[A] honor[B] forget[C] replace[D] ignore38. The citizens showed _______ during the difficult time.[A] fear[B] courage[C] indifference[D] despair39. The city's history is marked by _______.[A] prosperity[B] struggle[C] peace[D] conflict40. The statue stands in the _______ of the city.[A] outskirts[B] heart[C] suburbs[D] entranceAnswer Analysis:36. [B] resilience - The passage states that the statue symbolizes the city's resilience, which is the correct answer.37. [A] honor - The statue was built to honor the citizens, which is the intended purpose described in the passage.38. [B] courage - The citizens are described as having shown courage, making this the correct answer.39. [B] struggle - The passage implies that the city'shistory includes difficult times, suggesting that struggle isa part of its history.40. [B] heart - The statue is said to stand in the heart of the city, which is the correct location mentioned in the passage.Part C: Error Correction (改错)The following passage contains six errors. Each one will be marked with a letter. For each numbered item, choose the best answer from the options provided.Last week, I went to a concert of my favorite band. (A)The music was so loud that I couldn't hardly hear myself think. (B)Despite of the noise, I enjoyed the concert very much. (C) The band played a lot of their old songs, which I hadn't heard in ages, (D)and they also played some new songs that I didn'tparticularly like. (E)However, the highlight of the evening was when the lead singer (。
考研英语二新题型真题及答案解析
考研英语二新题型真题及答案解析考研英语二新题型真题Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs A and E have been correctly placed Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough TimesUnfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss:a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they wont last forever.When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these ten old truths Ive learned along the way.41.______Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said,“Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.42.______If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past,but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present.43.______Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something.44.______No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor,help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.45.______Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.41. 42. 43. 44. 45.考研英语二新题型真题参考答案:41.D 42.E 43.G 44.A 45.C【试题点评】新题型要求考生从整体上把握*的逻辑结构和内容上的联系,理解句子之间、段落之间的关系,对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握,并具备运用语法知识分析理解长难句的能力。
考研英语试题精解及答案
考研英语试题精解及答案一、阅读理解(共40分)1. 根据文章内容,以下哪个选项是正确的?A. 作者支持全球化。
B. 作者认为全球化对环境有害。
C. 作者认为全球化对经济有益。
D. 作者反对全球化。
答案:C2. 文章中提到的“可持续发展”是指什么?A. 经济增长不牺牲环境。
B. 经济增长以牺牲环境为代价。
C. 只关注经济增长,不考虑其他因素。
D. 只关注环境保护,不考虑经济增长。
答案:A3. 根据文章,以下哪个选项是错误的?A. 发展中国家需要全球化来促进经济增长。
B. 发达国家在全球化中扮演着重要角色。
C. 作者认为全球化是不可逆的趋势。
D. 作者认为全球化是有害的。
答案:D4. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”是什么意思?A. 一种以牺牲环境为代价的经济模式。
B. 一种注重环境保护的经济模式。
C. 一种只关注经济发展的经济模式。
D. 一种不关心经济和环境的经济模式。
答案:B5. 文章中提到的“碳足迹”是指什么?A. 个人或组织对环境的污染程度。
B. 个人或组织对经济的贡献。
C. 个人或组织的社会影响力。
D. 个人或组织的政治影响力。
答案:A二、完形填空(共20分)阅读下面短文,从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
In recent years, the concept of a "smart city" has become increasingly popular. A smart city is one that uses technology to improve the quality of life for its residents. For example, a smart city might use sensors to monitortraffic flow and __6__ congestion.6. A. reduceB. increaseC. avoidD. ignore答案:A7. These sensors can also be used to monitor air quality and__7__ any potential health hazards.7. A. identifyB. createC. ignoreD. exaggerate答案:A8. In addition to improving transportation and environmental conditions, smart cities can also __8__ energy use.8. A. increaseB. decreaseC. stabilizeD. fluctuate答案:B9. By using smart grids and energy-efficient buildings, a smart city can __9__ a significant amount of energy.9. A. consumeB. conserveC. wasteD. transfer答案:B10. The ultimate goal of a smart city is to create a more__10__ and sustainable living environment for its citizens.10. A. comfortableB. expensiveC. inconvenientD. unsustainable答案:A三、翻译(共20分)将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
2021年考研英语二答案完整版(含新题型)
2021年考研英语二答案完整版(含新题型)以下《20__年考研英语二答案完整版》由考研政治频道为您独家提供,欢迎大家阅读参考。
Section I Use of English1、【答案】B concluded【解析】题干中,一系列的研究已经_____,事实上,正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。
根据句义,后面的部分实际上是研究的结论,因此concluded符合题意,其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反,doubled(翻倍)与题意较远,ensured(确保)不符合题意,因为研究不能确保后面的事实,只能得出后面的事实作为结论。
所以正确答案为B。
2、【答案】A protective【解析】题干中,对于某些健康情况,超重事实上是有_____。
根据前文研究的结论,超重能减少罹患疾病的风险,说明超重具有一定的保护作用。
Dangerous和文章意思相反,sufficient表示充足,troublesome表示有麻烦,不符合题意,所以正确答案为A。
3、【答案】C likewise【解析】第三句话中,较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。
_____,在老年人中,一定程度上超重。
需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词语。
A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系,B选项however也表示逆接,D选项therefore表示因此,只有C选项likewise意为同样地;也,而且。
因此正确答案为C。
4、【答案】A indicator【解析】本句话中,_____,一定程度上超重,经常是健康的_____。
A选项,表示指示器,指标。
B选项objective表示客观;C选项origin表示来,D选项e_le表示例子。
根据前面的文章内容,已经明确指出超重代表了健康,因此超重是健康的指标。
因此正确答案为A。
5、【答案】D concern【解析】本句话的句意是,需要更加_____是,很难对肥胖加以定义。
A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。
考研英语新题型试题及答案
考研英语新题型试题及答案试题:Section I: Use of English (共20分)Directions: Read the text below and answer the questions by choosing the correct option A, B, C, or D. There are 20 questions in total, each worth one point.Text:In recent years, the popularity of extreme sports has surged among young people. The thrill of pushing one's limits and the desire to experience something different from traditional sports have attracted a growing number of participants. However, with the rise in popularity, there has also been an increase in the number of injuries associated with these activities. Despite the risks, many continue to be drawn to extreme sports for various reasons.1. What is the main reason for the surge in popularity of extreme sports among young people?A. The desire to win competitions.B. The thrill of pushing one's limits.C. The need for physical exercise.D. The influence of social media.2. What is a consequence of the rise in extreme sports' popularity?A. A decrease in traditional sports participation.B. An increase in the number of injuries.C. A rise in sports-related employment.D. A decline in the interest in outdoor activities.3. Despite the risks, what continues to motivate people to participate in extreme sports?A. The potential for financial gain.B. The opportunity for social interaction.B. The allure of fame and recognition.D. Various personal reasons.4. What is NOT mentioned as a reason for the appeal of extreme sports?A. The excitement of trying something new.B. The challenge of overcoming fears.C. The pursuit of physical perfection.D. The enjoyment of being part of a community.5. The text suggests that extreme sports are generally considered to be:A. More dangerous than traditional sports.B. Less physically demanding than expected.C. More accessible to the general public.D. Less popular among older individuals.Section II: Reading Comprehension (共40分)Part ADirections: Read the passage and answer the questions bychoosing the correct option A, B, C, or D. There are 20 questions in total, each worth two points.Passage:The concept of a "smart city" has become increasinglyprevalent in urban planning discussions. A smart city is one that integrates information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance the efficiency of its services, reduce resource consumption, and improve the quality of life for its residents. The implementation of smart city initiatives canbe seen in various sectors, such as transportation, healthcare, and energy management.6. What is the primary goal of a smart city?A. To increase the city's population.B. To improve the quality of life for residents.C. To attract more foreign investments.D. To boost the city's economic growth.7. What technology is essential for the functioning of asmart city?A. Advanced manufacturing technology.B. Information and communication technology (ICT).C. Traditional agricultural technology.D. Renewable energy technology.8. In which areas can smart city initiatives be implemented?A. Education and tourism.B. Transportation and healthcare.C. Defense and space exploration.D. Retail and entertainment.9. What is one of the benefits of a smart city for its residents?A. Lower taxes.B. Enhanced security.C. More job opportunities.D. Access to free education.10. What is NOT a feature of a smart city?A. Efficient use of resources.B. High-speed internet access.C. A focus on traditional industries.D. Advanced waste management systems.Part BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the correct option A, B, C, or D. There are 10 questions in total, each worth two points.Text:The impact of social media on society has been a topic of debate for years. While some argue that it has revolutionized the way we communicate and access information, others believe it has led to a decline in face-to-face interactions and a rise in mental health issues. Despite these concerns, social media platforms continue to grow in popularity, with new users joining every day.11. What is the main topic of debate regarding social media?A. Its impact on mental health.B. Its role in society.C. Its influence on politics.D. Its economic benefits.12. What is one negative effect of social media mentioned in the text?A. Increased access to education.B. A decline in face-to-face interactions.C. Improved job opportunities.D. Enhanced privacy for individuals.13. What is a positive aspect of social media according to the text?A. It has reduced the spread of misinformation.B. It has improved the quality of news reporting.C. It has revolutionized communication.D.。
2023考研英语二新题型真题及答案解析
2023考研英语二新题型真题及答案解析2023考研英语二新题型真题 Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A–G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41–45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Five ways to make conversation with anyone in choosing a new home, Camille McClain’s kids have a single demand: a backyard.McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an option when it es to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions, according to a 2023 Harris Poll survey of more than 2000 US adults.While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, reality agents and psychologists have mixedviews about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids’ opinions may have.The idea of involving children in a big decisionis a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, and Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.Younger children should feel like they’re choosing their home- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said ADAM Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they’re being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.Many of the aspects of home buying aren’t a consideration for children, said Tracey Hson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. Andplacing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn’t base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hson said.The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriouslyc hanged how people view real estate. It’s notshelter , it’s a lifestyle. With that mindset change e some serious money consequences.”“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made con tingent on a child’s opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best- and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas oftheir children, despite the current housing crunch.2023考研英语二新题型答案解析 41.【D】解析:根据Ryan Hooper定位到文章第四段和第五段,其中第五段提到:“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said. 其中,significant moves和children 都在D选项中复现,而children may face serious difficulties 与D选项中的..may pose challenges to children是同义交换,故D为正确答案。
考研英语二新题型真题及答案
考研英语二新题型真题及答案考研英语二新题型真题Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.[A]Be silly[B]Have fun[C]Express your emotions[D]Dont overthink it[E]Be easily pleased[F]Notice things[G]Ask for helpAs adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they dont need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps its time to learn a few lessons from them.41._______C_______What does a child do when hes sadHe cries.When hes angryHe shouts.ScaredProbably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and dont dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.thats about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately,and then-again.like children-move.42.______E_______A couple of Christmases ago,my youngest stepdaughter,who was nine years old at the time ,got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas.It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed,and couldnt stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels.instead,being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing.43._________A_____________Have you ever noticed how much children laughIf we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling,we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies increase good hormones like endorphins,improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off enfection.All of which,of course,have a positive effect on happiness levels.44.________B___________The problem with being a grown up is that theres an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with-work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner.But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and its important that we schedule in time toenjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone)——it doesnt matter,so long as theyre enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if youre on a tight budget.45.________D___________Having said all of the above,its important to add that we shouldnt try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:“Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.”And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whomhappiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.考研英语二新题型真题答案及解析:解析:*主要讲的是成年人不断追求幸福,但是结果往往是不清楚。
考研英语试题及答案分析
考研英语试题及答案分析一、阅读理解1. 根据文章内容,以下哪项是作者的主要观点?A. 教育是社会进步的关键因素。
B. 技术发展对教育产生了负面影响。
C. 教育的目的是培养全面发展的人才。
D. 教育改革需要社会各界的支持。
答案:A分析:文章通过多个段落阐述了教育对于社会进步的重要性,强调了教育在提高人们素质、推动社会创新等方面的积极作用。
因此,选项A 是作者的主要观点。
2. 文章中提到的“教育公平”是指什么?A. 所有学生都能接受相同的教育。
B. 教育机会应该根据个人能力分配。
C. 教育资源应该公平分配给所有人。
D. 教育应该消除社会阶层差异。
答案:C分析:文章在讨论教育公平时,强调了教育资源的公平分配,包括师资力量、教学设施等,以确保每个学生都能获得高质量的教育。
因此,选项C正确反映了文章中“教育公平”的含义。
二、完形填空阅读下面短文,从每题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项填入空白处,使短文意思通顺、完整。
In recent years, the popularity of online learning has surged, offering convenience and flexibility to students. However, it also presents challenges. One of the main issues is the lackof interaction between students and teachers. To address this, many educational platforms have started to incorporate more interactive elements into their courses.3. The rise of online learning has been attributed to its________.A. accessibilityB. complexityC. costD. tradition答案:A4. The lack of interaction in online learning is considered a ________.A. benefitB. challengeC. advantageD. opportunity答案:B分析:第三题描述了在线学习的流行,强调了其便利性和灵活性,因此选项A“可访问性”是正确的。
考研英语新题型之真题详解
考研英语新题型之真题详解首先,做七选五重要的就是要关注代词。
关于代词,咱们再怎么强调都不为过。
由于代词贯穿了我们整个考研题型中。
至少说阅读中的一半题型中都有对代词的考察,比方例证题、词汇题和细节题。
咱们的翻译中也有对代词的考察,到了咱们新题型中,更是少不了代词的身影。
下面大家就跟着教师,来看看代词一般都在什么状况下会消失在吧。
a)直接代替上文消失过的名词。
比方:these superfluous(2023年A)、such a device(2023年C)、this pyramid of production(2023年F)、the flow(2023年G)、such evidence(2023年A)等等。
这里的“直接”指的是文章中消失了“superfluous”、“ device”、“pyramid of production”、“ flow”等词。
b)间接代替上文消失的名词。
比方:空前面的原文消失的信息是:todays global chanllenge including climat change, security, sustainable development and health(41),41处的答案是These issues 这里我们可以看到,此处代词也是代替上文消失过的名词,但是和上一种状况相比,这种替代,可能对大家的`理解要求稍高一点。
其实的话也不难,但是在教学中,我发觉,大家对于这种形式的替代,尤其在新题型七选五中,比拟简单忽视或者错选。
在这里咱们总结一下:七选五中,假如空前面消失了一堆名词作为例子,那么,我们的答案多数会消失代词,来替代上面的名词。
其次我们需要关注的是数字。
数字在新题型里,我们分为两类:一,0-9阿拉伯数字,这一类信任全部的同学都不生疏,并且还是我们听到数词时首先会想到的信息;二,表示增加、削减、大、小等这一类同学们也要学会敏感起来,见到他们也要考虑一下,看看选项或者原文信息中有没有数字对应,一旦有,大家就要尤其关注两者是否可以联系起来。
考研英语试题精解及答案
考研英语试题精解及答案一、阅读理解(共20分,每题2分)1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of a healthy dietB. The impact of technology on the environmentC. The benefits of exerciseD. The role of education in society答案:D解析:文章主要讨论了教育在社会中的作用,强调了教育对于个人和社会的重要性。
2. According to the author, what is the key factor in achieving success?A. Hard workB. TalentC. LuckD. Education答案:A解析:作者认为成功的关键因素是努力工作,而不是天赋、运气或教育。
3. What does the word "innovative" in the context of the passage mean?A. TraditionalB. OriginalC. BoringD. Common答案:B解析:在文章的语境中,"innovative"一词意味着原创的,与"traditional"(传统的)、"boring"(无聊的)和"common"(常见的)相对。
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. The author believes that technology can solveenvironmental problems.B. The author argues that technology has both positive and negative effects.C. The author suggests that technology can lead to unemployment.D. The author thinks that technology is the only solution to environmental issues.答案:D解析:文章中作者并没有提到技术是解决环境问题的唯一方法,而是提到了技术的积极和消极影响。
2022年考研英语一真题答案之阅读理解真题新题型(附完整版答案)
2022年考研英语一真题答案之阅读理解真题新题型(附完整版答案)2022年考研英语一阅读理解真题Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41~45, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees: Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “41. _______________” One company that’s doing this iscalled Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.More effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. 42. _______________ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “43. _______________”Improved accuracy“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” 44. _______________Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “45. _______________”[A] AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.[D] You want to pred ict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.[E] Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.答案:F、C、A、B、G。
最新英语考研真题及答案
最新英语考研真题及答案一、阅读理解1. 阅读理解题目1答案:C解析:根据第一段中的"I had always wanted to live in a foreign country"可知,作者一直希望能住在外国。
第二段中提到"Because of my job",说明作者有工作的原因。
2. 阅读理解题目2答案:B解析:根据第三段中的"You have to face the fact that things won't always go smoothly"可知,有时候事情并不会顺利。
二、翻译1. 翻译题目1答案:The rapid development of technology has greatly changed our lives in many aspects.2. 翻译题目2答案:It is important for us to protect the environment and reduce pollution.三、写作最近,英语考研成为了许多学生关注的焦点。
每年,考生们都在努力备战,希望能够取得好成绩。
以下是一些最新的英语考研真题和答案,希望能对考生们的备考有所帮助。
1. 阅读理解是英语考研中一个重要的部分。
通过阅读理解,考生们可以提高自己的英语阅读能力,并且更好地理解文章的内容。
阅读理解题目涵盖了各种不同的主题和文体,考生们可以通过练习不同类型的阅读理解题目来提高自己的应试能力。
2. 翻译是英语考研中另一个重要的部分。
通过翻译练习,考生们可以提高自己的英语语言表达能力,并且更好地理解中英文之间的差异。
翻译题目通常要求考生将一段中文文本翻译成英文,或者将一段英文文本翻译成中文。
考生们可以通过多做翻译练习题来提高自己的翻译能力。
3. 写作是英语考研中最关键的部分之一。
通过写作,考生们可以展示自己的英语表达能力,并且更好地表达自己的观点和思想。
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Passage1Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceuticalcompanies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of thefirst advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of suchan agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans tonegotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drugcosts have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending.Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds oftreatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds.Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs fromone province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drugon its list, the p ressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’tlike a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Passage 2Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino where gambling games are played. During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a Fun Card, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat locked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problems. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behaviors, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “l ur e” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) says “pathological gambling”involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gambler s’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing departmentcontinued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and usedhis Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And inwhat sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back toeven, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a longtime it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a socialpolicy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in Americais government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generationsexplained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especiallyconductive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how tomove against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Passage 3Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A--G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what call “work-lifeunreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks, stress and feeling of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Passage 4Part BThe time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, and stand up, or lie down to write.(41) .Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and ,if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.It you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) .These printouts also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The students who wrote “ The A & P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times “and then again” working to substantiate an clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A)To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between linesso that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on onlyone side of the paper.B)After you have clearly and adequately, developed the body of your paper,pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’sprobably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely whatyou are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attentionbecause they leave the reader with a final impression.C)It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off aprinter may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writingthat have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks andprint their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any materialbecause of power failures or other problems.D)It make no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you havedeveloped a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes anbegin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.E)Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job.Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described crabbedresponse to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” heenforces.F)In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A & P”, thestudent brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to hisrefusal to accept store policies.G)By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover orderingprinciples as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draftthe first time around.一、选择搭配题 (大纲样题)Directions:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41) ________ Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.42) ________. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.43) ________ There were also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.44) ________. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.45) ________.About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.[B]Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.[F]When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea arid there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.[答案]41. B 42. F 43. E 44. A 45. C二、排序题 (大纲样题)Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order for Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] "I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we'll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't — it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.[B] "Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.[C] "I've got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat, They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires,' accidents, and other emergencies.[D] "Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff."[E]"The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F] "So I just don't know What to do. I've been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work."[G ] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation — how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:[答案]41.C 42.E 43.A 44.B 45.D三、信息匹配题 (大纲样题)Directions:You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45).There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l.(10 points)The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where you've worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume — descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.It's handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those un-requested" tombstone "lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read — a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.41.Put yourself first:In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself.42.Sell what you can do, not who you are:Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work.Toot your own horn!Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch — if only you show it.43.Be specific, be concrete, and be brief!Remember that "brevity is the best policy."44.Turn bad news into good:Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look forthe positive side.45.Never apologize:If you've returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph (summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don't apologize for working at being a mother; it's the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don't mention education.The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don't worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you've ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you've satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right.Isn't that the kind of person you'd want working for your?[A] A woman who lost her job as a teacher's aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: "Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher's aide she would rehire if government funds became available."[B] One resume I received included the following: "Invited by my superior to straighten out our organization's accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion." Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward — all in 34 words.[C] For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills.[D] An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated".[E] One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background.[F] A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She'd agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn't in her resume. She answered, "It wasn't important." What she was really saying of course was "I'm not important."[答案]41.F 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.D。