最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(16)
考研英语模拟试题及答案
考研英语模拟试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育是个人成长的关键。
B. 技术发展对教育的影响是负面的。
C. 教育应该注重培养学生的创新能力。
D. 教育应该与社会需求相匹配。
答案：C2. 文章中提到的“知识爆炸”指的是什么？A. 知识更新的速度非常快。
B. 人们获取知识的途径增多。
C. 知识在社会中的地位越来越重要。
D. 知识的数量在不断增加。
答案：A3. 作者认为解决教育问题的关键是什么？A. 增加教育投入。
B. 改革教育体制。
C. 加强师资队伍建设。
D. 培养学生的自主学习能力。
答案：B4. 文章最后一段提到了哪些教育改革的措施？A. 引入新技术。
B. 更新课程内容。
C. 增加实践环节。
D. 以上都是。
答案：D5. 根据文章内容，以下哪项不是作者提到的教育问题？A. 教育资源分配不均。
B. 教育内容与社会需求脱节。
C. 缺乏创新教育。
D. 教师待遇过低。
答案：D二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
The world is full of wonders, but sometimes the most amazing things are the ones we don't even notice. Take the human brain, for instance. It's a complex organ that controls our thoughts, emotions, and actions. It's also the part of our body that allows us to learn, grow, and adapt to our surroundings.6. The author starts the passage by ________.A. asking a questionB. giving an exampleC. making a comparisonD. stating a fact答案：D7. The human brain is described as ________.A. a simple organB. a mysterious organC. a complex organD. an essential organ答案：C8. The brain allows us to ________.A. sleep and eatB. think and feelC. breathe and moveD. all of the above答案：B9. The purpose of the passage is to ________.A. describe the brain's structureB. explain the brain's functionsC. discuss the brain's importanceD. argue for brain research答案：B10. According to the passage, the brain is essential for ________.A. survivalB. communicationC. learningD. all of the above答案：D三、翻译（共30分，英译汉15分，汉译英15分）英译汉：11. The rapid development of technology has brought about significant changes in our daily lives.答案：技术的快速发展已经给我们的日常生活带来了显著的变化。
考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析(16)
考研英语二模拟试题及答案解析（16）(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harmful__1__is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology.The similarity between disease organisms and personal devices is__2__. Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms, __3__ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, __4__ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied __5__ wire umbilici.It is tempting to__6__a "strategy" to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient.__7__, the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, __8__experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful.Tech__9__occurs through actively-learnt responses, or "operant conditioning" as animal be haviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a__10__cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is__11__with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails."Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we__12__look at our phone, seeking rewards?" asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement__13__an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile __14__ that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been__15__by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe.__16__, mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to__17__sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can__18__the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this__19__, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it__20__to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you.第1题A.phenomenonB.epidemicC.issueD.event第2题A.strikingB.obscureC.interestingD.mysterious第3题A.relyingC.grabbinging第4题A.taking overB.feeding onC.catching upD.allowing for 第5题A.withB.overC.toD.via第6题A.pointB.turnC.attributeD.prefer第7题A.InsteadB.MoreoverC.ThereforeD.Otherwise 第8题A.whichB.asC.thatD.where第9题A.progressB.termC.crisisD.addiction 第10题A.dangerousB.specialrgeD.funny第11题A.rewardedB.resistedC.resumedD.reversed第12题B.occasionallyC.happilyD.endlessly第13题A.withinB.fromC.aboutD.through第14题A.supportB.approveC.argueD.insist第15题A.formedB.seperatedC.classifiedD.modified第16题A.SurprisinglyB.ImportantlyC.FortunatelyD.Regrettably 第17题pensateB.helpfortD.improve第18题A.shareB.obtainC.subscribeD.observe第19题A.partB.senseC.levelD.way第20题A.adaptiveB.carefulC.similarD.captive下一题(21~25/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.New science reveals how your brain is hard-wired when it comes to spending—and how you can reboot it.The choice to spend rather than save reflects a very human—and, some would say, American—quirk: a preference for immediate gratification over future gains. In other words, we get far more joy from buying a new pair of shoes today, or a Caribbean vacation, or an iPhone 4S, than from imagining a comfortable life tomorrow. Throw in an instant-access culture—in which we can get answers on the Internet within seconds, have a coffeepot delivered to our door overnight, and watch movies on demand—and we´re not exactly training the next generation to delay gratification. "Pleasure now is worth more to us than pleasure later," says economist William Dickens of Northeastern University, "We much prefer current consumption to future consumption. It may even be wired into us. "As brain Scientists plumb the neurology of an afternoon at the mall, they are discovering measurable differences between the brains of people who save and those who spend with abandon, particularly in areas of the brain that predict consequences, process the sense of reward, spur motivation, and control memory. In fact, neuroscientists are mapping the brain´s saving and spending circuits so precisely that they have been able to stir up the saving and disable the spending in some people. The result: people´s preferences switch from spending like a drunken sailor to saving like a child of the Depression. All told, the gray matter responsible for some of our most crucial decisions is finally revealing its secrets.Psychologists and behavioral economists, meanwhile, are identifying the personality types and other traits that distinguish savers from spenders, showing that people who aren´t good savers are neither stupid nor irrational—but often simply don´t accurately foresee the consequences of not saving. Rewire the brain to find pleasure in future rewards, and you´re on the path to a future you really want.In one experiment, neuroeconomist Paul Glimcher of New York University wanted to see what it would take for people to willingly delay gratification. He gave a dozen volunteers a choice: $ 20 now or more money, from $ 20.25 to $ 110, later. On one end of the spectrum was the person who agreed to take $21 in a month—to essentially wait a month in order to gain just $ 1. In economics-speak, this kind of person has a "flat discount function", meaning he values tomorrow almost as much as today and is therefore able to delay gratification. At the other end was someone who was willing to wait a month only if he got $ 68, a premium of $48 from the original offer. This is someone economists call a "steep discounter", meaning the value he puts on the future (and having money then) is dramatically less than the value he places on today; when he wants something, he wants it now.第21题When it comes to spending, new evidence shows that it______.A.is a difficult habit to explainB.can be stopped and restartedC.is a difficult mental decisionD.is an inherent disposition第22题When brain scientists "plumb the neurology of an afternoon at the mail", they______.A.spend a whole afternoon watching shoppers going roundB.interview shoppers to ask them embarrassing questionsC.measure the brain activity of people engaged in shoppingD.study current consumption rather than future consumption第23题The scientists studying spending habits______.A.can change people´s buying habits by making them drunk like sailorsB.are still at a loss about what causes some people to save or spendC.can change those who spend with abandon into those who saveD.can predict whether people spend or save by controlling people´s memory第24题If you are rewarded for saving, you are likely to______.A.abandon unnecessary purchasesB.demand more rewardsC.become irrational and stupidD.care less about the consequences第25题Neuroeconomist Paul Glimcher wants to find out______.A.whether people agree to delay a bigger gratificationB.what makes people postpone satisfactionC.how steep discounters gratify themselvesD.what creates the flat discount function上一题下一题(26~30/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1."Is it a vital interest of the state to have more anthropologists?" Rick Scott, the Florida governor, once asked. A leader of a prominent Internet company once told me that the firm regards admission to Harvard as a useful proof of talent, but a college education itself as useless. Parents and students themselves are acting on these principles, retreating from the humanities.I´ve been thinking about this after reading Fareed Zakaria´s smart new book, In Defense of a Liberal Education. Like Mr. Zakaria, I think that the liberal arts teach critical thinking. So, to answer the skeptics, here are my three reasons the humanities enrich our souls and sometimes even our pocketbooks as well.First, liberal arts equip students with communications and interpersonal skills that are valuable and genuinely rewarded in the labour force, especially when accompanied by technical abilities. "A broad liberal arts education is a key pathway to success in the 21st-century economy," says Lawrence Katz, a labour economist at Harvard. Professor Katz says that the economic return to pure technical skills has flattened, and the highest return now goes to those who combine soft skills— excellence at communicating and working with people—with technical skills.My second reason: We need people conversant with the humanities to help reach wise public policy decisions, even about the sciences. Technology companies must constantly weigh ethical decisions. To weigh these issues, regulators should be informed by first-rate science, but also by first-rate humanism. When the President´s Council on Bioethics issued its report in 2002, "Human Cloning and Human Dignity," it depends upon the humanities to shape judgments about ethics, limits and values.Third, wherever our careers lie, much of our happiness depends upon our interactions with those around us, and there´s some evidence that literature nurtures a richer emotional intelligence. Science magazine published five studies indicating that research subjects who read literary fiction did better at assessing the feelings of a person in a photo than those who read nonfiction or popular fiction. Literature seems to offer lessons in human nature that help us decode the world around us and be better friends. Literature also builds bridges of understanding.In short, it makes eminent sense to study coding and statistics today, but also history and literature.第26题What is implied in the first paragraph?A.Parents may encourage their children to major in anthropology.B.The humanities in Harvard are not popular among parents and students.C.The leader of an Internet company values Harvard education itself most.D.Rick Scott may think anthropologists aren´t key interests of the state.第27题Lawrence Katz holds that broad liberal arts______.A.are enough for you to succeedB.can enrich your wallets in economyC.achieve balance between communicating value and soft skillsD.maximize your potential when coupled with technical skills第28题Which of the following cannot be used as the example of the second sentence in Paragraph 4?A.Should Youtube change its web page?B.Where should Facebook set its privacy?C.How should Google handle sex and violence articles?D.Should Twitter close accounts that seem sympathetic to terrorists?第29题According to the Science magazine, compared with people reading literary fiction, those reading nonflction______.A.evaluate the work more difficultyB.decode the emotional state poorlyC.have richer emotional intelligenceD.recognize the portrait more easily第30题On the whole, the reasons that the humanities enrich our spiritual life include all the following EXCEPT______.A.they are useful for improving emotional intelligenceB.they are essential to the wise decisions of an organizationC.they link the soft skills with technical skills in the labour forceD.they benefit students in communications and interpersonal skills上一题下一题(31~35/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Robots have been the stuff of science fiction for so long that it is surprisingly hard to see them as the stuff of management fact. It is time for management thinkers to catch up with science-fiction writers. Robots have been doing menial jobs on production lines since the 1960s. The world already has more than 1 million industrial robots. There is now an acceleration in the rates at which they are becoming both cleverer and cheaper: an explosive combination.Robots are learning to interact with the world around them. Their ability to see things is getting ever closer to that of humans, as is their capacity to ingest information and act on it. Tomorrow´s robots will increasingly take on delicate, complex tasks. And instead of being imprisoned in cages to stop them colliding with people and machines, they will be free to wander.Until now executives have largely ignored robots, regarding them as an engineering rather than a management problem. This cannot go on: robots are becoming too powerful and ubiquitous. Companies certainly need to rethink their human-resources policies—starting by questioning whether they should have departments devoted to purely human resources.The first issue is how to manage the robots themselves. An American writer, Isaac Asimov laid down the basic rule in 1942: no robot should harm a human. This rule has been reinforced by recent technological improvements: robots are now much more sensitive to their surroundings and can be instructed to avoid hitting people.A second question is how to manage the homo side of homo-robo relations. Workers have always worried that new technologies will take away their livelihoods, ever since the original Luddites´ fears about mechanised looms. Now, the arrival of increasingly humanoid automatons in workplaces, in an era of high unemployment, is bound to provoke a reaction.Two principles—don´t let robots hurt or frighten people—are relatively simple. Robot scientists are tackling more complicated problems as robots become more sophisticated. They are keen to avoid hierarchies among rescue-robots(because the loss of the leader would render the rest redundant). They are keen to avoid duplication between robots and their human handlers. This suggests that the world could be on the verge of a great management revolution: making robots behave like humans rather than the 20th century´s preferred option, making humans behave like robots.第31题The second sentence implies that management thinkers should_____.A.turn robots into superheroes and supervillainsB.give robots names such as the TerminatorC.ponder more about homo-robo relationsD.create more robots with super power第32题Which of the following statements is true about robots?A.They will be free and colliding with people and machines.B.They deliver information by acting like a human being.C.Their eyesight is becoming closer to men´ s.D.They will do sophisticated jobs.第33题The word "ubiquitous"(Para. 3)probably means______.A.numerousB.pervasiveC.intelligentplicated第34题To deal with the second problem, companies may not_____.A.show employees that the robot sitting alongside them is a complete helpmateB.explain that robots can help preserve manufacturing jobs in the rich worldC.persuade workers that robots are productivity-enhancersD.tell workers that robots are not just job-eating aliens第35题From the passage we can see that the author thinks homo-robo relations_____.A.are intrusiveB.render worriesC.become sentientD.require specifications上一题下一题(36~40/共20题)Section ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections :Read the following four terts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Organizations and societies rely on fines and rewards to harness people´s self-interest in the service of the common good. The threat of a ticket keeps drivers in line, and the promise of a bonus inspires high performance. But incentives can also backfire, diminishing the very behavior they´re meant to encourage.A generation ago, Richard Titmuss claimed that paying people to donate blood reduced the supply. Economists were skeptical, citing a lack of empirical evidence. But since then, new data and models have prompted a sea change in how economists think about incentives—showing, among other things, that Titmuss was right often enough that businesses should take note.Experimental economists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood decreases the number willing to donate by almost half, and that letting them contribute the payment to charity reverses the effect. Dozens of recent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with economic incentives can backfire when they undermine what Adam Smith called "the moral sentiments". The psychology here has escaped blackboard economists, but it will be no surprise to people in business: When we take a job or buy a car, we are not only trying to get stuff—we are also trying to be a certain kind of person. People desire to be esteemed by others and to be seen as ethical and dignified. And they don´t want to be taken for suckers. Rewarding blood donations may backfire because it suggests that the donor is less interested in being altruisticthan in making a dollar. Incentives also run into trouble when they signal that the employer mistrusts the employee or is greedy. Close supervision of workers coupled with pay for performance is textbook economics—and a prescription for sullen employees.Perhaps most important, incentives affect what our actions signal, whether we´re being self-interested or civic-minded, manipulated or trusted, and they can imply—sometimes wrongly—what motivates us. Fines or public rebukes that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling social disapproval (think of littering) can be highly effective. But incentives go wrong when they offend or diminish our ethical sensibilities.This does not mean it´s impossible to appeal to self-interested and ethical motivations at the same time—just that efforts to do so often fail. Ideally, policies support socially valued ends not only by harnessing self-interest but also by encouraging public-spiritedness. The small tax on plastic grocery bags enacted in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had such an effect. It punished offenders monetarily while conveying a moral message. Carrying a plastic bag joined wearing a fur coat in the gallery of anti-social anachronisms.第36题From the first two paragraphs, we know that______.A.economic incentives actually discourage people to behave wellB.economists didn´t agree with Titmuss for the lack of empirical evidenceC.economists now prompt businesses to note down Titmuss´s claimanizational and social progresses depend on economic incentives第37题According to experimental economists,______.A.a decreasing number of people donate blood for charityB.more money is offered, fewer people donate bloodC.economic incentives clash with "the moral sentiments"D.economic incentives may run in the opposite direction第38题It can be known from the text that incentives are characterized as______.A.implicativeB.effectiveC.manipulatingD.counterproductive第39题The small tax on plastic grocery bags in Ireland is mentioned to show that______.A.incentives can harness egoism and inspire altruismB.Ireland is determined to eliminate plastic pollutionC.monetary punishments usually have moral implicationsD.incentive policies by the government are more effective第40题What is the message the author intends to convey?A.Money is not everything; instead, there is always something else.B.Incentives have more negative influences than positive ones.C.Incentives may go wrong when they clash with "the moral sentiments".D.Businesses might as well put economic incentives to fuller play.上一题下一题(41~45/共5题)Part BDirections :Read the following tert and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the state ment is true or F if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Canada´s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce healthcare costs.They´re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which is pharmaceutical costs.According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care—to say nothing of reports from other experts—recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.But "national" doesn´t have to mean that. "National" could mean interprovincial—provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province—or a series of hospitals within a province—negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn´t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That´s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn´t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.图片第41题第42题________第43题______第44题_______第45题_______上一题下一题(1/1)Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)第46题Quality of life is about more than the size of your pay cheque. It means being able to spend an evening with your family once a week—instead of keeping one parent at home with the kids while the other works, and then exchanging a few words when you switch roles halfway through the day. It means being able to request working hours that allow you to travel when buses are running so you do not have to walk miles to get to work.Those things matter to workers. When someone on a low wage talks about finding a better job, better pay is just part of the mix. This is why campaigns groups across America are trying to win better conditions—enabling employees to address questions of health, safety and life quality, alongside their wage gains. Short-notice rotas, as much as low pay or unsafe conditions, are central to a spate of protests across the US. ____________上一题下一题(1/1)Section WritingPart A第47题Write an email of about 100 words to relevant departments to give some advice on how to live a low-carbon life.You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.(10 points) ___________上一题下一题(1/1)Part B第48题Write an essay based on the following chart. In your essay, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)图片_______________上一题交卷交卷答题卡(1~20/共20题)Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harmful__1__is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology.The similarity between disease organisms and personal devices is__2__. Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms, __3__ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, __4__ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied __5__ wire umbilici.It is tempting to__6__a "strategy" to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient.__7__, the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, __8__experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful.Tech__9__occurs through actively-learnt responses, or "operant conditioning" as animal be haviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a__10__cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is__11__with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails."Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we__12__look at our phone, seeking rewards?" asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement__13__an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile __14__ that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been__15__by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe.__16__, mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to__17__sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can__18__the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this__19__, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it__20__to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you.第1题A.phenomenonB.epidemicC.issueD.event参考答案： B 您的答案：未作答答案解析：此处意为“在西方国家的政府担忧埃博拉的威胁之际，一种更为常见但远没那么有害的______，正像冬天的轻微感冒一样在人群中传播”。
医学考研英语试题及答案
医学考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分，每题5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项。
1. What is the main idea of the passage?A. The importance of sleep for health.B. The effects of sleep deprivation.C. The benefits of a regular sleep schedule.D. The relationship between sleep and memory.2. According to the author, what is the best way to improve sleep quality?A. Taking a nap during the day.B. Exercising regularly.C. Avoiding caffeine before bedtime.D. Using a white noise machine.3. What does the study mentioned in the passage suggest about the impact of sleep on memory?A. Sleep is essential for consolidating new memories.B. Lack of sleep can lead to memory loss.C. Sleep helps to improve creativity.D. Sleep has no effect on memory.4. What is the author's opinion on the use of sleeping pills?A. They are effective for short-term use.B. They should be used only as a last resort.C. They can cause addiction.D. They are not recommended at all.5. Which of the following is NOT a tip for improving sleep hygiene?A. Limiting screen time before bed.B. Drinking alcohol to help fall asleep.C. Creating a relaxing bedtime routine.D. Keeping a consistent sleep schedule.二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中，选出最佳选项填入空白处。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（11）
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（11）考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（11）Depending on whom you ask，the experiment announced at a Texas medical conference last week was a potential breakthrough for infertile women，a tragic failure or a dangerous step closer to the nightmare scenario of human cloning.T here’s truth to all these points of view. Infertility was clearly the motivation when Chinese doctors used a new technique to help one of their countrywomen get pregnant. Unlike some infertile women，the 30-year-old patient produced eggs just fine，and those eggs could be fertilized by sperm. But they never developed properly，largely because of defects in parts of the egg outside the fertilized nucleus. So using a technique developed by Dr. James Grifo at New York University，Dr. Zhuang Guanglun of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou took the patient’s fertilized egg，scooped out the chromosome-bearing nuclear material and put it in a donated egg whose nucleus had been removed. In this more benign environment，development proceeded normally，and the woman became pregnant with triplets who carried a mix of her DNA and her husband’s——pretty much like any normal baby.What has some doctors and ethicists upset is that this so-called nuclear-transfer technique has also been used to produce clones，starting with Dolly the sheep. The only significant difference is that with cloning，the inserted nucleus comes from a single，usually adult，cell，and theresulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. Doing that with humans is ethically repugnant to many. Besides，for reasons that aren’t yet well understood，cloned animalsoften abort spontaneously or are born with defects；Dolly died very young，though she had seemed healthy. And because the Chinese woman’s twins were born prematurely and died （the third triplet was removed early on to improve chances for the remaining two），critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans.Not likely，says Grifo. “The obstetric outcome was a disaster，” he admits，“but the embr yos were chromosomally normal. We have no evidence that it had anything to do with the procedure.” Even so，concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China，where it was subsequently banned （but only this month，long after Zhuang’s patient became pregnant）。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(3)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（3）The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. 61）And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS，and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.To combat this，the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to“downgrade” the process into something low-key，routine and stigma-free. 62）Until now，a potential test subject had to opt in，by asking for a test；having asked，he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to test people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way，having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory，but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent，and no counseling is offered—just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana，South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AIDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi，a doctor at Botswana‘s largest AIDS clinic，thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. 63）Inparticular，he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate drugs before they gave birth.Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients‘blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient‘s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retroviral. 64）But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs—at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead，many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. 65）Treating the very ill takes much more time and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people，and it means that these people may have been unconsciously infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to get help before they slump on a stretcher，all the better.1. Why few people would volunteer for AIDS-test if treatment is readily prepared？[A] Because people do not know whether they need the treatment.[B] Because people could not afford to pay the expensive drugs.[C] Because people are afraid to find out that they are infected.[D] Because people cannot bear the shame the tests bring.2. According to the text，how to “downgrade” the test process？[A] By forcing those potential AIDS patient to take the test.[B] by going down to the patients‘homes to take the test.[C] by testing patients as a regular thing in their hospital visits.[D] by asking them whether they would like to have a test.3. it can be inferred from the text that[A] the new policy will be able to include every patient who visits the doctor.[B] more policy like the new one will be carried out in a lot of African countries.[C] the old policy is better than the new one in that it provides patients with counseling.[D] the silence of the patient indicates his consent to any treatment that is available.4. the purpose of reducing the frequency of two expensive blood tests is to[A] help the patients save some money for treatments.[B] enable more people to take tests of some kind.[C] make sure that patients can receive in-time treatment.[D] prevent patients from possible further infection.5. persuading patients to get treatment early will have the following advatages except[A] saving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people.[B] cutting down the costs in the treatment.[C] avoiding transmitting the virus to more people.[D] shortening doctors‘treatment time.词汇注释in droves 成群结队stigma 耻辱downgrade 降级low-key 低调的expectant mother 孕妇anti-retroviral 抗病毒staggered 吃惊的inadvertently 无意中地slump 躺难句讲解1. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has notmanaged to reduce the disgrace associated with AIDS，and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.[简析] 本句话的主干是“the reason for that appears to be that…”。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(12)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（12）A widely heralded but still experimental cancer-fighting compound may be used someday to prevent two other major killers of Americans：heart disease and stroke. That was the implication of a remarkable report published last week in the journal Circulation by a team of researchers from Dr. Judah Folkman’s laboratory at the Children’s Hospital in Boston.The versatile compound is endostatin，a human protein that inhibits angiogenesis，the growth of new blood vessels in the body. In tests reported in 1997 by Folkman， a prominent cancer researcher who pioneered the study of angiogenesis，the drug had reduced and even eradicated tumors in laboratory mice. How？By stunting the growth of capillaries necessary for nourishing the burgeoning mouse tumors.When news of Folkman’s achievement became widely known last year，it led to wildly exaggerated predictions of imminent cancer cures. When other scientists were initially unable to duplicate those results，questions arose about the validit y of Folkman’s research. Then in February scientists at the National Cancer Institute，with guidance from Folkman，finally matched his results. Reassured，the N.C.I. gave the go-ahead for clinical trials of endostatin later this year on patients with advanced tumors.How can a drug that is apparently effective against tumors also reducethe risk of heart attack and stroke？The answer lies in the composition of plaque，the fatty deposit that builds up in arteries and can eventually clog them. Plaque consists of a mix of cholesterol，white blood cells and smooth muscle cells，and as it accumulates，a network of capillaries sprouts from the artery walls to nourish the cells. Could endostatin halt the growth of capillaries and starve the plaque？A Folkman lab team led by Dr. Karen Moulton decided to find out. The scientists put baby lab mice on a 16-week “Western diet” that was high in fat and cholesterol，then measured the plaque buildup on the walls of each aorta，the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Meanwhile，they injected one group of mice with endostatin，another with a different blood-vessel inhibitor called TNP-470 and a control group with an inert saline solution. Twenty weeks later the researchers again measured plaque in the mouse aortas. The results were startling：the endostatin group averaged 85% less plaque buildup and the TNP-470 group 70% less than those in the control group.All too aware of the premature hopes raised last year after Folkman’s tumor report，the researchers have been careful not to oversell the new results. “If this finding is supported in future studies，” says Moulton，“[it could open the way for] treatments that could delay the progression of heart disease and possibly reduce the incidence of heart attacks and strokes.” But any such treatments，she stresses，are probably five to 10years away.注（1）：本文选自Time；04/19/99，p48；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题Text 1；1. What did the report indicate？[A]A very important drug is now at experimental stage.[B]Heart disease and stroke are the most serious threats to Americans.[C]The tumor drug can be used for the heart disease in the future.[D]Many Americans suffer from heart disease and stroke.2. Why did the N.C.I. agree to have clinical trials of endostatin on the patients？[A]They were convinced of the Folkman’s research.[B]They can do such a research as well as Folkman.[C]The patients with advanced tumors need the drug.[D]The drug should be proved effective on humans.3. The expression “stunting the growth of capillaries”（Line 8，Paragraph 2）most probablymeans _______.[A]help the growth of capillaries[B]limit the growth of capillaries[C]improve the growth of capillaries[D]prevent the growth of capillaries4. Why can the tumor drug be used for the heart？[A]It can accumulate a network of capillaries and nourish the cells.[B]It can stop the growth of capillaries and provide no nourishment for plaque.[C]The curing method of tumor and heart disease is the same.[D]The tumor and heart disease are made up of the same substance.5. Which of the following is true according to the text？[A]Folkman’s tumor report had be en exaggerated.[B]The tumor drug is not as effective as what has been expected.[C]The new results of the research are far more encouraging.[D]Researchers still have a long way to go to make another successful experiment.答案：CADBC。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(9)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（9）William Shakespeare described old age as “second childishness”——sans teeth，sans eyes，sans taste. In the case of taste he may，musically speaking，have been even more perceptive than he realized. A paper in Neurology by Giovanni Frisoni and his colleagues at the National Centre for Research and Care of Alzheimer’s Disease in Brescia，Italy，shows that one form of senile dementia can affect musical desires in ways that suggest a regression，if not to infancy，then at least to a patient’s teens.Frontotemporal dementia is caused，as its name suggests，by damage to the front and sides of the brain. These regions are concerned with speech，and with such “higher” functions as abstract thinking and judgment. Frontotemporal damage therefore produces different symptoms from the loss of memory associated with Alzheimer’s disease，a more familiar dementia that affects the hippocampus and amygdala in the middle of the brain. Frontotemporal dementia is also rarer than Alzheimer’s. In the past fi ve years the centre in Brescia has treated some 1，500 Alzheimer’s patients；it has seen only 46 with frontotemporal dementia.Two of those patients interested Dr Frisoni. One was a 68-year-old lawyer，the other a 73-year-old housewife. Both had undamaged memories，but displayed the sorts of defect associated with frontotemporal dementia-a diagnosis that was confirmed by brainscanning. About two years after he was first diagnosed the lawyer，once a classical music lover whoreferred to pop music as “mere noise”，started listening to the Italian pop band “883”。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(1)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（1）One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory，which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol drinking as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and family discord，loss of job，and illness is explained by the proximity of the drive of reduction to the consumption of alcohol；that is，alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior came only later. The learning pattern，therefore，favors the condition may trigger renewed drinking.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker，while the pull toward food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the planation of alcoholism. The discomfort，pain，and punishment they experience should presumably discourage the alcoholics from drinking. The fact that lcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact，the anxieties and feelings of guilt caused by the consequences of excessive alcohol drinking may become the signal for another time of alcohol abuse. The way in which the desire for another drink could be caused by anxiety is explained by the process of stimulus generalization：conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire all the features of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear，the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus，thus triggering another time of drinking.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in explaining a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response，experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment，either type of condition may trigger renewed drinking.1. The main purpose of the text is toA. introduce some existing theories about alcoholism.B. show the most effective new treatment of alcoholism.C. explain the application of a approach to alcoholism.D. help alcoholics and others know the cause of alcoholism.2. The description of Conger‘s experiment with two groups of ratswas intended toA. show that alcohol drinking does not affect appetite.B. confirm the findings of other academic researchers.C. show people that alcohol can minimize fear.D. disprove the learning and reinforcement theory.3. We can learn from paragraph 3 thatA. the learning theory sometimes contradicts itself in some fields.B. drinking alcohol can solve the problem of family discord.C. tension reduction usually appear first after drinking alcohol.D. alcoholics can‘t recall the unhappy consequence of alcoholism.4. The author provides enough information to answer the question ofA. why alcoholics continue to drink despite the unhappy consequences.B. how Conger explained the behavior of alcoholics by shock therapy.C. under what circumstances an alcoholic benefits from anxiety attacks.D. which treatment is the best one of alcoholism in the world now.5. It can be inferred from the text thatA. the behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B. the behavior of most alcoholics often proves the learning theory.C. punishment may become the stimulus for another time of drinking.D.frequent excessive drinking makes alcoholics indifferent to punishment.答案与解析1. B 主旨题。
最新考研英语阅读理解精读100篇医药类
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇医药类Unit 84At 18, Ashanthi DeSilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system (the "bubble-boy disease," named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent), she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. "There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease," Anderson says, "within 50 years."It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don't cause human disease. "The virus is sort of like a Trojan horse," says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. "The cargo is the gene."At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. Thissummer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a "marathon mouse" by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of "gene doping." But the principle is the same, whether you're trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. "Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea," says Crystal. "And eventually it's going to work."注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；12/6/2004, p55-55, 2/3p, 1c;注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿2003年真题text1的第2题和第1题；第3、4题分别模仿2004年真题text1的第5 题和第3题；第5题模仿2002年真题text3的第5题;1.The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ____________.[A] show the promise of gene-therapy[B] give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases[C] introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team[D] explain how gene-based treatment works2.Anderson’s early success has ________________.[A] greatly speeded the development of medicine[B] brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy[C] promised a cure to every disease[D] made him a national hero3.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.[B] Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.[C] Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.[D] Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.4.The word “tarnish” (line 5, paragraph 4) most probably means____________.[A] affect[B] warn[C] trouble[D] stain5.From the text we can see that the author seems ___________.[A] optimistic[B] pessimistic[C] troubled[D] uncertainA B C D A篇章剖析：本篇文章是说明文，主要说明基因疗法的前景，现状，遭遇的问题以及人们对待基因疗法的态度。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(15)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（15）Sleep is a funny thing. We’re taught that we should get seven or eight hours a night，but a lot of us get by just fine on less，and some of us actually sleep too much. A study out of the University of Buffalo last month reported that people who routinely sleep more than eight hours a day and are still tired are nearly three times as likely to die of stroke——probably as a result of an underlying disorder that keeps them from snoozing soundly.Doctors have their own special sleep problems. Residents are famously sleep deprived. When I was training to become a neurosurgeon，it was not unusual to work 40 hours in a row without rest. Most of us took it in stride，confident we could still deliver the highest quality of medical care. Maybe we shouldn’t have been so sure of ourselves. An article in the Journal of the American Medical Association points out that in the morning after 24 hours of sleeplessness，a person’s motor performance is comparable to that of someone who is legally intoxicated. Curiously，surgeons who believe that operating under the influence is grounds for dismissal often don’t think twice about operating without enough sleep.“I could tell you horror stories，” says Jaya Agrawal，president of the American Medical Student Association，which runs a website where residents can post anonymous anecdotes. Some are terrifying. “I was operating after being up for over 36 hours，” one writes. “I literally fellasleep standing up and nearly face planted into the wound.”“Pra ctically every surgical resident I know has fallen asleep at the wheel driving home from work，” writes another. “I know of three who have hit parked cars. Another hit a ‘Jersey barrier’ on the New Jersey Turnpike，going 65 m.p.h.” “Your own patients have b ecome the enemy，” writes a third，because they are “the one thing that stands between you and a few hours of sleep.”Agrawal’s organization is supporting the Patient and Physician Safety and Protection Act of 2001，introduced last November by Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan. Its key provisions，modeled on New York State’s regulations，include an 80-hour workweek and a 24-hour work-shift limit.Most doctors，however，resist such interference. Dr. Charles Binkley， a senior surgery resident at the University of Michigan，agrees that something needs to be done but believes “doctors should be bound by their conscience，not by the government.”The U.S. controls the hours of pilots and truck drivers. But until such a system is in place for doctors，patients are on their own. If you’re worried about the people treating you or a loved one，you should feel free to ask how many hours of sleep they have had and if more-rested staffers are available. Doctors，for their part，have to give up their pose of infallibility and get the rest they need.注（1）：本文选自Time；3/11/2002，p73，3/4p，1c；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿1999年真题text4的第1题和text2的第2题；第3题模仿1998年真题text3的第2题；第4、5题分别模仿2004年真题text2的第3题和text3的第5题；1. We can learn from the first paragraph that ____________.[A] people who sleep less than 8 hours a day are more prone to illness[B] poor sleep quality may be a sign of physical disorder[C] stroke is often associated with sleep[D] too much sleep can be as harmful as lack of sleep2. Speaking of the sleep problems doctors face，the author implies that ________________.[A] doctors often need little sleep to keep them energetic[B] doctors‘sleep is deprived by residents[C] doctors tend to neglect their own sleep problems[D] sleep-deprived doctors are intoxicated3. Paragraph 3 and 4 are written to ____________.[A] entertain the audience with some anecdotes[B] discuss the cause of doctors‘sleep problems[C] show the hostility doctors harbor against their patients[D] exemplify the danger doctors face caused by lack of sleep4. By “doctors should be bound by their conscience，not by the government” （line 6，paragraph 5），Dr. Charles Binkley means that____________.[A] doctors should not abide by government‘s regulations[B] the government is interfering too much[C] the regulations about workweek and work shift are too specific[D] law can not force a doctor to sleep while his conscience can5. To which of the following is the author likely to agree？[A] Patients should control the hours of their doctors.[B] Pilots and truck drivers work in safer environments than that of doctors‘。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（8）
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（8）考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（8）Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option？It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be none.Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient，the doctor，and nature in these situations.Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide？When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain，those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be.There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies，for example，nature.Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces.What role should the doctor have？Doctors，when taking the Hippocratic oath，swear to preserve life at all costs，and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath.It is their responsibilities to heal the sick，and in the cases when healing is not possible，then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable.Doctors are trained never to hasten death.Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime，and they should be dealt with accordingly.Doctors are also，by virtue of their humanness，capable of making mistakes.Doctors could quite possibly say，for instance，that acancer patient was terminal，and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious.There is always an element of doubtconcerning the future outcome of human affairs.The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature.Life is precious.Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another‘s life.Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die.To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws，but to break divine 1aws as well.These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted suicide question.For instance，patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions.Pain clouds judgment，and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny.Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment，so they shouldn‘t be held completely responsible for decisions related to it.Doctors are also fallible，and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur.Since doctors are trained to prolong life，they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide.I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no onea service.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery，and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine，that seems merciful rather than criminal.If we can agree to this，then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request.Without the doctor‘s previous treatment，the person would have surely been dead already.Doctors have intervened for months or even years，so why not sanction this final，merciful intervention？Life is indeed precious，but an inevitable part of life is death，and it should be precious，too.If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering，then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty，one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly，surely，and with family and friends nearby.1. In this passage“doctor-assisted suicide”act ually refers to the practice that doctors____.[A]kill their patients by intentional inducement[B]unconsciously help their patients to commit suicide[c]propose euthanasia（安乐死）to the terminally ill patient[D]kill their patients with improper prescription2. People may object to doctor-assisted suicide on the ground that____.[A]patients should determine when they want to end their lives[B]doctors should be punished if they fail to save their patients[C]doctors may make mistakes in their diagnosis[D]doctors should wait until their patients‘death is certain3. Who has the power to decide when a person should die according to those who argue against assisted suicide？[A]The patient. [B]The doctor.[C]Nature. [D]None of the above.4. When speaking of the role patients play in assisted suicide，the author admits that____.[A]it is not up to them to make the choice[B]science is a better arbiter than their personal preference[C]personal preference should not be taken too seriously[D]they are unable to make the choice in some cases5. The author makes it clear that____.[A]he is opposed to doctor-assisted suicide[B]he is in favor of doctor-assisted suicide[C]he neither objects to nor favors doctor-assisted suicide[D]he thinks it better to leave the issue undiscussed at present1. [C] 第一段第二句实际上是doctor-assisted suicide的定义。
考研英语二(阅读)模拟试卷16(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷16(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 2. Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)Why is it that most of us can remember our precise surroundings the moment that we first learned of John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s assassination, the Challenger explosion or the fall of the Twin Towers, but not say, what grocery aisle we were standing in when the phone call came to remind us to pick up milk? What is it about the timing—or more specifically, the coincidence with intense experience—that seals in visual memories more effectively? That’s the question that a new study from psychologists at the University of Washington set out to answer. The study, published online recently in the open-access journal PLoS Biology included a series of four experiments. In each experiment, which included distinct participants, Jeffrey Y. Lin and colleagues showed study subjects 16 photographs depicting familiar landscapes. The first time, participants merely looked at the images; the second time, they were also asked to focus on a number shown in the middle of the image; the third time, they also had to make note of an auditory cue as they looked at the images; and finally, they were shown images with a number in the middle, but told to ignore the number and focus only on the scene depicted. Researchers found that, when shown an image later and asked to recall if it had been among those they’d already seen, subjects’memory formation was consistently best when they had also been trying to concentrate on another task in both the second and third experiments, which involved viewing numbers or hearing audio tones while the images were presented, subjects formed clearer memories than in the first experiment—when they were simply instructed to look at the photos—and than in the fourth experiment—when they were shown numbers in the center of photos, but told to ignore them and focus on the images themselves. The findings suggest that it isn’t the novelty of what we’re seeing, but the experience that we are having while we look at something, that determines how well we store it away in our memories. Or, as the authors phrase it, the study results provide “evidence of a mechanism where traces of a visual scene are automatically encoded into memory at behaviorally relevant points in time regardless of the spatial focus of attention.” When it comes to making memories, timing is of the essence.1．The questions at the beginning of the text are intended to _____.A．describe a confusing phenomenonB．show the complexity of our memoryC．draw forth the topic of this textD．support the argument of the author正确答案：C解析：题干的questions指第一段前两句提出的问题，这两个问题可概括为“我们为什么能够清楚地记得某些情况，却不记得另一些情况?”和“什么样的时机会加深记忆?”。
医学考研英语试题及答案
医学考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
AThe medical profession is an ever-evolving field with new research and developments constantly emerging.1. What is the main idea of the passage?A) The medical field is dynamic and changing.B) Research is the only way to advance medicine.C) Medical professionals must be constantly learning.D) The passage does not have a clear main idea.2. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Medical professionals are resistant to change.B) New developments in medicine are rare.C) The medical field requires continuous learning.D) Research is not valued in the medical community.BRecent studies have shown that a balanced diet and regular exercise can significantly reduce the risk of chronic diseases.3. What is the focus of the recent studies mentioned in the passage?A) The benefits of a balanced diet.B) The importance of regular exercise.C) The reduction of chronic disease risk.D) Both A and B.4. What can be concluded from the passage?A) Chronic diseases are on the rise.B) Diet and exercise have no effect on health.C) Lifestyle changes can improve health outcomes.D) The passage does not provide any conclusions.二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）Read the following passage and fill in the blanks with the most suitable word from the options provided.In recent years, telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a convenient way for patients to receive medical 5. (A) advice, (B) services, (C) treatment, (D) consultation.5. The correct answer is: (D) consultation.6-10. [Fill in the blanks with the correct options from the choices provided.]三、翻译（共15分，每题5分）Translate the following sentences from English to Chinese.11. The discovery of penicillin revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.翻译：青霉素的发现彻底改变了细菌感染的治疗方式。
考研英语阅读理解考前冲刺试题第十六套
考研英语阅读理解考前冲刺试题第十六套I had two routine checkups last week，and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they’re taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.On each history，however，the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic，but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL，or bad cholesterol，my doctor should know that，because I’m probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer，my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.While I know someth ing about the history of my parents’ health-my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson’s disease，and my mother died of lung cancer-there’s plenty I don’t know. What were my parents’ cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes，but I can’t swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents，whose genes I also have，I’m even more in the dark.That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona，the U.S. Surgeon General，only about a third of Americans have eventried to put together a family-health history. That’s why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you’re supposed to be giving thanks for everything that’s going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway，it’s a perfect time to create a medical family tree.And the Surgeon General is making it easy：if you go to /familyhistory，you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families，which ones you should be most and least worried about，and what to do if，like me，your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait，which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in a easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.The website insists the software is “fun”，but that may be going a bit far. In any case，it’s available only for Windows machines，so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It’s worth it，though，since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.注(1)：本文选自Time; 11/22/2004，p100;注(2)：本文习题命题模仿对象为2005年真题Text 1;1. In the opening paragraph，the author introduces his topic by[A] posing a contrast.[B] justifying an assumption.[C] explaining a phenomenon.[D] making a comparison.2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes，but I can’t swear to that.” (Line 4，Paragraph 3) implies that[A] only one of them suffered from diabetes.[B] neither of them suffered from diabetes.[C] both of them suffered from diabetes.[D] it’s uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not.3. Family health report is very important because[A] you can be careful about some disease and keep fit.[B] you are connected with your parents and your grandparents.[C] many diseases are genetic and should be noticed.[D] you should be considerate and care about your parents.4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that[A] you should present your doctor with a medical history.[B] you should print out your family’s medical history.[C] you should gather your family’s medical history.[D] you should give thanks for everything that is going right.5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] The software is fun enough.[B] Family medical tree shouldn’t be neglected.[C] The software is not available anywhere.[D] It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.答案：C B A C B。
医学考研英语试题及答案
医学考研英语试题及答案医学考研英语模拟试题一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）Passage 1Researchers have found that a diet rich in fruits and vegetables can significantly reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancer. The study, which followed over10,000 participants for a period of ten years, showed that those who consumed at least five servings of fruits and vegetables daily had a 30% lower risk of developing cancer compared to those who consumed less than three servings a day.Questions:1. According to the study, what is the impact of a diet richin fruits and vegetables on cancer risk?A. It increases the risk of cancer.B. It has no significant impact on cancer risk.C. It significantly reduces the risk of developing certain types of cancer.D. It eliminates the risk of all types of cancer.Passage 2The latest medical breakthrough in the treatment ofAlzheimer's disease involves the use of a new drug that targets the beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. These plaques are believed to be one of the primary causes of the disease. The drug has shown promising results in clinical trials, improving cognitive function and slowing the progression of the disease.Questions:2. What is the primary target of the new drug for Alzheimer's treatment?A. Cognitive functionB. Beta-amyloid plaquesC. The progression of the diseaseD. The cause of the disease二、完形填空（共15分，每题3分）The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently launched a campaign to raise awareness about the importance of mental health. Mental health is as important as physical health and should not be overlooked. The campaign aims to educate people about the signs of common mental health disorders and to encourage them to seek help when necessary.3. The WHO campaign is focused on ________ the significance of mental health.A. ignoringB. emphasizingC. avoidingD. minimizing4. Mental health is considered as ________ as physical health.A. less importantB. equally importantC. more importantD. unimportant三、词汇与语法（共25分，每题5分）5. The doctor suggested that the patient should ________ a balanced diet to improve his health.A. stick toB. come up withC. look intoD. get away from6. Despite the recent advances in medical technology, thereare still many diseases that are ________ to cure.A. possibleB. impossibleC. likelyD. unlikely7. The research team ________ the data for hours before they could draw any conclusions.A. analyzedB. was analyzingC. had analyzedD. have analyzed四、翻译（共20分，每题10分）8. 将下列句子从英文翻译成中文。
最新考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学(2)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（2）There are certain people who behave in a quite peculiar fashion during the work of analysis. When one speaks hopefully to them or expresses satisfaction with the progress of the treatment，they show signs of discontent and their condition invariably becomes worse. One begins by regarding this as defiance and as an attempt to prove their superiority to the physician，but later one comes to take a deeper and juster view. One becomes convinced，not only that such people cannot endure any praise or appreciation，but that they react inversely to the progress of the treatment. Every partial solution that ought to result，and in other people does result，in an improvement or a temporary suspension of symptoms produces in them for the time being an intensification of their illness；they get worse during the treatment instead of getting better. They exhibit what is known as a “negative therapeutic reaction”。
2021年职称英语卫生类C级阅读理解模拟题16
2021年职称英语卫生类C级阅读理解模拟题16Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. Many people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. Because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. In fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion.Prolonging human life has also increased the dependency load. In all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. In hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. In times of famine, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. In most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. We have a great many people today who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. Unless thesepeople were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. In the United States many retired people live on social security checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. Older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often "go on welfare" if they have a serious illness.When older people become senile or too weak and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. In the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. Today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak person. To meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. These are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. While a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply "dumping grounds" for the dying in which "care" is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel.词汇：dependency n.依赖性contemporary α.现代的obligation n. 义务insurance n. 保险welfare n.福利senile αdj. 衰老的grave αdj. 严肃的convalescent αdj.康复的sponsor v. 发起，资助institution n. 机构注释:1. Prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population:延长人类生命的结果使得人口的数量有了增加。
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考研英语阅读理解模拟试题：医学（16）WHAT do you do when everyone hates you？That is the problem faced by America’s pharmaceutical industry. Despite its successes in treating disease and extending longevity，soaring health-care costs and bumper profits mean that big drug firms are widely viewed as exploitative，and regarded almost as unfavourably as tobacco and oil firms （see chart）。
Last week，at a conference organised by The Economist in Philadelphia，the drug industry was offered some advice from an unlikely source：a tobacco firm. Steven Parrish of Altria，the conglomerate that includes Philip Morris，gave his perspective on how an industry can improve its tarnished public image.Comparing the tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem absurd，or even offensiv e. “Their products kill people. Our products save people’s lives，” says Alan Holmer，the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America，an industry association. Yet the drug giants currently face an unprecedented onslaught of class-action lawsuits and public scrutiny；industry bosses are being grilled by lawmakers asking who knew what and when. It is all reminiscent of what happened to the tobacco industry in 1994.Mr Parrish advised drug firms to abandon their bunker mentality and engage with their critics. Rather than arguing about the past，he said，it is better to move on，and give people something new to think about.（Philip Morris now acknowledges，for example，that cigarettes are addictive and deadly，and is trying to develop less harmful products.）Not everyone is open to persuasion，so focus on those who are，he said. But changing opinions takes time and demands deeds as well as words：“This is not about spin，this is about change.”The pharmaceutical industry is pursuing a range of initiatives to mollify its critics，Mr Holmer noted in his own speech. But Mr Parrish suggested that speaking with one voice through a trade association might be counter-productive，since it can give the impression that the industry is a monolithic cartel. And too much advertising，he said，can actually antagonise people further.The audience was generally receptive，claims Mr Parrish. This is not the first time he has offered his thoughts on dealing with implacable critics. At a conference at the University of Michigan last year，he offered America’s State Department advice on improving America’s image in the Middle East. So does his prescription work？There has been a positive shift in attitudes towards tobacco firms，if only a small one. But at least，for once，a tobacco firm is peddling a cure，rather than a disease.GRAPH：Unpopularity contestEconomist；11/27/2004，V ol. 373 Issue 8403，p64-64，1/3p，1 graph注（1）：本文选自Economist；11/27/2004，p64-64，1/3p，1 graph；注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象第1题2004年真题text 4第1题，第2题模仿1994年真题text 3第1题，第3题模仿1996年真题text 3第3题，第4题模仿1997年真题text 3第2题，第5题2004年真题text 4第5题；1. Why is America‘s pharmaceutical industry so unpopular？[A] Because it，like tobacco and oil firms，does harm to people‘s health and environment.[B] Because it fails to cure disease and make people live longer.[C] Because the prices of its products are too high and its profit margin is too wide.[D] Because it exploits its employees.2. Alan Holmer is quoted to illustrate that __________.[A] the comparison between tobacco and pharmaceutical industries might seem ridiculous，or even insulting[B] the pharmaceutical industries agree that they are similar to tobacco industry[C] tobacco products do more harm to people than pharmaceutical products[D] pharmaceutical industries are currently facing lots of problems3. According to the text，Mr. Parrish gives the following suggestions to drug firms except ______.[A] To acknowledge the problems and try to do something to improve their images.[B] Not to react to the public in one voice through the drug association.[C] Not to care about the past.[D] To try to spend time and energy to persuade the majority of the audience who are open to persuasion.4. The word “mollify” （Line 1，Paragraph 4）might mean？[A] placate.[B] enrage.[C] fight.[D] relieve.5. What does the author imply by saying “Th is is not the first time he has offered histhoughts on dealing with implacable critics.“？[A] Mr. Parrish has offered his advice to other on dealing with tough critics for several times.[B] Mr. Parrish has dealt successfully with other critics himself.[C] Mr. Parrish has given sound advice to drug firms.[D] Mr. Parrish has been of help to others on critical moments.答案：C A C A C。