《英语修辞学》第四章

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《英语修辞学》第四章2

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• 7. The police noticed some discrepancies in his description of the crime and did not believe him. • 8. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was a catastrophe that destroyed most of the city. • 9. Deep in her book, Nancy was oblivious to the noisy squabbles of her brother and his friends. • 10. Times of economic hardship inevitably encourage the proliferation of countless get-rich-quick schemes. • 11. Freddy was so overwhelmed by the profusion of choices on the menu that he knocked over his wine glass and soaked his host. • 12. For many years an unheralded research, Barbara McClintock gained international renown when she won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. • 13. Because we were running out of time, the lecturer had to abbreviate her speech. • 14. On the castle battlements, an apparition materialized and spoke to Hamlet, warning him of his uncle’s treachery. • 15. Mark refused to concede that she was right.

修辞学

A professor tapped on his desk and shouted: “Gentlemen—order!” The entire class yelled: “Beer!”
For reading and better appreciation The language of English.
4. It can be beneficial for our thesis or even for further study . (a specific one or one in a specific work with examples) Comparison of the similar figures of speech Comparison of the same one in Chinese and English Comparison of the same one in different fields (literature-ad. Speaking-writing) One special figure of speech in a work and its functions
Some usages in life: your thesis
The Differences between Puns in Literature and Advertisements The Death Euphemism in The Dream of the Red Chamber
Some usages in life: humor or persuasion in communication
What we try to achieve:
2. We will compare figures of speech in Chinese and English and know how to translate them and related sentences into Chinese.

英语修辞学

《英语修辞学》教学大纲修订单位: 韩山师范学院外语系执笔人: 张若兰一. 课程基本信息1. 课程中文名称：英语修辞学2. 课程英文名称：English Rhetoric3. 课程类别：任选4. 适应专业：英语（师范类）本科5. 总学时：366. 总学分：2二．本课程在教学计划中的地位、作用和任务《英语修辞学》是为英语专业高年级学生开设的一门专业任意选修课。

该课程通过系统的讲授，使学生掌握英语修辞的基本原理及其应用，从而达到写作时语言更加贴切，意义更加清晰，表达更加生动；阅读时更加准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从本质上了解英语，掌握英语，提高阅读能力、写作能力和文学欣赏水平和语言修养。

三．教学内容与教学基本要求教学内容:Chapter One：Syntactic Devices (句法辞格) (6课时)本章内容包括：1．长句和短句(Long and short sentences)；2．简单句(The simple sentence)；3．复合句(The compound sentence)；4．分枝句(Branching sentences)；5．主动和被动句(The active and the passive voiced sentences)；6．平衡句(Syntactic schemes of balance)----排比句(parallelism)；对偶句(antithesis)；逆转反复句(chiasmus)；7．倒装句(Syntactic scheme of inversion)----省略句(ellipsis)；局部省略句(fragmentary elliptical sentence)；连词省略/散珠(asyndeton)；跳脱(aposiopesis)；8．添加句（Syntactic scheme of addition or insertion）----连词叠用(polysyndeton)；修正法/换语(epanorthosis)；注释法(exegesis)；扩充法(exergasia) ；并列法(apposition) ；插入法(parenthesis)；9．反复句(Syntactic scheme of repetition)---二项式(binomials)；三项式(trinomials)；多项式(catalogues)；首语重复(syntactic anaphora)；尾语重复(syntactic epiphorea)；首尾语重复(syntactic framing)；10．层进与突降(Syntactic scheme of climax and anticlimax)----(climax)；(anticlimax or bathos)11．修辞问句(Rhetoric question)；12．顿呼(Apostrophe)。

现代英语修辞学

普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材现代英语修辞学Moder n English Rhetor ic胡曙中编著上海外语教育出版社图书在版编目(CIP)数据现代英语修辞学/胡曙中编著.—上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004ISBN7-81095-185-8Ⅰ.现…Ⅱ.胡…Ⅲ.英语修辞教材Ⅳ.H315中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字(2004)第014498号早在1982年,我的导师杨小石先生有意要编一本适合我国英语专业使用的英语修辞学教材,为此,他邀请了包括我在内的三位教师一起参加编写,我们商定了编写大纲,也作了具体的分工。

我当时只有35岁,对编写这么一本教材的困难程度并不清楚,但却凭着一股劲,居然勉强地完成了自己那一部分,但是由于他们未能完成自己的部分,我的那一部分最后也就不了了之了。

从那时到现在,时间过去了20多年。

在这20多年中,我读了一些书,作了一些研究,从《英汉修辞比较研究》、《美国新修辞学》到《英语修辞学》,我走了过来。

坦诚地说,前面走过的路不都是一步一个脚印的,但就在这步履艰难的过程中,我逐渐知道了什么是英语修辞,知道了如何来阐释和应用英语修辞。

现在奉献给大家的这本《现代英语修辞学》,承蒙教育部和有关专家的厚爱,被确定为普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材。

我把这本书写成一本英语修辞学的入门书,是想回答许多学生提出的问题:“什么是英语修辞学?”“英语修辞学是不是就是研究英语写作?”“英语修辞学是英语专业的课程,还是语言学的课程?”我希望我的这本书能较为满意地回答这些问题。

在这儿,我想概括一下本书的各章内容和目的:第0章导论解释英语修辞的种种意义,并说明本书的目的———对英语修辞现象的描述、应用和阐释第1章影响修辞活动的要素论述信息、使用场合、受话者之间的关系,说明语气如何反映其间的关系第2章词汇的修辞描述英语选字遣词的修辞规律及其应用第3章句子的修辞描述英语连词组句的修辞规律及其应用第4章段落的修辞描述英语段落构成的修辞规律及其应用第5章语篇的修辞描述英语语篇构成的修辞规律及其应用第6章语篇的种类描述语篇的种类及其特点第7章语体描述作为修辞活动综合体的语体特征第8章修辞手段描述修辞布局和辞格的规律第9章理论阐释简述主要的英语修辞理论第10章传统与发展回顾英语修辞学的传统,预测其发展本书主要适合英语专业高年级学生和研究生使用。

《英语修辞学English Rhetoric》第一章Introduction to English Rhetoric

semantic, logic)
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II. Reference Books
4. Assessment: Exam
Total grades = 30% of Regular Grades + 70%oegular Grades consists of 15% of class attendance and 15% of
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Syracuse
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III. What is rhetoric?
3.2 rhetoric and oratory
Rhētorikē—rhētōr:
as a verb: to speak as a noun: orator
Oratory had been practiced long before the ancient rhetoricians developed a theory and a vocabulary for rhetoric.
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• 《苏格拉底之死》1787 纽约大都会博物馆 • 法国新古典主义画家：雅克•路易• 大卫（Jacques Louis David)
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Positive connotations
• Historically, “rhetoric” had positive connotations, suggesting a commendable skill with words. Today rhetoric, as it was in history, is something that people have to resort to. • Rhetoric is generally understood as a tool or a method. Its content is more concerned with the Hows of what people are talking about than the Whats of what people are talking about. • As a tool, rhetoric is inherently neither good or bad. A deceitful person will use it to deceive and an ethical person will use it to make truth and justice prevail.

英语修辞学(Rhetoric)

平行（Parallelism)
Syllepsis
Syllepsis是指用一个词（如动词、形容词、介词等）同时与两个或更多的词相搭配，在越一个词搭配时用一种词义，而在与另一个词搭配时则用另一种词义,这种搭配在句法规则和语义上都是正确的，并产生不同的字面意义和比喻意义。
He lost the game and his temper. 他输了这一局，大发脾气。
半谐音也可称“无韵”，是指一组词、一句话或一行诗中同一元音重复出现，它具有音乐的节奏感，可增强语言的表现力。例如：
It’s fair and square affair from the beginning to the end. 这件事自始至终都是光明正大的。
All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。
Pun
双关（pun）就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法，它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮，造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐，既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等，又可用于正式场合，表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。 — Why is an empty parse always the same? — Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”，又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着，毫无“变化”了。)
2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。
本体和喻体通常一个抽象一个具体，一个熟悉一个陌生
Simile(明喻)
希腊语Metapherein (transfer )转换
无需借助比喻词，直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如：

英语修辞学大纲(新版)

《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲一、课程基本信息课程代码020259课程中文名称英语修辞学课程英文名称English Rhetoric课程性质专业必修学分/学时 2/36适用专业英语专业先修课程无推荐教材（参考书）《英语辞格导论》, 张金泉、周丹主编，华中科技大学出版社，2013年版二、课程简介本课程在吸收、借鉴修辞研究的新方法、新成果的基础上，比较系统的介绍了英语修辞理论及常用修辞手法，使学生掌握英语修辞学及修辞手法的基本知识，提高英语语言素养，作为英语专业高年级课程，本课程具有实践性和实用性。

三、教学目的与基本要求通过本课程，提高学生英语口、笔表达的得体性和艺术性，使之对词语的选用更加贴切、句子表义更加清晰和生动；并通过对经典修辞实例的分析和品读，使学生更准确地理解作者的写作意图、文体风格和写作技巧，从而提高阅读能力和文学欣赏水平。

四、教学进度表讲（章）次各讲标题名称讲授学时教学周安排备注第一讲绪论 2 1第二讲音韵修辞格 4 2-3第三讲语义修辞格 22 4-15 期中考试占2学时第四讲句法修辞格 4 16-17第五讲总结 2 18（注：以讲或章为单位对教学内容做出学时要求安排。

）五、考核方式和成绩评定办法1、考核方式：闭卷考；2、成绩评定办法：平时成绩（包括课堂表现、提交作业、考勤）占30%，期中考试占10%，期末考试占60%六、内容提要第一周英语修辞学概述教学目的：1）了解修辞学定义及修辞学研究的历史；2）了解修辞学学习的意义及课程设置教学重点：修辞学研究的对象及意义教学难点：修辞的定义教学方法：讲授为主，结合学生讨论教学内容：1）修辞学定义2）修辞学研究历史概述3）英语辞格介绍4）英语修辞学学习的意义5）本门课程考核方式课后思考题：英专学生学习英语修辞学的意义授课时数:2第二周音韵修辞格（头韵、元韵）教学目的：理解并掌握头韵、元韵概念与具体运用教学重点：头韵教学难点：头韵、元韵的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）头韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）元韵定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第三周音韵修辞格（押韵、拟声）教学目的：理解并掌握押韵、拟声的概念与具体运用教学重点：押韵教学难点：押韵、拟声的具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：1）押韵定义及修辞实例赏析2）拟声定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第四周语义修辞格（摹色）教学目的：理解并掌握摹色的概念与具体运用教学重点：颜色词教学难点：摹色具体运用教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合教学内容：摹色定义及修辞实例赏析授课时数：2第五周语义修辞格（明喻）教学目的：1）掌握明喻的概念2）掌握明喻的几种常见形式3）了解as...as...类明喻的翻译教学重点：明喻的几种常见形式教学难点：as...as...类明喻的特征及文化内涵教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第六周语义修辞格（隐喻）教学目的：1）掌握隐喻的定义2）掌握隐喻的分类3）了解延伸式隐喻的定义教学难点：隐喻的分类教学方法：教师讲授、学生讨论、课堂联系presentation相结合授课时数：2第七周语义层面的修辞格（拟人、双关）教学目的：1）掌握拟人的概念、分类、修辞效果。

英语修辞学 Lecture 1 Introduction of English Rhetoric

移就/转喻
词语修辞格： Semantic Figures of Speech
Synaesthesia 通感 hyperbole/overstatement understatement 低调陈述 Irony 反语 Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法 Paradox 隽语 Euphemism 委婉语 pun 双关
Category 1
交际修辞（Communicative Rhetoric）：无论说话或写作，把思想感情表达得明白、通顺，要求在选词择句时，语意明确、文理通顺、结构妥贴、语言平易好懂，这样才能正确地说明客观事物，表达主观意愿，完成交际任务。美学修辞（Aesthetic Rhetoric）：要求语言表现得生动、形象，富于说服力和感染力，最大限度地发挥语言的表达功能，给人以美的享受。
Parallelism/parallel structure Repetition 反复 Antithesis 对照/对偶层进 Climax Anti-climax 突降 Ellipsis 省略 Inversion / anastrophe 倒装
排比
Category 2
Passive rhetoric: How to choose the proper words and sentences to express the ideas, and make the language: accuracy, euphonic, and coherent. Active rhetoric: How to apply the figures of speech properly so as to make the content more exact, vivid and lively. It mainly concerns the usage of the figures of speech.

Lecture one 英语修辞学绪论 Introduction

Introduction:examples

Caesar:
I came, I saw, I conquered.
2.We eat books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
1.1 Etymology of Rhetoric
Francis Christensen: Grammar maps out the possible; rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective. 伍海伦《英文修辞手册》论述： Grammar is the law of language, considered as language; rhetoic is the art of language, considered as thought. Grammar tells what is correct; rhetoric tells what is effective ans pleasing.
Introduction:examples
Kennedy: Don‟t ask what our country can do for you, just ask what you can do for your country.

Chuchill: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. Richard Nixon: Our destiny offers not the cup of despair, but the chalice of opportunity.

英语修辞学(Rhetoric).ppt

4. 英语被动句用得多，汉语主动句用得多。这更说明了英语的“物称倾向”。 An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). 《华盛顿邮报》（1962年1月17日）的一篇社论提供了一个例子。 It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver. 长期以来，大家知道心脏和肝脏的关系是最重要的。 The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. 我国的海运公司总能预见来自第三世界的挑战。
Illustrative说明型
Illuminative启发型
E.g.
What happened to a dream deferred 延期的 (postponed)? Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化脓) like a sore? Does it stink like a rotten meat?
英语修辞学(Rhetoric)
English Figures of Speech
英语修辞的一般规律与特点 General principles and features of English rhetoric
1. 关系词丰富，介词、连词、关系代词和关系副词等的充分利用，使英语成为一种更为形式的语言，即以形合为主的语言。而汉语是以意合为主的语言。

英语修辞学forSs Chapter 4 Figures of Speech1

Chapter 4 Figures of SpeechIntroduction•Figures of Speech-- the generic term of any artful deviations from the ordinary mode of speaking or writing•The functions of figures of speech–render our thoughts vividly concrete, and help us to communicate with our audience clearly and effectively; (Logos)–stir emotional responses, carry truth, in Wordsworth's phrase, "alive into the heart by passion"; (Pathos)–elicit admiration for the eloquence of the speaker or writer, exert a powerful ethical appeal. (Ethos)4.1 ClassificationTwo Classification Systems–Corbett and Connors's System of Classification–Walter Nash's Classification System of Figures4.1.1 Corbett and Connors's System of ClassificationTwo main groups: the schemes and the tropes.A scheme (Greek schema, form, shape) involves a deviation from the ordinary pattern or arrangement of words.A trope (Greek tropein, to turn ) involves a deviation from the ordinary and principal signification of a word.The Schemes 布局/形变辞格Schemes of Words1. Adding or subtractingProsthesis (adding a syllable in front of word) e.g. loved -- belovedEpenthesis (adding a syllable in the middle of word) e.g. visiting -- visitatingProparalepsis (adding a syllable at the end of word) e.g. climate -- climatureAphaeresis (subtracting a syllable from the beginning of word) e.g. beneath –…neath, It is - 'tis, advantage - vantageSyncope (subtracting a syllable from the middle of word) e.g. prosperous -- prosprousApocope (subtracting a syllable from the end of word) e.g. evening – even, cinematograph - cinema2. Exchanging soundsmetathesis (transposition of letters in a word) e.g. clasp -- clapsantisthecon (change of sound) e.g. wrong -- wrangSchemes of Construction1. Schemes of BalanceParallelism (similarity of structure in a pair or related words, phrases, or clauses)Antithesis (the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure)2. Schemes of unusual or inverted word order (hyperbaton )Anastrophe (inversion of the natural or usual word order)Parenthesis (insertion of some verbal unit in a position interrupts the normal syntactical flow of thesentence)Apposition (placing side by side two co-ordinate elements, second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first)3. Schemes of OmissionEllipsis (deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context) Asyndeton (deliberate omission of conjunctions between series of related clauses)4. Schemes of RepetitionAlliteration (repetition of initial consonants in two or more adjacent words)Assonance (repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words)Anaphora (repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses) (a...)(a...)Epistrophe (repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses) (...a) (...a)Epanalepsis (repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause) (a …a)Anadiplosis (repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause) (…a, a …)Climax (arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance) Antimetabole (repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order)Chiasmus (reversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses)Polyptoton (repetition of words derived from the same root)The Tropes 辞格/变异辞格Metaphor(an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common)Simile(an explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common)Synecdoche (a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole)Metonymy (substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant)Puns (generic name for those figures which make a play on words)1. Antanaclasis (repetition of a word in two different senses)2. Paronomasia (use of words alike in sound but different in meaning)3. Syllepsis(use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs)Anthimeria (the substitution of one part of speech for another)Periphrasis (substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name)Personification (Prosopopoeia) (investing abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities or abilities)Hyperbole (the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or heightened effect)Litotes (deliberate use of understatement, not to deceive someone but to enhance the impressiveness of what we say)Rhetorical Question (erotema) (asking a question, not for the purpose of eliciting an answer but for the purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely)Onomatopoeia (use of words whose sound echoes the sense)Oxymoron (the yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory)Paradox (an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth)See 李鑫华，pp8- 17 for reference4.1.2 Walter Nash's Classification System of FiguresWalter Nash, British linguist, has adopted a linguistic approach toward the classification of the figures. For Nash, The word figure is the super-ordinate term, applicable to any rhetorical device. Scheme will refer to figures of word-order and syntactic patterning; trope will refer to figures that play on the sense of words.•We shall further distinguish between tropes that confine their play to a single word or phrase, and those that pervade longer stretches of discourse; these last we shall call modes调式. There are thus figures of syntax and figures of semantics, the latter being roughly divisible into word-semantics and discourse semantics. The proposed hierarchy of terms is represented in the following sketch:FIGURESCHEMES TROPE(syntax. (semantic)E.g. climax)(word meaning, (discourse sense,e.g. metaphor) e.g. irony)4.1.3 The classification of The New Encyclopedia Britannica1. figures of resemblance or relationship e.g. metaphor, simile2. figures of emphasis or understatement e.g. hyperbole, litotes3. figures of sound e.g. alliteration4. verbal games and gymnastics e.g. pun, anagram 字谜5. errors e.g. malapropism语词的滑稽误用,飞白, periphrasis 折绕4.1.4 Other classificationsLinguistically–Phonetical–lexical–StructuralSee 李鑫华，p8Aesthetically1. Figures related to sound and color声色美2.Figures related to resemblance and relationship3. Figures related to balance4. Figures related to emphasis5. Figures related to change6. Figures related to vagueness4.2 Syntactic schemes4.2.1 Syntactic Schemes of BalanceGeneral RemarksBalance in sentence construction is based on the principle that ideas of the same importance should be expressed in the same grammatical form to enhance clarity and coherence, by giving them equal weight.E.g.(1) Crafty men condemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.(Francis Bacon: " Of Studies")(2) Penny wise; pound foolish.•The chief schemes of balance are Parallelism, Antithesis, Chiasmus (交错配列), and its variation Antimetabole (颠倒重复). These are now discussed below, individually.1. ParallelismIn parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word (noun with noun, verb with verb, adjective with adjective, etc.), phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence.Compare: Are they parallels?a. The child was pretty and had brains.b. The child was pretty and intelligent.c. He sat down and was beginning to work.d. He sat down and began to work.•Parallelism is regularly employed in the listing of facts, ideas, events etc., and the parallel elements may range from a minimum of two to any number required.•To make the parallelism clear, it is essential to repeat, as the case demands, the marker of the parallelism, such as an article, a preposition, the to of an infinitive, or the introductory word of a main or subordinate clause.E.g.(3) She was a good hostessand an accomplished pianist.(4) You can go there on foot,by busor by train.(5) It is important to know how to studyand to learn how to plan one's time.(There are two sets of parallelisms here.)(6) Do you know who will comeand when they will arrive?The careless omission of such markers will lead to awkward, if not unidiomatic sentences.E.g.(7) (×) I will wait until you call or shecomes.(√) I will wait until you call oruntil she comes.(8) (×) She is a swimmer and artist.(√) She is a swimmer and an artist.However, it is permissible to leave out such markers if their omission does not cause ambiguity,awkwardness, or if they do not sound unidiomatic.E.g.(9) She likes to read, swim, and play tennis.(10) We can go there by bus, train or plane.Parallel constructions are also introduced by correlative such as either ... or, neither ... nor, both … and, not only … but also, whether … or，and rathe r … than.E.g.(11) You may either go with them or stay behind.(12) She was both their friend and teacher.(13) I would rather go shopping than visit the parks.•From the above examples, we can see that parallelism involves balancing the structural elements of a sentence. Very often, however, repetition is used with parallelism to emphasize the equal importance and weight of the parallel parts. E.g.(14) We live in deeds, not years;in thoughts, not breaths;in feelings, not in figures on a dial.(P. J. Bailey: Festus, v)(15) ... and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.(Abraham Lincoln: "Gettysburg Address")(16) Is not a Patron, my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help?为……所累The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind, but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it.(Samuel Johnson: "Letter to Lord Chesterfield")•In conclusion, we will say parallelism is one of the most frequently used of all English rhetorical devices, and anyone who has learnt to use it with ease in all its variety will find it an invaluable aid in making his/her writing clear and effective.2. AntithesisAntithesis is the deliberate arrange-ment of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve force and emphasis.Speech is silver; silence is golden.Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.-- Shakespeare: Julius CaesarIt takes a great deal of history to produce a little literature. -- Henry JamesI had walked into that reading room a happy healthy man. I crawled out a decrepit wreck.-- Jerome K. Jerome: Three Men in a Boat•Sometimes a whole passage can be made up of contrasts, and this extract from Ecclesiastes is a well-known example, which emphasizes a point of view, an idea:There is a time for everything, and a season for every activity under heaven: (Ecclesiastes)a time to be born and a time to die,a time to plant and a time to uproot,a time to kill and a time to heal,a time to tear down and a time to build,a time to weep and a time to laugh,a time to mourn and a time to dance,…a time to be silent and a time to speak,a time to love and a time to hate,a time for war and a time for peace.It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the era of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair, we had everything before us.3. Chiasmus and Antimetabole(交错配列,颠倒重复).Chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of words.(1) We live to eat, not eat to live.(Here the key words in the first statement are repeated, and reversed in order in the second. This is called antimetabole.)(2) He was an angel on the surface, but a t heart a knave.(Here there is no repetition of words; but the positions of the nouns and adverbials are reversed. This is called chiasmus.)(3) Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (chiasmus)-- J.F. Kennedy(4) And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (antimetabole)-- J.F. KennedySimilar Chinese device is called “回环”, for example:（1）啊呀啊呀，真实愈有钱，便愈是一毫不肯放松，愈是一毫不肯放松，便愈有钱……（鲁迅《故乡》）（2）“人家说了再做，我是做了再说。

英语修辞学

Definition of Rhetoric修辞1) The art of using words in speaking or writing so as to persuade or influence others.2) The art of effectively using language in speech or writing, including the use of figures of speech.3) Rhetoric is the theory of informative and persuasive discourse.4) Rhetoric is a kind of art which deals with how to mairpulate language effectively.5) What make an effective choice between two synonymous expressions.6) Rhetoric should study the misunderstanding in human communication and find a solution to it.Historical Background of RhetoricAbout 23 centuries ago, during the time of Aristotle(亚里士多德) in Greece, rhetoric was considered as one of the few.In Aristotle’s Rhetoric it embraced only the following three subjects capable of systematic treatment, namely:1. the possible sources of proofs 2 the style 3 The right ordering of the parts of a speechIt remained so all through the Middle Ages. Even down of the 18th century it was not much changed.◆John Locke(English philosopher of late 17th century): Rhetoric was the science of oratory.What Rhetoric Treats A bout TodayRhetoric is considered to consist of the combination of two sciences, the science of logic and the science of grammar.Both logic and grammar deal with the expression of thought.1. Logic deals with the law of thinking; its aim is to determine what sequences of thought are sound and self-consistent.2. Grammar deals with the forms, inflections, and choice of words and their relation to each other in phrases, clauses(分句), orsentences.Rhetoric is therefore called the art of adaptation(适应性).Francis Christensen:✧Grammar maps out the possible; Rhetoric narrows the possible down to the desirable and effective.✧Grammar is law of the language , considered as language.Two types of rhetoric:Communicative rhetoric Aesthetic rhetoricIn Chinese civilization, rhetoric has been primarily written, not oral, due to regional differences in language.Complete sentence & Sentence fragments For example: It was raining hard, he (He)kept on running in the field.Analysis● A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.●Punctuation●Comma, colon:●Period. Question mark?●Semicolon；exclamation mark!Types of Sentences1. Declarative(陈述), interrogative(疑问), imperative(祈使), and exclamatory(感叹) sentence (function)2. Simple, compound(复合), complex(复杂), and compound-complex sentences (structure)● A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate-verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial.有一个主语和一个predicate-verb,但它可能包含一个以上的对象、属性或状语。

英语修辞学大纲

10.5 Antonomasia
10.6 Personification
10.7 Parody
10.8 Synesthesia
10.9 Transferred epithet
说明和要求:
（1）重点讲述其中最常用的十余种，尤以隐喻为重点。注意帮助学生弄清概念，基本分清相邻辞格间的相似和相异之处。
（2）讲述修辞理论和实际语言现象时适当配合词汇学、语义学、语用学、逻辑学知识介绍，使之渗透修辞教学中来，便于对修辞理论和实践的领会与掌握。
（3）配合必要的笔头练习从修辞角度对文章进行综合性分析。
Chapter 11 Logical Figures of Speech
*11.1 Allegory
*11.2 Allusion
11.3 Hyperbole
11.4 ent
11.5 Irony
11.6 Innuendo
11.7 Euphemism
7.7 Pun
说明和要求:
（1）本部分从语音在语言中的地位讲起，适当介绍语音学方面的知识，重点提示音韵法在诗歌中所起的重要作用及其对散文、广告等各语体的影响。
（2）通过教学，帮助学生学会辨认以上音韵修辞现象并在写作中能自觉运用此类辞格。
Chapter 8-9 Syntactic Figures of Speech
11.8 Oxymoron
*11.9 Analogy
11.10 Paradox
说明和要求:
（1）重点讲授夸张、低调陈述、反语、委婉、矛盾修饰法，帮助学生了解这几种辞格用违反事实或逻辑作为表达方式的特点。
（2）帮助学生分清委婉与低调陈述和反语的区别，矛盾修饰和隽语的区别。
（3）要求学生找文章自己分析这类辞格的语用功能。

英语修辞学1-4Ex答案gg

英语修辞学1-4Ex答案gg《英语修辞学》第一章----第四章练习答案Tell what figures of speech each sentence contains.1. You might as well expect a leopard to change its spots as expect him to give up smoking.(simile)2. I stayed on Hong Kong island and found myself in a different world, where surprising quiet and the green smell of lush foliage is just steps away from the business district.(Jane Wooldridge: Hong Kong) (synaesthesia)3. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. (kate Chopin: The Dream of an Hour) (synaesthesia)4. How all my own territory would be altered, as if a landslide had gone through it and skimmed off all meaning except loss of Mike. (simile)(I had never realized until Mike’s leaving) How much my own life would be affected, as if it had been destroyed by a landslide, which took away everything I used to enjoy, leaving behind only the pain from missing Mike.我的世界里，就像发生了天崩地裂，除了迈克的离去，其余所有的记忆都被冲走了。

《英语修辞学》第四章

Page 5
complex sentence: contains one main clause and at least one dependent clause, with a connective word denoting the relation between them.
E.g. Although he wanted the job more than anything else in the world, he knew he had little chance of getting it. compound-complex sentence: contains at least two main clauses and at least one dependent clause----- a combination of a compound and complex sentence. E.g. Sister Lucy tried her best to help Martin, but he was an undisciplined boy who drove many teachers to despair. Advantage: good for a show of eloquence
(2) What does sentence variety aim at? Avoid monotony in one’s speech or writing
“The joy of life is variety.” Samuel Johnson said. So variety of writing or speech is a joy. Without variety, any text can be dull and uninteresting.

英语修辞学

李树德冯奇《英语修辞简明教程》，复旦大学出版社，2003
吕煦《实用英语修辞》，清华大学出版社，2004
张秀国《英语修辞学》，清华大学出版社，2005
Questions:
What is rhetoric? What is a figure of speech? Are they the same?
Definition of rhetoric: Chinese
张弓《现代汉语修辞学》：修辞是为了有效地表达意旨、交流思想而适应现
实语境，利用民族语言各因素以美化语言。北京大学语言学教研室《语言学名词解释》：修辞是指最有效地运用语言，使语言很好地表达
思想感情的一种技巧。研究这种技巧的学问，就叫修辞学。换言之，修辞学是以修辞的规律、方法和语言手段的表现为研究对象的科学。
Definition of rhetoric
Webster’s New World Dictionary of the American Language (1972):
Rhetoric is the art or science of using words effectively in speaking or writing, especially of literary composition.
胡曙中《英汉修辞比较研究》，上海外语教育出版社，1993
胡曙中《现代英语修辞学》，上海外语教育出版社，2004
黄任《英语修辞与写作》，上海外语教育出版社，1996
郭秀梅《实用英语修辞学》，江苏人民出版社， 1985
李冀宏《英语常用修辞入门》，世界图书出版公司，2ategory 1: (Western Rhetoric) Communicative Rhetoric

英语修辞学(讲稿)

Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.第一部分：Figures of Resemblance and RelationshipSimile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Synecdoche（提喻）Personification（拟人）Antonomasia （换称）一Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。