15年每周经济学人报刊中英文对照讲课讲稿
《经济学人》英中对照翻译版(考研英语必备)
来源于/wordpress/（The Economist《经济学人》中文版）和/（《The Economist》《经济学人》中文版）11月10, 2008[2008.11.08] 美国大选：无限期望America's election：Great expectationsNO ONE should doubt the magnitude of what Barack Obama achieved this week. When the president-elect was born, in 1961, many states, and not just in the South, had laws on their books that enforced segregation, banned mixed-race unions like that of his parents and restricted voting rights. This week America can claim more credibly that any other western country to have at last become politically colour-blind. Other milestones along the road to civil rights have been passed amid bitterness and bloodshed. This one was marked by joy, white as well as black (see article).相信无人质疑奥巴马于本周取胜的重要意义。
这位新总统出生于1961年，那时美国很多州的法律都要求强化种族分离、禁止像奥巴马父母那样的跨族通婚、限制选举权利；这些不仅限于南部地区，而出现在全国范围内。
经济学人中英文
考研英语外刊《经济学家》读译参考之五十六：新意－中国日益关注创新Something new新意(陈继龙编译)Aug 3rd 2006 | BEIJINGFrom The Economist print editionAFTER years of prospering as the world's workshop, China now wants to be its laboratory as well. “Innovation”has become a national buzzword[1], and Chinese leaders have been tossing it into their speeches since the beginning of the year, when President Hu Jintao started an ambitious campaign to drive China's economy further up the value chain. (1)True, new campaigns and catchphrases[2] are declared by the government and the Communist Party in China all the time, and mostly end up fizzling out[3] in puddles[4] of rhetoric. But there are signs that the government i_______①to back its innovation campaign with more than just words.中国作为“世界工场”，多年来发展蒸蒸日上，但现在它也希望成为“世界实验室”。
“创新”已经成为举国上下一个时髦词儿。
今年年初，胡锦涛主席启动了一项雄心勃勃的规划，旨在推动中国经济进一步与价值链接轨。
经典演讲稿中英文对照（精选3篇）
经典演讲稿中英文对照（精选3篇）经典中英文对照篇1Who arrived at the place all belong to yesterday. Even if the mountains green again the water to show that water again gentleness. Too deep linger became a fetters trip over not only have two feet and in the future.How can you don't like to start? It is a pity that haven't seen on lofty mountains; See the lofty mountains and have not seen the sea vast is still a pity; See the vastness of the sea have never seen a vast desert still sad; See the vast desert have not seen the mystery of forest or regret. There are a lot of scenery in the world I have not old.I know dashan is rocky the sea waves the desert sand forest have a beast of prey. Even so I still like it.Break the peace of life is another scene. Glad I haven't old. What about even old not words called hale and hearty?So I would also like to learn from the mountain I also want to learn from the brave I also want to learn from the desert I also want to learn from the forest alert. I want to learn to taste a colorful life.How far one can go? This is not to ask two feet but ask ambition; Man can climb much higher? This thing is not to ask his hands but asked will. So I want to use the youth blood raise a lofty goals for yourself. Is not only to win a glorious but also in pursuit of a kind of state. Goals is glorious goal not life will be because of the wind and rain all the way walk becomes rich and colorful; In my opinion this is not to life.Yes I like to start I wish you also like it.In life often have numerous blow from outside but whateffect will these blows to you the final say in your hands.凡是到达了的地方，都属于昨天。
经济学人》杂志原版英文(The_Economist整理版4-5)
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(4-5)Hot to trotA new service hopes to do for texting what Skype did for voice callsTALK is cheap—particularly since the appearance of voice-over-internet services such as Skype. Such services, which make possible very cheap (or even free) calls by routing part or all of each call over the internet, have forced traditional telecoms firms to cut their prices. And now the same thing could be about to happen to mobilephone text messages, following the launch this week of Hotxt, a British start-up.Users download the Hotxt software to their handsets, just as they would a game or a ringtone. They choose a user name, and can then exchange as many messages as they like with other Hotxt users for £1 ($1.75) per week. The messages are sent as data packets across the internet, rather than being routed through operators' textmessaging infrastructure. As a result, users pay only a tiny data-transport charge, typically of a penny or so per message. Since text messages typically cost 10p, this is a big saving—particularly for the cost-conscious teenagers at whom the service is aimed.Most teenagers in Britain, and elsewhere in Europe, pay for their mobile phones on a “pre-paid” basis, rather than having a monthly contract with a regular bill. Pre-paid tariffs are far more expensive: bundles of free texts and other special deals, which can reduce the cost of text messaging, are generally not available. For a teenager who sends seven messages a day, Hotxt can cut the cost of texting by 75%, saving £210 per year, says Doug Richard, the firm's co-founder. For really intensive text-messagers, the savings could be even bigger: Josh Dhaliwal of mobileYouth, a market-research firm, says that some teenagers—chiefly boys aged 15-16 and girls aged 14-15—are “supertexters” who send as many as 50 messages per day.While this sounds like good news for users, it could prove painful for mobile operators. Text-messaging accounts for around 20% of a typical operator's revenues. With margins on text messages in excess of 90%, texting also accounts for nearly half of an operator's profits. Mr Richard is confident that there is no legal way that operators can block his service; they could raisedata-transport costs, but that would undermine their own efforts to push new services. Hotxt plans to launch in other countries soon.“The challenge is getting that initial momentum,” says Mr Dhaliwal. Hotxt needs to persuade people to sign up, so that they will persuade their friends to sign up, and so on. Unlike Skype, Hotxt is not free, so users may be less inclined to give it a try. But as Skype has also shown, once a disruptive, low-cost communications service starts to spread, it can quickly become very big indeed. And that in turn can lead to lower prices, not just for its users, but for everyone.A discerning viewA new way of processing X-rays gives much clearer imagesX-RAYS are the mysterious phenomenon for which Wilhelm Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel prize in physics, in 1901. Since then, they have shed their mystery and found widespread use in medicine and industry, where they are used to revealthe inner properties of solid bodies.Some properties, however, are more easily discerned than others. Conventional Xray imaging relies on the fact that different materials absorb the radiation to different degrees. In a medical context, for example, bones absorb X-rays readily, and so show up white on an X-radiograph, which is a photographic negative. But Xrays are less good at discriminating between different forms of soft tissue, such as muscles, tendons, fat and blood vessels. That, however, could soon change. For Franz Pfeiffer of the Paul Scherrer Institute in Villigen, Switzerland, and his colleagues report, in the April edition of Nature Physics, that they have manipulated standard X-ray imaging techniques to show many more details of the inner body.The trick needed to discern this fine detail, according to Dr Pfeiffer, is a simple one. The researchers took advantage not only of how tissues absorb X-rays but also of how much they slow their passage. This slowing can be seen as changes in the phase of the radiation that emerges—in other words of the relative positions of the peaks and troughs of the waves of which X-rays are composed.Subtle changes in phase are easily picked up, so doctors can detect even small variations in the composition of the tissue under investigation, such as might be caused by the early stages of breast cancer. Indeed, this trick—known as phase-contrast imaging—is already used routinely in optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Until now, however, no one had thought to use it for medical X-radiography.To perform their trick, the researchers used a series of three devices called transmission gratings. They placed one between thesource of the X-rays and the body under examination, and two between the body and the X-ray detector that forms the image. The first grating gathers information on the phases of the X-rays passing through it. The second and third work together to produce the detailed phase-contrasted image. The approach generates two separate images—the classic X-ray image and the phase-contrasted image—which can then be combined to produce a high-resolution picture.The researchers tested their technique on a Cardinal tetra, a tiny iridescent fish commonly found in fish tanks and aquariums. The conventional X-ray image showed the bones and the gut of the fish, while the phase-contrasted image showed details of the fins, the ear and the eye.Dr Pfeiffer's technique would thus appear to offer a way to get much greater detail for the same amount of radiation exposure. Moreover, since it uses standard hospital equipment, it should be easy to introduce into medical practice. X-rays may no l onger be the stuff of Nobel prizes, but their usefulness may just have increased significantly.Here be dragonsWith luck, you may soon be able to buy a mythological petPAOLO FRIL, chairman and chief scientific officer of GeneDupe, based in San Melito, California, is a man with a dream. That dream is a dragon in every home.GeneDupe's business is biotech pets. Not for Dr Fril, though, the mundane cloning of dead moggies and pooches. He plans a range of entirely new animals—or, rather, of really quite old animals, with the twist that even when they did exist, it was only in the imagination.Making a mythical creature real is not easy. But GeneDupe's team of biologists and computer scientists reckon they are equal to the task. Their secret is a new field, which they call “virtual cell biology”.Biology and computing have a lot in common, since both are about processing information—in one case electronic; in the other, biochemical. Virtual cell biology aspires to make a software model of a cell that is accurate in every biochemical detail. That is possible because all animal cells use the same parts list—mitochondria for energy processing, the endoplasmic reticulum for making proteins, Golgi body for protein assembly, and so on.Armed with their virtual cell, GeneDupe's scientists can customise the result so that it belongs to a particular species, by loading it with a virtual copy of that animal's genome. Then, if the cell is also loaded with the right virtual molecules, it will behave like a fertilised egg, and start dividing and developing—first into an embryo, and ultimately into an adult.Because this “growth” is going on in a computer, it happens fast. Passing from egg to adult in one of GeneDupe's enormous Mythmaker computers takes less than a minute. And it is here that Charles Darwin gets a look in. With such a short generation time, GeneDupe's scientists can add a little evolution to their products.Each computer starts with a search image (dragon, unicorn, gryphon, etc), and the genome of the real animal most closely resembling it (a lizard for the dragon, a horse for the unicorn and, most taxingly, the spliced genomes of a lion and an eagle for the gryphon). The virtual genomes of these real animals are then tweaked by random electronic mutations. When they have matured, the virtual adults most closely resembling the targets are picked and cross-bred, while the others are culled.Using this rapid evolutionary process, GeneDupe's scientists have arrived at genomes for a range of mythological creatures—in a computer, at least. The next stage, on which they are just embarking, is to do it for real.This involves synthesising, with actual DNA, the genetic material that the computer models predict will produce the mythical creatures. The synthetic DNA is then inserted into a cell that has had its natural nucleus removed. The result, Dr Fril and his commercial backers hope, will be a real live dragon, unicorn or what have you.Tales of the unexpectedWhy a drug trial went so badly wrongIN ANY sort of test, not least a drugs trial, one should expect the unexpected. Even so, on March 13th, six volunteers taking part in a small clinical trial of a treatment known as TGN1412 got far more than they bargained for. All ended up seriously ill, with multiple organ failure, soon after being injected with the drug at a special testing unit at Northwick Park Hospital in London, run by a company called Parexel. One man remains ill in hospital.Small, preliminary trials of this sort are intended to find out whether a drug is toxic. Nevertheless, the mishap was so seri ous that Britain's Medic ines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), a government body, swiftly launched a full inquiry.On April 5th it announced its preliminary findings. These were that the trial was run correctly, doses of the drug were given as they were supposed to have been, and there was no contamination during manufacturing. In other words, it seems that despite extensive tests on animals and human-cell cultures, and despite the fact that the doses in the human trial were only a five-hundredth of those given to the animals, TGN1412 is toxic in people in a way that simply had not shown up.This is a difficult result for the drug business because it raises questions about the right way of testing medicines of this kind. TGN1412 is unusual in that it is an antibody. Most drugs are what are known as “small molecules”. Antibodies are big, powerful proteins that are the workhorses of the immune system. A mere 20 of them have been approved for human therapy, or are in latestage clinical trails, in America and Europe, but hundreds are in pre-clinical development, and will soon need to be tried out on people.Most antibody drugs are designed to work in one of three ways: by recruiting parts of the immune system to kill cancer cells; by delivering a small-molecule drug or a radioactive atom specifically to a cancer; or by blocking unwanted immune responses. In that sense, TGN1412 was unusual because it worked in a fourth way. It is what is called a “superagonistic” antibody, designed to increase the numbers of a type of immune cell known as regulatory T-cells.Reduced numbers, or impaired function, of regulatory T-cells has been implicated in a number of illnesses, such as type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Boosting the pool of these antibodies seemed like a good treatment strategy. Unfortunately, that strategy fell disastrously to pieces and it will take a little longer to find out why.The result highlights concerns raised in a paper just published by the Academy of Medical Sciences, a group of experts based in London. It says there are special risks associated with novel antibody therapies. For example, their chemical specificity means that they might not bind to their targets in humans as they do in other species.Accidence and substanceTwo possible explanations for the bulk of realityTHE unknown pervades the universe. That which people can see, with the aid of various sorts of telescope, accounts for just 4% of the total mass. The rest, however, must exist. Without it, galaxies would not survive and the universe would not be gently expanding, as witnessed by astronomers. What exactly constitutes this dark matter and dark energy remains mysterious, but physicists have recently uncovered some more clues, about the former, at least.One possible explanation for dark matter is a group of subatomic particles called neutrinos. These objects are so difficult to catch that a screen made of lead a light-year thick would stop only half the neutrinos beamed at it from getting through. Yet neutrinos are thought to be the most abundant particles in the universe. Some ten thousand trillion trillion—most of them produced by nuclear reactions in the sun—reach Earth every second. All but a handful pass straight through the planet as if it wasn't there.According to the Standard Model, the most successful description of particle physics to date, neutrinos come in three varieties, called “flavours”. These are known as electron neutrinos, tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos. Again, according to the Standard Model, they are point-like, electrically neutral and massless. But in recent years, this view has been challenged, as physicists realised that neutrinos might have mass.The first strong evidence came in 1998, when researchers at an experiment called SuperKamiokande, based at Kamioka, in Japan, showed that muon neutrinos produced by cosmic rays hitting the upper atmosphere had gone missing by the time they should have reached an underground detector. SuperKamiokande's operators suspect that the missing muon neutrinos had changed flavour, becoming electron neutrinos or—more likely—tau neutrinos. Theory suggests that this process, called oscillation, can happen only if neutrinos have mass.Since then, there have been other reports of oscillation. Results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada suggest that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions in the sun change into either muon or tau neutrinos on their journey to Earth. Two other Japanese experiments, one conducted at Kamioka and one involving the KEK partic le-accelerator laboratory in Tsukuba, near Tokyo, also hint at oscillation.Last week, researchers working on the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, near Chicago, confirmed these results. Over the coming months and years, they hope to produce the most accurate measurements yet. The researchers created a beam of muon neutrinos by firing an intense stream of protons into a block of carbon. On the other side of the target sat a particle detector that monitored the number of muon neutrinos leaving the Fermilab site. The neutrinos then traveled 750km (450 miles) through the Earth to a detector in a former iron mine in Soudan, Minnesota.Myths and migrationDo immigrants really hurt American workers' wages?EVERY now and again America, a nation largely made up of immigrants and their descendants, is gripped by a furious political row over whether and how it should stem the flood of people wanting to enter the country. It is in the midst of just such a quarrel now. Congress is contemplating the erection of a wall along stretches of the Mexican border and a crackdown on illegal workers, as well as softer policies such as a guest-worker programme for illegal immigrants. Some of the arguments are plain silly. Immigration's defenders claim that foreigners come to do jobs that Americans won't—as if cities with few immigrants had no gardeners. Its opponents say that immigrants steal American jobs—succumbing to the fallacy that there are only a fixed number of jobs to go around.One common argument, though not silly, is often overstated: that immigration pushes down American workers' wages, especially among high-school dropouts. It isn't hard to see why this might be. Over the past 25 years American incomes have become less equally distributed, typical wages have grown surprisingly slowly for such a healthy economy and the real wages of the least skilled have actually fallen. It is plausible that immigration is at least partly to blame, especially because recent arrivals have disproportionately poor skills. In the 2000 census immigrants made up 13% of America's pool of workers, but 28% of those without a high-school education and over half of those with eight years' schooling or less.In fact, the relationship between immigration and wages is not clear-cut, even in theory. That is because wages depend on the supply of capital as well as labour. Alone, an influx of immigrants raises the supply of workers and hence reduces wages. But cheaper labour increases the potential return to employers of building new factories or opening new valet-parking companies. In so doing, they create extra demand for workers. Once capital has fully adjusted, the final impact on overall wages should be a wash, as long as the immigrants have not changed the productivity of the workforce as a whole.However, even if wages do not change on average, immigration can still shift the relative pay of workers of different types. A large inflow of low-skilled people could push down the relative wages of low-skilled natives, assuming that they compete for the same jobs. On the other hand, if the immigrants had complementary skills, natives would be relatively better off. To gauge the full effect of immigration on wages, therefore, you need to know how quickly capital adjusts and how far the newcomers are substitutes for local workers.Roaming holidayThe EU hopes to slash the price of cross-border mobile calls“TODAY it is only when using your mobile phone abroad that you realise there are still borders in Europe,” lamented Viviane Reding, the European commissioner responsible for telecoms and media regulation, as she announced plans to slash the cost of mobile roaming last month. It is a laudable aim: European consumers typically pay €1.25 ($1.50) per minute to call home from another European country, and €1 per minute to receive calls from home while abroad. With roaming margins above 90%, European mobile operators make profits of around €10 billion a year from the trade, the commission estimates.Ms Reding's plan, unveiled on March 28th and up for discussion until May 12th, is to impose a “home pricing” scheme. Even while roaming, callers would be charged whatever they would normally pay to use their phones in their home countries; charges for incoming calls while roaming would be abolished. That may sound good. But, as the industry is understandably at pains to point out, it could have some curious knock-on effects.In particular, consumers could sign up with operators in foreign countries to take advantage of lower prices. Everyone would take out subscriptions to the cheapest supplier and bring them back home, says John Tysoe of the Mobile World, a consultancy. “You'd end up with a complete muddle. An operator might have a network, bu t no customers, because they've all migrated.”Another problem with Ms Reding's plan, he says, is that operators would compensate for the loss of roaming fees— thought to account for around 3% of their revenues and 5% of profits—by raising prices elsewhere. This would have the perverse effect of lowering prices for international business travellers, a big chunk of roaming traffic, while raising prices for most consumers.The commission's proposals are “economically incoherent”, says Richard Feasey of Vodafo ne, which operates mobile networks in many European countries. Imposing price caps on roaming is legally questionable, he says, and Vodafone has, in any case, been steadily reducing its roaming charges. (European regulators prevented it from doing so for three years on antitrust grounds after its takeover of Mannesmann in 2000.) Orange, another multinational operator, says it is planning to make price cuts,too. “Of course, now everybody's got price cuts,” says Stefano Nicoletti of Ovum, a consultancy.But perhaps Ms Reding's unspoken plan is to use the threat of regulation as a way to prompt action. Operators are right that her proposals make no sense, but they are charging too much all the same. So expect them to lobby hard against the proposals over the next couple of years, while quietly cutting their prices—an outcome that would, of course, allow both sides to claim victory.Devices and their desiresEngineers and chemists get togetherTHERE used to be a world of difference between treating a patient with a device—such as a fake hip or a pacemaker—and using biology and biochemistry. Different ailments required wholly different treatments, often with little in common. But that is changing as medical advances—such as those being trumpeted at the biotechnology industry's annual gathering this week in Chicago—foster combinations of surgical implants and other hardware with support from medicines. Drug-releasing stents were one of the first fruits of this trend, which increasingly requires vastly different sorts of health-care firms to mesh their research efforts.That will be a challenge. While pharmaceutical and biotech firms are always in search of the next big thing, devicemakers prefer gradual progress. Instead of hanging out with breathless entrepreneurs near America's east and west coasts, where most drug and biotechnology firms are based, many of the device-makers huddle in midwestern cities such as Minneapolis, Indianapolis and Kalamazoo. And unlike Big Pharma, which uses marketing blitzes to tell ailing consumers about its new drugs, medical-device sales teams act more as instructors, showing doctors how to install their latest creations.Several companies, however, are now trying to bring these two business cultures together. Earlier this year, for example, Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian firm, bought American Medical Instruments (AMI). Angiotech's managers reckon their company has devised a good way to apply drug coatings to all sorts of medical paraphernalia, from sutures and syringes to catheters, in order to reduce the shock to the body. AMI makes just the sorts of medical supplies to which Angiotech hopes to apply its techniques.One of America's biggest makers of medical devices, Medtronic, has been doing joint research with Genzyme, a biotechnology company that is also keen on broader approaches to health care. Genzyme says that it was looking for better ways to treat ailments, such as coronary and kidney disease, and realised that it needed to understand better how electro-mechanical devices and information technology work. But combining its efforts with those of Medtronic “on a cultural level is very hard”, the company says. Biotechnology firms are used to much more risky projects and far longer development cycles.Another difference is that device-makers know that if a problem emerges with their hardware, the engineers will tinker around and try to resolve the glitch. Biotech and pharmaceutical firms have no such option. If a difficulty emerges after years of developing and testing a new pill, as with Merck's Vioxx, there may be little they can do about it. “You can't futz with a molecule”, says Debbie Wang, a health-care industry analyst.Strangely, says Ms Wang, some of the most promising engineering outfits were once divisions of pharmaceutical andhealth-care companies, which got rid of them precisely because they did not appear to offer the rapid growth that managers saw in prescription drugs. Guidant, a maker of various cardiovascular devices, was spun off by Eli Lilly in 1994 and a decade later became the prize in a bidding war between Johnson & Johnson and Boston Scientific, which Boston won earlier this year.Pfizer sold Howmedica, which makes joint replacements and prosthetics, to Kalamazoo-based Stryker in 1998. Anotherjoint-replacement maker, Zimmer, was spun off from Bristol-Myers Squibb in 2001. Now both those companies are looking for ways to add “anti-interactive coatings”—ie, drugs—to their business. One of the most troublesome complications in joint replacement is infection.The big drug companies might be tempted to reacquire the firms that they let go. But, given the potential for cultural and strategic clashes, it may make more sense for a few big and broad medical-device makers, such as Medtronic, Boston Scientific and St Jude Medical, to continue consolidating their own industry while co-operating, along the lines of the Medtronic-Genzyme venture, with biotech and pharmaceutical firms as they see fit. There would still be irritation; but probably less risk of wholesale rejection.Eat less, live moreHow to live longer—maybeDIETING, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restriction—reducing an animal's energy intake below its energy expenditure—extends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype, it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in humans. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter. This study, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by America's National Institutes of Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a landmark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restriction to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance (high resistance is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes) and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (high levels are a risk factor for heart disease). They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levels—both phenomena that have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the study's authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. (He also points out that it will be a long time before such work reveals whether calorie restriction actually extends life.) Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animals—and that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have been searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.The search for a drug that will stave off old age is itself as old as the hills—as is the wishful thinking of the suckers who finance such efforts. Those who hope to find it by mimicking the effect of calorie restriction are not, however, complete snake-oil salesmen, for there is known to be a family of enzymes called sirtuins, which act both as sensors of nutrient availability and as regulators of metabolic rate. These might provide the necessary biochemical link between starving and living longer.Universal service?Proponents of “software as a service” say it will wipe out traditional softwareSOMETHING momentous is happening in the software business. Bill Gates of Mi crosoft calls it “the next sea change”. Analysts call it a “tectonic shift” in the industry. Trade publications hail it as “the next big thing”. It is software-as-a-service (SaaS)—the delivery of software as an internet-based service via a web browser, rather than as a product that must be purchased, installed and maintained. The appeal is obvious: SaaS is quicker, easier and cheaper to deploy than traditional software, which means technology budgets can be focused on providing competitive advantage, rather than maintenance.This has prompted an outbreak of iconoclasm. “Traditional software is dead,” says Jason Maynard, an analyst at Credit Suisse. Just as most firms do not own generators, but buy electricity from the grid, so in future they will buy software on the hoof, he says. “It's the end of software as we know it. All software is becoming a service,” declares Marc Benioff of , thebest-known proponent of the idea. But while SaaS is growing fast, it still represents only a tiny fraction of the overall software industry—a mere $3.35 billion last year, estimates Mr Maynard. Most observers expect it to be worth around $12 billion by 2010—but even that is equal only to Microsoft's quarterly sales today. There is no denying that SaaS is coming. But there is much debate, even among its advocates, about how quickly it will grow, and how widely it will be adopted.At the moment, small and medium-sized businesses are the most enthusiastic adopters of SaaS, since it is cheaper and simpler than maintaining rooms of server computers and employing staff to keep them running. Unlike the market for desktop software,。
经济学人周周学6月中英双语版
Spain needs its young people to create new businesses
The Atlantic crossings made by Europeans to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were one of the great migrations in history. Much less noticed was the flood of people into Spain in the first decade of the 21st.
A further danger, according to William Chislett, a commentator based in Spain, is that those who go are the brightest and most qualified, leaving behind people who dropped out of school at the age of 16 because of the chance to earn a good wage on building sites. Although foreign companies are recruiting skilled workers in the car industry, finding jobs for the large number of unqualified workers is proving difficult.
What is not clear is whether Spain has the regulatory climate that will nurture the new companies the country needs to provide work for its young people. A World Bank survey last year ranked the country 136th in the world in terms of ease of starting a business, sandwiched between Brunei and the Dominican Republic. America in the early 20th century was a land of opportunity; that was why immigrants arrived and why they helped the economy to flourish. Spain needs the same spirit, so that the best and brightest of its population—born at home or abroad—can become the next generation of entrepreneurs.
经济学人中英文版
三一文库（）〔经济学人中英文版〕*篇一：2014完整版《经济学人》英文原版经济学人完整整理版DigestOfThe.Economist.2006(8-9)ThemismeasureofwomanMenandwomenthinkdifferently.ButnotthatdifferentlyINTHE1970stherewasafadforgivingdollstobabyboysandfi re-enginestobabygirls.Theideawasthatdifferencesinbe haviourbetweenthesexesweresolelytheresultofupbringi ng:cultureturnedwomenintoironers,knittersandchatter boxes,andmenintohammerers,drillersandsilenttypes.Sw itchingtoyswouldputanendtosexualsorting.Today,itisc learwhyitdidnot.Whenboysandgirlsareborn,theyarealre adydifferent,andtheyfavourdifferenttoysfromthebegin ning.Thatboysandgirls—andmenandwomen—areprogrammedbyevolutiontobehavedifferentlyfromonea notherisnowwidelyaccepted.Surely,noonetodaywouldthi nkofdoingwhatJohnMoney,ofJohnsHopkinsUniversity,did in1967:amputatingthegenitaliaofaboywhohadsufferedabotchedc ircumcision,andadvisingtheparentstobringhimupasagir l.Theexperimentdidntwork,andtheconsequencesweretrag ic.Butwhichofthedifferencesbetweenthesexesare “biological”,inthesensethattheyhavebeenhonedbyevo lution,andwhichare“cultural”or“environmental”andmightmoreeasilybealteredbychangedcircumstances,i sstillfiercelydebated.Thesensitivityofthequestionwasshownlastyearbyafuror rrySummers,thenHarvardspresident,causedastormwhenhesuggestedthatinnateabil itycouldbeanimportantreasonwhythereweresofewwomenin thetoppositionsinmathematics,engineeringandthephysi calsciences.Evenasapropositionfordiscussion,thisisunacceptablet osome.Butbiologicalexplanationsofhumanbehaviourarem akingacomebackasthegenerationofacademicsthatfearedt hemasacovertwayofjustifyingeugenics,orofthwartingMa rxistutopianism,isretiring.Thesuccessofneo-Darwinis mhasprovidedanintellectualunderpinningfordiscussion aboutwhysomedifferencesbetweenthesexesmightbeinnate .Andnewscanningtechniqueshaveenabledresearcherstoex aminethebrainsinteriorwhileitisworking,showingthatm aleandfemalebrainsdo,atonelevel,operatedifferently. Theresults,however,donotalwayssupportpastclichésaboutwhatthedifferencesinquestionactuallyare.Differencesinbehaviourbetweenthesexesmust,insomeway ,bereflectionsofsystematicdifferencesbetweenthebrai nsofmalesandfemales.Suchdifferencescertainlyexist,b utdrawinginferencesfromthemisnotaseasyasitmayappear.Forastart,mensbrainsareabout9%largerthanthoseofwome n.Thatusedtobecitedasevidenceofmenssupposedlygreate rintelligence.Actually,thedifferenceislargely(andprobablycompletely)explainedbythefactthatmenarebigger thanwomen.Inrecentyears,moredetailedexaminationhasr efinedthepicture.Femalebrainshaveahigherpercentageo fgreymatter(themanifestation,enbloc,ofthecentralbod iesofnervecells),andthusalowerpercentageofwhitematt er(themanifestationofthelong,thinfilamentsthatconne ctnervecellstogether),thanmalebrains.That,plusthefa ctthatinsomeregionsofthefemalebrain,nervecellsarepa ckedmoredenselythaninmen,meansthatthenumberofnervec ellsinmaleandfemalebrainsmaybesimilar.Oddly,though,themainconnectionbetweenthetwohemisphe resofthebrain,whichisknownasthecorpuscallosumandism adeofwhitematter,isproportionatelysmallerinmenthanw omen.Thismayexplainwhymenuseonlyonesideofthebrainto processsomeproblemsforwhichwomenemploybothsides.Thesedifferencesinstructureandwiringdonotappeartoha veanyinfluenceonintelligenceasmeasuredbyIQtests.Itd oes,however,seemthatthesexescarryoutthesetestsindif ferentways.Inoneexample,wheremenandwomenperformequa llywellinatestthatasksthemtoworkoutwhethernonsensewordsrhyme,brainscanningshowsthatwomenuseareasonboth therightandtheleftsidesofthebraintoaccomplishthetas k.Men,bycontrast,useonlyareasontheleftside.Thereisa lsoacorrelationbetweenmathematicalreasoningandtempo ral-lobeactivityinmen—butnoneinwomen.Moregenerally,menseemtorelymoreonthe irgreymatterfortheirIQ,whereaswomenrelymoreontheirw hitematter.AmericanexceptionalismTheworldsbiggestinsurancemarketistoosplinteredKANSASCITY,Missouri,isknownmoreforitshistoricalrole asacattletownthanasafinancialhub.Butitistothismidwe sterncity,Americas26thlargest,thatregulatorsandinsu ranceexecutivesfromaroundtheglobeheadwhentheywantto makesenseoftheworldslargest—andoneofitsweirdest—insurancemarkets.ForitisinKansasCitythattheNationalAssociationofInsu ranceCommissioners(NAIC)ishoused.Itoverseesamarketaccountingforone-thirdofpremiumswrittenworldwide.OutsideKansasCity,themarketbecomesaregulatoryfree-for -all.EachofAmericas50states,plustheDistrictofColomb ia,governsitsinsuranceindustryinitsownway.Inanincreasinglyglobalinsurancemarket,Americasstate -basedsystemiscomingunderstrongpressuretoreform.Ins urancehaschangeddramaticallysincetheNAICwassetupin1 871,withgrowingsophisticationinunderwritingandriskm anagement.PremiumsinAmericahaveballoonedto$1.1trill ionandmarketpowerisincreasinglyconcentratedinthehan dsofbigplayers(someofthemforeign-owned)thatarepushi ngforanoverhaulofthestate-basedsystem.“ItsanextremelyexpensiveandByzantineprocess,”saysBobHartwig,aneconomistwiththeInsuranceInformati onInstitute,aresearchgroup.Thoughafiercelypoliticalissue,congressionalsupportf orsimplifyingthesystemisgainingground.BothhousesofC ongressarelookingatproposalstochangethestate-baseds ystem.Biginsurersfavouraversionthatwouldimplementan optionalfederalcharterallowingthemtobypassthestate-bystateregulatoryprocessiftheychoose.Asimilarsystemalreadyexistsforbanks.Proponentsofthechangesseemoreefficiency,anabilityto rolloutproductsmorequicklynationallyand,ultimately, betterofferingsforconsumersasaresult.Yetsomeconsume rgroupsfavourstate-basedregulation.Theybelieveitkee pspremiumslowerthantheyotherwisewouldbe.Premiumsasa percentageofgrossoutputarelowerinAmericathaninsever alothercountries.Thepoliticalheadwindsarestrong:insurancecommissione rsareelectedofficialsinsomestates(California,forins tance)andappointedbythegovernorinothers.Theindustry isalsosplit:mostofthecountrys4,500insurersaresmall, andmanyofthemhaveclosetieswithstate-basedregulators ,whosesurvivaltheysupport.Buteventheseforcesmayeven tuallybeovercome.ElsewhereintheindustryinAmerica,thereareothercallsf orreform.Inabackdoorformofprotectionism,Americanreinsurancefirmshavelongbenefitedfromaregulationthatrequiresforeignreinsurerswritingcross-borderbusine ssintoAmericatopostmorecollateralthantheydo.“IfyouoperateoutsidethebordersoftheUS,theydonttrus tyouoneinch,”lamentsJulianJames,headofinternationalbusinessatLlo ydsofLondon,whichwrites38%ofitsbusinessinAmerica.Thecollateralrequirementwasestablishedbecauseofworr iesaboutregulatorystandardsabroad,andthefinancialst rengthofglobalreinsurers.Todayregulatorystandardsha vebeentightenedinmanyforeignmarkets.AmajorityofAmer icasreinsurancecovernowcomesfromfirmsbasedabroad,in cludingmanythathavesetupoffshoreinBermuda(fortaxrea sons)primarilytoserveAmerica.ToohottohandleDellsbatteryrecallrevealsthetechnologyindustrysvuln erabilitiesTHEREisthenailtest,inwhichateamofengineersdrivesala rgemetalnailthroughabatterycelltoseeifitexplodes.In anothertrial,laboratorytechniciansbakethebatteriesinanoventosimulatetheeffectsofadigitaldeviceleftinac losedcaronaswelteringday—tocheckthereactionofthechemicalsinside.Onproduction runs,randombatchesofbatteriesaretestedfortemperatur e,efficiency,energydensityandoutput.Buttherigorousprocessesthatgointomakingsophisticate d,rechargeablebatteries—theheartofbillionsofelectronicgadgetsaroundtheworld —werenotenough.OnAugust14thDell,acomputercompany,sai ditwouldreplace4.1mlithium-ionbatteriesmadebySony,a consumer-electronicsfirm,inlaptopcomputerssoldbetwe en2004andlastmonth.Ahandfulofcustomershadreportedth ebatteriesoverheating,catchingfireandevenexploding —includingonecelebratedcaseataconferencethisyearinJa pan,whichwascapturedonfilmandpassedaroundtheinterne t.Thecosttothetwocompaniesisexpectedtobebetween$200 mand$400m.Insomeways,Dellisavictimofitssuccess.Thecompanywasapioneerinturningthepersonalcomputerintoacommodity,w hichmeantsqueezingsupplierstothelastpenny,usingecon omiesofscalebyplacinghugeorders,andrunningefficient supplychainswithlittleroomforerror.Itallcreatedavol atileenvironmentinwhichmistakescanhavegraveeffects.Sincelithium-ionbatterieswereintroducedin1991,their capacitytooverheatandburstintoflamehasbeenwellknown .Indeed,in2004Americabannedthemascargoonpassengerpl anes,asafirehazard.Butthelatestproblemsseemtohavear isenbecauseofthemanufacturingprocess,whichdemandspe rfection.“Ifthereisevenanano-sizedparticleofdust,asmallmeta lshardorwatercondensationthatgetsintothebatterycell ,itcanoverheatandexplode,”saysSaraBradfordofFrostSullivan,aconsultancy.Asthee nergyneedsofdeviceshavegrownrapidly,sohavethedemand sonbatteries.Thecomputingindustryscultureisalsopartlytoblame.Fir mshavelongtriedtoshipproductsasfastastheypossiblyca n,andtheymayhavesetlessstorebyquality.Theyusedtomockthetelecomsindustrysethosof“five-nines”—99.999% reliability—becauseitmeantlongproductcycles.Butnowtheyaregradua llyacceptingitasabenchmark.ThatispartlywhyMicrosoft hastakensolongtoperfectitsnewoperatingsystem,Window sVista.Comparedwithotherproductcrises,fromcontaminatedCoca -Colain1999toFirestonesfaultytyresin2000,Dellcanbecomplimentedforquicklytakingchargeofahotsituation.T hefirmsaystherewereonlysixincidentsoflaptopsoverhea tinginAmericasinceDecember2005—buttheinternetcreatedaconflagration.KeepingthefaithMixingreligionanddevelopmentraisessoul-searchingque stionsWORLDBankprojectsareusuallyfreeofwordslike “faith”and“soul.”Mostofitsmissionsspeakthejargonofdevelopment:povert yreduction,aggregategrowthandstructuraladjustments.Butasmallunitwithinthebankhasbeencurryingfavourwith religiousgroups,workingtoeasetheirsuspicionsanduset heirinfluencetofurtherthebanksgoals.Inmanydevelopin gcountries,suchgroupshavethebestaccesstothepeopleth ebankistryingtohelp.Theprogrammehasexistedforeighty ears,butthisbrainchildofthebankspreviouspresident,J amesWolfensohn,hasspentthepastyearlargelyinlimboash issuccessor,PaulWolfowitz,decidesitsfuture.Now,some religiousleadersinthedevelopingworldareworriedthatt heprogresstheyhavemadewiththebankmaystall.Thatprogresshasnotalwaysbeeneasy.Theprogramme,named theDevelopmentDialogueonValuesandEthics,facedcontro versyfromthestart.Justasreligiousgroupshavestruggle dtoworkwiththebank,manypeopleontheinsidedoubtedifth ebankshouldbedelvingintothedivine.Criticsarguedthat religioncouldbedivisiveandpolitical.Somesaidreligio nclasheswiththeseculargoalsofmodernisation.Althoughthebankdoesnotlenddirectlytoreligiousgroups ,itworkswiththemtoprovidehealth,educationalandother benefits,andreceivesdirectinputfromthoseonthegroundinpoorcountries.KatherineMarshall,directorofthebank sfaithunit,arguesthatsuchgroupsareinanidealposition toeducatepeople,moveresourcesandkeepaneyeoncorrupti on.Theyareorganiseddistributionsystemsinotherwisech aoticplaces.Theprogrammehashadsuccessgettingevangel icalgroupstofightmalariainMozambique,improvemicrocreditandwaterdistr ibutioninIndia,andeducatepeopleaboutAIDSinAfrica.“Westartedfromverydifferentviewpoints.TheWorldBank islookingatthesurvivalofacountry,welookatthesurviva lofapatient,”saysLeonardoPalombi,oftheCommunityofSantEgidio,anIt alianchurchgroupthatworksinAfrica.Althoughtheworkcontinues,thoseinvolvedinMrWolfensoh nsformerpetprojectnowfretoveritsfuture.Someexpectth efaithunittobetransferredtoanindependentorganisatio nalsosetupbyMrWolfensohn,theWorldFaithsDevelopmentD ialogue,whichwillstillmaintainalinkwiththebank.Reli giousgroupsarehopingtheirvoiceswillstillbeheard.“Ifwearegoingtomakeprogress,faithinstitutionsneedtobeinvolved.Webelievereligionhastheabilitytobringst ability.Itwillbeimportantforthebanktofollowthrough,”saysAgnesAbuom,oftheWorldCouncilofChurchesforAfrica,basedinKenya.Likereligiousgroups,largeinstitutionssuchasthebankc anresistchange.Economistsanddevelopmentexpertsaresometimesslowtobelieveinnewideas.Onepositiveby-prod uctoftheinitiativeisthatreligiousgroupsoncewaryofth ebanksintentionsarelesssuspicious.Ultimately,aslong asbotheconomistsandevangelistsaimtohelpthepoorattai nabetterlifeonearth,differencesinopinionaboutthelif ehereafterdonotmattermuch.StandanddeliverForthefirsttimesincetheepidemicbegan,moneytofightAI DSisinplentifulsupply.ItisnowtimetoconvertwordsintoactionKEVINDECOCK,theWorldHealthOrganisationsAIDSsupremo, isnotamantomincehiswords.HereckonsthatheandhiscolleaguesintheglobalAIDSestablishmenthavebetweenfiveand sevenyearstomakearealdentintheproblem.Iftheyfail,th eworldsattentionspanwillbeexhausted,charitabledonor sandgovernmentswillturntoothermattersandAIDSwillberelegatedinthepublicconsciousnesstobeingyetanotheri ntractableproblemofthepoorworldaboutwhichlittleorno thingcanbedone.Fornow,though,themoneyisflowing.About$8.9billionise xpectedtobeavailablethisyear.And,regardlessofDrDeCo ckslong-termworries,thatsumshouldriseoverthenextfew years.Notsurprisingly,alotofpeopleareeagertospendit.Manyofthosepeople—some24,000ofthem—havebeenmeetinginTorontoatthe16thInternationalAIDSC onference.AnAIDSconferenceisunlikeanyotherscientifi cmeeting.Inpart,itisajamboreeinwhichpeopletrytoout-doeachotherindisplaysofculturalinclusiveness:themus icofsixcontinentsresonatesaroundtheconventioncentre .Inpart,itisalightningconductorthatallowsAIDSactivi ststomaketheirdiscontentknowntotheworldinaseriesofs emi-officialprotests.Itisalsowhatotherscientificmeetingsare,aforumforthepresentationofpap erswithtitlessuchas “DifferinglymphocytecytokineresponsesinHIVandLeish maniaco-infection”.Butmostly,itisagiantcouncilofwa r.Andatthisone,thegeneralsaretryingtoimposeacomplet echangeofmilitarystrategy.WhenAIDSwasdiscovered,therewasnotreatment.Existinga nti-viraldrugsweretriedbutatbesttheydelayedtheinevi table,andatworsttheyfailedcompletely.Prevention,then,wasn otmerelybetterthancure,itwastheonlythingtotalkabout .Condomsweredistributed.Posterswerepostedexhortingt headvantagesofsafesex.Televisionadvertswererunthats howedtheconsequencesofcarelessness.Tenyearsago,though,anewclassofdrugsknownasproteasei nhibitorswasdeveloped.Incombinationwithsomeoftheold erdrugs,theyproducedwhatisnowknownashighlyactiveanti-retroviraltherapyorHAART.Inmostcases,HAARTcanprol onglifeindefinitely.Thatcompletelychangedthepicture.OncetheAIDSactivist shadtreatedthemselves,theybegantolobbyforthepoorwor ldtobetreated,too.And,withmuchfoot-dragging,thatisn owhappening.About1.6mpeopleinlow-andmiddle-incomeco untries,1moftheminsub-SaharanAfrica,arenowreceiving anti-AIDSdrugsroutinely.Theintention,announcedatlas tyearsG8meetinginScotland,isthatthedrugsshouldbeava ilableby2010toallwhowouldbenefitfromthem.However,thoseondrugsremaininfectedandrequiretreatme ntindefinitely.Tostoptheepidemicrequiresare-emphasi sofprevention,anditisthatwhichtheorganisershavebeen tryingtodo.Man,deconstructedTheDNAthatmayhavedriventheevolutionofthehumanbrainONEofthebenefitsofknowingthecompletegeneticsequence sofhumansandotheranimalsisthatitbecomespossibletocomparetheseblueprints.Youcanthenworkoutwhatseparates manfrombeast—geneticallyspeaking,atleast.Thehumanbrainsetsmanapart.About2myearsagoitbegantog rowinsize,andtodayitisaboutthreetimeslargerthanthat ofchimpanzees,mansclosestrelative.Humanintelligence andbehaviouralcomplexityhavefaroutstrippedthoseofit ssimiancousins,sothehumanbrainseemstohavegotmorecom plex,aswellasbigger.Yetnostudyhaspinpointedthegenet icchangesthatcausethesedifferencesbetweenmanandchim p.Nowagroupofscientistsbelievetheyhavelocatedsomeinte restingstretchesofDNAthatmayhavebeencrucialintheevo lutionofthehumanbrain.AteamledbyDavidHaussleroftheH owardHughesMedicalInstituteinCalifornia,comparedthe humangenomewiththatofmammalsincludingotherprimates. TheyreportedtheresultsinNature.Theresearcherslookedatthenon-humangenomesfirst,seek ingregionsthathadnotchangedmuchthroughoutevolutiona ryhistory.Regionsthatareuntouchedbynormalrandomchangestypicallyareimportantones,andthusareconservedbye volution.Nexttheresearchersfoundtheequivalentregion sinthehumangenometoseeifanywereverydifferentbetween humansandchimps.Suchasuddenchangeisahallmarkofafunc tionalevolutionaryshift.Theyfound49regionstheydubbed “humanacceleratedregions”(HARs)thathaveshownarapid,recentevolution.Mostofthe seregionsarenotgenesascommonlyunderstood.Thisisbeca usetheycodeforsomethingotherthantheproteinsthataree xpressedinhumancellsandthatregulatebiologicalproces ses.AnumberoftheHARsareportionsofDNAthatareresponsi bleforturninggenesonandoff.Intriguingly,themostrapidlychangingregionwasHAR1,wh ichhasaccumulated18geneticchangeswhenonlyonewouldbe expectedtooccurbychance.ItcodesforabitofRNA(amolecu lethatusuallyactsasatemplatefortranslatingDNAintopr otein)that,itisspeculated,hassomedirectfunctioninne uronaldevelopment.HAR1isexpressedbeforebirthinthedevelopingneocortex—theouterlayerofthebrainthatseemstobeinvolvedinhighe rfunctionssuchaslanguage,consciousthoughtandsensory perception.HAR1isexpressedincellsthatarethoughttoha veavitalroleindirectingmigratingnervecellsinthedeve lopingbrain.Thishappensatsevento19weeksofgestation, acrucialtimewhenmanyofthenervecellsareestablishingt heirfunctions.Withoutmoreresearch,thefunctionofHAR1remainsmerespe culation.Butanintriguingfacetofthisworkisthat,until now,mostresearchershadfocusedtheirhuntfordifference sontheprotein-codingstretchesofthegenome.Thatsuchad iscoveryhasbeenmadeinwhatwasregardedasthelessintere stingpartsofthehumangenomeisapresageofwhereexciting genomicfindsmaylieinthefuture.KeepingitrealHowtomakedigitalphotographymoretrustworthyPHOTOGRAPHYoftenblursthedistinctionbetweenartandrea lity.Moderntechnologyhasmadethatblurringeasier.Inth edigitaldarkroomphotographerscanmanipulateimagesandthreatentheintegrityofendeavoursthatrelyonthem.Seve raljournalistshavebeenfiredforsuchactivityinrecentmont hs,includingonefromReutersforfakingpicturesinLebano n.Earlierthisyear,theinvestigationintoHwangWoo-suks howedtheSouthKoreanscientisthadchangedimagespurport ingtoshowcloning.Inanefforttoreelinphotography,camera-makers aremakingitmoreobviouswhenimageshavebeenaltered.Onewayofdoingthisistouseimage-authenticationsystems torevealifsomeonehastamperedwithapicture.Theseusecomputerprogramstogenerateacodefromtheverydatathatc omprisetheimage.Asthepictureiscaptured,thecodeisatt achedtoit.Whentheimageisviewed,softwaredeterminesth ecodefortheimageandcomparesitwiththeattachedcode.If theimagehasbeenaltered,thecodeswillnotmatch,reveali ngthedoctoring.Anotherwayfavouredbymanufacturersistotakeapieceofda tafromtheimageandassignitasecretcode.Oncetheimagefi leistransferredtoacomputer,itisgiventhesamecode,whi chwillchangeifitisedited.Thecodeswillmatchiftheimag eisauthenticbutwillbeinconsistentiftamperingoccurre d.ThealgorithmistheweaponofchoiceforHanyFarid,acomput erscientistatDartmouthCollegeinNewHampshire.Digital imageshavenaturalstatisticalpatternsintheintensitya ndtextureoftheirpixels.Thesepatternschangewhenthepi ctureismanipulated.DrFaridsalgorithmsdetectthesecha nges,andcantellifpixelshavebeenduplicatedorremoved. Theyalsotrytodetectifnoise—theoverexposedpixelswithintheimagethatcreateagrainy effect—waspresentatthetimethephotographwastakenorhasbeenad dedlater.However,forgershavebecomeadeptatprintingandrescanni ngimages,thuscreatinganeworiginal.Insuchcases,analy singhowthree-dimensionalelementsinteractiskey.Longshadowsatmiddayareagiveaway.Eventhetinyreflectionsin thecentreofapersonspupiltellyouaboutthesurroundingl ightsource.SoDrFaridanalysesshadowsandlightingtosee ifsubjectsandsurroundingsareconsistent.Foritspart,Adobe,themakerofPhotoshopsoftware,hasimp roveditsabilitytorecordthechangesmadetoanimagebylog ginghowandwheneachtoolorfilterwasused.Photoshopwast heprogramusedbythejournalistfiredbyReuters;hishandiworkleftapatterninthesmokehehadaddedthatwasspo ttedbybloggers.Thusfartheinternethasprovenaneffecti vecheckondigitalforgery.Althoughitallowspotentially fakeimagestobedisseminatedwidely,italsocastsmanymor ecriticaleyesuponthem.Sometimesthebestscrutinyissim plymorepeoplelooking.CollateraldamageWhythewarinIraqissurprisinglybadnewsforAmericasdefe ncefirmsWHENBoeingannouncedonAugust18ththatitplannedtoshutdownproductionoftheC-17,ahugemilitarycargoplane,then ewssentashiverthroughtheAmericandefenceindustry.Asi twindsdownitsproductionlineatLongBeach,California,o verthenexttwoyears,Boeingwillsoonbegintonotifysuppl iersthattheirserviceswillnolongerbeneeded.Ithadtoca llahalt,becauseordersfromAmericasDefenceDepartmenth addriedupandatrickleofexportdealscouldnottaketheirp lace.Thecompanywouldnotsupportthecostofrunningthepr oductionlinefortheC-17(onceoneofitsbiggest-sellinga ircraft)ontheoff-chancethatthePentagonmightchangeit smindandplacefurtherorders.Thewiderworryforthedefenceindustryisthatthiscouldbe thefirstofmanybigprogrammestobeshutdown.Abigpartoft heproblemisthatAmericaisatwar.Theneedtofindanextra$ 100billionayeartopayforoperationsinIraqmeansthereis pressuretomakecutsinthedefencebudget,whichhasbeenpr ovisionallysetat$441billionforthefiscalyearbeginnin ginOctober.Americandefencebudgetsinvolveacomplicate ddancestartingwithwhatthePentagonwants,whattheWhite Housethinksitshouldgetand,finally,whatCongressallow sittogetawaywith.Althoughthearmedforcesextraspendin。
最新-经济学人中英文版1 精品
经济学人中英文版篇一：《经济学人》阅读练习中英对照版50篇《经济学家》读译参考&1重建美国梦机器192019|',(),对美国的大学而言，申请必须在12市大学，一所公立学院，没有田园诗一般;$7,500()2001年开始为聪明过人的学生所设立的培养计划。
6约有1100人能得到“免费教育”，这在花费巨大的美被纳入城市大学荣誉计划的学生无需支付学费，相反，他们还获得一份请尽早被批准进入下一学年计划的学生达到了70%。
,,,—',批准与否跟学生是不是一名运动员，或者是不是校友子弟，或者有没有颇具影响力的后台，《经济学家》读译参考&或者是不是某个爱打抱不平的民族社团成员，都毫无干系——而这些在美国的知名学府中已经日益成为重要标准。
申请加入荣誉计划的学生大多数来自相对贫困的家庭，其中许多人都是移民。
城市大学唯一需要的就是这些学生必须勤奋并且聪颖。
,7%',(1997)',去年，城市大学学生的标准化考试平均分位居全美最高分的7%均分较低，但是他们即将冲进前三名（相比1997年的倒数前三名）。
（这一段请高手参详）,20世纪60年代以前，那就是美国高等教育管理最好的并不在剑桥大学或者是，在一所名叫城市大学1847年，'',(1950);,,,(,那时美国最知名的大学都限制犹太人学生入学，当时1933年到1954年之间，城市大学培养出了9个后来获得诺贝尔奖的人，其中包括2019年经济学奖获得者罗伯特?奥曼（毕业于1950年）。
城市大学前附属女子学院则培养出两名诺贝尔奖获得者，而其在布鲁克林的一所分校也培养出一名。
城市大学还培养出了最高法院的关键人物费利克斯?法兰克福（1902届）、埃拉?格什温（1918届）、天花疫苗发明者乔纳斯?索尔克（1934届）以及互联网设计者罗伯特?卡恩（1960届）等人。
20世纪三、四十年代，城市大学作为左翼分子活动区，城市大学孕育了许多新保守主义知识分子，他们后来都转向了右翼，比如欧文?克里斯托（1940届，校外活动积极分子，参加过反战俱乐部）、丹尼尔?贝尔和内森?格雷泽。
经济学人中英对照
Immigration law移民法Our town我们的城镇A small city passes a controversial immigration ordinance內布拉斯加小镇通过了一项有争议的移民法令SOME of the earliest settlers of Nebraska were Germans. During the first world war the state forbade any teaching in their native language. But that was long ago. These days, just outside the tidy little city of Fremont, a new batch of residents is trying to settle in. The Regency II trailer park houses immigrants, mostly from Mexico. Many of the trailers are just flimsy boxes. Others are painted brightly, or sport day lilies on a small lawn. One house has an American flag beside it. And on June 21st the Regency displayed a white sign at its entrance with the message: “V ote No”.内布拉斯加州最早的定居者中有一些是德国人。
在第一次世界大战期间，该州曾禁止德裔居民用母语教学。
但这是很久以前的事了。
这些天来，就在整洁的弗里蒙特小镇外围，一批新的居民正试着安顿新家。
Regency II拖车场的居民都是移民，多数来自墨西哥。
economist经济学人文摘(中英双语)：Faith and faithfulness
Faith and faithfulness信仰和忠诚Praying for your partner stops you straying为你的情侣虔诚祈祷使你不去沾花惹草Aug 26th 2010INFIDELITY is rampant in nature. Birds, mammals, amphibians and even fish all cheat if the conditions are right, forcing mates to remain perpetually vigilant. People are no different. Although cheats are publicly condemned, or in some cases impeach ed, infidelity is common and public disapproval does little to dissuade the sinner. The disapproval of God, however, is a different matter, and a new study suggests that prayer can indeed guide people away from adulterous behaviour.不忠是自然界中滥生无控的现象。
鸟类、哺乳动物、两栖动物、以至鱼类一旦在条件许可的情况下都会四处留情，迫使其配偶不得不时刻严密提防。
人类也一样。
虽然偷情在公开场合下受到谴责，或在某些特例中更有被弹劾的遭遇，但不忠仍然相当普遍，大众对不忠之徒的谴责并没起到多少恫吓的作用。
然而，上帝对不忠的不悦则非同儿戏了。
近期一项新研究显示，祈祷可以确实引导人们避开沾花惹草的邪路。
Frank Fincham at Florida State University and his colleagues knew from looking at past studies that couples who attend religious services are more likely to be satisfied with their marriages and less likely to be unfaithful than those who do not, but they did not understand why. Speculating that the act of praying might itself cause romantic relationships to become more resilient, the team set up an experiment to explore prayer and fidelity.佛罗里达州立大学的弗兰克•芬查姆（Frank Fincham）博士和他的同事根据分析以往的研究发现，相比那些不去参加宗教仪式的夫妇，参与夫妇对自己的婚姻满意程度比较高，而且较少涉及婚外情。
经济学人_精品文章中英对照
1.Whopper to go至尊汉堡，打包带走Will Burger King be gobbled up by private equity?汉堡王是否会被私人股本吞并？Sep 2nd 2010 | NEW YORKSHARES in Burger King (BK) soared on September 1st on reports that the fast-food company was talking to several private-equity firms interested in buying it. How much beef was behind these stories was unclear. But lately the company famous for the slogan “Have It Your Way” has certainly not been having it its own way. There may be arguments about whether BK or McDonald’s serves the best fries, but there is no doubt which is more popular with stockmarket investors: the maker of the Big Mac has supersized its lead in the past two years.有报道披露，快餐企业汉堡王（BK）正在与数个有收购意向的私人股本接洽，9月1日，汉堡王的股值随之飙升。
这些报道究竟有多少真材实料不得而知。
汉堡王的著名口号是“我选我味”，但如今显然它身不由己，心中五味杂陈。
汉堡王和麦当劳哪家薯条最好吃，食客们一直争论不休，但股票投资人更喜欢哪家股票，却一目了然：过去两年里，巨无霸麦当劳一直在扩大自己的优势。
经济学人中英对照5
但是这种情况潜在的基础是一种对美国政府不会把自身的优势消耗殆尽的信赖。在拉动国内经济走出低迷方面具有吸引力的财政和货币政策同样也削减了其债权对国外投资者的吸引力。
America does not formally need to default to penalise its creditors; it can simply let its currency decline. Short-dated Treasury bonds (those with a maturity of one-to-three years) have returned a healthy 18% in dollar terms over the last three years. But when translated into Chinese yuan that return dwindles to just 0.3%.
冷笑话2009-06-04虽然这里只是一个很小很小的博客，
但是每个人似乎都应该用自己微薄的影响力在今天这样的日子说些什么或做些什么。
我就给大家说个冷笑话吧
我爱北京敏感词，敏感词前太阳升～伟大领袖敏感词，指引我们向前进
发表于15:53 | 阅读全文 | 评论 6 | 编辑 | 分享 0美国国债:收益率2009-06-03Buttonwood
On the surface, the worries seem odd. Is America likely to default on its obligations? No. To put it another way, if the world ever got into a state where America did prove unable to pay, lots of other assets would have defaulted first. Even though the American budget position is deteriorating rapidly, it is still a lot healthier than that of either Italy or Japan. Both countries have been carrying debt/GDP ratios of more than 100% for years without suffering a meltdown.
英语演讲稿-奥巴马每周电视演讲20150411：副总统乔拜登呼吁免除社区大学学费 (中英lrc)
英语演讲稿奥巴马每周电视演讲20150411：副总统乔拜登呼吁免除社区大学学费 (中英lrc)Weekly Address: Tuition-Free Community College (April 11, 2015)奥巴马每周电视讲话：副总统乔拜登呼吁免除社区大学学费Ladies and Gentlemen, this is Joe Biden and I’m here filling in for President Obama, who is traveling abroad.女士们，先生们，我是乔·拜登，由于奥巴马总统在海外出访，今天由我来代替他发表演讲。
And I’m here with a simple message: middle-class economics works.我今天要传达的就是一个消息：中产阶级经济政策取得明显成效。
Our economy has gone from crisis to recovery to now to resurgence-with the longest streak of consecutive job growth ever recorded in the history of this country and more than all other advanced countries combined.我国经济经历了危机之后的复苏，现在已经全面振兴。
我们创造了有史以来最长的就业连续增长记录，总的就业增长人数超过了所有发达国家的总和。
But to make sure everyone is part of this resurgence, we need to build on what we know widens the path to the middle class-and you all know what it is, access to education.但为了让经济复苏的成果惠及每一个人，我们需要打造通向中产阶级的通道，众所周知，那就是获得良好教育。
中英文对照演讲稿（9篇）
中英文对照演讲稿中英文对照演讲稿(9篇)演讲稿在写作上具有一定的格式要求。
在日新月异的现代社会中，需要使用演讲稿的事情愈发增多，还是对演讲稿一筹莫展吗？以下是小编帮大家整理的中英文对照演讲稿，欢迎阅读与收藏。
中英文对照演讲稿1I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed-we hold theses truths to be self-Oevident, that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave owners will be able to sit together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.i have a dream today! When we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and hamlet, from every state and city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children-black men and white men , jews and Gentiles, Catholics and Protestants-will be able to join hands and to sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, “free at least ,free at last .Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.”我有一个梦：有一天，这个国家将站起来，并实现他的信条的真正含义：我们将捍卫这些不言而喻的真理，即所有人生来平等。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)之欧阳理创编
Digest Of The. Economist.2006(6-7)Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Research in Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples,they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria, just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than proving that they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people aresuperorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels for treatingheadaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy to treat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. But researchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for 30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases where it failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), that patient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and Drug Administration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, including drugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” faulty neural circuitry. Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of the patient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scans taken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity starting three months after treatment begins. The changes are similar to the improvements seen in patientswho undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London, found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Although brain scans are useful in determining the longevity of the treatment, Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that the electrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called the locus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer.The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today'sTHE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” and will prove “proliferation resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 killed dozens immediately and has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about global warming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactorsoperate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of how to extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, China and their neighbours. These new power stations belong to what has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by their creators to be advanced. But will these new stations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be less accident prone. The most important feature of a safe design is that it “fails safe”. Fo r a reactor, this means that if its control systems stop working it shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, and stops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to some extent and some newer ones are truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be moreexpensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclear explosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in a bomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilises the reaction rate. Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriouslyRUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annual gathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-president turned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, in waging war on climate-warming gases (of which carbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its outputofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury, two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for a more ambitious policy on climate change, even if that involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Ford and General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with thedaft slogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsa re engaged in superficial “greenwash” to boost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheirpersonal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tan k, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfur or gay marriage. That criticism, at least, is surely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts say they are acting not out of some vague sense of social responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real business risks and opportunities—from regulatory compliance to insuringclients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected.Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the need for animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. The search for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead with proposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past 25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of theseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m ayearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At the moment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testing met in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances forlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cellsare carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in the case of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission has its way: those140,000screenings look like a lucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, thefirm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that theycould be used in long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicals and could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain three months ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made,belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from an existing culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there is still some way to go before drugs,vaccines and other substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthan live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use of animals might be banished from fundamental research.Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than women MEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, inAustralia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study hasjust been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequickly identified on a male face than a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eightphotographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts ofexpression,which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to getkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It wouldallowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company owners and bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep, routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and General Motors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, as usual.The successful resolutionscalled for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, saw defeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidate failing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly nine times out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions wereall“precatory”—meaning that they merely advised management on the course of action preferredbyshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder power butnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises that, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulators to make it easier for shareholders to put up candidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if theywill be back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensationcommittee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be far worse.Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and the rights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on American companies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly, companies and their clever bankers are using these assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bonds based on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties it will receive from itsfranchisees. The three private-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based on the films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains and fashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that theborrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recoup theirmoney, the assets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds ar e outstanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it raised securitising patent royalties from Zerit, an anti-HIV drug.It may be harder for investors to decide whether such deals are worth their while. They are, after all,highly complex and riskier than standard securitisations. The most obvious risk is that the investorscannot be sure that the assets。
经济学人文章(英汉双语对照)汇集
经济学人文章(英汉双语对照)汇集The Economist thinks that media is diverging into blockbusters and niches—with everything else struggling. Why are blockbusters still doing well in this world of almost limitless entertainment choice? First,blockbusters are the common topics that people talk about with their friends.Second, all that technology that has made niche content so much more accessible has also proved handy for pushing blockbusters.Third,in a world of growing entertainment options that make people freaking out, it's easier for some people to choose what others are talking about or what they have heard.So,is the increasing polarization of media products into blockbusters and niches a good or a bad thing? Of course it is a challenge for media companies.But is a boon to consumers.Media companies must raise their game to outshine others.Creative types must learn how to move between big-budget blockbusters and niche, small-budget fare, observing the different genre and budget constraints that apply in these worlds.So, the growth of those niche products grab the market of middle class's instead of blockbusters'.It comes to aconclussion by The Economist that there are only a few things that can be guaranteed to delight large numbers of people.Thus the future of blockbusters is stable.经济学人杂志认为娱乐产品正在发生两级分化,一边是风靡一时,流行大卖的娱乐产品,另外一边是满足小部分人需求和兴趣的小众利基产品,而介于两者之间的产品日子越来也难过.在娱乐选择越来越多的年代,流行热卖的作品还能有这么大的市场呢?原因有三.第一,流行大卖作品是人们与朋友交谈时的共同话题,因为人们对此都会略知一二.第二,让小众产品更易获取的因特网技术也帮助流行热卖产品横行世界.第三,在娱乐选择多得让人抓狂的情况下,对很多来讲,选择别人都在谈论的,或是自己听说过的作品总是来得更容易一些.那么娱乐产业的两级分化是好还是坏?当然对于娱乐公司来讲这是巨大的挑战,但对消费者来讲,却是好事,因为娱乐公司为了让他们的产品能够在成千上万的同类产品中脱颖而出,他们必须要精益求精.对于创作者来讲他们必须要在流行大卖作品和小众利基产品的世界做出合适的定位.所以,那些不知名小众产品的增长抢夺的不是流行热卖作品的市场,付出代价的是中等受欢迎,质量一般般的娱乐产品.经济学人杂志得出结论说,注定只有少部分产品会受到绝大多数人的欢迎,所以流行热卖作品的未来是稳固的.。
经济学双语版阅读精选英文带翻译 教学课件
经济学双语版阅读精选英文带翻译教学课件经济学双语版阅读精选：数字复兴Some moderately good news in the news industry新闻业的好消息IN FEBRUARY Vice, a media firm that caters to youngsters who like their news with a dollop ofsass and hip-hop, toured the opulent residence of the ousted president of Ukraine, ViktorYanukovych, and posted the video online. It looks like a weird dictatorship theme park, thesardonic reporter told the camera. A new report by the Pew Research Centre, a think-tank,finds that a third of Americans now watch news videos online, about as many as say they watchnews on cable television. Among those aged 18-29, around half do.传媒公司Vice迎合年轻人的口味播报充满狂言妄语的新闻及嘻哈音乐。
今年二月，该传媒公司的记者参观了已被罢黜的乌克兰总统亚努科维奇豪宅并将视频传到了网上。
这个地方就像一个怪异的独裁主题公园记者颇具讽刺性地对着摄像机说道。
智库皮尤研究中心最近发表了一个新的报告，该报道显示近三分之一的XX人在网上看视频新闻，约近乎三分之一的人称他们在有线电视上看新闻。
在那些18-29岁的年轻人中，近一半的人在网上看新闻。
In years past Pews State of the News Media reports have been sombre, chronicling theevisceration of jobs and the gutting of news budgets. This year, however, Pew sounded moreoptimistic, pointing to the slew of digital-news services, such as Vices online news channel,that have sprung up recently. Around 5,000full-time jobs have been created at 468 digital-news firms, according to Pew. Many online-news firms have hired high-profile journalists awayfrom big publications, such as the New York Times and Washington Post, and are launchingbureaus around the world (although not nearly as many as have been shuttered bynewspapers).在过去的几年，皮尤中心有关新闻媒体的状况的报告都是阴郁的，长久以来都是老生常谈的就业问题和新预算。
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15年每周经济学人报刊中英文对照空气污染英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气 Air pollution空气污染The big smoke雾都Britain needs to do more to clean up its dirty air 英国需要采取更多措施来净化污浊的空气VISITING Oxford Street, a road teeming with tatty shops and overcrowded with people, is plainly a trial. Less plainly, levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a noxious gas, have been found to be around three times higher there than the legal limit. In 2013 the annual mean concentration of NO2 on the street was one of the highest levels found anywhere in Europe.来到牛津街，你会看到街道两边布满了各式杂乱的商店，而道路上人满为患。
行走在这条街上，很明显是个磨练。
不为人觉察的是，这里有毒气体二氧化氮(NO2)测出含量超出法定水平的约三倍以上。
２０１３年，这条街的NO2年均浓度是欧洲最高之一。
British air is far cleaner than it was a few decades ago. Fewer people usecoal-burning stoves; old industrial plants have been decommissioned. But since 2009 levels of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, coarse or fine particles that are linked to lung cancer and asthma, have fallen more slowly. The exact number of deaths caused by dirty air is unknown. But in 2010 a government advisory group estimated that removing man-made fine particulate matter from the atmosphere would increase life expectancy for those born in 2008 by an average of six months.英国的空气比几十年前干净多了。
使用燃煤炉灶的人越来越少；老工业厂已经停产。
但自2009年起，氧化氮、微粒物质、以及与肺癌和哮喘相关的粗、细颗粒含量的下降速度减慢了。
因污浊空气所引发的死亡人数是未知的。
但2010年，一个政府顾问组估算如果将大气中人为造成的微粒物质除去的话，2008年的出生人口人均寿命将增加六个月。
Much of the slowdown is the result of fumes from diesel cars, which were championed by successive governments because they use less fuel and thus produce less carbon dioxide than petrol cars. In 2001 only 14% of all cars ran on diesel; by 2013 the proportion had increased to 35%. (Greener “hybrid” and electric cars have increased ninefold since 2006, but account for just 0.5% of the entire fleet.) Second-hand cars are particularly noxious, but even newer ones have not been as clean as hoped. Many cars that belched out few pollutants in tests produced more when on the roads.下降速度放缓的大部分原因在于柴油汽车排放的尾气—这为历任政府所支持，因为柴油汽车耗用更少的能源，比汽油汽车排放更少的二氧化碳。
2001年，仅14%的汽车使用柴油。
2013年，这个比例上涨到了35%。
（更绿色的“混合动力”和电瓶车自2006年以来增加了九倍，但仅占汽车总量的0.5%。
）二手汽车尤其有害，但新车也没所期望的那样清洁。
很多车在污染物排放测试中排放量低，车在上路时却排放了更多。
Climate change and geoengineering气候变化与地质工程学Fears of a bright planet 地球发光，令人担心Experiments designed to learn more about ways of geoengineering the climate should be allowed to proceed为更好地利用工程学手段研究气候问题所设计的实验应该获准进行下去。
SHINY things absorb less heat when left in the sun. This means that if the Earth could be made a little shinier it would be less susceptible to global warming. Ways to brighten it, such as adding nanoscale specks of salt to low clouds, making them whiter, or putting a thin haze of particles into the stratosphere, are the province of “geoengineering”. The small band of scientists which have been studying this subject over the past decade or so have mostly been using computer models. Some of them are now proposing outdoor experiments—using seawater-fed sprayers to churn out particles of the exact size needed to brighten clouds, or spewing sulphur particles from underneath a large balloon 20km up in the sky.发光的物体放在太阳下面会吸收较少的热量。
这就意味着如果让地球发一点光的话，受到全球变暖的影响就会小一些。
让地球发光的方式，比方说在低空云层上添加纳米级的盐微粒，让云变得更白，或者是将一层薄的雾状物洒向平流层，这些都属于地质工程学的范畴。
过去十年左右研究这一领域的一小批科学家主要使用计算机模型，其中一些人现在提出要做室外实验――就是用装有海水的喷雾器射出大量使云彩发光所需的相同大小的粒子，或者从升到距地面20公里处的大型气球下喷洒硫粒子。
The aims are modest. The scientists hope to understand some of the processes on which these technologies depend, as a way of both gauging their feasibility (can you reliably make tiny puffs of sea salt brighten clouds?) and assessing their risks (how much damage to the ozone layer might a stratospheric haze do, and how might such damage be minimized?). The experiments would be far too small to have any climatic effects. The amount of sulphur put into the stratosphere by the experimental balloon would be 2% of what a passenger jet crossing the Atlantic emits in an hour.这样做的目标并不宏伟。
科学家们希望能够了解这些技术所依托的一些过程，也是作为衡量其可行性（能否可靠使用微小的海盐粒子让云彩发光？）和评估其风险（附着在平流层的雾状物会给臭氧层造成多大危害，如何把危害降到最低？）的方式。
这些实验对气候变化的影响微乎其微。
实验所用的气球投入平流层的硫总量相当于横越大西洋的喷气式客一小时喷射气体总量的2%。
Nonetheless, these experiments—and this whole line of research—are hugely controversial. Many scientists are skeptical about geoengineering and most greens are outraged. Opponents object to them for a range of reasons. Some are against the very idea of geoengineering and any experiments in the area, even those which pose no immediate risk to the environment. They abhor the hubris involved in trying to affect the mechanics of the climate and despair at the potential diversion of attention from controlling carbon emissions as the route to countering climate change. They find the idea of some–possibly many—countries having the power to change the climate for the whole planet a geopolitical nightmare. Even modest experiments in geoengineering, according to this logic, are the beginnings of a slippery slope, one that will engender a false sense of security and domesticate an idea that should have always remained outrageous.尽管如此，这些实验以及整个研究领域存在巨大争议。