西方经济学 3

1第三章经济的相互依存性和贸易的好处Interdependence and the Gains from Trade2相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade想一想你日常生活中某一天Consider your typical day: 温州制造的闹钟把你吵醒You wake up to an alarm clock made in Wenzhou.给自己倒上一杯用美国佛罗里达州的桔子制作的桔子汁You pour yourself some orange juice made from oranges grown in Florida.你穿上用山东的棉花制造、在广东工厂缝纫而成的衣服You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Shandong and sewn in factories in Guangdong.3相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade经济学是研究社会如何生产并分配产品以试图满足其成员需求的。

Remember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members.4我们如何在全球经济中满足我们的需求？How do we satisfy our wants and needsin a global economy?我们可以在经济上自给自足We can be economically self-sufficient. 我们也可以进行专业化分工，同别人进行贸易，这就导致了经济上的相互依存性。

We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence.5相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade一个一般性的观察…A general observation . . .个人和国家依赖于专业化生产和贸易，用这种方法来解决由于资源稀缺引发的问题。

Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity.6相互依存性和贸易Interdependence and Trade但是，这又产生了两个问题：But, this gives rise to two questions: 经济的相互依存性为什么是正常的？Why is interdependence the norm? 生产和贸易是由什么来决定的？What determines production and trade?7相互依存性为什么是正常的？Why is interdependence thenorm?相互依存性的发生是因为当人们进行专业化分工、同别人进行交易时他们的处境变好了。

Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and tradewith others.8什么决定了生产和贸易的模式？What determines the pattern ofproduction and trade?生产和贸易的模式是基于机会成本的差异。

Patterns of production and trade arebased upon differences inopportunity costs .9设想Imagine . . .…只有两种产品:土豆和牛肉…only two goods: potatoes and meat…只有两个人:种土豆的农民和饲养牛的牧民only two people: a potato farmer and a cattle rancher他们要生产什么？What should each produce?他们为什么交易？Why should they trade?一个现代经济的寓言A Parable for the Modern Economy10农民与牧民的生产可能性The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and the Rancher生产一磅的时间 (Hours N eed ed t o M ake 1 lb. o 40小时的产量（Amount Produced牛肉Meat 土豆Potatoes 牛肉Meat 土豆Potatoes农民Farmer 20 hours/lb 10 hours/lb2 lbs. 4 lbs.牧民Rancher 1 hours/lb 8 hours/lb.40 lbs. 5 lbs.11自给自足Self-Sufficiency若彼此间无贸易By ignoring eachother:他们各自消费自我生产的产品Each consumes what they each produce.生产可能性边界也就是消费可能性边界The production possibilities frontier is also the consumption possibilities frontier.12生产可能性边界Production PossibilitiesFrontiers土豆Potatoes(pounds)牛肉Meat (pounds)4212(a)农民的生产可能性边界The Farmer’s ProductionPossibilities FrontierA13生产可能性边界Production PossibilitiesFrontiers土豆Potatoes(pounds)牛肉Meat (pounds)540202.5(b)牧民的生产可能性边界The Rancher’s ProductionPossibilities FrontierB14农民和牧民专业生产和贸易The Farmer and the RancherSpecialize and Trade如果他们各自生产他们适合生产的产品、然后进行交易，那么他们的情况都会变好Each would be better off if they specialized in producing the product they are more suited to produce, and then trade with each other.农民应该生产土豆The farmer should produce potatoes.牧民应该生产牛肉The rancher should produce meat.15从贸易中获益The Gains from Trade没有贸易的结果TheOutcomeWithout Trade:他们的生产和消费情况What TheyProduceand Consume 农民Farmer 1 lb meat (A )2 lbs potatoes 牧民Rancher20 lbs meat (B )2.5 lbs potatoes16贸易的好处The Gains from Trade他们生产什么What TheyProduce 他们贸易什么What They Trade他们消费什么What They Consume农民Farmer 0 lbs meat 4 lbs potatoes Gets 3 lbs meat for 1 lb potatoes 3 lbs meat (A*)3 lbs potatoes 牧民Rancher 24 lbs meat2 lbs potatoesGives 3 lbs meat for 1 lb potatoes21 lbs meat (B*) 3 lbs potatoes17贸易扩大了消费可能性集合Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities土豆Potatoes(pounds)牛肉Meat (pounds)4221(a)贸易如何增加了农民的消费How Trade Increases the Farmer’s ConsumptionA33A*农民无贸易时的消费Farmer’s consumption without trade农民有贸易时的消费Farmer’s consumption with trade 18贸易扩大了消费可能性集合Trade Expands the Set of Consumption Possibilities土豆Potatoes(pounds)牛肉Meat (pounds)52.54020(b)贸易如何增加了牧民的消费HowTrade Increases The Rancher’s ConsumptionB213B*牧民无贸易时的消费Rancher’s consumption without trade牧民有贸易时的消费Rancher’s consumption with trade19从贸易中获益The Gains from Trade消费的增加TheIncrease in Consumption农民Farmer 2 lbs meat (A*- A)1 lb potatoes 牧民Rancher1 lb meat (B*- B)1/2 lb potatoes20比较优势原则理The Principle of Comparative Advantage谁应当生产什么？Who should produce what? 一种产品的多少份额用来贸易？How muchshould be traded for each product?农民和牧民谁能以较低的成本生产土豆Who can produce potatoes at a lower cost--the farmer or the rancher?由生产成本差异决定Differences in the costs of production determine the following:21生产成本的差异Differences in Costs of Production生产一单位产品的时间数The number of hours required to produce a unit of output. (for example, one pound of potatoes)为生产一种产品而放弃另一种产品的机会成本The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another.度量生产成本差异的两种方法Two ways to measure differencesin costs of production:22绝对优势Absolute Advantage描述一个人、一家公司或一个国家相对其他人、公司或国家的生产力Describes the productivity of one person, firm, or nation compared to that of another.生产商在生产一种产品时的要素投入少，则他在生产该种产品时具有绝对优势The producer that requires a smaller quantity of inputs to produce a good is said to have an absolute advantage in producing that good.23比较优势Comparative Advantage根据生产商的机会成本进行比较Compares producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.机会成本较小的生产商生产该种产品时具有比较优势The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have acomparative advantage in producing that good.24专业化和贸易Specialization and Trade谁具有绝对优势？农民？牧民？Who has the absolute advantage?The farmer or the rancher?谁具有相对优势？农民？牧民？Who has the comparative advantage?The farmer or the rancher?25绝对优势Absolute Advantage牧民仅需要8小时生产一磅土豆，而农民却需要10小时The Rancher needs only 8 hours to produce a pound of potatoes, whereas the Farmer needs 10 hours.牧民生产一磅牛肉仅需要1小时，而农民却需要20小时The Rancher needs only 1 hour to produce a pound of meat, whereas the Farmer needs 20 hours.牧民生产牛肉和土豆都具有绝对优势The Rancher has an absolute advantage in the production of bothmeat and potatoes.26生产牛肉和土豆的机会成本The Opportunity Cost of Meat and PotatoesOpportunity Cost of:1 lb of Meat1 lb of Potatoes Farmer2 lb potatoes 1/2 lb meat Rancher1/8 lb potatoes8 lb meat27比较优势Comparative Advantage牧民生产一磅牛肉的的机会成本仅为1/8磅土豆，而农民的机会成本却是2磅土豆…The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is only 1/8 pound of potatoes, while the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a pound of meat is 2 pounds of potatoes...牧民生产一磅土豆的机会成本是8磅牛肉，而农民的机会成本仅为1/2磅牛肉The Rancher’s opportunity cost of a pound of potatoes is 8 pounds of meat, whereas the Farmer’s opportunity cost of a pound of potatoes is 1/2 pound of meat.28比较优势Comparative Advantage…因此，牧民生产牛肉具有比较优势，而农民在产土豆方面却具有比较优势…so, the Rancher has a comparative advantage in the production of meat but the Farmer has a comparative advantage in the production ofpotatoes.29比较优势原理The Principle of Comparative Advantage比较优势和机会成本差异是专业化生产以及进行贸易的基础Comparative advantage and differences in opportunity costs are the basis for specialized production and trade.无论什么时候潜在的贸易伙伴存在机会成本的差异，他们都能从贸易中获益Whenever potential trading parties havedifferences in opportunity costs, they can each benefit from trade.30贸易的好处Benefits of Trade贸易能使社会中的每一位成员获得好处，因为贸易允许人们从事他们具有比较优势的专业生产Trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage.31亚当•斯密与贸易Adam Smith and Trade亚当•斯密在1776年《国富论》一书中对贸易与经济的相互依赖性做了详尽的分析——经济学家们至今对此仍深信不疑In his 1776 book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ,Adam Smith performed a detailed analysis of trade and economic interdependence, which economists still adhere to today.32大卫•李嘉图与贸易David Ricardo and Trade大卫•李嘉图在1816年的《政治经济学与税收》书中发展了我们今天所熟知的比较优势原则In his 1816 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation ,David Ricardo developed the principle of comparative advantage as we know it today.33总结Summary经济的相互依赖性和贸易允许人们享受更多数量、更多种类的商品和服务。