《土木工程专业英语》结课论文
土木专业英语论文
绿色建筑纪巴毛(德克萨斯大学绿色建筑学院,达克斯,TX78596)摘要：绿色建筑是指尽力最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水、木)、保护环境,减少污染在它的生命周期。
为人们提供健康、适当、有效利用空间,与自然和谐共生的建筑物。
我所说的那样,绿色建筑设计的更多细节的概念,绿色建筑的设计,以及概念的意义,绿色建筑和改善效能分析的绿色建筑的外部效应的措施。
关键词：绿色建筑保护生态意义分析其影响1 引言绿色建筑是指建造生命周期,最大限度地节约资源(能源、土地、水及材料),保护环境,减少污染,为人们提供健康、应用和有效利用空间,与自然和谐的建筑。
所谓的绿色建筑的“绿色”并不意味着一般意义的三维绿色屋顶花园,但是表现一个概念或符号,是指建设环境友好,充分利用自然资源、环境和生态破坏环境的基本不平衡的一座正在建设,但也被称为可持续发展建筑,eco-building,回到野外施工、节能建筑。
绿色建筑内部布局是很合理的,以尽量减少使用合成材料、充分利用太阳、节约能源为居民创造自然的感觉。
人、建筑与自然环境和谐发展的目标,在利用天然和人工手段来创造了良好的条件及健康生活环境的前提下,尽可能多地控制和减少使用和破坏自然环境,充分体现了回归大自然获取和平衡。
2 绿色建筑的意义绿色建筑的基本内涵可以概括为:为减少负载对环境的建筑中,节约能源和资源,提供一个安全、健康、舒适的居住空间,具有亲和力和良好的自然环境,使人们和建筑与自然环境和谐共生的可持续发展。
3 发展绿色建筑评级的意义系统绿色建筑评价指标体系建立的一场革命,在这一领域的建筑及其启示,它远比节能技术。
在许多方面,这是创新和有机合成,从而建筑与自然和谐共处、充分利用资源和能源,创造健康、舒适、优美的生活空间。
这是该领域的技术、社会和经济角度的革命性的架构。
3.1 技术意义绿色建筑的研究早期出现的技术问题,技术是孤立的和片面的,没有形成一个有机的整体,一体化的设计和经济研究的意识是远离唯一的策略的经济分析阶段的子公司的知识。
土木工程专业英语论文.doc
Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiarcrack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform withoneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of inthe concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave andtiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kindof harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen anda little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, differencein temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuouslyof expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concretebuilding and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of,because of crack of existence and development usually makeinner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay,lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research witha great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem isineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope justneed to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm isalso explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certainthe crack of width.But at under construction should as faras possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation,make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far aspossible decrease crack of amount and width, particularlywant to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperaturevariety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem acco rding to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protectbe over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build tocomplete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind ofconstringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of thecreation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity losslead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidityvariety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem theSuo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.Therelative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suocrack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and followit more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suocrack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint wouldcreation the water power split crack influence concrete ofloading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with waterash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition,cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of theproperty and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo besubjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete matchthe ratio the design should as far as possible control goodwater ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio,use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in matchratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is theearlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, andappropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in theconcrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dryheat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other notcoherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creationof main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost havingno strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhapsconcrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, besubjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in inthe capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at thistime the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack tohave water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suovalue smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier periodstrength or commonthe Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reducewater to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree andwith easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is tosprinkle before building concrete,water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film,hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface ismoist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect inthe concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breezefacilities, protect in time.3.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack andreinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar inthe reinforced concrete structure of because of chemicalreaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.Inthis kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should atunder construction adopt valid the measure carry onprevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan whichchoose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress analkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, theharmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing barcreation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volumeof the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack,the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of preventmeasure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete ofcarbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired,anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property ofcrack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation totreat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to havethe following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and tostructure loading the ability don't have the surface crackof influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crackdaubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsismaterial, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface incrack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shenrequest to the structure whole of repair, it is make use ofpressure equipments gum knot the material press into thecrack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind andconcrete formation one be whole,thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cementthe syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of mostin common use method in, it usually is follow the crack digslot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water materialwith attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Sumaterial has PVCgum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In commonuse rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structurereinforce medium in commonuse main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in everyaspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Goupiece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce,increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.Thein common use displacement material have:Common concrete orthe cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concreteor sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lowerthe anti- Shen of building ability, influence building ofusage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower thedurable of material, influence building of loading ability,so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety,stability work.From《 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
土木工程毕业设计英文翻译论文
Structural FormsStructural forms, such as the beam or the arch ,have developed through the ages in relation to the availability of materials and the technology of the time. The arch, for instance, undoubtedly developed as a result of the availability of brick. In the technology of buildings .every structure must work against gravity ,which tends to pull everything down to the ground .A balance must therefore be attained between the force of gravity ,the shape of the structure ,and the strength of the material used. To provide a cover over a sheltered space and permit openings in the walls that surround it ,builders have developed four techniques are post and lintel, arch and vault, truss, and cantilever construction.Post and lintel. In post and lintel construction ,a horizontal beam is placed across the space between two supporting posts. If the support is continuous, it is called a wall; if a series of beams are joined together into a continuous surface, it is called a slab.Simple rectilinear buildings result from post and lintel construction, which is characteristic of much primitive construction as well as of the classical Greek temples. In this type of construction, the post (or column) carries only a vertical weight, or load, and is therefore under compression, and the lintel (or beam) is bent by the loads acting transversely to its axis. Therefore , the post must have compressive strength, and the beam must have bending strength. Both wood and stone were used in early example of this type of construction , although the limited bending strength of stone dictated the close column spacing which is apparent in Greek temples. For example, in the Parthenon in Athens, the space between the columns is approximately equal to the column diameter.Modern building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete are used to advantage in post and lintel construction. The skeleton frame of a modern steel skyscraper, for instance, consists of beams and columns in a three-dimensional post and lintel network, or grid. The typical wood fame house, with closely spaced wooden post, or studs, and floors with a series of closely spaced wood beams, or joists, also illustrates post and lintel construction.Just as a house of cards can support vertical loads but collapses under a slightbreath of air, the post and lintel system can topple under winds or earthquakes, but of which impose a horizontal force. This collapse is due to the fact that the joint between the column and beam acts as if it were a hinge .In earlier times this lateral instability was not apparent because the weight and the mass of the materials (particularly stone) and the limited height of the structures negated the importance of horizontal forces. In tall modern building that have slender elements made of strong and light materials such as steel, lateral instability becomes a significant factor . To provide the necessary lateral resistance, a rigid connection must be made between the vertical column and horizontal beam. This creates a rigid frame; it is used to achieve lateral stability in skyscraper construction.Arch. The arch which is characteristically a masonry type of construction, undoubtedly had its origin in Mesopotamia，a land of brick buildings. Arches consist of masonry blocks in the form of a curved line. In principle, each wedge-shaped masonry block cannot fall inward without pushing the others out ;thus, the whole arch form remains stable as long as a force is applied at the base to keep it from spreading. This force is called a horizontal thrust. A continuous series of arches is known as a vault.The Etruscans, by their examples of arch constructions in bridges and gates, probably inspired the Roman to experiment with this type of construction about 600 B.C. However, it was not until the last years of the Roman republic that tunnel vaults and intersecting, or groined, vaults were used to cover large rooms. The form of the Roman arch or vault is generally semicircular for reasons of geometric simplicity. As a result, all wedge-shaped stones are identical; their curved edges are equidistant from the center of the circle ,and their straight edges lie on equally spaced lines radiating from the center. This type of semicircular arch was widely used by the Romans in buildings such as the Basilica of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla and in gates such as the Porta Maggiore in Rome.The Gothic arch, which is characterized by its pointed shape ,evolved in France in the 12th century. This form characterizes some of the most magnificent churches of the early Renaissance period such as the Chartres. Amiens, and Rheims cathedral. theform of the Gothic arch is superior to the Roman arch because of its greater structural clarity, which closely approaches the shapes the shape of an idea arch. The concept of the idea arch can best be explained by a comparison with a suspension cable.A chain or a cable supported at each end assumes a curved shape called a catenary (from catena, chain).If the cable were required to support one weight hung from it ,it would change shape to adjust to this condition ;this is due to the fact that a cable carries loads only by the actin of simple tension along the length of the cable. If, instead of a single load, many parabola. The catenary and the parabola are geomertrically similar since the weight of the cable is approximately a uniformly distributed load .An ideal arch may be thought of as a cable frozen in its shape and turned upside down.(Instead of carrying loads by tension, as in the cable, the ideal arch carries loads by simple compression)This ideal shape of load the arch is called the “funicular curve” A different funicular curve exists for every type of load the arch is required to carry. Since the arch ,unlike the flexible cable ,cannot adjust its shape to the load ,then the arch, under a load other than that which gave it its funicular shape, must also carry the load by bending, as in a beam .The structural efficiency of an arch can thus be measured in terms of the proximity of the geometric shape to the funicular curve ,In the semicircular Romans arch ,there is a large difference between the funicular curve of the loads and the circular shape. The pointed Gothic arches are much closer to the funicular curve of the loads and therefore possess a clear advantage over the earlier semicircular form.To resist the horizontal thrust which exists at the base of an arch ,the Roman used massive piers or buttresses. In some of the Gothic cathedrals, which raised the arch high above the nave, flying buttresses over the side aisles were used to counteract the thrust.In modern times ,arch construction has been used extensively for bridge, utilizing steel, wood, or reinforced concrete. The concrete arch bridges built by Robert Maillart in Switzerland are outstanding examples of elegance and structural clarity in modern arch design.Truss. The simplest form of truss is a triangle consisting of three bars. Thiselementary truss form undoubtedly grew out of the use of the gabled roof for small houses and churches. In this construction, two slanting rafters rest on top of a wall and are pinned at the peak. The load of the roof tends to push out the top of the walls. Tying the bottom of the rafters together with a bar or rod counters this outward push. The resulting triangular shape is a rigid form geometrically, because none of its angles can change without changing the length of its sides. Each element in a truss is subject to either tension or compression; in the simple triangular truss, the rafters are in compression and the tie rod is in tension.The elementary triangular truss is limited to spanning relatively short distance because each slanting member is long compared to the span. In a triangular truss with equal angles, for instance, each member is as long as the span. This drawback was recognized by Andrea Palladio in the 16th century. His design for a trussed bridge utilized the principle that if a single triangles is rigid ,combinations of triangles are also rigid . By arranging short lengths of timbers in a series of triangles to form complex trusses, almost any distance can be spanned.It was not until the 19th century , when mathematical methods of analysis became known and iron and steel were introduced, that trusses with a great degree of perfection and elegance were developed. Modern trusses with a variety of configurations are used to span auditoriums, armories, and convention halls , creating large column-free spaces. The type of trusses most commonly used in buildings are the Pratt, Howe, and Warren trusses, all named after their inventors. The Pratt and Howe trusses have top and bottom chords (horizontal elements), and both verticals and diagonals between the chords. The Warren truss has only diagonals joining the top and bottom chord .Cantilever. In cantilever construction, building elements are projected outward from a fixed support. An early kind of cantilever construction was the corbel; it had its origin in the late Stone Age and can be found in the form of corbelled domes built in Sarrdinia about 2,500 B.C. In corbel construction, each successive layer of stone stands out farther from a wall in the form of upside-down steps. Only the weight of the stones above and behind the face of the wall prevent a corbel from collapsing. Anexcessive amount of material is required for corbel construction because of the necessity for heavy masonry walls.Cantilevering building elements from a wall or other fixed support permits projecting part of a building beyond the ground-level construction to gain more living area above, as in many of the Renaissance town houses.The cantilever is much used in modern buildings as a result of the availability of steel and reinforced concrete. It is a simple matter in a concrete apartment building to create a cantilevered balcony when the balcony slab is merely a continuation of the interior slab. The Kaumfman house, built by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1939, is an example of a dramatic use of cantilevers and demonstrates the potential of this type of construction. In a steel-framed building, beams can project beyond column to permit the face of the building to be a curtain wall with large glass areas. This cantilever construction was exemplified by the Bauhaus (1926) ,which was used as a model for many skyscrapers built after World WarⅡ结构形式结构形式，如梁或拱，通过发展有关的材料供应和当时的技术的年龄。
土木工程专业英语论文
Take the road of sustainable development civil engineeringAbstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process摘要：土木工程是人类历史上年代最久远的“技术科学”，作为一种系统的产业活动，土木工程的实质是生产的过程，是一种技术过程。
Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology.As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Introduction to Engineering through a semester course of study, I have been deeply impressed by the Civil Engineering covers a wide range, appreciate the achievements of their predecessors, but also understand that as a civil engineer of great responsibility. Of course, we can not have been immersed in the brilliant achievements, stalled. We should also advance with the times, to dig, to discover, to think, to imagine, to be innovative. In this, China's future as a civil engineer, I would like to combine the history of civil engineering, combined with China's national conditions and the world situation, to talk about civil engineering and sustainable development.My knowledge about civil engineering has been broadened since I became a student of Tongji University.Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering.The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. So this era will be both exciting and rewarding for the Chinese Civil Engineers. And of course, civil engineering’s futu re is promising.However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the future; we should also try to update all the transportation systems.To deal with these problems, we will have to develop innovative and enterprising skills. And we should choose a way that we can go continuously. Hazard Mitigation may be a great choice. Not only can it save money in the long run, but also avoid getting into an embarrassing situation in which we have to rebuild all the broken buildings. And we should also use more environmentally friendly materials when designing or constructing new buildings.Well, to be a brilliant civil engineer is not easy. Today, engineering is a synthetic system. It not only depends on traditional mechanics, but also closely related to advanced science. So Physics, Chemistry, Material Science, Computer Science and perhaps more are all in our civil engineering program.To be a good civil engineer, we should have the ability to apply the knowledge, to design a system, a component, or a procedure of construction. We should also be able to conduct experiments and explain the results. Furthermore, an engineer never works alone, so we shall cooperate with working team, and try our best to communicate effectively.I’m very glad to be a student in this wonderful field. And I will try my best to be a successful civil engineer, to make contributions to our motherland.1. Of civil engineering history, current situation and future development of knowledge 1.1.1 Ancient Civil EngineeringAncient Civil Engineering has a very long time span, it is roughly from 5000 BC to the Neolithic Age to the mid-17th century, around about 7000 years. In housing construction, bridge engineering, hydraulic engineering, tower engineering have made brilliant achievements. Some of the masterpieces of ancient civilization handed down a lot, so far stand tall. For example, China's Great Wall, Egyptian pyramids and so on. Built in the 6th century arch bridge, is the world's first open shoulder arch bridge, in 1991, American Society of Civil Engineers was selected as the world in 12 civil engineering landmark. 1.1.2 Modern Civil EngineeringThe time span of the modern civil engineering from the mid-17th century to the mid-20th century, after about 300 years. In the meantime, construction materials mainly from a shift to natural materials mainly man-made materials, the construction of theory building from the main to sum up the experience long-term experience to take into account the importance of scientific change. Construction techniques, some of the performance of large machinery along with a variety of highly effective methods of construction there, so people began to construct the complex structure or a poor environment in which civil engineering. During the completion of the Eiffel Tower, Empire State Building and Golden Gate suspension bridge, is still regarded as the great civil engineering.1.1.3 Modern Civil EngineeringModern civil engineering began in the mid-20th century. Development to date,civil engineering in building materials, structural theory and constructiontechniques have made very great progress.Building materials, high-strength concrete, high strength low alloy steel,polymers, glass more and more appear in the buildings. Structure theory, theuse of powerful computing and computer graphics, mechanical analysis and theresults more in line with the results of the calculation of the actual situation inwhich the design is more reliable. For building technology, have been developedto machine - electrical - computer integration, the construction process, whetherit is God, and crosses into the earth or the sea, are not the construction of thebarrier; and the widespread use of welding technology, but also makes the steelstructure development has entered a new stage.Created by world-renowned modern civil engineering construction are: China'sTaipei International Financial Center, Shanghai Jin Mao T ower, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia's oil and building the twin towers, the French Normandy cable-stayedbridge and so on.1.2 pairs of understanding of the status of civil engineeringToday's civil engineering, are increasingly using the same function or itsproduction process closely.Requirements of public and residential buildings in the architectural, structural,water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation for gas, electricity and othermodern technical equipment increasingly integrated as a whole.Industrial buildings require constant temperature and humidity, anti-vibration,anti-corrosion, radiation, fire, explosion, magnetic, dust, high (low) temperature,resistance to high (low) wet, to a large span, ultra-heavy-duty, flexible spacedirection.In addition, a growing number of high-rise buildings, underground engineeringhigh-speed development, urban elevated highways, overpasses appeared inlarge numbers, and the progressive realization of high-speed transportation,large-scale water conservancy projects.It is worth mentioning that China's reform and opening up, the comprehensivenational strength has greatly improved, and already has more large-scaledevelopment and use of water conditions, such as the Three Gorges Dam,water diversion project are all world-class large-scale water project.1.3 pairs of understanding the future development of Civil EngineeringWith the constant deepening of China's reform and opening up and rapideconomic development, China will face a more massive building boom. We cansay that we are faced with a leap of civil engineering along with the greatdevelopment of the national economy a good period. And such a gooddevelopment environment has been and will continue to be the West's urgentattention.As a cross-century generation, this situation provides us with excellent rareShizhancaigan unprecedented, the impact to the international standards of goodopportunities. At the same time, we feel deeply that this is an "opportunity" and"challenge" coexist, "cooperation" and "competition" intertwined, "innovation"and "follow the old" era of competing, how to grasp the turn of the century whenthe Civil disciplines, trends, and create with Chinese characteristics, world-classnew era of civil engineering disciplines, a generation of our century's challenges.2. My feelings and understanding: China's Civil Engineering to go the road of sustainabledevelopmentChina's civil engineering has its own particularity."China is the world's most populous country, a great resource in addition to that by 13 $ 110 to become negligible, while a small problem multiplied by 1.3 billion becomes a big problem." Professor Liu Xila this language effectively tells our the difficulty lies.China's coal, oil, gas, water, forests are living in the world total, and per capita, but all below the world average. Population, energy, education, pollution problems have become severe problems faced by the four. Path of sustainable development is imminent. And civil engineering, also will be when a long-term, out of a sustainable development.World, the modernization process of the United States can be described as advanced, and now data indicate that: the future of the United States to invest $ 1.6 trillion construction projects to address the unsafe condition, for example, chloride-induced corrosion of buildings and so on. As a contemporary civil engineer, in the tradition of the brilliant achievements of our predecessors, but also have a lot of the lessons learned have been an accident, in future work to improve innovation and achieve sustainable development.2.1 the development of high-tech, structural health monitoring applications, toachieve sustainable developmentCivil Engineering in actual use, there will be varying degrees of damage orperformance degradation, since this will affect the carrying capacity anddurability, and even lead to serious construction accidents, caused significantcasualties and economic losses, resulting in serious social impact . Therefore,from the moment of completion of construction, we must make health monitoring,repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With modern sensor technology, computer and communications technology,signal processing techniques and structural analysis and dynamic analysis ofthe rapid development of the theory, it is proposed the concept of structuralhealth monitoring, to revolutionize the development of civil engineering changes.Structural health monitoring system installed in the structure through a variety ofsensors, automatic, real-time measurement of the structure of the environment,load, response, etc., on the structure of health status assessment, scientific andeffective conservation and management structure to provide basis for decisionmaking, to ensure the structural safety of the operation to extend the structurallife.In recent years, large-scale civil engineering structures, especially large-spanbridge health monitoring domestic and international engineering and technologyas the focus of attention in the academic community through research andengineering and technical personnel research efforts have yielded fruitful results.Home and abroad in recent years, new bridges were installed in many largestructural health monitoring systems, such as China's Shanghai Xupu Bridge,Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge, the Donghai Bridge, Hong Kong's TsingMa Bridge, the bridge and Youngjong Korea Seohae bridge, U.S. CommodoreBarry Bridge and Canada Confedration bridges.Like this, through the development of structural health monitoring and safetywarning, the first time found that the construction problems that may arise,timely repair and reinforcement, both to avoid the possible constructionaccidents, construction has been largely solved the rapid aging of damage, haveRemove the restoration of the embarrassing situation, and the resulting largenumber of economic resources, a waste of time to achieve the sustainabledevelopment of building use.2.2 The rational use of natural resources, focusing on re-use of existing civilengineering infrastructure, to achieve sustainable development"Sustainable development is achieved without sacrificing the ability of futuregenerations to meet their needs and conditions, to meet current needs."Rational use of natural resources, will have in the civil engineering construction,use and maintenance process, the civil engineer to take the initiative to besaving energy, and maximize the role of both civil engineering facilities.For example, we can take advantage of building green, gray brick walls in thesummer, reduce the surface temperature, thereby reducing air conditioning use;can use energy-saving type of brick or insulation composite wall as the wallmaterial, to the role of thermal insulation in winter ; also solar energy, groundheat and other new energy sources, reducing the amount of non-renewableresources to reduce.In addition, the reuse of existing buildings is also an important means ofsustainable development. This regard, Shanghai has made a lot of successfulexperience: do not plant a lot, a lot has been transformed into exhibition halls,offices, artists studios. This transformation of re-use, consistent with therequirements of modern use, but also save energy, avoid waste, is an effective 2.3 Development and utilization of renewable resources and green resources toachieve sustainable developmentRemoval of waste each year the world of concrete, concrete waste generated byconstruction etc will have a huge amount of construction waste. China's annualconstruction of the building construction waste generated by 4,000 tons, haveproduced 13.6 million tons of waste concrete, removal processing a largeamount of environmental pollution. In addition, China is the world's cementproduction 20 years of superpower, which in itself is a high consumption ofresources, high energy consumption, pollution of the environment industry.Compared with other materials, steel and recycled concrete is more in line withgreen building standards, this should be to develop the green building materials.In this regard, Japan's Aichi World Expo, give us a vivid lesson: materials, theExpo will be a variety of construction materials on the surface is very high, butmany are recycling. Many plank wood construction waste by processing, placedaround the chair, TV cabinet is made of crush. Toyota Pavilion wall is made fromrecycled waste paper processing, long-term venue Japan Pavilion, only thepursuit of harmony between man and nature, but also saves the expenditure,the use of most of the steel and wood, can be recycled. At the same time, theadvantages of bamboo wall to September 3 Aichi summer also showedexhaustive. Bamboo greatly reduces the performance of their indoortemperature, air-conditioning use is also significantly reduced. This gave me anumber of thought: in the building material selection, the appropriate place in theapplication of renewable natural resources, save money, but also to achieve aharmonious and sustainable ecological development and architecture, why not?In addition, the World Expo in Aichi Japan Nagakute, Japan Pavilion cocoon-likein order to reduce heat load, the use of green walls, bio-degradable plasticmaterials and thinning wood (forest wood to be cut fine) to achieve theenvironmental protection function. "Nature's Wisdom" as the theme of the AichiWorld Expo, pavilion building large-scale application of modern scientific andtechnological achievements, highlighting the environmental and functional,reflecting the natural beauty of the human diligently pursuing. This should alsobe the future civil engineers to learn and develop.China's building, Professor Li Guohao Yangpu Bridge is also designed classic.Approach part of the spiral structure, saving several hundred million RMB, is acivil and sustainable economic development model.Of course, sustainable development, by no means blind pursuit of savings, butthe most reasonable to seek a middle state, we must ensure there is enoughcreative architecture, but also the pursuit of the perfect technical and economicindicators, with minimum investment for maximum benefits. We still still want tocreate classic, but must not be built on the squandering of money, based onconsuming more resources and energy basis. T oday, building the world hasentered an era of eco-aesthetics, focusing on culture, ecology, engineering andenvironmental relationship between the human-oriented, energy saving andsustainable development, the focus is the direction of contemporary engineers.3.Civil Engineering expertise should have the qualityA good civil engineer, must have the "four elements", that is, knowledge structure,practical skills, ability to structure and the overall quality and innovation.Knowledge structure, including: public basic knowledge, professional knowledge and expertise.First, the good civil engineer must have a solid basic knowledge of the public, and, in the familiar basis of natural science, a good psychological and moral humanities, social science-based knowledge is also essential.Second, the best engineers must also have excellent professional knowledge. Ofengineering mathematics, fluid mechanics, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering and so have a solid understanding and ability to apply strong.Third, also in-depth expertise. Whether engaged in railway engineering, tunnels, underground works or construction projects, each engineer has to be advanced for the emphasis on industry expertise. The only way to make our civil engineering business, walking in the forefront of the world.Inseparable from the practice of Civil Engineering. Therefore, engineers have to have superb practical skills. For example: drawing skills, computer application skills, measurement skills and structural engineering testing skills.As a Civil Engineering undergraduate students, I will be four years of college learning process, and strive to master the computer language and programming skills, treasure every opportunity to practice on the machine, and in college physics experiments, material testing and structural experiments The general structure of the experiment to master the basic method, with the structure of the initial test of skills, and providing technical training, curriculum design, structural design for the contest winners.In addition, the difference between engineers and scientists not only by the constraints of the laws of nature, will be bound by the laws of society. Engineering and technical personnel complete each project is a program of "social activities" may not rely on a person in the room alone. Therefore, to have sufficient capacity to deal with social, follow the laws of good society.In school life, I will continue to improve their learning ability, from the engineering capabilities to enhance learning, students work to enhance the management capacity, and gradually improve their own knowledge structure, from which to develop a science and technology development capabilities and skills and the ability of public relations to do more.However, these skills also help to constitute a truly sustainable development of China's civil engineer. Because the engineer is the most important cultural enrichment with high moral and intellectual quality. In order to state and national interests, dedicated to the cause of the motherland. For the country's honor, to have a strong sense of competition. With dialectical materialist way of thinking, there is step on solid, rigorous, hard working style. The only way to be a qualified civil engineer in China.We should also note that China's civil engineering industry with world-class level there is a gap. For example, many domestic high-rise buildings (including the Shanghai World Financial Center), almost all of its engineering design borne from abroad, almost all steel products imported from abroad, the general contractor were mostly borne by the foreign countries, only the steel structure fabrication and installation work by domestic unit commitment. Be completely independent intellectual property rights, engineering and construction to achieve the localization, catch up with international standards, we need the young generation to complete!附录：参考资料：《土木工程》(英)斯科特(Scott,J.S.)撰中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑文献检索与利用》肖友瑟主编大连理工大学出版社《土木工程总论》丁大钧，蒋永生编中国建筑工业出版社《土木建筑工程概论》王继明主编高等教育出版社《土木工程学报》中国土木工程学会土木工程学报编辑部《土木工程》中国土木工程学会科学出版社《土木工程概论》上海交通出版社《土木系统工程》机械工业出版社《INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》中国建筑工业出版社。
【设计】土木工程毕业设计英语论文及翻译
【关键字】设计土木工程毕业设计英语论文及翻译篇一：土木工程毕业设计外文文献翻译外文文献翻译Reinforced ConcreteConcrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in the form after the reinforcement is in place, theconcrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masoy, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function.A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shapeand texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance. Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used for surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are verywidely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength. The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume. The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled, and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer will have the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course instrength of materials forhomogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because ueinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and fails suddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.篇二：土木工程毕业设计中英文翻译附录：中英文翻译英文部分：LOADSLoads that act on structures are usually classified as dead loads or live loads.Dead loads are fixed in location and constant in magnitude throughout the life of the ually the self-weight of a structure is the most important part of the structure and the unit weight of the material.Concrete density varies from about 90 to 120 pcf (14 to 19 KN/m2)for lightweight concrete,and is about 145 pcf (23 KN/mKN/m2)for normal concrete.In calculating the dead load of structural concrete,usually a 5pcf (1 )increment is included with the weight of the concrete to account for the presence of the 2 reinforcement.Live loads are loads such as occupancy,snow,wind,or traffic loads,or seismic forces.They may be either fully or partially in place,or not present at all.They may also change in location.Althought it is the responsibility of the engineer to calculate dead loads,live loads are usually specified by local,regional,or national codes and specifications.Typical sources are the publications of the American National Standards Institute,the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials and,for wind loads,the recommendations of the ASCE Task Committee on Wind Forces.Specified live the loads usually include some allowance for overload,and may include measures such as posting of maximum loads will not be exceeded.It is oftern important to distinguish between the specified load,and what is termed the characteristic load,that is,the load that actually is in effect under normal conditions of service,which may be significantly less.In estimating the long-term deflection of a structure,for example,it is the characteristic load that is important,not the specified load.The sum of the calculated dead load and the specified live load is called the service load,because this is the maximum load which may reasonably be expected to act during the service resisting is a multiple of the service load.StrengthThe strength of a structure depends on the strength of the materials from which it is made.Minimum material strengths are specified in certain standardized ways.The properties of concrete and its components,the methods of mixing,placing,and curing to obtain the required quality,and the methods for testing,are specified by the American Concrete Insititue(ACI).Included by refrence in the same documentare standards of the American Society for Testing Materials(ASTM)pertaining to reinforcing and prestressing steels and concrete.Strength also depends on the care with which the structure is built.Member sizes may differ from specified dimensions,reinforcement may be out of position,or poor placement of concrete may result in voids.An important part of the job of the ergineer is to provide proper supervision of construction.Slighting of this responsibility has had disastrous consequences in more than one instance.Structural SafetySafety requires that the strength of a structure be adequate for all loads that may conceivably act on it.If strength could be predicted accurately and if loads were known with equal certainty,then safely could be assured by providing strength just barely in excess of the requirements of the loads.But there are many sources of uncertainty in the estimation of loads as well as in analysis,design,and construction.These uncertainties require a safety margin.In recent years engineers have come to realize that the matter of structural safety isprobabilistic in nature,and the safety provisions of many current specifications reflect this view.Separate consideration is given to loads and strength.Load factors,larger than unity,are applied to the calculated dead loads and estimated or specified service live loads,to obtain factorde loads that the member must just be capable of sustaining at incipient failure.Load factors pertaining to different types of loads vary,depending on the degree of uncertainty associated with loads of various types,and with the likelihood of simultaneous occurrence of different loads.Early in the development of prestressed concrete,the goal of prestressing was the complete elimination of concrete ternsile stress at service loads.The concept was that of an entirely new,homogeneous material that woukd remain uncracked and respond elastically up to the maximum anticipated loading.This kind of design,where the limiting tensile stressing,while an alternative approach,in which a certain amount of tensile amount of tensile stress is permitted in the concrete at full service load,is called partial prestressing.There are cases in which it is necessary to avoid all risk of cracking and in which full prestressing is required.Such cases include tanks or reservious where leaks must be avoided,submerged structures or those subject to a highly corrosive envionment where maximum protection of reinforcement must be insured,and structures subject to high frequency repetition of load where faatigue of the reinforcement may be a consideration.However,there are many cses where substantially improved performance,reduced cost,or both may be obtained through the use of a lesser amount of prestress.Full predtressed beams may exhibit an undesirable amount of upward camber because of the eccentric prestressing force,a displacement that is only partially counteracted by the gravity loads producing downward deflection.This tendency is aggrabated by creep in the concrete,which magnigies the upward displacement due to the prestress force,but has little influence on the should heavily prestressed members be overloaded and fail,they may do so in a brittle way,rather than gradually as do beams with a smaller amount of prestress.This is important from the point of view of safety,because suddenfailure without warning is dangeroud,and gives no opportunity for corrective measures to be taken.Furthermore,experience indicates that in many cases improved economy results from the use of a combination of unstressed bar steel and high strength prestressed steel tendons.While tensile stress and possible cracking may be allowed at full service load,it is also recognized that such full service load may be infrequently applied.The typical,or characteristic,load acting is likely to be the dead load plus a small fraction of the specified live load.Thus a partially predtressed beam may not be subject to tensile stress under the usual conditions of loading.Cracks may from occasionally,when the maximum load is applied,but these will close completely when that load is removed.They may be no more objectionable in prestressed structures than in ordinary reinforced.They may be no more objectionable in prestressed structures than in ordinary reinforced concrete,in which flexural cracks alwaysform.They may be considered a small price for the improvements in performance and economy that are obtained.It has been observed that reinforced concrete is but a special case of prestressed concrete in which the prestressing force is zero.The behavior of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams,as the failure load is approached,is essentially the same.The Joint European Committee on Concrete establishes threee classes of prestressed beams.Class 1:Fully prestressed,in which no tensile stress is allowed in the concrete at service load.Class 2:Partially prestressed, in which occasional temporary cracking is permitted under infrequent high loads.Class 3:Partially prestressed,in which there may be permanent cracks provided that their width is suitably limited.The choise of a suitable amount of prestress is governed by a variety of factors.These include thenature of the loading (for exmaple,highway or railroad bridged,storage,ect.),the ratio of live to dead load,the frequency of occurrence of loading may be reversed,such as in transmission poles,a high uniform prestress would result ultimate strength and in brittle failure.In such a case,partial prestressing provides the only satifactory solution.The advantages of partial prestressing are important.A smaller prestress force will be required,permitting reduction in the number of tendons and anchorages.The necessary flexural strength may be provided in such cases either by a combination of prestressed tendons and non-prestressed reinforcing bars,or by an adequate number of high-tensile tendons prestredded to level lower than the prestressing force is less,the size of the bottom flange,which is requied mainly to resist the compression when a beam is in the unloaded stage,can be reduced or eliminated altogether.This leads in turn to significant simplification and cost reduction in the construction of forms,as well as resulting in structures that are mor pleasing esthetically.Furthermore,by relaxing the requirement for low service load tension in the concrete,a significant improvement can be made in the deflection characteristics of a beam.Troublesome upward camber of the member in the unloaded stage fan be avoeded,and the prestress force selected primarily to produce the desired deflection for a particular loading condition.The behavior of partially prestressed beamsm,should they be overloaded to failure,is apt to be superior to that of fully prestressed beams,because the improved ductility provides ample warning of distress.英译汉：荷载作用在结构上的荷载通常分为恒载或活载。
土木工程专业英语结课论文
2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文论文题目：高层建筑防火的研究Research of high-rise building fire prevention专业班级：学生姓名：学号：论文成绩：评阅教师：2015年11 月14 日（一）基于性能化防火设计方法的商业综合体典型空间防火优化设计研究正文：改革开放以来，我国市场经济蓬勃发展，各种类型的商业建筑如雨后春笋般涌现。
然而人们在享受高效便捷的购物消费和休闲娱乐的同时，商业综合体及其建筑群的巨大规模、多样功能、众多人数、复杂流线、与城市多层面多点衔接等特点，极大程度地增大了灾害风险，特别是城市和建筑中最易发生的灾种——火灾的风险。
传统的建筑防火设计以“条文式”的防火规范为依据，无法满足部分现代商业综合体迅速发展的设计需要，当因结构、功能、造型等方面的特殊要求，出现现行国家消防技术规范中未明确规定的、现行国家消防技术规范规定的条件不适用的、依照国家消防技术规范进行设计确有困难的情况时，将采取针对性更强、更加先进、经济、合理、有效的性能化防火措施进行建筑和规划设计。
与此同时，性能化防火设计方法以其在火灾场景和人员疏散模拟等方面的突出优势，也将被更多地运用于优化“条文式”防火设计规范框架内的规划与建筑方案设计。
可见研究大型商业综合体的性能化防火设计措施，并利用性能化防火设计的方法调整优化规划与建筑设计以避免和减轻火灾危害是亟待解决的重要课题。
本论文共分为十章，分别介绍了课题的研究背景与意义，国内外商业综合体性能化防火的研究现状，要素构成及火灾危险性，建筑的火灾机理与性能化防火设计参数，五大类商业综合体典型空间的防火优化措施，最后提出结论与展望。
本文的核心研究内容是结合商业综合体空间要素构成特征的火灾特点以及建筑防火设计中的三个重要指标（防火分区、疏散距离、疏散宽度），提炼五大类商业综合体的典型空间，即密集空间、竖向贯通空间、超大水平开敞空间、狭长通道空间和地下空间，以建筑学和城市规划学的视角，一方面运用计算机技术，对“超规范”的设计方案进行性能化防火设计安全评价，另一方面对条文式规范框架内的设计方法进行优化。
论文篇-土木工程英文-论文
Buried tunnel project on the environmentAbstract: a deeply buried tunnel far-reaching impact on the environment through the waterways with the sinking pipe related. Under the tunnel on the mainland in the region and the impact of surface water in the tunnel design and construction method of choice to play the most important role. In considering the impact of the recent construction of a problem is the need to trench excavation for the tunnel may appear to be contaminated soil. And transporting the excavated soil up to the specialized equipment in order to receive their storage place is a series of important new technologies and quality control measures for environmental problems. The most common is in any construction project will encounter environmental problems, namely, noise, dust and traffic congestion. In this paper, these issues and the current technology to address these issues and measures are discussed.Key words: tunnel environmentCharacteristics of a Buried deeply buried tunnel tunnel has two fundamental characteristics: (1) It is part of an underground structure of the site, to ensure that heavy traffic conditions, construction, and does not mean that this area is full use of The. Therefore, the construction space is very valuable.Will eventually be installed in the location of the river or canal bottom section of tunnel is very close in other areas to build manufacturing plants, ways, and this condition is unlikely in the field and reached the site. The advantages of planning and construction of pipe manufacture and the site will be ready to separate from the logistical advantages are obvious, there are extremely easy to implement effective quality control advantages.Tunnel work site on the environmental impact is also considerablyless than the construction of the tunnel fully all the circumstances at the scene; such as space requirements and construction of transport, these two issues is greatly easing.Of course, a prerequisite for these benefits is a ready-made for pipe suitable site. It must meet the conditions for a series of environmental impact. In the Netherlands such as densely populated countries, to find a suitable site is not easy, but it is clear that once selected an available position, can be used repeatedly for quite a draw a crowd. Therefore, the overall plan for the tunnel construction is a common topic for discussion.Both ends of the structure of a new underground tunnel link to the original structure to the existing underground, often in fact across the waters to replace an existing facility, such as ferry or bridge. It can also be a complement existing facilities in tunnels or bridges. Whether the decision to build a new tunnel the reason, its location will be in large part by the constraints of existing underground structure layout, and its construction design must also meet the existing transport only by the requirements of minimal interference. This means that the location in the tunnel area designers rarely have a choice, and thus have the position according to the established conditions and requirements to modify the tunnel design.This situation mainly affects the approach roads connecting part of the tunnel itself. However, because the approach road through the water by the formation of sub-components, it may require new measures to control the approaches to the scope of the construction pit drainage impact.Buried Tunnel approach roads are almost always located in the deposition zone, where the tunnel approach road down to the groundwater level below. At its completion, they are impervious structure, the surrounding water can not penetrate, there's just the nature of the environmental impact of a simple structure.However, during construction, environmental issues will play an important role. To build from the structures, construction of foundation must be excavated until the water table following a number of meters deep,the traditional construction method requires the construction period in the continuous draining of the water. Unless further measures, or drainage will definitely lower the water level in the surrounding area, and will lead to a series of undesirable consequences. Subsidence will occur, based on the surrounding buildings and structures will be affected, and even deep pile foundation soil settlement will also be passed by the friction down to the pile on the extra load. Subsidence and elevation of the dam sinking, and agricultural drainage water will be affected.May also result in a completely different nature of environmental problems: the construction area may be contaminated soil. In this case, the construction of the excavation pit special attention to requirements and, if possible, should be used, such as soil mixed with water and water transport by pipeline, special methods. There must also be able to accommodate an approved place of contaminated soil.Number of measures must be taken to prevent the pumping of contaminated water caused by the rapid distribution of the soil to a large area on the ground.Technically speaking, is always possible to eliminate the impact of these kinds. However, it is extremely complex and do take a lot of money and time, therefore, tend to look at present the greatest extent possible the construction of approach roads and tunnels in the water imported methods. Ideally, the empty pit in the construction of a drainage of water should be no impact on the approach roads and the surrounding groundwater single operation.The obvious conclusion is that as far as possible the construction pit designed as part of the final product.Approach a wall can be designed to image the wall of the dam impervious core in the form of a slurry wall, curtain or plastic sheet of steel sheet pile walls common. On the final form (steel sheet pile wall) (off panel through the use of heavy anchor piles and soil) to increase its retaining function, you can save valuable space and can be easily achieved in the water and impermeable floor connection.Water under the concrete floor can be built. This approach hasbeen developed to control the elevation and surface roughness, which completely drained to the approach road after finishing requires less work.Another method is the use of impermeable plastic sheet, add water to the town of emphasis placed on the bottom and cover the pit slope. In the Netherlands, this approach not only for the tunnel approaches, and the groove for the public network segment.Use large plastic sheet, to the soil to the water for the town re-placed by a major highway intersection in the play a long-term good results, it shows that this technology has been widely used. Soon, the Netherlands, the tunnel approach roads may be to show a lush green slope, thereby replacing the gray concrete vertical wall.Approach can also be prefabricated elsewhere and in the form of installation of floating structures. This method only with trench excavation and dredging vessels do not have to drain. But not yet able to adequately address basic problems of buoyancy and appropriate design. Buried tunnel project on the environmentPipe manufacturing approaches to the excavation of underground water and the discussion of the relationship between the way the majority can be used to produce the same pipe excavation of the temporary venues. Expensive solution to bring an unreasonable burden to the project. Moreover, the manufacture of pipe near the site have repeatedly flooded the open waters and open to the precast tunnel segments into the transportation to the dock at the other pipe section in order to make room. Rarely a large enough place for all of the pipe manufacturer.In short, the choice of the location of manufacturing pipe dock not chosen as the location of the tunnel approach roads to be strictly determined by functional requirements, so choose the location of manufacturing pipe dock with the advantages of flexibility. Therefore, the manufacture of docks will be allowed to use the traditional water method, if the reasons listed above that do not allow the use of traditional water law, and the dock had to separate from the surrounding water, this places impermeable plastic plate because of its low cost to have obvious advantages.Another does not affect the drainage around the water table is "pumping recharge Law" This law is the foundation of the water into the pump discharge and pump water through the filter of these tube wells to the water source recharge area. As long as the penetration rate is not too large and can be maintained roughly a constant, the row, when the closed-loop irrigation can be maintained. The new measures, now being expanded in the Netherlands approaches to the construction of a pit, but also because the foundation of the dock as the manufacture of pipe it to be expanded.Construction of foundation trench trough structure deeply buried tunnel excavation method is dredging. In this paper, we only stress the importance of dredging requirements of foundation trench excavation method can achieve high accuracy, and this requires that the work will determine the most suitable type of device. Given the strict positioning tolerances, preferably dredging boat anchor or pile in positioning the dredging equipment. However, because they can not move freely, it could become an obstacle to shipping vessels.If there is water in the dredging area, or the wave of the impact of dredging will become the base slot to carry water along the bottom or sediment accumulation over the place. If the foundation trench excavation in place pipe for long periods, it will soon form a deposition. In these circumstances, the base section of tank excavation and tunnel installation of the interval between the two processes must be as short as possible, and thus the arrangement of the two procedure are to be particularly accurate, you can use a special device to clean the base before the installation of pipe slot. In the Netherlands, this operation has been developed to be used in the East (Eastern Scheldt) anti-dam pier storm waves reach a very high precision installation.Dredging stir up the river sediments, resulting in a certain time a certain area of the water turbidity. Eventually become a suspended fine particles of these substances will spread out and gradually settle down again. Although this process had limited impact on the environment, and harmless, but in a certain range or the increasingly strong criticism.If you want to have dredged soil is contaminated, it is even more complicated, because in such conditions, the dredging operation will cause the spread of contamination. Dredging technology has now developed to the drain by using a special mud head to eliminate this effect. Under the floating boat by hanging curtains from the dredging area will be completely separated from the surrounding method may also reduce the spread of pollution.Further development in this regard we have taken note of the current, most waterways in the Netherlands contain contaminated bottom sediments have been very clear, so dredging the mud is bound to take some special environmental requirements.Currently, these requirements have not been unified to form, but made different for each specific project requirements. Hope that this delay in the development of key technologies of the chaos can be quickly resolved.According to the type and extent of contamination, contaminated soil can be divided into 1 to 4 classes. For dredging mud (including dredging process water in the process) and disposal are subject to strict restrictions by category; particular, 3 and 4 the soil must be isolated, and in possible to be purified.In the Rotterdam area, has built a store of these solid waste and other hazardous substances the center of the dump site. In addition, Type 4 is placed in temporary dredging spoil heap smaller point, let it be purified and then transferred to another isolated place repository. Place in the absence of such facilities to be established by dredging this dump sites. This measure is a clear need to do a lot of work.Transportation and installation of pipe work and dredging the shipping obstacles to transport and install pipe sections are brought about environmental problems. To open the pipe system and installation of marinas and docks to deepen the shallow waters between the points need to channel dredging operations. Some of the previous discussion about dredging also apply to this situation.The installation procedures in a particular area may involve theend of the tunnel-based clean-up slot. To make clean-up and installation of the two processes reduce to a minimum interval of time, placed in the pipe to its final position before the bottom of the sand filling has been successfully used to shoot clean water law section of the base tunnel. With a powerful water jet to remove the last layer of the sediment washed into the suspension, followed by water flow away.Left in the pipe manufacturing dock, anchored at the temporary terminal and leave the temporary pier, floating point and transported to the installation during installation are likely to hinder shipping. Only the last one caused by the shipping process will complete in the short term temporary interruption or partial interruption.In this respect, a deeply buried tunnel across a river and there are differences across a canal. In the latter case, the absence of flow effects to make the sinking and installation of pipe can be better controlled. The advantage of this control to allow the use of more deeply buried sections of the tunnel tube pipe unit, but it must be large enough to create dock.Therefore, in the Netherlands, in the past most deeply buried pipe unit length of the tunnel are varied between 100 ~ 150m, crossing the North Sea Canal between Amsterdam and the Trondheim area tunnel (Hemtunnel) project has also used the unit for up to 268m of pipe . Use a longer pipe unit reduces the number of installation, which will slow down the barriers to shipping.Buried pipe for the tunnel project, it seems to impede the shipping for the environment as a problem, but not a major problem.This process includes filling with sand filling pipe at the base, back to the filling tank, and, if necessary in the pipe at the top of the construction of a scour protection layer.Backfill material must be uncontaminated. Ship in the tunnel construction work will interfere with the above shipping. However, by using a pipe installed in the tunnel were part of the operation of equipment, we can reduce such problems, for example, through the tunnel at the bottom of the holes by pumping sand and water mixture to backfilling.This system has been successfully applied in the Netherlands.Tunnel operation and maintenance operations involving major environmental issue is ventilation.Cleaning and maintenance of the tunnel wall to obstruct the road vehicle operation, they must be in the appropriate period of time quickly. Smooth wall and good coating helps to clean the operating table, thus reducing the time limit traffic through the tunnel.Road construction must be done to minimize future maintenance.。
土木工程专业英语作文
Influence of The Development of Civil Engineeringin Our LifeAbstract:With the social and economic development and modern science and technology increasingly advanced,civil engineering has been considerable development. In the process of rapid development, it is inevitable to bring huge influence on the environment of economic development. Through reviewing the development of civil engineering, we find that now it is a good time that the civil engineering develops with the development of national economy. The good development environment has attracted the attention from the globe. To realize the harmonious development of human being and environment and build beautiful homes, we should adhere to the path of sustainable development. Therefore, it is an important issue that protect ecological environment, conserve land, and deal with the relationship between society and economy, and realize the sustainable development with the development of civil engineering.Keyword:civil engineering ;environment;development;construction1.Overview of Civil EngineeringCivil engineering refers to the general name of housing, highway, railway, bridge, hydraulic, harbor engineering, underground etc. It is very obvious and important to the country's economic construction and people's life. And civil engineering is closely related to human survival and reproduction of the four basic elements: clothing, food, housing, travel, to provide mankind with modern human life and the development of the necessary space.Civil engineering is an ancient subject.The ancient civil engineering has a long time span, in this period of time, due to the development of scientific theory is very slow, there is no breakthrough in the development of civil engineering. With the progress of human society, civil engineering has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline which has many branches, such as architectural engineering, railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, water conservancy engineering.The development of civil engineering has experienced the ancient experience of civil construction, modern mechanical civil construction and the construction of modern information technology. With the development of science and technology, the concept of civil engineering construction is constantly updated. And with the use of new materials, new technologies and new technologies, the construction of the project has become more and more extensive. Our life has become more convenient with the improvement of civil engineering technology. The development of civil engineering construction technology is bound to provide more and more powerful guarantee for the development of human and human life.Since the reform and opening up, China is committed to in social development, economic and technology development, and constantly sum up the lessons of history, learn from experience, innovative ideas, reform and development mode, so as to promote the development of our country, such as new equipment, new technology andnew materials. Civil engineering staff innovation will bring into the building construction, especially the mechanical automation facilities have been applied to civil engineering construction, which greatly promoted the civil engineering toward modernization and intelligent direction.2.Development trend of Civil Engineering2.1 Information technology in Civil Engineering ManagementAt present, the application of information technology has made the global industry information is very convenient. We can easily get the latest technology using internet.2.2 Development of new and high technologyAs the environment changes rapidly, the structure will be different degrees of damage or performance degradation, which will affect the bearing capacity and durability, and even lead to serious accidents, it cause significant casualties and economic losses resulting in serious social influence. Therefore, from the construction of a moment, we must do a good job in health monitoring, repair and reinforcement of the preparation.With the rapid development of modern sensor technology, computer and communication technology, the signal analysis and processing technology and structural dynamic analysis theory, people put forward the concept of structural health monitoring, which for the development of civil engineering bring revolutionary change.2.3Application of building materials and construction technology in the development of high performance building materialsThe high performance concrete with less segregation. It can be preserved for a long time. High performance concrete has good toughness, high strength and volume stability. It can maintain the original nature in the bad environment.2.4 Underground, desert, ocean are the development direction of Civil Engineering With the rapid development of the construction industry, building space resources has become an important factor restricting the development of the construction industry. The development of space resources is a very effective way to solve the problem of building space resources. In our country, there are underground space, desert, ocean and space. In fact, our country in the civil engineering development process has been in the gradual development of these space resources, for example, the existing subway, underground parking is the embodiment of the use of underground space. China is also developing the ocean and desert resources. So the future development trend of our country is to develop to the underground, the ocean and the desert.3 Some problems in the development of civil engineering in ChinaDespite the rapid development of civil engineering in our country, there are still a lot of question. It has a certain impact on the healthy development of civil society and the environment and society.3.1 Some problems in planning and designPlanning and design is the premise of the project construction, it is directly related to the quality and use of future projects. If there are problems in the planning and design, it will lose a lot. Many projects do not pay attention to the planning and design,such as some projects started after long time no management, some water conservancy project dam due to the unreasonable design and planning resulting in a lot of problem in the process.Highway design and planning is not reasonable resulting in some sections of the road traffic accidents. These problems frequently appear to bring plenty of loss to the state enterprises.3.2 Some quality problemsQuality problem is generally produced in the process of construction, some construction process was not seriously in accordance with the design requirements of the construction cut corners in the construction process. For example, some of the building's underground water leakage, some of the road repair a few years will be re renovated, and some of the buildings collapsed and collapsed bridges caused casualties and economic losses. Quality problems will bring many negative effects, Reconstruction not only waste resources and pollute the environment, and the society will make people lack of trust.3.3 Some environmental problemsIn the civil engineering construction process, the environment will have a great impact, such as the construction of a railway or highway will have a certain impact on the environment along the road. In the process of building a reservoir or dam will also make the ecological environment in the river changes, while build a building will cause air pollution and noise pollution in the urban areas. How to solve these problems which the development of civil engineering face are important for us.3.4 The influence of civil engineering on the ecological environment(1) Occupation of landLarge number of highway, railway and real estate construction, occupy a lot of farmland, the possession of land resources is permanent and is great influence on agricultural production and farmers.(2) Change the ecological environmentSome civil engineering will change the original terrain, topography, resulting in the destruction of vegetation. For example the influence of the Three Gorges Project on the ecological environment and is very wide, including the Three Gorges Reservoir influence most direct and significant, in the Yangtze River basin also exist significant impact, and some people even think that the Three Gorges Project will make global climate and ocean environment has undergone major changes.(3) The influence of rare animals and plantsIf the highway passes through the vicinity of Nature Reserve, it may affect the living environment of wild animals, or damaged some rare plants, affecting the biological diversity.4 Combined with the sustainable development strategy to solve the current problemsThe sustainable development is one of the main guiding ideas for the development of the world, and the development of civil engineering is also one of the main ideas.In order to promote environmental protection to make more efficient use of resources, the next, to talk about the current development of China's civil engineering in the process of solving the problem of sustainable development.4.1 The sustainable development of civil engineering planning and designThe planning and design of civil engineering must be focused, it doesn’t allowed to have any mistakes. Therefore, in the process of planning and design, the designer can not only rely on the theory, there should be a field study, in order to design the sustainable designers should actively carry out some green design, the project to adapt to the local environment. In short, in the design process combined with sustainable development strategy to make the construction planning more reasonable, while the building in the use of the process can play a greater efficiency.4.2 The sustainable development of civil engineering constructionConstruction process is prone to quality problems, so the construction should be in accordance with the standard construction, the construction process to deal with the details, as well as technical points, to ensure the quality of construction. In order to realize the strategy of sustainable development of civil engineering requirements, in the construction of material selection is to strictly and civil engineering construction need a lot of material application, once the material problems will lead to civil engineering suffered a serious impact. Therefore, attention should be paid to material selection. First, the selection of construction materials should conform to the state standards, which is no pollution and safe.Second, to ensure not to cut corners.4.3 Sustainable development of civil engineering for the solution of environmental problemsConstruction of roads, railways, water conservancy projects for environmental impact greater. When railway or highway through the wild animal protection zone, a line may segregate on both sides of the road, so that the animal cannot migration, in order to reduce project on environmental impact. The Qinghai Tibet Railway in order to solve this problem,left a channel below the road, so that animals can through it. In short, facing these problems we can solved, as long as we think of ways.SummaryCivil engineering is an important project of the national economy and the people's livelihood, the modern civil engineering has changed our life, it has become more and more important to us. The population is rapidly increasing at present, the world population has more than 6 billion. By the end of twenty-first Century, the population is expected to be close to 10 billion. At the same time, the earth's land resources are limited, and due to the consumption of the transition and increasingly depleted. In order to achieve the unity of civil engineering construction and environmental protection, the sustainable development of ecology and economy must be done.We must rational use of resources via the theory and method of modern environmental science.There are plans to protect the environment,prevent the deterioration of environmental quality, control and treatment of pollution of the environment.Civil engineering is closely related to our daily life. In the future, our living environment will become more and more severe. In recent years, due to the frequent occurrence of disasters, the performance has become the primary subject of structural structure development. The future building structure must resist earthquake, wind, storm, tsunami,fire,collision, radiation, etc.. Due to the progress of science,technologyand economic prosperity, it will bring to the development of civil engineering in the spring.。
土木工程专业英语文章
Text A Field Measurement of Density and Moisture ContentControl of field compaction requires frequent determination of the density and moisture contentof the compacted soil, and also measurements of the moisture content of the excavated soil to assessits suitability as filling material. There is a number of standard methods of measuring field dry density, the two most commonly used being the sand-replacement method and the core-cutter method①. Both these methods are outlined briefly below; in each case the bulk density of the soil is determined by finding the weight of material occupying a known volume and, by measuring the moisture content of a representative sample, the dry density can then be calculated.Sa nd-r epla cement MethodA hole approximately 4 in. diameter ( 8 in. diameter for coarse-grained soils) is excavated tothe depth of the layer to be tested and the material removed is weighed. The volume of the hole is then determined by running in dry, closely-graded sand of known bulk density from a suitable container, the volume of sand used being found by weighing the sand-filled container before and after the test. The test may be performed on all types of soils, but is liable to give too high a value for the bulk density of wet granular materials as a result of the surrounding soil flowing into the sample hole during excavation.Cor e-cutter methodThis method is useful for soft, cohesive soils which are free from stones. A 4 -in. internal diameter cutter of known weight and volume is driven into the soil and then dug out. The soil sampleis trimmed flush with the ends of the cutter and weighed to determined the bulk density.With any of the standard methods for dry density, it is necessary to make a number of103measurements over a comparatively small area in order to obtain a representative average value,since considerable variations occur as a result of testing errors. It has been suggested that between 5and 10 measurements per 1, 000 cu yd of fill constitute a reasonable number as regards the amount oftesting time involved, but recent work indicates that about 40 dry density and moisture content measurements per 1, 000 cu yd of fill are necessary to obtain a mean value with an accuracy not poorer than ±2 for the percentage air voids at the 90% confidence limits②. Clearly this number oftests would be impracticable using the standard methods of measurement, but efforts are at present being made to develop methods which can be carried out with greater rapidity.One possible approach is based on the fact that the scattering and absorption of gamma radiation is a function of the bulk density of the material. Briefly, a radioactive source ( caesium 137 ) contained in the end of a stainless-steel probe is inserted in the soil to a depth of up to 6 in. and a Geiger-Muller tube which detects gamma radiation is placed on the surface about 8 in. from the probe to measure the rate of transmission of radiation through the material. Alternatively, in soils containing large stones which make it difficult to insert the probe without causing unduedisturbance,both the source and detector may be placed on the surface separated by lead shielding and the backscatter method used, although this method suffers from the disadvantage that measurements arelargely confined to the upper 2 in. of soil.Since this equipment records the bulk density, it is necessary to determine also the moisture content of the material before the dry density can be calculated. This may also be done with nucleartechniques using a radium/ beryllium source of fast neutrons placed on the ground surface alongside aboron trifluoride counter which records the number of slow neutrons scattered back after collisionshave occurred between the fast neutrons and nuclei of hydrogen present in the soil moisture. This measurement is also made on a unit volume basis and therefore the difference of the two readings give the dry density of the soil.Wor ds and Expr essionsmeasurement n. 测量density n. 密度moisture content 含水量compaction n. 压实, 夯实access v. 估计, 评价suitability n. 适用性sand-replacement method 换砂法core-cutter method 钻心法bulk density 毛体积密度sample n. 试样run in 倒入, 注入liable a . 易于……的, 有……倾向的104土木工程专业英语granular a . 粒状的, 粒料的trim v. 修整, 创平flush v. 使齐平; a . 齐平的flush with 与……齐平as regards 关于, 至于confidence n. 信任, 信心confidence limit 置信界限( 用于数理统计)scatter v. 散射, 分散absorption n. 吸收gamma n. 伽玛( 希腊字母)radiation n. 辐射, 放射radioactive a . 放射性的caesium n. 铯( 化学元素)probe n. 探头disturbance n. 扰动, 妨碍shield vt. 用盾掩护; n. 防护nuclear a . 核的, 原子核的radium n. 镭( 化学元素)beryllium n. 铍( 化学元素)neutron n. 中子boron n. 硼( 化学元素)trifluoride n. 三氟化合物collision n. 碰撞nucleus n. [ 复] nuclei 核, 原子核Notes①There is a number of standards of methods of measuring field dry density, the two most commonly used being the sand-replacement method and the core-cutter method. 本句可译为: 野外量测干密度的标准方法有多种, 其中最常用的两种是换砂法和钻芯法。
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文
土木工程专业英语的认识英语作文Civil engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, buildings, and dams. It plays a crucial role in the development of society as it ensures the safety and efficiency of public works.The study of civil engineering involves a wide range of technical subjects such as structural analysis, geotechnical engineering, construction management, and transportation engineering. Students in this field learn to apply scientific and mathematical principles to solve real-world problems related to the design and construction of infrastructure projects.One of the key aspects of civil engineering is the use of specialized terminology and jargon that is unique to the profession. For example, terms such as "tensile strength," "load bearing capacity," and "retaining wall" are commonly used in the industry to describe different aspects of construction and design. Understanding these terms and concepts is essential for students and professionals in the field to communicate effectively with each other and with clients.In addition to technical knowledge, civil engineering also requires strong problem-solving skills, critical thinking abilities, and creativity. Engineers must be able to analyze complex problems, come up with innovative solutions, and effectively communicate their ideas to others. They must also be able to work as part of a team and collaborate with architects, surveyors, and other professionals to ensure that projects are completed successfully.Furthermore, civil engineering is a highly dynamic and evolving field that is constantly influenced by technological advancements and changes in society. As new materials, construction methods, and environmental regulations are introduced, civil engineers must adapt and stay up-to-date with the latest developments in order to remain competitive and successful in their careers.Overall, civil engineering is a challenging and rewarding profession that requires a strong technical background, problem-solving skills, and a passion for building and improving the world around us. By studying civil engineering, students have the opportunity to make a positive impact on society, improve the quality of life for others, and contribute to the sustainable development of our planet. It is a field that offers endlessopportunities for growth, innovation, and success for those who are passionate about creating a better future for generations to come.。
土木工程专业英语论文
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broaderScope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into anumber of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use ofcomputers. Computers are used to design the project’s various elements (computer-aided design, or CAD) and to manage it. Computers are necessity for the modern civil engineer because they permit the engineer to efficiently handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project.Structural engineering.In this specialty, civil engineers plan and design structures of all types, including bridge, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using computers, structural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. They also determine the combination of appropriate materials: steel, concrete, plastic, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials.Water resources engineering.Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. In addition, they design and maintain harbors, canals, and locks, build huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, anddetermine the location of structures affecting navigation.Geotechnical engineering.Civil engineers who specialize in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior. They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater.Environmental engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and wastewater treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke-producing activities. They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances. In addition, the engineers design and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land.Transportation engineering. Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of bothpeople and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system.Pipeline engineering. In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse, the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.Construction engineering. Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, andoperating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure.Community and urban planning. Those engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the use and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. These civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.Photogrametry, surveying, and mapping. The civil engineers in this specialty precisely measure the Earth’s surface to obtain reliable information for locating and designing engineering projects. This practice often involves high-technology methods such as satellite and aerial surveying, and computer-processing of photographic imagery. Radiosignal from satellites, scans by laser and sonic beams, are converted to maps to provide far more accurate measurements for boring tunnels, building highways and dams, plotting flood control and irrigation project, locating subsurface geologic formations that may affect a construction project, and a host of other building uses.Other specialties. Two additional civil engineering specialties that are not entirely within the scope of civil engineering but are essential to the discipline are engineering management and engineering teaching.Engineering management.Many civil engineers choose careers that eventually lead to management. Others are able to start their careers in management positions. The civil engineer-manager combines technical knowledge with an ability to organize and coordinate worker power, materials, machinery, and money. These engineers may work in government—municipal, county, state, or federal; in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers as military or civilian management engineers; or in semiautonomous regional or city authorities or similar organizations. They may also manage private engineering firms ranging in size from a few employees to hundreds.Engineering teaching. The civil engineer who chooses a teaching career usually teaches both graduate and undergraduate students in technical specialties. Many teaching civil engineers engage in basic research that eventually leads to technical innovations in constructionmaterials and methods. Many also serve as consultants on engineering projects, or on technical boards and commissions associated with major projects.土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
土木工程施工英语(3篇)
第1篇Civil engineering construction plays a vital role in the development of modern society. It encompasses various aspects, including planning, designing, and constructing infrastructure projects. This article aims to provide an overview of civil engineering construction in English, covering key aspects and terminology.1. IntroductionCivil engineering construction is the process of creating infrastructure projects, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and airports. It involves a series of activities, including site investigation, design, material procurement, construction, and maintenance. In this article, we will explore some of the key aspects and terminology associated with civil engineering construction.2. Key Aspects of Civil Engineering Construction2.1 Site InvestigationBefore beginning any construction project, a thorough site investigation is essential. This involves collecting data about the site's geology, soil conditions, hydrology, and topography. The information gathered during this phase helps engineers determine the feasibility of the project and identify potential risks.2.2 DesignThe design phase involves creating detailed plans and specifications for the construction project. This includes selecting appropriate materials, determining the structural design, and preparing construction drawings. Engineers must ensure that the design meets safety, environmental, and regulatory requirements.2.3 Material ProcurementDuring the construction phase, materials such as concrete, steel, and bricks are procured. This process involves selecting suppliers, negotiating contracts, and ensuring the quality of the materials. Theproject manager must coordinate with suppliers to ensure timely delivery of materials.2.4 ConstructionConstruction involves the actual building of the project. This phase includes activities such as excavation, foundation work, structural construction, and finishing work. The project manager must ensure that the construction activities are carried out according to the design specifications and within the allocated budget and time frame.2.5 MaintenanceOnce the construction is complete, the infrastructure project requires regular maintenance to ensure its longevity. This includes inspecting the structure, repairing any damage, and conducting routine maintenance tasks.3. Key Terminology in Civil Engineering Construction3.1 ExcavationExcavation is the process of removing soil and rock from a site to create space for construction. This may involve using heavy machinery such as excavators and bulldozers.3.2 FoundationA foundation is the structure that supports the weight of a building or structure. It is designed to transfer the load to the ground and prevent settling.3.3 ConcreteConcrete is a mixture of cement, aggregates, and water. It is used extensively in civil engineering construction for its strength and durability.3.4 Steel ReinforcementSteel reinforcement is used to strengthen concrete structures by providing tensile strength. It is commonly used in beams, columns, and slabs.3.5 Construction DrawingsConstruction drawings are detailed plans that show how a structure will be built. They include dimensions, materials, and construction methods.4. ConclusionCivil engineering construction is a complex and dynamic process that requires careful planning, design, and execution. By understanding the key aspects and terminology associated with civil engineering construction, one can gain a better appreciation of the role it plays in society.第2篇Civil engineering construction is a complex and intricate process that involves various stages and meticulous planning. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key phases and terminologies associated with civil engineering construction, presented in English.1. Pre-construction Phase- Site Survey: This is the initial phase where engineers conduct a thorough survey of the construction site to assess its suitability for the proposed project.- Design Approval: Once the design is finalized, it must be submitted to relevant authorities for approval.- Procurement: The procurement process involves acquiring materials, equipment, and labor required for the construction.2. Site Preparation- Demolition: If the site is occupied by existing structures, they must be demolished before construction can begin.- Excavation: Excavation is carried out to create the foundation for the new structure. This phase includes earthmoving, soil removal, and grading.- Utilities Installation: Installation of water, electricity, and other utilities is done during this phase.3. Foundation Construction- Pile Driving: Piles are driven into the ground to provide stability and support for the structure.- Casting Concrete: The foundation is then constructed by casting concrete into forms.4. Superstructure Construction- Frame Construction: The frame of the building is constructed using steel or concrete. This includes columns, beams, and slabs.- Interior Finishing: After the frame is in place, interior work such as walls, ceilings, and floors are constructed.5. Roofing and Waterproofing- Roofing: The roof is installed, which may include tiles, shingles, or a flat surface.- Waterproofing: Waterproofing is applied to prevent water leakage.6. Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP)- Installation of MEP Systems: This phase involves the installation of electrical wiring, plumbing pipes, and HVAC systems.- Testing and Commissioning: After installation, all MEP systems are tested and commissioned to ensure they function properly.7. Final Inspection and Handover- Inspection: The construction is inspected to ensure it meets all safety and quality standards.- Handover: Once the inspection is completed, the project is handed over to the client.Throughout the construction process, various terminologies are used in the English language. Some of these include:- Contractor: The company or individual responsible for the construction project.- Architect: The professional responsible for designing the building.- Engineer: The professional who oversees the construction process and ensures compliance with design specifications.- Subcontractor: Companies or individuals hired by the contractor to perform specific tasks.- Schedule: The timeline for the completion of the project.- Budget: The financial plan for the project.In conclusion, civil engineering construction is a multi-step processthat requires careful planning, coordination, and execution. By understanding the key phases and terminologies associated with civil engineering construction, one can gain a better appreciation for the complexities involved in building structures.第3篇Civil engineering construction is an essential part of theinfrastructure development process. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from planning and design to execution and completion. Inthis article, we will discuss some key aspects of civil engineering construction in English.1. Planning and DesignThe first step in civil engineering construction is planning and design. This involves creating detailed plans and specifications for the project. Engineers and architects work together to ensure that the design meets the required standards and regulations.1.1 Design BriefA design brief is a document that outlines the project requirements, including the scope, objectives, and constraints. It serves as a guide for the design team to develop the project plan.1.2 Design DevelopmentDesign development is the process of refining the initial design concept into a detailed design. This includes creating drawings, calculating quantities, and selecting materials.2. Construction ProcessOnce the design is finalized, the construction process begins. This involves several stages, including site preparation, excavation, foundation work, and structural construction.2.1 Site PreparationSite preparation is the initial stage of construction. It involves clearing the site of vegetation, debris, and other obstacles. This may also include the construction of temporary facilities, such as access roads and storage areas.2.2 ExcavationExcavation is the process of removing soil and rock from the site to create the required space for the construction project. This may involve the use of heavy machinery, such as excavators and bulldozers.2.3 Foundation WorkFoundation work involves constructing the base for the structure. This includes preparing the ground, laying the foundation, and installing any necessary reinforcement.2.4 Structural ConstructionStructural construction is the process of building the framework of the structure. This may involve the use of concrete, steel, or othermaterials. The construction process includes casting, forming, and reinforcing the structural elements.3. Construction EquipmentConstruction equipment plays a crucial role in civil engineering projects. Common types of construction equipment include:3.1 ExcavatorsExcavators are used for digging and moving earth and materials.3.2 BulldozersBulldozers are used for pushing and grading soil and other materials.3.3 CranesCranes are used for lifting and transporting heavy materials and equipment.4. Safety and Quality ControlSafety and quality control are essential aspects of civil engineering construction. This involves implementing safety procedures, inspecting the work, and ensuring that the project meets the required standards.4.1 SafetySafety measures should be implemented to prevent accidents and injuries on the construction site. This includes wearing protective gear, following safe work practices, and conducting regular safety training.4.2 Quality ControlQuality control measures should be implemented to ensure that the construction work meets the required standards. This includes inspecting materials, verifying the work, and making necessary adjustments.In conclusion, civil engineering construction is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful planning, execution, and management. By understanding the key aspects of civil engineeringconstruction, engineers and construction professionals can ensure the successful completion of projects that contribute to the development of infrastructure and improve the quality of life for people around the world.。
土木工程专业英语论文
土木工程专业英语论文文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to alittle bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure.Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defendShen and a little bit other use function not a creation to after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope reinforced concrete norm is alsoexplicit provision:Some structure at place ofdissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the preventionSuo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a the cement syruphumidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy the Suo crack is much surface parallellines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dintetc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of theconcrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of theproperty and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to usethe constringency quantity smaller cement, general lowhot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use,the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protectto is a constitution the accommodation is in theconcrete structure of the constringency sew.Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlierperiod strength or common the Huo sour brine is strictthe control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reactioncrack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of becauseof chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation openthis kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measurecarry on of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone isthe in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali boneto anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner,the harmful material get into concrete to makereinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcingbar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcingbar of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the is a concrete class to go together with to want is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight is areinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating. Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structurereinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in the meantime for keeping concretefrom continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure.1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspect accumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to theconcrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
土木专业相关作文英文
土木专业相关作文英文英文：As a civil engineering major, I have learned a lot about the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and water systems. Civil engineering is a challenging and rewarding field, and I am proud to be a part of it.One of the most important skills I have developed as a civil engineering student is problem-solving. Whether it's figuring out how to design a structure that can withstand earthquakes or determining the best way to repair a damaged road, civil engineers must be able to think critically and creatively to find solutions to complex problems.Another key aspect of civil engineering is teamwork. Many projects require collaboration between architects, contractors, and engineers of various specialties, and being able to communicate effectively and work togethertowards a common goal is essential. I have had the opportunity to work on several group projects in my classes, and I have learned a lot about the importance of clear communication and delegation of tasks.In addition to technical skills, civil engineers must also have a strong understanding of the ethical and social implications of their work. For example, designing abuilding that is energy-efficient and environmentally friendly can have a positive impact on the community, while ignoring these factors can have negative consequences. Itis important for civil engineers to consider the long-term effects of their projects and strive to create sustainable and equitable solutions.Overall, studying civil engineering has been a challenging and rewarding experience. I am excited to continue learning and growing in this field, and I hope to make a positive impact on the world through my work.中文：作为一名土木工程专业的学生，我学习了很多关于基础设施设计、建设和维护的知识，如建筑物、道路、桥梁和水系统等。
土木工程专业英语报告3000字全英文
土木工程专业英语报告3000字全英文Title: A Comprehensive Overview of Civil EngineeringAbstract:This report provides a comprehensive overview of civil engineering, covering its history, importance, various sub-disciplines, and significant contributions to society. It also explores the essential skills and qualifications required for a successful career in civil engineering.Introduction:Civil engineering is a critical field that involves the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure essential for the functioning of society. This report aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of this field, highlighting its importance and various aspects.1. History of Civil Engineering:Civil engineering has a rich history dating back to ancient times. The report discusses the development of civil engineering from the construction of the pyramids in Egypt to the magnificent structures of the Roman Empire. It also touches upon the advancements during the Renaissance period and the Industrial Revolution, which laid the foundation for modern civil engineering.2. Importance of Civil Engineering:Civil engineering plays a vital role in shaping the world we live in. It focuses on the design and construction of infrastructure, including buildings, bridges, roads, airports, water supply systems, and more. The report emphasizes the significance of civil engineering in improving the quality of life, promoting economic development, and ensuring public safety.3. Sub-disciplines of Civil Engineering:Civil engineering encompasses various sub-disciplines, each with its specific focus. The report covers the major sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, transportation engineering, environmental engineering, and water resources engineering. It explains the key responsibilities, challenges, and applications of each sub-discipline.4. Significant Contributions of Civil Engineering:Civil engineering has made significant contributions to society, which are discussed in this report. It explores the impact of civil engineering on urban planning, sustainable development, disaster management, and the advancement of technology. The report also highlights the importance of innovation and research in the field.5. Skills and Qualifications for Civil Engineers:Successful civil engineers possess a range of skills and qualifications. This section of the report outlines the technical skills required, such as knowledge of engineering principles, proficiency in CAD software, and familiarity with construction materials. It also emphasizes the importance of project management, communication skills, and the ability to work in a team.6. Current Challenges and Future Trends:The field of civil engineering is continuously evolving to meet the demands of a changing world. The report discusses current challenges, such as sustainable development, climate change, and the need for resilient infrastructure. It also explores emerging trends, including the use of smart technology, artificial intelligence, and green building practices.Conclusion:In conclusion, civil engineering is a crucial field that plays a significant role in the development and functioning of society. This report provides a comprehensive overview of civil engineering, including its history, importance, sub-disciplines, significant contributions, and the skills and qualifications required for a successful career. It isessential to recognize the value of civil engineering and continue to invest in its advancement for a sustainable and prosperous future.。
土木项目工程专业英语论文资料
Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tinycrack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering. Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti- Shen ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence,insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem accor ding to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control,creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low, cement syrup body stem Suo more big, stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short todistribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti- Shen of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant. Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend withunder construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and Tu2 Shua protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends be in the centerthin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small, perhaps concrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour, be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concretephysical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time. 3.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reaction crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reactionbut cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion, these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reaction and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge, make concrete crisp loose, inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period, once appear very difficult remediable, so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alkali bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build, flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcing bar protection layer thinner, the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse, the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation, cause concrete bulge crack, the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways, follow the position of reinforcing bar ually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to wantgood.Three is a concrete to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree, return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, acceleration concrete of carbonization, lower durable and anti- of concrete tired, anti- Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat, in time processing, with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the following some method:Surface repair method, infuse syrup, the Qian sew method, the structure reinforce a method, concrete displacement method, electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple, familiar of repair method, it main be applicable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup, the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2 Shua paint, asphalt etc. antisepsis material, at protection of in themeantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack, usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc. measure. 1, infuse syrup, the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to have influence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair, it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete, gum knot the material harden behind and concrete formation one be whole, thus reinforce of purpose.The in common use gum knot material has the cement the syrup, epoxy, A JiC Xi sour ester and gather ammonia ester to equalize to learn material.The Qian sew a method is that the crack be a kind of most in common use method in, it usually is follow the crack dig slot, the Qian fill Su in the slot or rigid water material with attain closing crack of purpose.The in common use Su material has PVC gum mire, plastics ointment, the D Ji rubber etc.;In common use rigid water material is the polymer cement sand syrup.2, the structure reinforce a methodWhen the crack influence arrive concrete structure of function, will consideration adopt to reinforce a method to carry on processing to the concrete structure.The structure reinforce medium in common use main have the following a few method:The piece of enlargement concrete structure in every aspectaccumulate, outside the Cape department of the Gou piece pack type steel, adoption prepare should the dint method reinforce, glue to stick steel plate to reinforce, increase to establish fulcrum to reinforce and jet the concrete compensation reinforce.3, concrete displacement methodConcrete displacement method is processing severity damage concrete of a kind of valid method, this method be first will damage of the concrete pick and get rid of, then again displacement go into new of concrete or other material.The in common use displacement material have:Common concrete or the cement sand syrup, polymer or change sex polymer concrete or sand syrup.ConclusionThe crack is widespread in the concrete structure existence of a kind of phenomenon, it of emergence not only will lower the anti- Shen of building ability, influence building of usage function, and will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar, the carbonization of concrete, lower the durable of material, influence building of loading ability, so want to carry on to the concrete crack earnest research, differentiation treat, adoption reasonable of the method carry on processing, and at under construction adopt various valid of prevention measure to prevention crack of emergence and development, assurance building and Gou piece safety, stability work.^` From《CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING》。
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2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文论文题目：建筑物墙体裂缝的质量控制的研究The quality of the building wall crack control research专业班级：学生姓名：请叫我雷哥哥学号：论文成绩：评阅教师：2015年11月15日（一）新型墙体抗裂抗渗性能及工程应用研究正文：新型墙体在我国得到了广泛应用,取得了极大的社会效益和经济效益,但是墙体的开裂渗漏问题也日益凸显,这不仅带来了建筑功能的下降和保温节能的失效,而且导致建筑物使用寿命的降低。
为了更好地推广使用新型墙体材料,解决新型墙体工程应用的抗裂抗渗问题已成为迫在眉睫的问题。
从产品生产、施工工艺、设计计算、构造措施、检测技术等多个环节,沿着“工程实践”主线,对新型墙体材料抗裂抗渗调研、不同龄期混凝土砖墙体收缩试验、框架填充墙干缩开裂数值模拟、新型墙体表层渗透性能现场测试、墙体表层裂缝图像处理几个方面开展了系统、深入的研究,主要研究内容及成果如下：1)对新型墙体材料在浙江地区工程中的工程应用情况进行了广泛的调查研究,并采用样本数据进行了统计分析,调研表明：行业管理部门没有详细的技术实施导则、生产企业内部的管理制度及保证体系不完善,是引起质量缺陷的“源头”。
2)采用“半分离-整体式”计算模型和二层单跨框架填充墙结构模型,进行了干缩开裂过程的数值模拟,对不同柱刚度、开洞率、连接刚度下结构的变形、应力、裂缝规律做了详细的描述,对相关因素做了定量分析,包括自重和竖向荷载作用的影响、干缩带来的变形和裂缝问题等。
3)采用均匀化(匀质化)代表单元RVE(representative volume element)对砌体结构进行了分析,主要进行了弹性阶段的一些有限元模拟试验,包括构建的单元在单轴受压、单轴受拉情况下的强度模拟、等效弹性常数的模拟、对单元进行累叠、整体结构算例等,用以验证RVE单元从单个扩充到整体时的合理性。
4)通过试验研究了不同龄期混凝土砖块体和墙体的收缩变形规律,得出了墙体初期收缩率、应变状态的变化情况,拟合了初期应变与时间的关系,采用数值模拟进行了对比,并在此基础上提出了工程限制措施建议。
5)采用GWT透水测试仪以及相关的试验方法对烧结页岩砖墙、混凝土多孔砖墙的表层渗透性进行了现场测试,分析了不同材料、不同位置、不同试验措施等对渗透系数的影响,同时以测试成果为基础对墙体渗透性进行了评价。
6)将数字图像处理技术应用于墙体浅层裂缝测量上,提出了一种基于神经网络进行图像分割的方法,应用该方法对墙体裂缝图像进行提取,通过实例说明了获取数字化裂缝信息的可行性。
7)结合上述研究成果和相关文献的总结,制定了一个基于抗裂抗渗性能的新型墙体材料工程应用技术导则。
上述各个研究点对应于新型墙体抗裂工程应用的各个阶段和环节。
新型墙体抗裂抗渗性能工程应用研究是一个复杂和渐进的过程,本文通过研究取得了阶段性成果,为后续工作提供了一定的基础。
翻译：New wall cracking impermeability performance research andengineering applicationNew wall has been widely applied in our country, and achieved great social benefits and economic benefits, but the wall crack leakage problem is increasingly highlighted, which not only lead to a drop in building function and the failure of heat preservation and heat insulation, and reduce the service life of the building. In order to better promote the use of new wall materials, solve the new wall permeability in the engineering application of crack problem has become an urgent problem. From production, construction technology, design calculation, construction measures, detection technology, and other links, along the "engineering practice" the main line, on the investigation of new wall materials cracking impermeability, different age test and shrinkage of concrete brick wall frame infilled wall dry shrinkage cracking numerical simulation, the new wall surface permeability field test, the wall surface crack image processing system and in-depth researches on several aspects, the main research contents and results were as follows: 1) for the engineering application of new wall materials engineering in zhejiang area situation has carried on the extensive investigation and study, and the sample data is used for statistical analysis, research shows that the industry management department no detailed technical implementation guidelines, production enterprise internal management system and guarantee system is not perfect, is the "source" of quality defects. 2) the separation of "half - integral" calculation model and the second single across the infilled wall frame structure model, has carried on the numerical simulation of drying shrinkage cracking process with different column stiffness, open hole rate, connecting stiffness of the structure under deformation, stress, fracture rules made detailed description, the quantitative analysis of relevant factors, including weight and the effect of vertical load, deformation and fracture of the problems of drying shrinkage, etc. (3) the homogenization and qualitative) on behalf of the unit RVE (representative volume element) of masonry structure is analyzed, the main elastic stage of some of the finite element simulation tests have been carried out, including the building unit in uniaxial compression strength, uniaxial tension situation simulation, the simulation of equivalent elastic constants, and stacking unit for calculation of the overall structure, to verify the rationality of the RVE unit from a single extended to the whole. 4) through the experimental study on the different age concrete brick body and contraction deformation law of the wall, the wall is obtained in the early changes of the shrinkage rate and strain state, fitting the relationship between the initial strain and time, the numerical simulation were compared, and puts forward engineering measures on the basis of advice.5) using GWT permeable tester as well as the relevant test method for sintering permeability shalebrick, concrete porous brick wall surface has carried on the field test, analysis of the different material, different location, different test measures such as effect on the permeability coefficient, at the same time, based on the test results of wall permeability was evaluated. 6) digital image processing technology was applied to measurement of shallow cracks, this paper proposes a method for image segmentation based on neural network, the method to extract of wall crack image, through the example is given to illustrate the feasibility of digital crack information. 7) the combination of the above research results and related literature summary, made a based on crack permeability performance of new wall materials technical guideline for engineering applications. Above all the points corresponding to the new wall crack at various stages of engineering application and links. New walling crack resistance performance of engineering application research is a complicated and gradual process, this article through studies has made some progress, provides a certain basis for the following.（二）The causes of cracks on the masonry common analysis and prevention Abstract: the engineering practice, found that a large number of cracks in masonry structure, light person affect beautiful, the person that weigh affect use, so the cracking of masonry structure how to reinforce and processing is very urgent. For cracking to reinforce construction must carefully analyze the causes of cracks, according to various strengthening methods corresponding to different types of buildings, respectively, take measures to prevent. Based on the brief analysis of the nature of the masonry cracks and crack control principles and measures on the basis of the masonry structure crack control of concrete measures and Suggestions are put forward.Key words: masonry structure; Fracture analysis; Fracture prevention; Reinforcement measures Wall crack is the common problem of masonry project, common crack in the masonry are: settlement crack, temperature crack and overload crack, etc. Masonry cracks, often marks within the masonry is a part of internal stress for more than it can bear the tensile and shear strength limit. Masonry cracks after, will affect the structure of the beautiful. Some still can cause diseases, such asleakage of the building for the strength, stiffness and stability of the building will produce different degrees of weakening; Some masonry cracks, such as overload crack will cause building collapse. So when it found cracks on the masonry, regularly observation, timely check analysis, determining which belong to crack? Whether it is dangerous cracks? Here are several typical fracture morphology, in order to effectively analysis, judging and handling, and take corresponding measures.The classification of masonry crack: (a) settlement cracks. Housing construction uneven settlement of foundation, make produce additional stress inside wall body; When the stress in the wall of more than the ultimate tensile strength of masonry, first of all, there are settlement cracks in the wall of the weak, and along with the increase of uneven settlement and expanding, according to the failure pattern, common masonry settlement cracks are overall bending and shear cracks. Cracks, vertical cracks in oblique more, also has a horizontal crack. In most cases, the two diagonal inclined cracks through the window, in the only window seam width is bigger, to the sides and up and down narrow; Its direction is often from the side with the settlement to settling larger side up gradually. The fracture is mainly due to the uneven settlement make the wall shear stress is large, the tensile stress of masonry acceptor damage. Vertical cracks generally produced on vertical wall at the top or the bottom of the window sill. Vertical cracks on the top of the wall is due to the ends of the wall subsidence value is bigger, the middle sedimentation value smaller reverse bending make wall top tension situation of formation, upper seam width is often larger, narrowing down. In multi-storey buildings, when the underlying window is too wide, often because of uneven settlement houses and make the reverse bending windowsill, cause the windowsill in the vertical cracks. In order to prevent differential settlement of the foundation wall crack, can be from two aspects of treatment the upper structure and foundation.(1) find out the reasons and positions of foundation is weak, the foundation reinforcement, in order to control the uneven settlement of foundation and development;(2) improve the anti-cracking performance of masonry, such as improve mortar mark; The regions with reinforced; Increasing the number of reinforced concrete ring beam:(3) because of its high compression of the soft soil foundation settlement, the subsidence deformation under load after also sensitive. So. After the houses built on soft soil ground, when a significant phenomenon of uneven settlement, such as foundation and the upper wall structural integrity is good, also can take partial load and partial load reduction measures, such as the development of the control of uneven settlement, and the settlement of the foundation to stabilize.翻译：砌体常见裂缝的原因分析及预防摘要：工程实践中发现大量砌体结构出现裂缝，轻者影响美观，重者影响使用，因此对已开裂的砌体结构如何进行加固与处理显得非常迫切。