专业外语
专业外语能力笔试题及答案
专业外语能力笔试题及答案一、听力理解（共20分）1. 听以下对话，选择正确的答案。
（每题2分，共10分）对话一：A: 你今天有空吗？B: 我今天很忙，明天怎么样？A: 好的，明天见。
问题：B明天有空吗？A. 是的，有空B. 不，没空C. 不确定对话二：A: 你去过意大利吗？B: 是的，我去年去过。
A: 那里怎么样？B: 非常美丽，我特别喜欢威尼斯。
问题：B最喜欢意大利的哪个城市？A. 罗马B. 米兰C. 威尼斯...（其他对话及问题）2. 听以下短文，回答问题。
（每题2分，共10分）短文一：大家好，我是李华，我来自中国。
我正在学习英语，并且对英国文化非常感兴趣。
我计划今年夏天去英国旅行，希望有机会与当地人交流。
问题：李华来自哪个国家？A. 英国B. 美国C. 中国短文二：...（其他短文及问题）二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读以下短文，选择正确的答案。
（每题3分，共15分）短文一：在21世纪，全球化已经成为一个不可逆转的趋势。
随着经济的发展和科技的进步，不同国家之间的联系越来越紧密。
...问题：全球化在21世纪是一个怎样的趋势？A. 不可逆转B. 可逆转C. 不确定短文二：...（其他短文及问题）2. 阅读以下短文，回答问题。
（每题3分，共15分）短文一：随着互联网的普及，越来越多的人开始使用社交媒体。
社交媒体不仅改变了人们的交流方式，还改变了人们获取信息的方式。
问题：社交媒体改变了人们的哪些方面？A. 交流方式B. 获取信息的方式C. 两者都是短文二：...（其他短文及问题）三、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 选择正确的单词或短语填空。
（每题2分，共10分）例：He is very ________ in his new job.A. happyB. sadC. bored...（其他填空题）2. 改错。
（每题2分，共10分）例：He don't like to go to the beach.正确：He doesn't like to go to the beach....（其他改错题）四、写作（共30分）1. 写一篇不少于150字的短文，描述你对未来科技的看法。
外语学专业的就业前景和发展趋势
外语学专业的就业前景和发展趋势外语学专业的就业前景和发展趋势随着全球化的加深和国际交流的日益频繁，外语学专业的就业前景变得越来越广阔。
外语学专业不仅涉及外语的学习和教学，还包括翻译、口译、文化交流等方面的内容。
本文将对外语学专业的就业前景和发展趋势进行探讨，以帮助有意愿选择这一专业的学生们更好地了解行业的现状和未来发展。
首先，外语学专业的就业前景广泛而丰富。
随着全球化的深入，各国之间的交流与合作越来越频繁。
许多国际企业需要外语人才来沟通和处理国际事务，因此对外语专业毕业生的需求逐渐增加。
同时，外国公司也在中国设立分支机构，需要掌握中文和外语的人才来进行业务拓展。
此外，互联网和电子商务的兴起为外语专业学生提供了更多的就业机会，如在线翻译、网站本地化、客服代表等。
可以说，外语学专业的就业前景非常广阔，涵盖了各个行业和领域。
其次，外语学专业的发展趋势多样而有挑战。
随着人们对外语能力的要求越来越高，传统的外语学习和教学模式正在发生变革。
一方面，互联网和智能技术使得学习外语的渠道更加多样化和便捷化。
许多学生通过在线学习或者参与语言交流社区来提高自己的外语水平，这对传统的外语教学提出了新的挑战。
另一方面，随着经济全球化的不断推进，跨文化交流的需求也在增加，因此跨文化交际能力成为外语专业毕业生的重要技能。
此外，多语种翻译和口译的需求也在增加，特别是在涉及政府、企业和国际组织之间的交流中。
因此，外语学专业的发展趋势需要与时俱进，适应新技术和新需求的发展。
如何更好地发展外语学专业，提高学生就业竞争力呢？首先，学校应该注重培养学生的实际能力和实践经验。
外语学专业不仅需要学生具备扎实的语言基础，还需要注重培养学生的实践能力，如口语表达、写作、翻译等技能。
通过实习、实训等方式，帮助学生提高实际应用能力，增加就业竞争力。
其次，学校可以与企业合作，推动校企合作项目的开展。
通过与企业合作开展实践项目，学生可以更好地了解企业的需求，并提前接触实际工作情况，有助于更好地适应就业市场。
专业外语教案.doc
Communications 1This section serves to introduce the subject of “communications systems.” In its basic electrical sense, the term “communications”refers to the sending, reception and processing of information by electrical means,。
Radio communication was made possible by the invention of the triode. It has subsequently become even more widespread and refined through the invention and use of the transistor, integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices.A modern communications system is first concerned with the collation, processing and storage of information before its transmission. The actual transmission then follows. Finally we have reception.In order to become familiar with such a system, it is necessary first to know about amplifiers and oscillators. From time to time it is also well to consider some human factors as they influence a particular system.Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. To correlate these concepts, a block diagram of a general communications system is shown in Fig.1.In long-distance communications, a transmitter is required to process the incoming information so as to make it suitable for transmission and subsequent reception.New Wordsequation 方程、等式basic 基本的、基础的communication 通讯、通信reception 接收invention 发明triode 三极管subsequently 随后；后来collation 整理；核对transmission 传输、传送；发射amplifier 放大器oscillator 振荡器diagram 图解；图示transmitter 发射机Phrases and Expressionsserved to (do) 适用于；用来refer to 提到；涉及；有关be concerned with 与…有关；涉及到know about 知道；了解from time to time 有时；不时block diagram 方框图so as to (do) 以至于；以便于be suitable for 适合于Radio Transmitters 2There are many kinds of radio transmitters, such as telecommunications transmitter, radar transmitter.A transmitter commonly consists of several parts. It is an equipment to send out radio waves. The use of a telecommunications transmitter is to transmit intelligence by radio. To transmit intelligence by radio, it is necessary to generate high-frequency signals, because radio waves can be sent out only if the frequency is high.If we want to detect object, the radar transmitter may be used. It transmits short signals, or pulses. When the radio waves meet objects, a part of them will be reflected. These reflected waves are called radio echoes. It is possible to detect objects by means of radio echoes.When we wish to obtain a good reflection of radio waves from an object, their wavelength must be less than the dimensions of the object. The shorter the wavelength, the better the reflection. The range of a radar set depends upon the output of its transmitter. It is possible to obtain high outputs at microwave bands. Only to detect the reflected signal is not enough. It is also necessary to know the distance and direction of the detected object.New wordstelecommunication 电讯，无线电通讯transmit 发射；发送；传送intelligence 信息；情报equipment 设备potential 势，位；潜力；势的，位的；frequency 频率pulse 脉冲echo 回波；回声wavelength 波长dimension 尺寸；维；量纲；大小microwave 微波band 带；波段；频带Phrases and Expressionssend out 发射by means of 利用only if 只有当….（才）；只有在….的时候；唯一的条件是Voltage, Resistance and Current 3Electricity is the main power used in industry. The engineering and technical personnel working in electronics have relations with voltage, resistance and current every day.Voltage is the potential difference in an electric circuit. The opposition given by a conductor or an insulator to the flow of electrons is called resistance.There are two kinds of current: direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). A direct current is a current flowing in a conductor always in one direction. An alternating current is a current periodically changing its direction of flow.The electric current transmitted through electric power lines is alternating current. This is because AC is easy to control and more economical when we transmit it over long distances.Measuring with an ammeter and a voltmeter, and multiplying the amperes by the volts, we can get the power expended in a circuit. This is the most commonly used method when measure direct current. With alternating current, being unable to find the power expended in terms of the product of the amperes and volts, we have to use an instrument called “wattmeter.”From Ohm’s law we know that the current in an electric circuit is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance. In other words, we get the voltage when multiplying the current by the resistance.New Wordsengineering 工程personnel （全体）人员electronics 电子学periodically 周期性地voltmeter 电压计，伏特计multiply 乘expend 消耗wattmeter电表，瓦特计；功率表Three Functions of a Tuning Circuit 4The process of selecting the carrier wave of a desired station is referred to as tuning. This may be accomplished by adjusting one or more components of a series tuned circuit so that its resonant frequency will be equal to that of the desired carrier wave. The impedance of the series tuned circuit at resonance will be at its minimum value; therefore, the current in the series tuned circuit produced by the desired station adjustment will be at its maximum value.Selecting a desired signal is only one of three important functions performed by the tuning circuit. In addition, it must reject all undesired signals, and in many instances it also increases the voltage of the desired signal before passing it on to the following circuit. The ability of a radio receiver to accomplish each of its three functions is known as its sensitivity, selectivity, and fidelity. Although the terms and definitions presented here refer to radio receivers, they apply to tuning circuits in general as well as to all other forms of communication systems.Sensitivity is a measure of the ability of a radio receiver to reproduce, with satisfactory volume, weak signals received by the antenna.Selectivity is a measure of the ability of a radio receiver to reproduce the signal of one desired station and to exclude the signals from all others.Fidelity is a measure of the ability of a radio receiver to reproduce faithfully all the frequencies present in the original signal.New Wordscalculation 计算tune 调谐；语调carrier 载波；载体；载流子accomplish 完成，达到，实行resonant 谐振的，共鸣的impedance 阻抗resonance 谐振，共鸣adjustment 调节，调整receiver 接收机；接收者sensitivity 灵敏度selectivity 选择性fidelity 保真度，逼真度volume 体积；容量；音量antenna 天线original 最初的原先的有独创性的Phrases and Expressionso that以便于以至于in addition 此外on to 向，到….上apply to 适用于as well as 以及；除…..外（还）Binary-Coded-Decimal 5Since most of the electronic circuit elements used to construct digital computers are inherently binary in operation, the binary number system is the most natural number system for a computer. Also ,computers constructed using the binary number system require a smaller amount of circuitry and are therefore more efficient than machines operating in other number systems. On the other hand, the decimal system has been used for a long time, and there is a natural reaction to performing calculations in a binary number system. Also, since checks, bills, tax rates, prices, etc. are all figured in the decimal system, the values of most things must be converted from decimal to binary before computations can begin. For these and other reasons most of the early machines operated in binary-coded-decimal number systems. In such systems a coded group of binary bits is used to represent each of the 10 decimal digits. For instance, an obvious and natural code is a simple “weighted binary code,” as shown in Table 2-2.This is known as a binary-coded-decimal 8,4,2,1 code, or simply BCD. Notice that 4 binary bits are required for each decimal digit, and each bit is assigned a weight; for instance, the rightmost bit has a weight of 1 and the leftmost bit in each code group has a weight of 8. By adding the weights of the positions in which 1s appear, the decimal digit represented by a code group may be derived. This is somewhat uneconomical since 24=16, and therefore the 4 bits could actually represent 15 different values; but the next lesser choice, 3 bits, gives only 23, or 8, values, which are insufficient. If the decimal number 214 is to be represented in this type of code, 12 binary bits are required as follows: 0010 0001 0100. For the decimal number 1246 to be represented, 16 bits are required: 0001 0010 0100 0110.New WordsInherently 天性地，固有地circuitry电路, 线路Radio Receivers 6What must a receiver do? It has been known that the signal received is generally quite weak, powers of the order of picowatts being common. Therefore, the receiver must amplify the received signal. Since the signal is quite likely to be accompanied by lots of other (undesired) signals, it must be selected and then rejected. Finally, a process of demodulation must be performed in the receiver to recover the original modulation voltages.This chapter will deal with radio receivers in general, showing why their format has been to a certain extent standardized. Each block of the receiver will be discussed in detail. This will be done for receivers corresponding to all the modulation systems so far studied, whether they are for domestic or professional purposes. Although they follow the same basic pattern, television receivers will be dealt with separately. This is because they have a range of functions and a degree of complexity all their own.It is apparent that a receiver has the function of selecting the desired signal from all the other undesired signals, amplifying and demodulating it, and displaying it in the desired manner. This outline of functions to be performed shows that the major difference between receivers of various types is likely to be in the way they demodulate the received signal. In turn, this will depend on the type of modulation employed, whether it is AM, FM, SSB, or any of the forms treated later. However, it really appears that the same type of receiver should be capable of dealing with the basic requirements, and this will indeed be seen.New Wordspicowatt 皮瓦amplify 放大accompany 伴随demodulation 解调，反调制；检波standardize 使标准化correspond 符合，一致；相应，相当modulation 调制domestic 国内的；国产的；家庭的complexity 复杂性apparent 明显的outline 概要，提纲；略述requirement 要求，必要条件Phrases and Expressionsdeal with 处理；论述correspond to 相应的so far 迄今为止；就此范围来说 a range of 一系列的it is apparent that 显然；很明显in turn 依次，轮流Electromagnetic Waves 7It follows from electromagnetic induction that whenever there is a change in a magnetic field, an electric field is produced, and it follows from Maxwell’s hypothesis that whenever there is a change in an electric field a magnetic field is produced. It is evident that it is impossible to have either effect occur alone. The electric filed arising from a change in a magnetic field is in itself a change in the pre-existing electric field, and therefore causes another magnetic field. The latter magnetic field, too, represents a change, and from the change an electric field is in turn produced. The process continues indefinitely, with a definite coupling between the fluctuating electric and magnetic fields. On the basis of his hypothesis, together with the other principles of electricity and magnetism, Maxwell was able to develop a detailed picture of how these field fluctuations travel through space.The first idea emerging from Maxwell’s hypothesis was that the field fluctuations spread out in space from an initial disturbance in the same manner that waves spread out from an initial disturbance in a body of water: hence the name electromagnetic waves to describe them.New Wordshypothesis 假设evident 明显的indefinitely 无限的coupling 耦合fluctuate vi. 变动，起伏fluctuation n. 变动，起伏disturbance 扰动The Concept of Electric Field 8What can we say about the mechanism of electric force? The theory of action at a distance is sufficiently noncommittal to be accepted without much critical thought. Electric forces exist; theses forces act at a distance. Yet this is almost no theory at all. To describe what happens is often useful, but most of us wish to explain a phenomenon is terms of familiar laws and facts of physics. In other words, we intuitively seek a model for electric forces. Several models have been proposed as descriptions of electric force. A useful concept, that of electric filed, was introduced by Michael Faraday (1791-1867). We have set up a procedure to define what we mean by electric field.Nowadays, we consider that lines of force have no objective reality but are merely a convenient and useful representation of a field. Faraday went must farther; he made a model of electric forces. According to this model, the lines of force were considered to be the bounding edges of what he called tubes of force. Faraday, like most scientists of his time, imagined all space to be filled with an invisible weightless “ether” with certain elastic properties. The tubes of force, being made of ether, were like stretched rubber bands. In addition, Faraday advanced the hypothesis that adjacent tubes of force repelled each other. This ingenious model was refined and developed by Maxwell and others to include a description of electromagnetic forces as well as electrostatic forces.New Wordsmechanism 机构；结构；途径sufficiently 足够地，充分地noncommittal 不明朗的intuitively 直觉地；直观地procedure 步骤，过程；程序convenient 方便的weightless 无重量的ether 以太elastic 弹性的stretch 拉伸hypothesis 假设；前提adjacent 邻近的；毗邻的ingenious 机灵的，有独创性的；精致的electrostatic 静电的Phrases and Expressionsat a distance 隔开一段距离；远距离not …at all 毫不，一点也不，根本不in terms of 根据，依照set up 建立，设立Modulation 9Communication of intelligence from one point in space to another requires variations of some form in the signal used. A steady tone or a steady radio wave cannot convey intelligence. The variations produced in a radio wave for the purpose of including a message on this wave are produced by what is referred to as modulation. Television, for example, employs both AM and FM in the envelope.The elements of a communication system are the transmitter, the device to produce symbols in suitable form to be carried by the medium, and the element to transfer the symbols from the transmitter to the receiver. The receiver interprets the signal for thelistener.The telephone is a good example. The communication medium is a length of wire connecting the transmitter to the receiver. In the basic telephone system, the transmitter converts the voice sounds to variations in electric voltages and currents for transmission over the wire connecting one station to another.In radio communications, what the transmitter dose is generate electromagnetic waves to be transmitted through space to receive. The radio frequency spectrum is above the audio range, so that an unvarying electromagnetic radio wave cannot contain intelligence to be demodulated at the receiver to provide an audible signal. This is true only if the radio wave or carrier is of steady amplitude and frequency.New Wordsvariation 变化tone 音调convey 传送，传输envelope 包络medium 介质；媒介spectrum 谱audio 音频的，声音的amplitude 幅度，振幅Noise 10Noise is probably the only topic in electronics and telecommunications with which everyone must be familiar, no matter what his or her specialization. It is ever present, and limits the performance of virtually every system. Also, the measurement of it is very contentious, with almost everybody having a different pet method of quantifying it and its effects.Noise may be defined, in an electrical sense, as any unwanted form of energy tending to interfere with the proper and easy reception and reproduction of wanted signals. Many disturbances of an electrical nature produce noise in receivers, modifying the signal in an unwanted manner. In radio receivers, for example, noise may cause the loudspeaker output to sound fuzzy, whereas in television receivers “snow”or “confetti”(colored snow) become superimposed on the picture. In pulse communications systems, noise may masquerade as desired pulses or perhaps obliterate them; it may cause serious errors in this fashion. It is thus seen that noise must limit the range of systems (for a given transmitted power), and affect the sensitivity of receivers by placing a limit on the lowest signals that can be amplified. It may sometimes even force the reduction in the bandwidth of a system, as will be seen in radar.There are numerous ways of classifying noise. It may be subdivided according to type, source, effect, or relation to the receiver, depending on circumstances. It is most convenient here to divide noise into two broad groups: noise whose sources are external to the receiver, and noise created within the receiver itself. On the one hand, external noise is difficult to treat quantitatively, and furthermore there is often little that can be done about it, short of changing the geographical location of the system. Note how radiotelescopes are always located away from industry, whose processes create so much electrical noise. Satellite earth stations are also located in remote areas. On the other hand, internal noise is both more quantifiable and capable of being reduced by appropriate receiver design.Because noise has such a limiting effect, and also because it is often possible to reduce its effects through intelligent circuit use and design, it is most important for all those connected with communications to be well informed about noise.New Wordsspecialization 专业；专门化contentious 有争议的；好争吵的perception 感知；感觉confetti 五彩纸屑superimposed成阶层的，有层理的masquerade 化装obliterate 涂去，删除，使湮没classify 分类，分等circumstance 环境，情况quantitatively 数量上，定量Direct and Alternating Current 11The current which flows steadily in one direction is usually called a direct current. A direct current is, of course, useful. It is the kind of current which is always associated with batteries. We know that the electrical system in an automobile and an airplane, the telegraph, the telephone and the trolley-bus use the direct current. Direct current is also used to meet some of the industrial requirements.For industrial and many other purposes, however, most cities make use of another type of electric current which flows first in one direction and then in another. It was given the name of an alternating current. We know that the alternating current is the very current that makes radio possible.Although the direct current is useful, it has one great disadvantage, that is, there is no easy, economical way to increase or decrease its voltage. The alternating current has not this disadvantage. Using a special device, it is possible to transform a high voltage into a low voltage or a low voltage into a high voltage. The device that we use to transform the voltage is called a transformer. The alternating current can also be changed easily into the direct current. The device which can do this is spoken of as a rectifier.New Wordssteadily 稳定地associate 与…相关trolley-bus 无轨电车disadvantage 缺点transformer 转换，转变transformer 变压器、转换器rectifier 整流器The transformer 12One cannot call a transformer a machine, for it has no moving parts. We know the transformer to be an apparatus which is designed for changing the alternating voltages and alternating currents by means of magnetic induction without any change of frequency.One of the great advantages of the alternating current is the ease and efficiency with which power at low voltage may be transformed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage, and vice versa. Using a transformer, it is possible to transmit the alternating current to very distant places at which the power is required.A two-winding transformer is known to consist of two coils which are so arranged that the magnetic lines of force of one coil pass through the other. The alternating current in one coil induces an emf in the other because of the alternations in the value of the coil current.In order to strengthen the magnetic field passing through the coils of a transformer, a closed core of iron is generally used. The coil on which the current is impressed on the input side of the transformer is called the primary, while the one from which the induced current is obtained on the output side is called the secondary.The power output of a transformer is necessarily less than the power input because of unavoidable losses. These losses include resistance losses in the primary and secondary windings, and losses in the core due to hysteresis and eddy currents.New Wordsapparatus 器械；仪器；设备ease 容易；不费力；自在efficiency 效率；效能distant 遥远的winding 绕组coil 线圈alternation 交替；交变core 芯primary 初级的secondary 次级的hysteresis 滞后；磁滞作用eddy 涡流Phrases and Expressionstransform A into B 把A转换成B vice versa 反过来（也是一样）pass through 通过due to 由于…(而引起的) ；应归于because of 由于Transformers 13One of the great advantages of AC over DC for electric power distribution is that it is much easier to step voltage levels up and down with AC than with DC. For long–distance power transmission it is desirable to use as high a voltage and as small a current as possible. The necessary voltage conversion is accomplished by use of transformers.A transformer is a component consisting of two or more coils that are coupled together by magnetic induction. Owing to this device the power may be transmitted at a high voltage, and reduced at the place at which it is required to a value suitable for electric motors and other machines.The coil to which the voltage is applied is known as the primary, while the one from which the induced voltage is obtained is known as the secondary. If the secondary has more turns than the primary, the transformer is called a step-up transformer in which the AC voltage of the secondary wingding is higher than that applied to the primary winding. If the secondary has fewer turns than the primary, the transformer is called a step-down transformer in which the AC voltage of the secondary winding is lower than that applied to the primary winding. In a well-built transformer the product of the secondary voltage multiplied by the secondary current is almost equal to the product of the primary voltage times the primary current.New Wordsdistribution 分配；配电desirable 所希望的couple 耦合step-up 升压的step-down 降压的multiply乘Electronic digital computers 14Modern science and engineering use mathematics as a language for expressing physical laws in precise terms. The electronic digital computer is a valuable tool for studying the consequences of these laws.An algebraic formula is an expression of a mathematical relationship. Many of the laws of physics, electronics, chemistry, etc., are expressed in this form, in which case digital computers may be easily used, because algebraic formulas may be directly changed to the basic steps they represent.In general there are two types of digital computers. The first is the special-purpose digital computer, which performs a fixed and preset sequence of calculations. This type of computer may be constructed more efficiently in that it can be lighter and smaller and may consume less power, etc. , than the general-purpose computer. Because of the advantages in construction, small special-purpose computers are used where such factors as weight, power consumption, etc., are critical.The second type of computer is defined as a general-purpose digital computer. The sequence of instructions the machine follows is generally read into this type of machine and stored in the memory of the machine. Since the sequence of operations performed by the general-purpose digital computer may be easily changed, the machine possesses great flexibility, and this is the type of the machine generally used in business and for scientific computations.New Wordsprecise 精确的consequence 后果，结果algebraic 代数的mathematical 数学的preset 预置，预定sequence 程序，指令程序；数列consume 消耗construction 结构，构造consumption 消耗instruction 指令；说明书flexibility 适应性，灵活性computation 计算Phrases and Expressionschange with 随…而变化in that 因为；在于read…into 把…读入Lasers 15To understand what a laser is, one has to understand how light is generated. Light comes from the electrons which surround the nucleus of every normal atom. When the atom, let us say, of sodium, is in its unexcited state the electrons that surround the sodium nucleus are in their normal energy levels. If this sodium atom absorbs some energy from outside, one or more of the electrons jumps from a low energy level to a higher energy level. The atom then remains in this excited state until it is able to release the energy it has temporarily stored. When this release occurs the electron in the high energy level falls back to the low energy level. But as it does so it emits the extra energy as a pulse we may see as light.The laser beam is made by exciting the atoms of a suitable material until most of the atoms have electrons orbiting in a higher energy level than usual. The excitation is then stopped and all the excited electrons fall back together to their normal orbits, each one emitting a pulse of light of the same energy, which generates an intense beam of light for a very short time. Every pulse in this beam is in step with every other pulse. In this way a beam of light is obtained which is both monochromatic and coherent.New Wordslaser 激光，激光器sodium 钠unexcited 未激活的release 释放beam 光束，射束orbit 绕轨道旋转（运行）；轨道excitation 激励intense 剧烈的monochromatic 单色的coherent 相干的；粘着的How Electricity Flows 16Electrons, as one knows, are minute negative charge of electricity. As these minute charges move along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current. In other words, an electric current is the flow of electrons through a metal conductor. That is why electrons play a very important role in the formation of a current. The electrons flow along a wire much the same way as water runs through a pipe.Though the electrons move from minus to plus, the electric current is conventionally considered to flow from the positive to the negative terminal.In order to have a steady current, we must have a completed circuit that is also called “closed circuit” and a continuous supply of electric charge. (The terms “closed circuit” and “completed circuit”being synonyms, we shall meet the one as well as the other when reading technical literature.) Another important factor to take into consideration is that current strength is equal at all points of a series circuit.As has just been stated, the electric current flows only when there is a completed circuit from the negative to the positive terminal. Thus, current starts flowing just at the moment we close the circuit.There are, as is already known to all, two kinds of current: DC and AC. Both of which are very useful in industry as well as in many other fields.New Wordsformation 形成，产生pipe 管子，管道minus 负号，减号，负数；负的plus 正数，正量；正号，加号；正的conventionally 习惯地，按照惯例synonym 同义词literature 文献，文学consideration 考虑，考虑因素Phrases and Expressionsthat is why 这就是…的理由；这就是为什么…much the same way as 与…差不多一样（地）take …into consideration 把…考虑进去；考虑到Electromotive Force (EMF) 17In order for a steady current to exist in a conducting path, that path must form a closed loop, or complete circuit. Otherwise charge would accumulate at the ends of the conductor, the resulting electric field would change with time, and the current could not be constant.However, such a path cannot consist entirely of resistance. Current in a resistor requires an electric field and an associated potential difference. The field always does positive work on the charge, which always moves in the direction of decreasing potential. But after a complete trip around the loop, the charge returns to its starting point, and the potential there must be the same as when it left that point. This is impossible if the trip around the loop involves only decreases in potential.We can compare this situation with that of a decorative water fountain. Water emerges from openings at the top, cascades down over terraces and spouts, and eventually reaches the basin in the bottom. It collects there and runs into a pump that lifts it back to the top for another trip. If there were no pump, the water would not be able to circulate continuously.Thus in the electric circuit there must be some part of the loop where a charge travels “uphill”, from lower to higher potential, despite the fact that the electrostatic force is trying to push it from higher to lower potential. The influence that makes charge move from lower to higher potential is called electromotive force.New Wordselectromotive 电动的loop 环，圈；回路accumulate 积聚；堆积decorative 装饰的fountain 喷泉opening 孔，空隙；开口cascade （使）瀑布似地落下；（使）级联terrace 台地；阶地spout 喷管；喷口；水落管；流道pump 泵circulate 循环uphill 往上坡Phrases and Expressionscompare A with B 把A与B相比较despite the fact that 尽管Magnetism 18Many scientists have worked at the theory of magnetism since its discovery. However, magnetism has long stopped being a problem. At present any of us knows that in magnetic materials, the molecules themselves are tiny magnets, each having a north and a south pole.。
研究生专业外语考核评语
研究生专业外语考核评语
研究生专业外语考核评语是对研究生在外语学习方面的能力进行评价和反馈的重要依据。
以下是我根据题目要求列举的10个评语，以供参考：
1. 词汇量丰富，能够准确运用学术和专业术语，表达思想清晰。
2. 阅读理解能力较强，能够快速准确的获取信息，并能够分析和解释文本内容。
3. 听力理解能力较好，能够听懂并理解复杂的学术讲座和专业讨论。
4. 口语表达流利，能够自如地进行学术交流和讨论，表达观点并回答问题。
5. 写作能力较强，能够撰写规范、准确、有逻辑性的学术论文和专业报告。
6. 翻译能力优秀，能够准确翻译专业文献和学术资料。
7. 学习态度积极，乐于接受新的学习挑战，不断提升外语水平。
8. 学习方法科学，能够有效利用各种资源进行自主学习和练习。
9. 学术素养高，具备较强的跨文化沟通能力，能够理解和尊重不同文化背景下的学术观点。
10. 学习成绩突出，能够在外语学习中取得优异的成绩，展现出较强的学术实力。
以上是我根据题目要求列举的10个研究生专业外语考核评语，希望对您有所帮助。
专业外语词汇
1.2 Words and expression absorb vt. 吸收anther n. 花药axil n. 腋blade n. 叶片blunt adj. 钝的bud n. 芽bush n. 灌木bushy adj. 灌木状的carpel n. 心皮clover n. 三叶草droop vi.,vt 下垂、低垂embryo n. 胚feathery adj.羽毛状的female n. 雌性fertilization n.授粉fertilize vt. 授粉，受精filament n. 花丝filament n. 花丝float vi.漂浮fork vt. 耙，叉起gamete n. 配子gardener n. 园林工人，园丁grain n.粒，颗粒hedge n. 树篱hind adj. 后部的hive n.蜂房holly n. 冬青indeed ad. 实际上、（强调）确实insect n. 昆虫leaflet n. 小叶loosen vt. 弄松，使松开male n. 雄性nectar n. 花蜜net n. 网，网状的parallel adj. 平行的petal n. 花瓣pollen n. 花粉粒pollinate vi. 传粉，授粉pollination n. 传粉，授粉protein n. 蛋白质queen n. 蜂王reproduce vt. vi. 生殖，繁殖reproduction n. 生殖，繁殖ridge n. 脊ripen vt.,vi 成熟root vt. 扎根，生根n. 根scent n. 香味sex n. 性sexual adj. 有性的，性的shoot n. 条，枝，枝条，苗skeleton n. 骨架，（叶片的）脉络，筋spider n. 蜘蛛stamen n. 雄蕊stem n. 茎sticky adj.粘性的stigma n. 柱头strawberry n. 草莓style n. 花柱sugary adj. 含糖的，甜的toothed adj. 有齿的，锯齿状的uproot vt. 连根拔起vein n. 叶脉weed n. 杂草v. 除草willow n. 柳edge of the leaf 叶缘fall off 下降、跌落；离开、疏远；衰退、堕落fork over the ground 耙地hang out 把上身伸出leaf blade 叶片leaf stalk 叶柄main vein 主脉，主叶脉run down 跑下来（隐含贯穿）、下乡；（钟表）停止；side bud 侧芽simple leaf 单叶1.1.2 相关重要词汇与词组解析root的相关词汇与词组解析：adventitious root 不定根aerial root 气生根exroot nutrition 根外施肥Inroot 根内的radicle(corcle) 胚根rhizo- 根的rhizobia(legume bacterium)根瘤菌rhizocorm 根状球茎corm球茎rhizoplane 根面rhizoplast 根丝体rhizosphere 根际（围）root knot （线虫）根瘤（病）root nodule 根瘤nodule 小结节、小瘤nodular ,nodulated 小节的、小结的node 节、结、瘤lymph ～淋巴结root parasitism 根寄生parasitism寄生（现象）parasite 寄生虫（菌、物）parasitic(al) 寄生的、寄生引起的;～bacteria 寄生细菌fungiparasiticide 杀寄生真菌药root pressure 根压root pressure 根压root secretion 根系分泌物root sheath 根鞘root stalk 初生主根root stock 根状茎root system 根系root tip 根尖root trace 根迹root tuber 块根root tubercle 根瘤tubercle小块茎、小瘤小结tubercular aj.tuberculosis 结核病rootlet 小（细）根root-shoot ratio 根冠比root-stem transition zone(region)根茎过度区secondary root 次生根tuber 块茎tuber crops块茎作物1.4 构词法解析in- 不、非、在内inactive 不活动的inadaptation不适应inadhering 不附着的inborn 先天的inbred 近亲交配inbreeding line 自交系incomplete 不完全的indefinite 无限的~ infloresence 无限花序indirect 间接的infertility 不育（性）inodorous 无气味的inorganic 无机的insoluble 不溶解的instipulate 无托叶的-ism 现象、主义、性（同-ity）capitalism 资本主义heliotropism 向光性helio- 日、太阳hygrotropism 向湿性hygro-湿气、湿isomerism 同分异构现象iso- 等、同parasitism 寄生（现象）phototropism 向光性thermoperoidism 温周期现象thermo- 温、热out- （在、向）外、远、超、胜过outbreak 爆发、突然蔓延outbreeding 远交、远系繁殖outburst 爆发、爆炸、脉冲outcross 远（缘杂）交outdate 使过时outdated 过时的、陈旧的outflux 外向通量outgrowth 瘤、派生物outlander 外国人、外来者outlay 外置、移补outline 轮廓output 排出量、产出物outroot 连根拔起、根绝、灭绝outset 开端、开头re- 重、再、反、回reabsorption 重吸收reagent 试剂、反应物rearrange （基因）重排rebound 回跳、弹回recurrent 回归的、复发的refreshment 更新regenerate 再生reimplantation 再植入术、复植法reincorporation 再掺入reinfection 再感染、再传染reinoculation 再接种remotabola 再变态motabola 变态类remigration再迁移、返回迁移renaturation 复活、复原reoxidation 再氧化restitution 再组建resynthesis 再合成reunion （断裂）复合、再联合revaccination 再接种thermo-构词thermodynamics热力学thermocolor色温标度thermoconductivity 导热性thermogenic bacteria 产热细菌thermocouple 热电偶thermophase 温防段(春化阶段)thermorhythm 温度节律rhythmic 节律的rhythmicity 节律性rhythmic respiration rhythmic contraction 节律收缩rhythmogenesis节律发生photo-photobacteria发光细菌photobattery 光电池photochemistry光化学photometer 光度计photomicrograph显微照相显微照片photoperiodicity 光周期现象photoperiodismphotophase 光照阶段photosynthesis 光合作用photosynthetic chain 光合链photosynthetic membrance 光合膜photosynthetic photophosphorylation 光合磷酸化photosynthetic system 光合系统cryo-cryo- 寒冷冻结cryoalgae 冰雪藻类cryobiology低温生物学cryodamage 冷冻损伤cryometer低温计低温温度表cryomicroscope低温显微镜cryophyte 冰雪植物cryoscope 冰点测定器entomo-昆虫entomographyentomology 昆虫学entomological昆虫学的entomologist昆虫学家entomogamy 虫媒花entomophila虫媒entomophile 虫媒植物entomosis 昆虫寄生病entomophilousentomopollination虫媒传粉nitro-，halo-nitro-硝基(nitrogen 氮)nitrobacteria 硝化细菌nitrocellulose硝化纤维halo-盐halophyte盐生植物halomorphism盐生形态haloeremion盐藻halobios 海洋生物halobiotic海洋生物的、盐生的Words and expressionstake over盛行起来、接管、接收、颠覆prevent 抑制、防止from beginning to grow 整个生育过程中（from beginning to end 从头至尾、自始至终）。
专业外语课程简介
《专业英语》课程简介Subject-Based English课程编号：学分：2 学时：32 讲课学时：32 实验学时（实践学时）：内容简介：《专业英语》是机械工程专业方向的一门专业选修课。
本课程为机械工程专业大学四年级学生经过了基础英语以及本专业课程的学习之后，为进一步提高他们的阅读、翻译有关专业文献和科技英语的写作能力而开设的选修课程。
课程内容涉及金属切削原理、特种加工、机床及液压传动系统等专业相关知识。
本课程教学，不仅可以使学生们熟悉和掌握本专业常用的专业词汇、词组及其用法，还能进一步巩固专业知识的学习，同时培养了学生科技英语的翻译、写作能力。
本课程的学习将为学生学习新的科学知识与技术、查阅本专业英文文献、掌握国际上本专业发展动态打好语言基础。
适用专业：机械工程先修课程：《大学英语》、《机械制造技术基础》、《互换性与测试技术》、《液压传动与气压传动》等选用教材：《机械制造专业英语》，章跃主编，机械工业出版社，2009开课单位：机械工程学院机制教研室Course Number: 0010908048 Credit: 2 Class Periods: 32 Lecture Periods: 32 Experiment Periods: 0 Description of the Course: Subject-Based English is a specialized elective course of mechanical engineering and automation major field. The course is for the senior students of mechanical engineering and automation major field after learning College English and some professional courses. The purpose of the course is to improve their abilities of reading and translating relevant professional literatures and writing science and technology English. The course contents include metal cutting theory, special processing, machine tool and hydraulic transmission system and other relevant professional knowledge. According to the learning of the course, the students not only can know and master commonly used professional vocabularies, phrases and their usage methods, but also can consolidate professional knowledge. The ability of translating and writing subject-based English will also be increased. The learning of the course is of great benefit for students to learn new science and technology knowledge, refer professional literatures in English and master international development trend of the professional knowledge.Major Field: mechanical engineeringPrerequisite Courses: College English, Theory of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology, Interchangeability and Measurement Technology, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission.Teaching Material: Technical English for Mechanical Engineering, Zhang Yue, China Machine Press, 2009 Teaching Unit:Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation Research Center of School of Mechanical Engineering。
外语语言专业就业方向
外语语言专业就业方向
外语语言专业的就业方向非常广泛。
以下是一些常见的就业方向：
1. 翻译与口译：外语语言专业毕业生可以从事翻译与口译工作，为跨国公司、政府机构、国际组织等提供翻译和口译服务。
2. 外贸与国际商务：外语语言专业毕业生可以在外贸企业、国际商务部门从事国际贸易、国际市场开拓、跨文化交流等工作。
3. 教育与培训：外语语言专业毕业生可以从事外语教育与培训工作，在学校、培训机构等地教授外语。
4. 文化交流与旅游：外语语言专业毕业生可以从事文化交流与旅游工作，在旅游机构、旅行社等从事导游、文化交流活动的组织与策划。
5. 外事与国际关系：外语语言专业毕业生可以在政府机构、外事部门从事国际关系、外交事务等工作。
6. 媒体与传媒：外语语言专业毕业生可以在新闻媒体、广告公司、出版社等从事外语文案撰写、媒体策划、编辑等工作。
除了以上方向外，外语语言专业毕业生还可以选择其他行业的工作，例如多语种客服、市场调研、企业培训等。
此外，随着国际交流的增多，很多新兴的行业和职业也对外语语言专业毕
业生提供了就业机会。
因此，外语语言专业毕业生在就业方向上有较大的灵活性和选择空间。
中国 外语类通用语种专业
中国外语类通用语种专业
中国外语类通用语种专业主要包括英语、法语、德语、西班牙语、日语等。
这些专业在中国的高校中广泛开设，旨在培养掌握外语语言知识和技能的毕业生，以促进国际交流与合作。
其中，英语是中国的传统外语语种专业之一，也是应用最广泛的国际语言之一。
法语、德语、西班牙语和日语等也是中国外语类专业的热门选择。
这些专业注重培养学生的听、说、读、写、译等能力，以便他们能够进行跨文化交流和国际合作。
随着全球化的发展，外语类通用语种专业的重要性日益凸显。
掌握一门外语语言对于个人和国家的未来发展都具有重要意义。
因此，选择外语类专业需要考虑个人的兴趣、语言天赋和职业规划等因素，以便在未来的国际交流与合作中发挥更大的作用。
外语专业如何进行语言学和语言教学
外语专业如何进行语言学和语言教学外语专业是一门特殊的学科，旨在培养学生熟练掌握一门外语，并且了解外语背后的语言学原理以及语言教学方法。
在这篇文章中，我们将探讨外语专业如何进行语言学和语言教学的相关内容。
一、语言学的基础知识语言学是研究语言的科学，通过研究语言的结构、语法、词汇、发音等方面，来深入了解语言的本质和规律。
外语专业的学生需要通过掌握语言学的基础知识，来更好地理解和应用外语。
1. 语言的结构语言的结构包括音素、词汇、句法等方面。
外语专业的学生需要学习不同语言的结构特点，比较不同语言之间的异同，以便更好地掌握和运用外语。
2. 语言的语法和词汇语法和词汇是语言学习的两个重要方面。
学生需要学会分析和操作不同语言的语法规则，并掌握丰富的词汇量。
通过语法和词汇的学习，学生能够构建正确的句子，表达自己的思想。
3. 语言的语音和语调语音和语调是语言学习的关键因素。
学生需要学会正确地发音和模仿外语的语调，以便更好地与外语使用者进行交流。
二、语言教学的方法语言学习不仅仅是理解语言学的理论知识，更需要将这些知识应用到实际的语言教学中。
外语专业的学生需要了解不同的语言教学方法，以便更好地进行语言教学。
1. 交际法交际法是指通过交流来学习语言的教学方法。
学生通过与他人进行真实的语言交流，提高自己的语言运用能力。
交际法注重语境和实际应用，使学生能够更好地理解和运用语言。
2. 语法翻译法语法翻译法是指通过分析语法规则和进行文字翻译来学习语言的教学方法。
学生通过分析句子结构和翻译句子，来加深对语法规则的理解，并提高自己的语言表达能力。
3. 听说读写综合法听说读写综合法是一种综合性的语言教学方法，通过听、说、读、写四个方面的练习，来全面提高学生的语言能力。
学生通过听力训练、口语练习、阅读理解和写作练习，来综合应用语言技能。
三、实践教学的重要性在外语专业的学习中，实践教学起着重要的作用。
通过实践教学，学生能够将学到的语言学和语言教学知识应用到实际中，从而更好地提升自己的语言能力。
《专业外语》教学大纲
《专业外语》教学大纲课程编号：C064140620课程名称：专业外语课程类型：专业方向课英文名称：Professional Foreign Language适用专业：过程装备与控制工程专业总学时：20学分：1一、课程的性质、目的及任务《专业外语》是过程装备与控制工程专业的一门专业基础课程，在过程装备与控制工程专业的教学中有着重要地位。
它具有实用性强的特点，适合于过程装备与控制工程专业四年学制的学生。
本课程针对过程装备与控制工程专业本科生的英文学习要求，结合过程装备与控制工程专业知识体系，涉及过程装备与控制工程专业各领域知识及专业英文词汇。
学生通过本课程的学习，能够借助词典或其它辅助工具翻译相关的专业文献，进而能够了解本学科国内外发展的动态。
本课程学习的目的在于加强学生专业英语的阅读能力，扩大专业词汇量，培养语感，提高学生吸收国外先进技术及参与国际工程的能力。
并为学生毕业论文以及今后生产和科研中国际交流合作打下坚实的英语基础。
本课程学习的任务是培养学生顺利阅读专业英语的能力，进一步拓宽学生的视野，使学生能以英语为工具获取专业所需的知识和信息。
本课程在巩固基础英语的同时，为学生学习新的科学知识与科学技术、查阅本专业英文文献、引进先进技术、掌握国际上本专业发展动态打好语言基础。
二、课程教学的基本要求培养学生顺利阅读专业英语的能力，以英语为工具获取专业所需的知识和信息的能力，提高学生吸收国外先进技术及参与国际工程的能力。
要求学生学会阅读英文专著的方法，尤其是提高学生理解和翻译复杂长句、难句、从句的能力，为以后进一步从事本专业和相近专业的研究及对外交流打下较为扎实的基础。
具体要求如下：⑴学生能够较流利准确的阅读和理解英文著作；⑵学生应该掌握本专业重要名词术语的英译名称；⑶学生在借助词典和其它辅助工具的情况下，能够较准确地将专业英语著作翻译成汉语；⑷学生能够将科技论文的题目、摘要和关键词翻译成英文。
2．能力培养要求三、课程教学内容本课程内容覆盖了过程装备与控制工程专业的基本专业内容，包括过程装备力学基础、金属材料、过程工业、过程设备、过程机械和过程装备控制等六个部分，共有30个单元。
专业外语 教学目标
专业外语教学目标
教授专业外语的教学目标可以包括以下几个方面：
1. 提高学生的语言沟通能力：通过学习专业外语，使学生能够流利地交流和表达自己在专业领域的观点和想法，对专业知识进行有效地传递和交流。
2. 培养学生的专业外语阅读能力：使学生能够准确、熟练地阅读并理解专业外语文献、教材和资料，获取相关领域的最新研究成果和知识。
3. 提升学生的写作能力：培养学生在专业领域进行写作的能力，包括撰写学术论文、报告、研究计划等，使学生能够用外语进行学术有效地表达和沟通。
4. 培养学生的听说能力：使学生能够听懂讲授的专业知识，参与讨论和演讲，并能用流利的外语进行专业交流。
5. 提高学生的跨文化交际能力：通过学习专业外语，使学生能够理解和尊重不同文化背景的人，能够在跨文化环境中进行有效的交流和合作。
6. 培养学生的自主学习能力：通过专业外语的学习，培养学生良好的学习方法、学习策略和学习意识，提高学生的自主学习和终身学习能力。
这些教学目标旨在培养学生全面、系统地掌握专业外语，使其
能够在专业领域中获得较高的语言能力，并能够有效地应用于实际工作和学习中。
外语专业这门专业的就业前景
外语专业这门专业的就业前景
外语专业是一个具有广阔就业前景的专业。
随着全球化的不断发展和国际交流的加深，外语专业的需求正日益增加。
首先，外语专业具有丰富的就业机会。
随着我国与世界各国的交流日益频繁，许多企事业单位对外语人才的需求量不断增加。
外语专业毕业生可以选择从事口译、笔译、翻译、出版等工作，也可以到外企、驻外使馆、国际组织等机构担任翻译、文案、业务拓展等工作。
此外，互联网的迅速发展也为外语专业人才提供了更多就业机会，如在线翻译、外语教育平台、国际电商等。
其次，外语专业具有广阔的发展空间。
外语专业毕业生可以根据自身的兴趣和专长选择深造或转行。
他们可以选择攻读研究生深造，提升自己的学术水平，从事教学、研究等工作。
也可以通过考取相关的证书，如口译、笔译等资格证书，提高自己的专业素养，拓宽职业发展道路。
另外，外语专业毕业生还可以通过自主创业，建立起自己的外语培训机构、翻译公司等。
再次，外语专业具有较高的薪资待遇。
由于外语专业的特殊性，外语人才相对较少，市场需求量大，因此他们往往能获得相对较高的薪资待遇。
特别是在一些国际公司或外资企业，他们非常看重外语人才，愿意给予较高的薪酬以吸引优秀的人才。
此外，对于具有高级职称或丰富经验的外语专业人才，他们的薪资待遇更是可观的。
综上所述，外语专业是一个具有广阔就业前景的专业。
在全球
化的背景下，外语专业人才的需求不断增加，他们具有丰富的就业机会、广阔的发展空间和较高的薪资待遇。
只要努力学习，不断提升自己的外语水平和专业能力，外语专业毕业生一定能够在就业市场中获得成功。
专业外语如何学好英语
三个月内如何学好英语单词一、制定学习计划首先，要制定一个合理的学习计划。
在三个月的时间里学好英语单词，需要每天都保持学习的主动性和积极性。
你可以将每天的学习时间分配到不同的部分，比如早晨复习前一天学习的单词，中午空闲时间背诵新单词，晚上再复习一遍已经学过的内容。
二、选择合适的学习资料选择适合自己的学习资料也是十分重要的。
可以通过各类英语学习网站、手机APP等获取单词学习资料，也可以购买一些实体书籍来辅助学习。
另外，可以通过听英语音频、看英语视频等方式来增强词汇记忆和理解能力。
三、利用记忆技巧记单词的时候可以使用一些记忆技巧，比如联想法、画图法等。
通过与已掌握的单词或是形象生动的图画进行联想，可以更容易地记住单词的含义和拼写。
同时，可以通过构建单词卡片、制定学习计划等方法，加强对单词的记忆和巩固。
四、反复复习和应用要想牢固地掌握英语单词，不能只是靠一次性的记忆和背诵。
应该采取反复复习的方法，将已学过的单词进行不间断的回顾和复习，直到能够熟练地应用到实际生活中。
可以通过做题、写作、口语练习等方式来巩固所学的单词。
五、保持积极心态学习英语单词是一个长期的过程，需要耐心和毅力。
在学习的过程中会遇到各种困难和挑战，但只要保持积极的心态，坚持不懈地学习，相信自己一定能够取得进步。
同时，和其他学习英语的同学或朋友互相鼓励和交流，也可以帮助你更好地学习单词。
总之，学好英语单词需要持之以恒，掌握正确的学习方法和技巧，并保持积极的心态。
只要你坚持不懈，相信自己一定能够在三个月的时间里取得令人满意的学习成绩。
祝你学业有成！。
专业外语课程简介
专业外语课程简介
专业外语是广播电视编导专业的专业必修课，培养学生阅读英美报刊、网络新闻英文的能力，同时培养学生听懂英语新闻广播及电视。
以此加强学生在新闻英语方面的词汇、阅读与听力能力。
先修课程：大学英语。
主要教学目的是通过本课程的学习，让学生了解英语新闻的语言模式、基本体裁、规律和特点，使学生通过阅读英美报刊既学到原汁原味的英语，又能获取最新的信息。
教学内容包括新闻媒体重要概念及英美报刊基本情况，要求学生掌握如何阅读报纸首页如何解读报纸标题如何分析报纸文章的首段如何阅读报纸
全篇文章。
教学重点是报纸首页及标题、首段。
教学难点是解读报纸标题分析报纸文章的首段。
教育部 外语专业 教学指南全文
教育部外语专业教学指南全文随着全球化的加速和国际交流的日益频繁，外语专业的重要性日益凸显。
为了提高外语专业的教学质量，培养适应时代需求的高素质外语人才，教育部制定了外语专业教学指南。
以下是对该指南的详细解读。
一、背景与意义在当今世界，语言不仅仅是交流的工具，更是文化传播、经济合作和国际理解的桥梁。
外语专业的学生不仅需要掌握语言的基本技能，还需要具备跨文化交际能力、批判性思维和创新能力。
教育部的外语专业教学指南正是在这样的背景下应运而生，旨在为高校外语专业的教学提供明确的方向和规范。
该指南的意义重大。
首先，它有助于统一教学标准，确保不同地区、不同高校的外语专业教学质量保持在一定的水平之上。
其次，为教师的教学提供了具体的指导，帮助他们更好地设计课程、选择教学方法和评估学生的学习成果。
最后，对于学生来说，明确了学习的目标和要求，有助于他们更有针对性地进行学习和自我提升。
二、教学目标指南明确了外语专业的教学目标，即培养具有扎实的语言基本功、宽广的知识面、较强的跨文化交际能力和创新精神的高素质外语人才。
具体来说，学生应在听、说、读、写、译等方面达到较高的水平，能够熟练运用外语进行交流和工作；了解对象国的文化、历史、社会等方面的知识，具备跨文化交际的意识和能力；能够运用批判性思维分析和解决问题，具有创新精神和实践能力。
为了实现这些目标，教学过程中需要注重培养学生的自主学习能力和终身学习意识，使他们能够在不断变化的社会环境中持续提升自己的语言能力和综合素质。
三、课程设置外语专业的课程设置涵盖了多个方面，包括语言技能课程、专业知识课程和实践教学环节。
语言技能课程是基础，包括基础外语、高级外语、听力、口语、阅读、写作、翻译等。
这些课程旨在系统地培养学生的语言综合运用能力。
专业知识课程则根据不同的外语语种和专业方向有所差异。
例如，英语专业可能会设置英美文学、语言学、翻译理论与实践等课程；日语专业可能会有日本文化、日语语法研究等课程。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第一单元 Introduction to Business1、Business administration:工商管理 System：系统 Organization：组织Stakeholder：受益人 Owner：所有人Creditor：债权人:Employee:雇员 Suppliers：供应商 Customer：顾客Marketing：市场营销Accounting：核算Finance：财务Information systems：信息系统2、What is meant by stakeholders?All businesses have a variety of individuals and groups who are stakeholders in the business.Each stakeholder has a slightly different interest in the business. They also provide slightly different content to ensure the success of the business.Each of the stakeholders have slightly different value interests in the business, but only when all of the stakeholders are satisfied is the business likely to be successful.3、What are the primary components of business?owners: to organize, manage, and assume the risk of starting and running a business.Creditors: to provide the operating capital.Employees: to be hired to conduct the business operation.Suppliers: to provide the materials needed for production. Customers: to buy products which satisfy their needs4、What are the five key functions of business?Management、Marketing、Accounting、Finance、Information system5、What is marketing’s function?is the between the business and the customer .Its responsibility is to see that the right product is available to the right customer, at the right time ,in the right place, and at the right price. So marketing must focus on more than mere sale ,it must properly analyzes the customers, the competitors, and the firm’s resources.翻译：1、We hedge on this issue because an individual could possess the raw materials, production capabilities , and provide the end product for personal use and therefore exist as a business of one.我们之所以避开这个话题，是因为个人也可以拥有原材料、生产能力、并提供最终产品供个人使用，因此也可以作为一个企业存在。
2、Each relationships is establish by one or more processes: division of labor (劳动分工),departmentalization(部门化), delegation（授权）每一种关系得建立都需要通过一个或更多的过程来实现：如劳动力的分配、部门化和授权。
3、All activities are done to ensure that the customer’s needs and wants are satisfied adequately.所有的市场活动都要确保客户的需求得到充分地满足。
4、Without accurate information,the success of the business is by random chance.没有准确的信息，企业的成功是偶然的。
第二单元 Macroeconomics1、Aggregate Economic Analysis：总量经济分析 National Income Theory：国民收入理论Trade balance：贸易平衡Economic policy：经济政策Economic variable ：经济变量Indicator：指示器Inflation/deflation ：通货膨胀通货紧缩Unemployment ：失业率Price index ：价格指数Autonomous spending ：自主消费Net export：净出口Multiplier effect ：乘数效应2、What does GDP mean?GDP（Gross Domestic Product）:is defined as the market value of final goods and services produced within economy during a year. measure both the level of output of an economy and changes in that output level over time.3、How is GDP calculated?Measure both the level of output of an economy and changes in that output level over time4、When does equilibrium occur ? What will change that equilibrium ? represents a situation that occurs when there is no tendency for any variable determined in that market to change .there are neither surpluses nor shortages.5、How does fiscal stimulation increase the level of employment ? Fiscal stimulation in form of increased government spending or tax cuts for consumers and/or businesses would be expected to shift the aggregate demand curve to the right ,thereby increasing the level of national income and the level of employment.6、How does expansionary monetary policy increase national income? Expansionary monetary policy, by reducing interest rates, would be expected to increase certain components of total spending, especially investment, thereby increasing national income.翻译：1、The unemployment rate,defined as the number of person unemployed asa percent of the labor force.,is widely used as a major measuring stick to assess how well an economy is performing.失业率的定义是失业人数与劳动力的比例。
它是一个主要的评估经济运行状态好坏的尺度，因此被广泛使用。
2、Economists are interested in being able to measure both the level of output of an economy and changes in that output level over time.经济学家感兴趣的是能够测量经济中一定时期内的产出水平及其变化。
3、While the level of a county’s imports depends largely on the level of its own national income,its exports are affected significantly by external factors such as the level of incomes enjoyed by its trading partners as well as trade barriers erected by others.尽管一个国家的进口水平在很大程度上取决于本国的国民收入，它的出口受到外部因素的影响也很大。
这些因素有贸易伙伴享受的收益水平，也有其他人设置的贸易壁垒。
4、While the aggregate supply curve in Figure 2-4 above(consistent withthat typically presented in an inteoductory text)implies that at each higher price level,more output is produced,such is possible only if there exists slack(unusd capacity)in the economy.尽管上表2-4中的总供给曲线（这与引言中提到的相符）意味着在每个较高的价格水平上生产更多的产品，但是这种情况只有当经济中出现疲软（未使用的能力）才有可能。