土木专业英语英译汉第一章.doc
土木工程专业英语 Unit 1-2
毕业于…… 学士 专业 申请 设计院 职位 助理设计师 专长是…… 蓝图
土木工程英语教材 UNIT 1
try to write Translate the following advertisement into Chinese Part II
A successful engineering consulting firm with expertise in civil design & planning needs an experienced Civil Engineer who has experience for waterfront projects. His duties include design drainage calculations, water distribution networks, roadway layouts & project management for all kinds of commercial and industrial projects, including for private & public clients.
城市规划).
土木工程英语教材 UNIT 1
Section 2 Read and Think Part II Passage
Civil Engineering
Para. 3 Civil engineering offers a particular challenge because almost
every structure or system that is designed and built by civil engineers is
Section 3 Think and Speak Conversation2
土木工程专业英语翻译
土木工程专业英语翻译第一篇：土木工程专业英语翻译1.第一课土木工程，这个最古老的工程专业，是指对被建设环境的规划、设计、建筑和管理。
这个环境包括按科学原理所建的一切结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设备。
土木工程师们修路、建桥、打隧道，木工程师始终（将介词throughout转译成副词）都要充分利用计算机。
用计算机来设计工程的各要素（计算机辅助设计CAD）且用计算机来管理这个工程项目。
对于现代土木工程师而言，计算机是必备的工具，因为它们允许工程师高效建水坝，海港，发电厂，供水排水系统，建医院，学校，公共交通设施和其他公共设施实质上就是要建设现代化社会和大量人口集中地。
他们也建设私有的设施，例如：机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，和其他大型建筑物，它们设计用于工业，商业和居住等用途。
此外，土木工程师规划，设计和建设完整的城市和乡镇，近年来，已经在规划和设计空间平台来构建自给自足型社区。
2.土木这个词来源于拉丁文，原意是市民。
1782年，英国人JohnSmeaton用这个术语将非军事工程工作从在当时占绝大多数的军事工程师所人事的工程工作中区别开来。
从那以后，土木工程这个词常常用于表示建设公用设施的工程师们所人事的工作，尽管这个领域要宽广得多。
3.范围：因为它的面太广，所以土木工程被分成许多技术专业。
各专业的土木工程专家所需要的技能取决于工程项目的类型。
当一个项目开始时，场地被土木工程师所测绘，他们给定给水排水设施和电力线路的实际位置。
岩土工程专家们完成土壤实验来确定地基是否能承受工程项目的自重。
环境专家们研究项目对当地的影响：潜在的空气和地下水资源的污染，工程项目对当地动植物的影响，为满足保护环境的管理要求，怎样才能把工程项目设计好。
4.对于任何一个给定的工程项目，土地处理大量的用来制定工程最佳施工方法的数据。
5.结构工程.在这个专业中，土木工程师计划和设计各种各样的结构，包括桥，水坝，发电厂，设备的支柱，海岸工程的特殊结构，美国空间项目，发射塔，巨大的天文射电望远镜，和许多种其它的工程项目。
土木工程英语翻译1doc
Chapter 10 Construction Management 建设管理部门10.1 the procurement and implementation of structural steel for buidings begins with the owner`s decision to use steel as the primary structural system for the building采购和实现的钢结构的建筑开始与业主的决定使用钢作为主要结构系统的构建this decision is generally made early in the design process in conjunction with the architect and structural engineer for the project10.1 这个决定通常是在设计过程中尽早做出会同建筑师和结构工程师的项目the construction manager or design-build firm advises the owner on material availability设计、建设施工经理或公司建议业主在材料的可用性costs, suitability 成本、适用性and scheduling aspects of the structural frame types和调度方面的结构性框架类型in many cases 在许多情况下the construction manager or design-build firm consults with steel fabricators for preliminary pricing设计、建设施工经理或公司担任钢铁制造商为初步定价scheduling, and layout information that is used in deciding which structural system to utilize调度和布局信息,用于决定哪些结构系统利用Structural Design 结构设计Once the decision is made to use a structural steel frame, the architect and structural engineer proceed with structural design layouts for the building.一旦决定使用一个钢结构框架,建筑师和结构工程师进行结构设计布局的建筑。
土木工程专业英语翻译
第一单元In terms of architecture, the structure of a building is and does much more than that. It is an inseparable part of the building form and to varying degrees is a generator of that form. Used skillfully, the building structure can establish or reinforce orders and rhythms among the architectural volumes and planes. It can be visually dominant or recessive. It can develop harmonies or conflicts. It can be both confining and emancipating. And, unfortunately in some cases, it cannot be ignored. It is physical.从建筑学方面来说，建筑结构并非仅仅如此，它是建筑风格一个不可分割的部分，并且在不同程度上体现了建筑风格。
巧妙熟练地设计建筑结构能够在建筑空间和平面上建立或加强格调和韵律。
它做到直观上的显性和隐形，能够发展和谐体或对照体，同时它是局限的和开放的，并且在（某些情况下）一点是不可忽略的，也就是它的实际性。
The requirement of strength means that the materials selected to resist the stresses generated by the loads and shapers of the structure(s) must be adequate. Indeed, a “factor of Safety” is usually provided so that under the anticipated loads, a given material is not stressed to a level even close to its rupture point. The material property called stiffness is considered with the requirement of strength. Stiffness is different from strength in that it directly involves how much a structure strains or deflects under load. A material that is very strong but lacking in stiffness will deform too much to be of value in resisting the forces applied.强度要求意味着选择合适的材料来承受由荷载引起的应力和保持适当结构形状。
土木工程专业英语(苏小卒版)翻译.
第一单元Fundamentally, engineering is an end-product-oriented discipline that is innovative, cost-conscious and mindful of human factors. It is concerned with the creation of new entities, devices or methods of solution: a new process, a new material, an improved power source, a more efficient arrangement of tasks to accomplish a desired goal or a new structure. Engineering is also more often than not concerned with obtaining economical solutions. And, finally, human safety is always a key consideration.从根本上，工程是一个以最终产品为导向的行业，它具有创新、成本意识，同时也注意到人为因素。
它与创建新的实体、设备或解决方案有关：新工艺、新材料、一个改进的动力来源、任务的一项更有效地安排，用以完成所需的目标或创建一个新的结构。
工程是也不仅仅关心获得经济的解决方案。
最终，人类安全才是一个最重要的考虑因素。
Engineering is concerned with the use of abstract scientific ways of thinking and of defining real world problems. The use of idealizations and development of procedures for establishing bounds within which behavior can be ascertained are part of the process.工程关心的是，使用抽象的科学方法思考和定义现实世界的问题。
土木工程专业英语翻译
Lesson One Civil Engineering1Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.1土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
2Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition. civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.2土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译1
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在 年，英国人 为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者 ）并对其进行管理。
(完整版)土木工程专业英语翻译
(1)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including Canada and the United States, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction.(1)混凝土和钢筋混凝土在每个国家都被用作建筑材料。
在许多国家，包括加拿大和美国，钢筋混凝土是一种主要的工程结构材料。
(2)The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction.(2) 钢筋混凝土建筑的广泛存在是由于钢筋和制造混凝土的材料，包括石子，沙，水泥等，可以通过多种途径方便的得到，同时兴建混凝土建筑时所需要的技术也相对简单。
(3)Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, building of all sorts, underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.(3)混凝土和钢筋混凝土被应用于桥梁，各种形式的建筑，地下结构，蓄水池，电视塔，海上石油平台，以及工业建筑，大坝，甚至船舶等。
最新土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
本科毕业土木工程专业英语翻译翻译1
外文翻译学院：城市建设学院专业：土木工程学号：200808141156姓名：郭占勇指导教师：陈伟武汉科技大学2012年月日Discuss the construction temperature and crack of theconcrete lightlyBy G. K. Kululanga, W. Kuotcha, R. McCaffer, Member, ASCE, and F. Edum-Fotwe ,The American Society of Civil EngineersThe summary Through observation live for many years, through consulting the monograph about stress within the concrete, explain to concrete temperature reason , on-the-spot concrete control and measure , prevention of crack of temperature that crack produce.Key word；Concrete；Temperature stress；Crack；Control1. The concrete occupies the important position in modern engineering construction. But today, the crack of the concrete is comparatively general, the cracks are nearly omnipresent in the science of bridge building. Though we take various kinds of measures in constructing, careful, but the crack still occurs now and then. Tracing it to its cause, it is one of them incompletely that our change to concrete temperature stress pays attention to. In the large volume concrete, temperature stress and temperature control are significant. This is mainly because of the reason of two respects. First of all, concrete often appear the temperature crack in not constructing, influence the globality and durability of the structure. Secondly, in the course of operating, the temperature change has remarkable influence that can't be ignored on the stress state of the structure. We meet to construct temperature crack in mainly, so only to origin cause of formation and treatment measure, concrete of crack make a discussion in constructing this text.Reason of a crackHave many kinds of reasons to produce the crack in the concrete, it is mainly the changes of temperature and humidity, fragility and disparity of the concrete, and the structure is unreasonable, the raw materials is not up to standard (if the alkali aggregate react), the template is out of shape, the foundation does not subside etc. evenly . The cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration when the concrete is hardenned, inside temperature is rising constantly, cause the stress of drawing on the surface. In the course of lowering the temperature , is it congeal foundation pay restrain to mix always later stage, will present the stress of drawing within the concrete . Reducing of temperature can surface cause heavy stress of drawing very in concrete too. When these draw the stressand go beyond resisting the ability of splitting of concrete , namely will present the crack .A lot of inside humidity of concrete change very light or change relatively slow, surface humidity might change heavy the violent change takes placing. Such as maintaining thoroughly, when getting wetter when not doing,contract surface there aren't deformation doing, often cause the crack too. The concrete is a kind of fragility material , tensile strength is about 1/10 of the compression strength, is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit when draw out of shape to have *104 only , is it carry on one's shoulder or back limit location when stretch out of shape to there is *104 to add for a long time to add a short time. Because raw materials even, water dust than unstable, transport and build phenomenon of emanating of course, its tensile strength is not even in the same concrete, a lot of resist the ability of drawing very low, it is apt to present the weak position of the crack. Among armored concrete , draw stress to undertake by reinforcing bar mainly , concrete bear stress of keeping just. Or reinforcing bar mix if edge position gone to to congeal present the stress of drawing in the structure in plain concrete, must rely on the concrete oneself to bear . Require to avoid the stress of drawing or only very small stress of drawing appears of the the general design. But the concrete is cooled from maximum temperature to the steady temperature of operating period in constructing, often cause sizable to draw the stress within the concrete. The temperature stress can exceed other outsides and load the stresses caused sometimes, know change law , temperature of stress for carry on reasonable structural design and construct extremely important.Analysis of 2 temperature stressesCan be divided into following three stages according to the forming process of the temperature stress:(1)It is early: Build concrete is it is it over basically to send out heat to cement to begin , generally one one day by oneself. Two characteristics at this stage, first, the cement emits a large amount of heat of hydration, second , mix and congeal the changing sharply of elastic model quantity. Because of the change of elastic model quantity , form the remaining stress in the concrete in this period.(2)Middle period: Up till the concrete is cooled until stability temperature from cement send out heat function basically when expiring, in this period, the temperature stress is mainly because the cooling of the concrete and external temperature change cause, these stresses and remnants stresses that is formed in early days are superposed , mix and congeal the elastic mould amount that goes to and does not change much during this period.(3)Later period: Operation period after the complete cooling of concrete. Temperature stress whether external temperature change cause mainly, these stresses andfirst two kinds of remnants stresseses are changed and added .Can be divided into two kinds according to the reason why the temperature stress causes:(1)Spontaneous stress: There are not any restraint or totally static structure at the border, if inside temperature is non-linear distribution, temperature stress appearing because structure restrains from each other. For example, the body of mound of the bridge, the physical dimension is relatively large, surface temperature is low when the concrete is cooled, inside temperature is high, present the stress of drawing on the surface, present the stress of pressing in the middle.(2)Restrain the stress: All of the structure ones or it restrain external one some border,can't out of shape and stress not cause not free. Such as case roof beam roof concrete and guardrail concrete.This two kinds of temperature stresses draw back stresses caused to act on with the doing of concrete together frequently. It is a more complicated job to want to analyse the distribution , size of the temperature stress accurately according to known temperature. In case of great majority , need to rely on the model test or the number value to calculate. To is it make temperature stress have sizable limp to creep concrete, at the stress accounting temperature, must consider the influence that creep , calculate concretly that no longer states thinly here.Control and preventing the measure of the crack of 3 temperatureFor prevent crack , lighten temperature stress can from control temperature and is it is it set about to restrain terms from two to improve.The measure of controlling temperature is as follows:(1)Is it improve aggregate grade mix , is it do rigid concrete to spend , mix mixture to adopt, is it guide angry pharmaceutical or plastification pharmaceutical ,etc. measure in order to reduce cement consumption of concrete to add;(2)Add water or the water to cool the broken stone in order to reduce the temperature of building of the concrete while mixing and shutting the concrete;(3)Reduce the thickness of building while building the concrete on hot day, utilize and build the aspect to dispel the heat;(4)Bury the water pipe underground in the concrete, enter the cold water to lower the temperature openly;(5)Stipulate rational form removal time, the temperature keeps warm the surface while lowering suddenly, in case that the rapid temperature gradient takes place in the concrete surface;(6)The concrete with medium and long-term and exposed construction builds a pieceof surface or thin wall structure, take the measure of keeping warm in cold season;The measure of improving condition of restraining is:(1)Divide and sew and divide one rationally ;(2)Prevent the foundation from rising and falling too big;(3)Rational arrangement construction process, prevent the too big discrepancy in elevation and side from exposing for a long time;In addition, improve the performance of the concrete and improve and resist the ability of splitting, strengthen maintenance , prevent the surface from being done and contracted , especially guarantee the quality of the concrete is very important to preventing the crack, should pay special attention to avoiding producing and running through the crack , the globality resumed its structure after appearing is very difficult, so should rely mainly on preventing the emergence of the running through crack while constructing.In construction of concrete , for raise turnover rate of template , demand concrete form removal as soon as possible that build newly often. Should consider form removal time properly when concrete temperature is higher than the temperature, so as not to cause the superficial early crack of concrete. Building the early form removal newly, cause very large stress of drawing on the surface, the phenomenon that " temperature is assaulted " appears. Build initial stage in concrete, because heat of hydration is sent out, the surface causes sizable to draw the stress, surface temperature is also higher than temperature at this moment, remove the template at this moment , surface temperature is lowered suddenly, must cause temperature gradient , thus add and draw the stress on the surface , change and add with the heat of hydration stress, in addition, the concrete dries and contracts , the superficial stress of drawing reaches very great number value, have danger of causing the crack, but cover a light-duty heat insulator with on the surface in time after removing the template , for instance foam sponge ,etc., for prevent concrete surface from produce the too big stress of drawing, have remarkable results.Add muscle influence to large volume temperature stress of concrete very light , because large volume concrete include muscle to be rate very much low. Just have influence on the general armored concrete. On terms that temperature is not very high and the stress is less than limit of surrendering, every performance of the steel is steady, and have nothing to do with stress state , time and temperature. Line bloated coefficient of steel and concrete line bloated coefficient difference very light, take place little internal stress very only between the two while changing in temperature. Because elastic mould amount of steel concrete elastic mould 7~15 of quantity, reach as interior concrete stress tensile strength and when fracturing, the stress of the reinforcing bar will not exceed10000kg/cm2. . So is it is it prevent tiny appearance difficulty very much of crack from to make use of reinforcing bar to want among concrete. But the crack in the structure generally becomes numerous, the interval is little, the width and depth are smaller after adding the muscle. And if diameter of reinforcing bar detailed and when interval dense, to improve concrete resist result of person who split better. Concrete and surface , armored concrete of structure can take place detailed and shallow crack often, among them the great majority belong to and do and draw back the crack. Though this kind of crack is generally all relatively light, it stills have certain influence on the intensity and durability of the structure.In order to guarantee concrete project quality , prevent fracturing , improve the durability of the concrete, use the admixture to reduce one of the measures that fractures correctly. Whether is it reduce water is it split pharmaceutical to defend , I summarize his main function in practice to use.(1)There is pore Dao of a large number of mao in the concrete , produce capillary tension in the capillary after water is evaporated, make concrete is it contract out of shape to do. Increasing the thin aperture of hair can reduce the capillary surface tension , but will make the intensity of concrete reduce . This surface tension theory has already been confirmed in the world as far back as the sixties.(2)Water dust than influence important factor that concrete shrink, is it reduce water is it split pharmaceutical can make concrete water consumption reduce by 25% to defend to use.(3)Cement consumption important factor, concrete of person who shrink too, is it add and subtract water is it split concrete reducible 15% of the cement consumption on terms that keep the intensity of concrete of pharmaceutical to defend to mix, its volume is supplemented by increasing aggregate consumption.(4)Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical can improve consistency of grout , reduce concrete secrete ink to defend, reduce and sink and draw back deforming.(5)Improve glueing the strength of forming of the grout and aggregate, the concrete improved resists the performance of splitting.(6)Concrete is it produce stress of drawing to restrain from while shrinking, crack when drawing the stress and is greater than concrete tensile strength can produce. Reduce water is it split pharmaceutical effective concrete tensile strength of improvement very to defend , improve resisting the performance of splitting of concrete by a wide margin.(7)It can make the concrete density good to add the admixture to mix , can improve resisting carbonization of concrete effectively , reduce carbonization to shrink.(8)Is it reduce water is it split slow coagulation time proper concrete underpharmaceutical to defend , on the basis of preventing the fast water of cement from sending out heat effectively to mix, prevent the plasticity shrink that brings because the cement is not congealed for a long time from increasing.(9)Mix admixture concrete and getting easy and kind , surface easy to feel flat , form little membrane, reduce the moisture to evaporate, reduce drily and shrink. A lot of admixture all have the functions of slow coagulation , increasing and apt , improvement plasticity, the experiment that we should carry on in this respect more in the project practice is compared with and studied, than lean against not improving terms more simple,may getting simple and more direct, economy.Early maintenance of 4 concretePractice has proved , the common crack of concrete , most is the surface crack of different depth, main reason its whether temperature gradient cause cold temperature of area lower too easy to form crack suddenly. So say the warm - keeping of the concrete is especially important to preventing the early crack of surface.From the viewpoint of temperature stress, should reach and require to keep warm followingly:1)Prevent concrete internal and external temperature poor and concrete surface gradient from , prevent the surface crack.2)Prevent concrete from to be ultra and cold , should is it is it make the minimum temperature is not lower than the steady temperature of concrete service time construction time in concrete to try to try one's best.3)Prevent the old concrete subcooling , in order to reduce the restraint among the old and new concrete.The early maintenance of the concrete, the main purpose lies in keeping the suitable warm and humid condition , in order to get the result of two respects, on the other hand make the concrete avoid the invasion and attack of the unfavorable and warm , humidity out of shape, the ones that prevent from harmfully are cold to contract and do to contract. On one hand make cement water function go on smoothly , is in the hope of reaching the intensity designed and resisting the ability of splitting.The suitable warm damp condition is interrelated. Mix warm - keeping measure paid to congeal often protect wet results too. Analyse , water concrete include moisture can meet demand , cement of water have enough and to spare newly theoretically. But because the reason of evaporating etc. often causes losses of the moisture, thus postpone or hinder water of the cement from, the surface concrete receives this kind of adverse effect easiestly and directly. Key period when maintained in initial a few days after so the concrete is built, should pay attention to conscientiously in constructing.ConclusionsConstruction temperature and relation of crack in concrete the above carry on preliminary discussion of theory and practice, though the academia has different theories to origin cause of formation and computing technology of the concrete crack, but to concrete prevention and improving the measure suggestion to relatively unify , application in practice result fine too at the same time, concrete to is it observe , compare more more by us to want in constructing, analyse more , summarize more after going wrong , combine many kinds of prevention and deal with the measure, the crack of the concrete can be avoided.2.Quality control of waterproof concrete constructionCombined with experience, from formwork design, fabrication and installation, assembing reinforoement, pouring and curing of concrete and other aspects construction technology of fair-faced concrete is introduced as well as quality control measures and standards in order to reduce engineering cost to acquire satisfied economic and social benefits.The factors of influening waterproof- concrete quality are very manyAny links does not pay attention to the water-proof concrete of field loss hinders the water function without exception jointly with degree.Engineering construction in the basement adopts secondary form board fabrication and installation, reinforced bar fabrication and bind, concrete stirring and mixing system and transport, concrete concrete covibration beat with a stick, construction joint practice, concrete curing and dismantle model and beingready for backfill and so on aspects.These are very critical to quality method to ensure that water-proof concrete self water-proof, and the way of practice has wan out.Method being under construction2.1 Fabrication and InstallationAccording to the concrett of closely knit , demand of reason why to form board since the water-proof also concrete have made and have assembled corresponding rise is special , be to require that not leaving out thick fluid , firm closely knit block of wood deformation , water absorption Character should be small and ought to give priority to select and using bamboo slab rubber form board or the steel form.. Strict control form board room gap size, necessary exceeding 2 mms uses foam rubber or plastic to squeeze a crack in , porous form board nonutility without exception to board face Be ready for wall post at the same time rotting the prevention and cure job Adopt the cement mortar pouring same ,indicia in before the root segment sticking the foam rubber or plastic strip , the bottom puts on a cement mortar , concrete a concrete, first 5 cm ~ 10 cm. Sincewater-proof, concrete structure wall thickness is mostly more infertile .Be to ensure that component geometry dimension , Chang adopt the inside and outside bolt to pull the measure meeting attention to, responds to on play receive bolt centre interpose stop water iron plate, to prevent water from forming pilotage passage along bolt leakage.2.2 Assembing reinforoementWater-proof concrete structure has demanding as follows to the reinforced bar1) reinforced bar should adopt twisted steel as far as possible , increases by hold wrap a force composing in reply a water ability2) reinforced bars connect should try one's best to adopt to solder connection , stop using and being needless to bind connection to the full3) when binding a reinforced bar, the iron wire head responds to inner bending.4) strict control reinforced bars protective layer thickness.Minimal thickness of water-proof concrete reinforced bar protective layer is not smaller than 25 mms , the protective layer welcoming water surface especially inadmissibility to disappoint error,. The iron wire and reinforced bar that application buries in advance within mortar piece whileusing mortar heel block as protective layer, are boundsolid .When the cavalry puts up the fixed reinforced bar if adopt a reinforced bar, Ying Jia also solders water iron plate or fixation just goes ahead, to strengthen water-proof effect in theheel block.This project uses new materials nylon to have fixed there is an effect's had guarded against reinforced bar protective layer deviation piece big mass common failings. The concrete stirring and mixing makes and transportsSince the water-proof concrete requires that higher closely knit , reason why stir and mix system also need to have the fairly good homogeneity , should be ready for burning as follows almost for this purpose1) ensures that mixing time , mixing at every time are secondary jump into a expect the general ejection of compact block of wood less than 2 mins.2) should use the apposition agent , the solution queen who should manufacture certain thickness from apposition agent adds the mixer inner, the dried powder or high concentration solution will add an agent extra not to adds the mixer inner directly ,prevent from mixing is uneven but partconcentrates, both lose the apposition agent effect, and affect concrete mass.3) responds to the assured source of life degree having a spot test on the admeasurement concrete at the regular intervals collapsing in the process being under construction ,construction is middleif Yu rains or other cause, respond to the ratio determining whose water ratio, and adjusting the composition being under construction in time when change happened in sandstone moisture content.4) project uses the commodity concrete , has boundary have raised a concrete stirring mass and of all kinds effect apposition agent adulterating falls when amounts , the water ash having controlled a concrete strictly collapsing.5) concretes concrete adopt a pump to have given handicraft , effective avoiding a concrete producing the phenomenon isolating Mi Shui and leaving out thick fluid in the process of transportation.2.4 Matters needing attention in being under construction1) construction school assignment soft and floury is divided .Water-proof concreting should stratify strictly being in progress, and a continuous construction iscompletedThe front and back and high and low connect between the tier should subjugate within the cement initial settingtime，For this purpose ,with handling a worker dividing into several, at the same time each other, school assignment group faces or it is all right for each other, carry on the back . 2)Achieve strictly fixed point determines the amounts of the components of a substance material down According to the vehicle capacities stratifying concrete altitude and the means of transport, the quantify carrying out fixed point strictly is able to go down one important ring expecting that this is to improve water-proof concreting mass.3) insist that you go down material opening the door or use string to expect that under barrel (chute)Be to prevent a cement paste from parting from aggregate for , to expect that liberty should not exceed 1.5 ms now and then highly under water-proof concrete。
土木工程专业英语译文1
1Careers in Civil Engineering土木工程专业Engineering is a profession, which means that an engineer must have a specialized university education. (工程是一个专业，这就是说一个工程师必须受过专业的大学教育) Many government jurisdictions also have licensing procedures which require engineering graduates to pass an examination, similar to the bar examination for a lawyer, before they can actively start on their careers. (许多政府行政区还有签发资格认可的程序，要求工科毕业生在充满自信地开始他们的职业生涯以前要通过一次考试，就象律师必须通过律师资格考试一样)In the university, mathematics, physics, and chemistry are heavily emphasized throughout the engineering curriculum, but particularly in the first two or three years. (在大学里，特别是头二、三年，数学、物理、化学时被重点强调的工科课程) Mathematics is very important in all branches of engineering, so it is greatly stressed. (在所有工程分支中数学都非常重要，所以一向特别强调它) Today, mathematics includes courses in statistics, which deals with gathering, classifying, and using numerical data, or pieces of information. (现在数学课程包括统计学，它是一门研究数据、一些信息的收集、分类和使用的课程) An important aspect of statistical mathematics is probability, which deals with what may happen when there are different factors, or variables, that can change the results of a problem. (统计数学的一个重要部分是概率论，他是研究不同因子或变量对问题所产生的各种结果发生的可能性大小的学科) Before the construction of a bridge is undertaken for example,a statistical study is made of the amount of traffic the bridge will be expected to handle. (例如，在建设一座桥梁前，要对它可能承担的交通量进行一次统计研究) In the design of the bridge, variables such as water pressure on the foundation, impact, the effects of different wind forces, and many other factors must be considered. (在设计这座桥梁时，必须考虑到各个变量，如作用于基础上的水压、冲力、不同风力的影响以及许多其它因素)Because a great deal of calculation is involved in solving these problems, computer programming is now included in almost all engineering curricula. (因为解决这些问题需要进行大量的计算，所以目前计算机程序编制已列入几乎所有工科的课程中) Computers, of course, can solve many problems involving calculations with greater speed and accuracy than a human being can. (诚然计算机能比人更快、更精确地解决许多需要计算的问题) But computers are useless they are given clear and accurate instructions and information-in other words, a good program. (但是除非给他们清楚而准确的指令和信息——换而言之，就是编制良好的程序，否则计算机就毫无用处) In spite of the heavy emphasis on technical subjects in the engineering curriculum, a current trend is to require students to take courses in the social science and the language arts. (尽管在工科的课程设置中重点应放在技术科目上，但是当前的一个趋势还是要求学生学习一些社会科学和语言艺术方面的课程) The relationship between engineering and society is getting closer; it is sufficient, therefore, to say again that the work performed by an engineer affects society in many different and important ways that he or she should be aware of. (工程和社会之间的关系越来越密切，因此有充分理由再次提出，一个工程师的工作在所通晓的许多不同而且重要的方面影响着社会) An engineer also needs a sufficient command of language to be able to prepare reports that are clear and, in many cases, persuasive. (一个工程师还需要能自如地运用语言，能写出条理清楚并在许多情况下具有说服力的报告) An engineer engaged in research will need to able to write up his or her findings for scientific publications. (从事科学研究的工程师要能将他（她）的科研成果写成文章提供给科学刊物)The last two years of an engineering program include subjects within the student’s field of specialization. (最后两年的工科教学计划包括学生所学专业领域内的课程) For the student who is preparing to become a civil engineer, these specialized courses may deal with such subjects as geodetic surveying, soil mechanics, or hydraulics. (对将要成为土木工程师的大学生来说，这些专业课程可能涉及到大地测量、土力学或水力学)Active recruiting for engineers often begins before the student’s last year in the university. (现行的工程师招聘往往在大学生最后一年前就开始进行) Many different corporation and government agencies have competed for the services of engineers in recent years. (近年来，许多不同公司和政府机构竞相争取录用工程师) In the science-oriented society of today, people who have technical training are, of course, in demand. (在当今这个重视科学的社会，当然需要受过技术培训的人才) Young engineers may choose to go into environmental or sanitary engineering, for example, where environmental concerns have created many openings; or they may prefer choose construction firms that specialize in highway work,or they may to work with one of the government agencies that deal with water resource. (年轻的工程师可能选择从事环境或卫生工程，例如环境工程专业为他们提供了许多就业机会；他们也可能选择专门从事高速公路工程施工的工程公司，他们可能更愿意到与水资源有关的政府机构工作) Indeed, the choice is large and varied. (事实上，可供选择的机会是广泛的、多样的)When the young engineer has finally started actual practice, the theoretical knowledge acquired in the university must be applied. (当年轻的工程师最终开始实际的业务工作时，肯定要用到大学里学到的理论知识) He or she will probably be assigned at the beginning to work with a team of engineers. (他（她）在开始时可能被派去和一个工程师小组一起工作) Thus, on-the-job training can be acquired that will demonstrate his or her ability to translate theory into practice to the supervisors. (这样，就能获得实际工作的锻炼，使主管人了解他（她）将理论应用于实践的能力)The civil engineer may work in research, design, construction supervision, maintenance, or even in sales or management. (土木工程师可从事研究、设计、施工管理、维修甚至销售或经营工作) Each of these areas involves different duties, different emphases, and different uses of engineer’s knowledge and experience. (这些领域的每一种工作都有不同的职责、不同的重点和工程师的知识和经验的不同应用)Research is one of the most important aspects of scientific and engineering practice. (科学研究是科学和实践最重要的一个方面) A researcher usually works as a member of a team with other scientists and engineers. (一个科研工作者通常是和其它科学家和工程师一道工作，是小组的成员) He or she is often employed in a laboratory that is financed by government or industry. (他（她）往往在一个由政府或工业企业资助的实验室里工作) Areas of research connected with civil engineering include soil mechanics and soil stabilization techniques, and also the development and testing of new structural materials.( 与土木工程有关的研究领域包括土力学、土加固技术，以及新型结构材料的研制和试验)Civil engineering projects are almost always unique; that is, each has own problems and design features. (土木工程设计几乎都具有独特性，那就是各有其特有的问题和设计特点) Therefore, careful study is given to each project even before design work begins. (因此，甚至设计工作还没有开始之前就要对每项工程进行仔细的研究) The study includes a survey both of topography and subsoil features of the proposed site. (这些研究包括对拟建项目场址地形和地基土特征进行勘测) It also includes a consideration of possible alternatives, such as a concrete gravity dam or an earth-fill embankment dam. (研究还包括要考虑各种可供选择的方案,例如是选用混凝土重力坝还是填土堤坝) The economic factors involved in each of the possible alternatives must also be weighed. (对每种可能方案的经济因素也必须权衡) Today, a study usually includes a consideration of the environmental impact of the project. (现在，一项研究工作通常还包括要考虑这个项目对环境的影响) Many engineers, usually working as a team that includes surveyors, specialists in soil mechanics, and experts in design and construction, are involved in making these feasibility studies. (在进行这些可行性研究时要由许多工程师来完成。
土木工程专业英语完整版本
Most structural engineer work for apartment or public construction and factory constructions.
大多数结构工程师从事公寓建筑、公共建筑和厂房建筑工作。
这些工程师要分析支撑结构和影响结构性能的土壤及岩石的性能。 They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures, which stems from the pressure of their weight on the earth. 他们评估并采取措施使建筑物和其他结构的重量对地面的压力引 起的潜在的沉降最小化。
工程师们设计并维护港口、水电坝、河流设施，控制水流量，控 制并治理不同的水资源，他们建造坝、水库并把水渠分布到耕地。
Contents
Those engaged in environmental engineering design systems to sanitize water and air, they provide safety drinking water for people and control pollution of water supplies, they help to build water and wastewater treatment plants, dump sites to eliminate hazardous or toxic wastes and prevent pollution of surrounding land.
土木工程专业英语上册_翻译苏小卒_同济大学(考试手机专业版) (1)(DOC)
本课程介绍在学习普通英语（包括常用词汇和语法结构）的基础上，接合前几个学期已经掌握的关于土木工程的专业知识，本课程节选了《土木工程专业英语》上册中的内容，涉及建筑材料、材料力学、结构力学、钢筋混凝土结构、钢结构、测量、土力学、招投标、建筑施工等九个方面的专业英语知识，从而使大家对土木工程领域内的专业词汇以及科技类文献中的常用句型有个初步的、基本的学习和了解，为以后查阅专业文献和参与国际交流打好基础。
第三单元The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry-brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers（砖层）were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tarlike substance, or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their building. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens（雅典的帕台农神庙）, for example, have holes drilled（钻孔）in them for iron bars that have now rusted away（锈蚀殆尽）. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.早期主要的建筑材料是木材和砌体，如砖、石、瓦以及类似的材料。
(完整版)土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
土木关键工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译
Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学作为最老旳工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境旳管理。
此处旳环境涉及建筑符合科学规范旳所有构造，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其她现代社会和大量人口集中地区旳基本公共设施。
土木工程 - Part I(DOC)
土木工程 Civil engineering A-D香港建造业常用英文词汇A-frame A型骨架A-truss A型构架abrasion 磨耗；磨蚀abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机abrasive grinding machine 磨机(火石机) abrasive particle 磨粒absorption 吸收abutment 桥台；拱座abutting end 邻接端acceleration 加速acceleration lane 加速车道acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则access 通路；通道access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径access panel 检修门access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道access shaft 竖井通道access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯access step 上落踏板；出入踏板access tunnel 隧道通道accessible roof 可到达的屋顶；有通道的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外accidental collapse 意外坍塌accommodate 装设；容纳accredited private laboratory 认可私营实验室accumulator 储压器；蓄电池accuracy limit 准确度极限acetylene cylinder 乙炔气(风煤)樽acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机acid pump 酸液泵acid tank 酸液缸acoustic couplant 声耦合剂acoustic coupler 声耦合器acoustic lining 隔音板acoustic screen 隔声屏acrylic paint 丙烯漆料acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(阿加力胶片)active corrosion 活性腐蚀active earth pressure 主动土压力active oxidation 活性氧化actual plot ratio 实际地积比率actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器adapt 改装adaptor 适配器；适配接头(万能苏)；转接器；接合器addition 增设；加建additional building works 增补建筑工程additional horizontal force 额外横向力additional plan 增补图则additional vent 加设通风口additive 添加剂adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂adhesive force 附力adit 入口；通路；坑道口adjacent construction 相邻建造物adjacent level 相邻水平adjacent site 相邻地盘adjacent street 相邻街道adjoining area 毗邻地区adjoining building 毗邻建筑物adjoining land 毗邻土地adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物adjustable 可调校adjuster 调节器adjustment 调校；调整admixture 掺合剂；外加剂advance directional sign 前置指路标志；方向预告标志advance earthworks 前期土方工程advance warning sign 前置警告标志advance works 前期工程aeration 灌气aeration tank 曝气池aerial 天线aerial rapid transit system 架空快速运输系统aerial ropeway 架空缆车系统aerial view 鸟瞰图aerofoil 翼型aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾affix 贴附aftercooler 后冷却器afterfilter 后过滤器agent 作用剂；代理人aggregate 骨料；集料；碎石aggregate area 总面积aggregate grading 骨料级配aggregate superficial area 表面总面积aggregate usable floor space 总实用楼面空间agitator 搅拌器；搅动机air bleeding 放气air blower 鼓风机air brake 气压制动器air circuit 空气回路air circuit breaker 空气断路器air cleaner 空气滤清器air compressor 空气压缩机air compressor governor 空气压缩机调压器air conditioning 空气调节air cooled chiller 风冷式冷冻机air cooler 空气冷却器air cooling system 空气冷却系统；风冷系统air coupling valve 空气联接阀air curtain fan 风帘风扇air cylinder 气缸；气筒air damper 风闸；气流调节器air distribution system 配气系统air distributor 空气分配器air dryer 空气干燥器air duct 通风管道；气槽air entrained cement 加气水泥；伴水泥air entraining agent 加气剂air exhaust 排气口air filter 空气滤器；风隔；隔尘网air filter chamber 空气过滤室air flowmeter 风量计；空气流量计air gap 气隙air grill 空气格栅air inlet 进风口；进气孔air inlet louver 进气百叶air inlet port 进气口air intake 进风口；进气孔；入气口air intake duct 进风槽air intake filter 进气过滤器air isolating cock 空气隔断旋塞air line breathing apparatus 气喉型呼吸器具air line strainer 进气管道隔滤器air outlet 出风口air outlet grille 空气出口栅格air particle 空气粒子air passage 风道air pipe/pipework 通气管；送气管air piston 空气活塞air pressure gauge 气压表air pressure switch 气压掣air pressurization system 空气加压系统air receiver 空气储存器air reservoir 储气缸air restrictor 空气节流器air shuttle valve 阻气阀air sprayer 喷涂器air spring 空气弹簧air strainer 空气隔滤器；空气滤网air supply outlet 供气出口air supply valve 供气阀air tank 空气箱air valve 进出气阀；放气阀air valve pit 进出气阀井；放气阀井air vent cock 通风管旋塞air ventilator 空气通风器air-operated damper 气动风闸airshaft 通风竖井airtight cover 气密盖airy dry varnish 风干清漆alarm 警报；警报器alarm bell 警钟alarm buzzer 警报器alga 水藻align 对准；调直；定线alignment (road) 路线；线向(特指道路中线的位置与方向) alignment plan (road) 路线平面图alkali-silica reaction 碱硅反应alkaline aggregate reaction 碱性集料反应alkaline pump 碱液泵alkaline tank 碱液缸alkalinity 碱度all-purpose road 混合车道；综合车道alley 巷allowable load 容许载重；容许荷载allowable stress 容许应力alloy 合金alloy steel bar 合金钢筋条alluvial deposit 冲积土层；冲积物alteration 更改；改建；改动alternating current (a.c.) 交流电alternative design 替代设计alternative route 替代路线alternator 交流发电机aluminium tape 铝带amber flashing light 黄色闪灯ambient pressure 周围压力ambient temperature 环境温度；周围温度amendment 修订amenities 市容建筑；设施；康乐设施amenity area 美化市容地带amenity railing 美观栏杆ammeter 电流表；安培计ampere (A) 安培(电流量单位) amplification 放大；增强amplitude 幅；振幅anchor 锚；锚竿支撑anchor bearing 锚承；锚座anchor bolt 锚栓anchor plate 锚碇板anchorage 锚碇；碇泊区；抛锚区；锚固anchorage length 锚固长度anchoring strength 锚固强度ancillary building 附属建筑物ancillary facilities 附属设施ancillary installation 附带装置ancillary works 附属工程angle cutter 角铁切割机angle iron bracket 角铁支架；角铁托架angle probe 斜探头angular velocity 角速度annunciation lamp 警示灯annunciator 传播器；呼唤器anode 阳极anode voltage 阳极电压antenna 天线anti-corrosion paint 防蚀漆anti-creep device 防溜装置anti-lift roller 防升滚轮anti-oxidizing paint 抗氧化漆anti-rust paint 防锈漆anti-skid chequer 防滑格纹anti-skid device 防滑装置anti-skid dressing 防滑钢沙anti-skid material 防滑物料anti-slip 防滑动；防空转；防打滑anti-static chain 抗静电链anti-static tyre 抗静电轮胎anti-stripping agent 防剥剂anti-syphonage pipe 反虹吸管anti-tip roller 防倾侧滚轮anti-vibration mounting 防震装置anti-vibration pad 防震垫anvil 铁砧aperture 隙缝；孔口apex 顶尖apparatus 仪器；装置；器具；器材appliance 用具；装置；设备applied covering 外加覆盖物applied load 外施荷载approach 进路；引道；接驳道路；引桥approach channel 进港航道；引渠approach ramp 引道坡approach road 引道；进路approach speed 来车速度approach taper 楔形引道路段approach viaduct 高架引道approved material 经批准的物料approved plan 经批准的图则appurtenance 附属物apron 跳板；护板；停机坪arc 电弧arc contact 电弧触点arc runner 电弧滚环arc welding 电弧焊接arch 拱；弓形；拱门architect 建筑师；则师architectural decoration 建筑装饰architectural projection 建筑上的伸出物area traffic control system 区域交通控制系统argon arc welding 氩气焊armature 电枢arrangement 排列；布置arresting assembly 止动装置arterial highway 干线道路arterial traffic 干线交通article of agreement 合约细则artificial lighting 人工照明as-built drawing 竣工图则as-constructed drawing 竣工图则asbestos abatement works 石棉拆除工程asbestos cement 石棉水泥asbestos gasket 石棉垫片ash pit 排渣槽；灰坑asphalt 沥青asphalt distributor 沥青喷洒机asphalt paver 沥青摊铺机asphalt roofing 沥青屋面asphaltic coating 沥青涂层asphaltic concrete 沥青混凝土aspirator 吸气器assemblage 组合物assembly 装置；组合assessment 评估associated works 相关工程；相关设施at-grade pedestrian crossing 地面行人过路处at-grade signal controlled junction 交通灯控制地面路口atmospheric distillation 常压蒸馏atmospheric pressure 大气压力；常压atmospheric temperature 常温atomization air fan 雾化空气风扇attachment 附件；附属物attenuation 衰减audible signal 音响讯号audible warning 音响警号authorities 权限authority 主管当局authorized officer 获授权人员authorized person 获授权人；认可人士；核准人士authorized works 获授权进行的工程；批准进行的工程automatic (spark) ignition device 自动(火花)点火装置automatic control switch 自动控制开关automatic operation 自动操作automatic release 自动脱扣automatic voltage regulator 自动调压器automatic weather station 自动气象站automation equipment 自动化设备auxiliary control panel 辅助掣板auxiliary equipment 辅助设备auxiliary feedwater pump 辅助给水泵auxiliary feedwater tank 辅助给水箱auxiliary plant 辅助厂房auxiliary system 辅助系统auxiliary water pump 辅助水泵average compressive stress 平均压应力average strength 平均强度axial fan 轴流式风扇axial force 轴向力axial load 轴向载重；轴向荷载axial stress 轴向应力axle bearing 车轴轴承(车轴啤令)back-fire 逆火back-up area 后勤地区；辅助埸地backfill 回填；回填土backfill material 回填物料background noise 本底噪声；背景噪声backing plate 垫板；背板baffle 隔板；挡板baffle plate 遮挡板baffle wall 遮挡墙balance tank 调节池；均衡槽balance weight 平衡锤balanced load 平衡载重balancer 平冲器balancing pipeline 平衡水管balcony 露台ball bearing 滚珠轴承ball valve 浮球阀；球形阀；波阀ball-and-socket joint 球窝接头ballast 道碴bamboo scaffolding 竹枝棚架band brake 带式制动器band clamp 带夹banshee alarm 尖啸警报bar 铁枝；杆；巴(压力量单位)bar tendon 钢筋barging area 驳运地点barrack 营房barrel 管筒；芯管barrette 方形桩barricade 路障；障碍物barrier 栏栅；护栏；障碍物；屏障barrier block 路障barrier gate 路闸barrier plate 阻挡板base 基座base course 路面下层；承重层；路基层base frame 基架base insulator 基架绝缘器base plate 底板；垫板base sealing 底部密封胶base slab 平底板base support 底座支架baseline 基线；底线；基准线baseline programme 基线计划basement 地库；地窖；地下室batching plant 混凝土混和机；配料厂batter pile 斜桩battery 蓄电池battery acid level 电池酸位battery cell volt 蓄电池电压battery charger 电池充电器battery electric locomotive 电力机车battery electrolyte 电池电解液battery-powered device 电池推动装置beacon 闪光指示灯bead 焊珠beam 横梁bearing 支座；支承；承座；轴承(啤令)；方向角bearing capacity 承载力bearing force 承重能力；承载能力bearing pad 支承垫片；承重垫片bearing pile 支承桩bearing pin 支承栓钉bearing plate 支承垫板bearing stress 支承应力bearing surface 支承面bedding 底层；层理bedplate 座板bedrock 基层岩behaviour 性能；状况Belisha beacon 斑马线灯；黄波灯bellow pot 气囊；气囊筒belt 带；皮带belt conveyor 带式输送机belt guard 皮带护罩belt tension 皮带拉力bend 弯角；弯位；路弯；弯管bending force 弯曲力bending stress 弯曲应力Benkelman beam test 贝克曼梁试验bentonite 膨润土；膨土岩berm channel 斜水平台渠berth 停泊处；碇泊位bevel 斜角；斜面bias 偏移bill of quantities 工料清单binder 黏合料bit 钻头bitumen 沥青bitumen coating 沥青外搪层；沥青外衬bitumen felt 沥青纸bitumen lining 沥青内搪层；沥青衬里bituminous concrete 沥青混凝土bituminous macadam 沥青碎石bituminous waterproof membrane 沥青防水膜blade 剪刀；叶片blank flange 盲板法兰；盲板凸缘；管口盖板blanking plate 封板blast-furnace 鼓风炉blast-furnace slag cement 炉渣水泥blasting 爆石；爆破bleed nipple 放气嘴；减压嘴bleed off pipe 溢流管bleed screw 放气螺钉；减压螺钉bleeding 泌浆(混凝土)；泌水性(混凝土) blended cement 混合水泥blending control 混合控制blinding 补路石砂；(填充表面孔隙的细石) block plan 楼宇平面图blow down 放水；放气blow down valve 放泄阀；排水阀blower 吹风机；鼓风机bobbin 绕线管bogie 转向架boiler room 锅炉房boiling point 沸点bollard 护柱；系船柱bollard light 安全岛指示灯bollard plinth 护柱柱基；护柱基座bolster 承枕；横撑bolt 螺栓bond 黏结；黏合；契约bond coat 黏合层bond strength 黏合强度bond stress 黏合应力boom 吊杆booster pump 增压泵booster pumping station 增压抽水站booster transformer 增压变压器booster water pump 增压水泵；增压抽水机borated water storage tank 含硼水贮存箱border link 边境连接道路border terminus 过境终站bore 钻孔；内孔bored pile 螺旋钻孔桩bored tunnel 钻挖的隧道borehole log 钻孔纪录boric acid 硼酸boring 钻探；冲孔boring machine 钻探机；镗床borrow area 采泥区；采料区bottleneck 樽颈；狭窄段bottom heave 底部隆bottom layer 底层bottom plate 底板boulder 巨砾boundary 分界线；界线box culvert 盒形排水渠；盒形暗渠；箱形暗渠；方形去水渠box girder 箱形大梁brace 撑杆；支撑braced structure 受横向支撑的结构bracing 支撑bracing structure 支撑结构bracket 托架；支架braid 编织电缆brake 制动器brake horse power 制动马力brake lining 制动器摩擦衬片brake pedal 刹车踏脚板brake system 制动系统brake test 制动器试验brake tester 制动系统测试器braking distance 制动距离；刹车距离branch circuit 分支电路branch pipe/pipework 支管；分支喉管brass gate valve 黄铜闸阀brass wire brush 铜丝刷break pressure tank 减压配水缸箱；水压调节池breaker 轧碎机；碎石机；隔断器；开关闸；断路器；保险掣breaking strength 抗断强度breakthrough 击穿breakwater 防波堤breather 通气孔；呼吸器breather valve 通气阀breathing apparatus 呼吸器具brick 砖brick works 砌砖工程brickwork 砖块bridge 桥梁bridge abutment 桥台bridge crane 桥式吊机bridge deck 桥面板；桥板；桥面bridge girder 桥大梁bridge pier 桥墩bridgeworks 桥梁工程bubble accumulator 气泡贮存器bucket conveyor 斗式输送机buckling 压曲；压弯buckling load 压曲临界荷载buffer 缓冲；缓冲器；减震器buffer area 缓冲地区build, operate and transfer (BOT) franchise 「建造、营运及移交」专营权builder's lift 施工用升降机building 楼宇；建筑物；大厦building area 建筑面积building condition 楼宇状况building construction 建筑物建造；建筑营造building design 建筑物设计；建筑设计building envelope 建筑物外壳building frontage 屋宇前面building land 屋地；屋宇建筑用地building material 建筑物料building plan 建筑图则building services 屋宇设备；屋宇装building site 屋宇建筑地盘；工地building works 屋宇建筑工程；楼宇建筑工程bulk excavation works 大型挖掘工程bulldozer 推土机；铲泥车bump (road) 限速路面突块bumper 缓冲器；防撞器；防撞杠bunch 捆扎bund ；田基；堤bund wall 墙bunded area 堤保护区buoyant force 浮力burglar alarm system 防盗警钟系统buried concrete 埋入地下的混凝土burner 燃烧器；炉头bursting 爆裂bus interchange 巴士转车处bus stop shelter 巴士站上盖bus terminus 巴士总站bus-bar 导电条；母线(巴士巴)bus-coupler 母线联接bush 轴衬(杯士)butt fusion welding 对头熔接butt welding 对焊butterfly cock 蝶形旋阀butterfly gate 蝶形闸butterfly valve 蝶形阀buttress 支墩buzzer 蜂音器；蜂鸣器by-pass 绕道；支路；支管；旁通管by-pass valve 旁通阀cab 小室；驾驶室cabinet 小室；贮存柜cable 电缆cable channel 电缆沟；电缆槽cable conduit 电缆管cable coupler 电缆耦合器cable draw pit 电缆沙井；铺缆井cable duct 电缆管道cable gland 电缆密封套cable joint 电缆接头cable laying wagon 电缆敷设车cable lead 电缆引线cable route 电缆路线cable supported viaduct 悬索高架桥cable suspension bridge 钢索吊桥cable trench 电缆槽cable trough 电缆坑cable trunk 电缆干线cable tunnel 电缆隧道cable-stayed bridge 斜拉桥cage 机厢caisson 沉箱caisson cap 沉箱盖caisson foundation 沉箱地基；沉箱基础caisson pier 沉箱墩caisson pile 沉箱桩caisson retaining wall 沉箱挡土墙caisson wall 沉箱墙calibration 校准caliper measure 测径calorie (cal) 卡路里(热量单位) calorific value 热值calorifier 加热器cam 突轮camber 拱度candela (cd) 烛光(发光强度单位) canister respirator 罐型防毒面具canopy 檐篷cantilever 悬臂cantilever beam 悬臂梁cantilever bridge 悬臂桥cantilever crane 悬臂吊机cantilever footing 悬臂基脚cantilever foundation 悬臂地基cantilever support 悬臂支架canvas 帆布canvas belt 帆布带cap 帽；盖capacitance meter 电容表capacitor 电容器capacity 容量；载客量capacity control valve 容量控制阀capital works 基本建设工程；基建工程；carbon brush 碳刷carbon pile 碳柱carbon ring 碳环carbon steel 含碳钢carbon strip 碳条carbonation 碳化carbonation depth 碳化深度carbonation process 碳化过程carborundum 金刚砂carburettor 化油器；气化器cargo handling area 货物装卸区carriageway 行车道carriageway marking 行车道标记carrying capacity 运载量；载重量；承载能力cartridge 子弹；弹药筒cartridge operated tool 弹药推动的工具cartridge type respirator 滤罐型呼吸器；筒型防毒面具（猪咀）casing 套管cast iron 铸铁；生铁cast iron conductor 铸铁导管cast iron pipe 铸铁管(生铁管)cast-in anchorage 浇注锚固cast-in-place 灌注；现场浇筑cast-in-situ concrete unit 现场浇筑混凝土构件casting basin 预制件工场casualty team 伤亡急救队cat ladder 便梯；爬梯catalytic action 催化作用catch 挡片；制止器；扣掣；门扣catch fan 扇形防护网架catch fence 拦截围墙catch platform 坠台catchment area 集水区；引集范围catchpit 排水井；集水坑；截流井catchwater channel 集水槽catenary wire 吊索cathode 阴极cathode ray tube 阴极射线管cathodic protection 阴极保护catwalk 跳板；轻便梯；轻便栈桥caulk 堵缝caulking material 填隙料causeway 堤道caution sign 警告标志cavern 洞穴cavity 中空部分；穴cavity wall 空心墙ceiling 天花板ceiling slab 天花板ceiling suspension hook 天花吊cell 电池cellular office 分格式办公室cement 水泥cement content 水泥含量cement mortar 水泥沙浆cement plaster 水泥灰泥cement rendering 水泥荡面cement sand mix 水泥沙浆cementitious content 水泥质成分centi (c) 厘(百分之一)central divider 中央分隔栏central dividing strip 中央分隔带central line 中线central median 中央分隔带central power-driven machine 中央动力机械central profile barrier 中央纵向护栏central reserve 中央预留带central span 中跨距centre lane 中行车线centre line 中心线centre line of street 街道中心线centrifugal filter 离心过滤器centrifugal force 离心力centrifugal load 离心荷载centrifugal pump 离心泵centripetal force 向心力ceramic tile 瓷砖certificate 证明书certificate of inspection 检查证明书certificate of registration 注册证明书；登记证明书certification 核证certified copy 经核证文本certify 核证cesspool 污水池chain 链chain block 滑车吊链；链动滑轮(尖箔落)chainage 丈量长度；里程距离chainlink fence 扣环围栏；铁网围栏chamber 小室；间隔chamfer 去角(斜角)位；斜削change-over switch 转换开关change-over valve 转换阀channel 沟渠；线糟；槽；渠道；频道channel cover 槽盖channelization (traffic) (交通)导流channelizing island 导行岛channelizing line 导行线characteristic strength 特征强度chart datum 海图基准面chart recorder 图表记录器chasis 车身底盘check 查核check block 挡块check joint 止回接头check mechanism 制动装置check plate 垫板；挡板check rail 护轮轨check screw 止动螺钉check valve 止回流阀chemical action 化学作用chemical dosing 化学剂量chemical grout 化学灌浆chemical property 化学特性chemical refuse 化学垃圾chemical test 化学测试chemicals 化学品chequered plate 网纹板chill plate 冷却板chilled air fan 冷风风扇chilled water pump 冷冻水泵chiller 冷冻机chiller plant 致冷设备；制冷设备chimney 烟沟；烟chimney coping 烟囱盖顶chimney stack 烟囱chippings 碎屑；破片chisel 凿chloride 氯化物chloride content 氯化物含量chloride diffusion 氯化物扩散chloride extraction 除氯chloride ion 氯离子chloride ion content 氯离子含量chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (PVC-C) 氯化聚氯乙烯chlorinated water 加有氯气的水chlorinator 加氯器chopper 斩波器chunam 灰泥土批荡chute 溜槽；滑道chute 槽管circuit 电路；环道circuit breaker 断路保险掣circular footing 圆基脚circular road 环回道路circulating water pump 循环水泵circulation mode 循环模式circumferential road 环回道路civil works 土木工程cladding 骨架外墙；覆盖层claim 声称；申索；索偿clamp 夹钳claplock cable clamp 拍扣式电缆线夹clay 黏土clay field pipe 瓦管cleaning eye 清理孔cleaning rod 清理棒cleansing 洁净clear effective length 净有效长度clear height 净高clear opening 净开口clear space 净空间clear span 净跨距clear width 净阔度clearance 相距空间；清折行动clearance gauge 测隙规clearance space 间隙空间cleat 夹具clevis U形夹client 委托人climb form technique 提升模板技术climbing lane 爬坡车道clip 小夹close fitting cover 紧合封盖close fittings 紧合配件close-boarded platform 密合封板平台closed area 禁区closed circuit television (CCTV) 闭路电视closed end 不能通行的一端closed position 闭合的位置closure 封闭cloverleaf interchange 四叶式交汇处；蝶式交汇处clutch 离合器co-ordinator 统筹人coal-tar epoxy 环氧煤焦油coarse aggregate 粗集料；粗骨料coarse screening 粗筛coating 保护层；涂层coating material 涂盖物质cock 旋塞；旋阀code of practice 工作守则；操作守则code reader 读码器coefficient 系数coefficient of expansion 膨胀系数coefficient of linear expansion 线性膨胀系数cofferdam 围堰坝cohesive force 黏合力；凝聚力coil 线圈；簧圈；盘管cold milling 刨去路面旧沥青cold reduced steel wire 冷轧钢丝cold solvent welding 冷冻溶剂焊接cold storage 冷藏库collapse 坍塌collapsible cantilever platform 可折悬臂平台collapsible gate 折闸collar 护圈；束套；套环collet 套爪；筒夹colluvial deposit 崩积土层colour code 色码colour light signal 颜色灯号coloured cement 颜色水泥column 柱column cap 柱帽column footing 柱基脚column frame 柱架column head 柱头combined dead load 组合恒载combined effect 混合效应combined footing 联合基脚combined load 合并载重combustible goods 可燃物品combustible material 可燃烧物料combustion 燃烧combustion chamber 燃烧室commencement of operation 开始操作commercial building 商业建筑物commercial complex 商场commercial land 商业用地commercial use 商业用途commissioning 启用；投产；投入服务；开始使用；开始运作commitment 承担common corridor 公用走廊common part 公用部分common use 共同使用common waste pipe 共享废水管communal facilities 公用设施communication channel/link 通讯渠道communication system 通讯系统commutator 整流器commuter 交通工具的经常乘客compacted concrete 压实混凝土compaction 压实；夯实compaction pile 压实桩compaction test 压实测试compartment 分隔室；隔室compartment wall 分隔墙compatibility 相配；相容compensating valve 补偿阀compensation 补偿；补偿金competent person 合资格人士；有资格人士complement 补充设备complete function test 全面功能试验complete fusion 完全熔接complete overhaul 全面大修completed works 已完成的工程compliance 遵从composite beam 组合梁composite building 综合用途建筑物composite pile 混合桩composite sandwich construction 复合夹层结构composite steel plate 复合钢板composite wall 组合墙composition 成分compound 场地；合成物comprehensive details 全面细节；整体细节comprehensive development area 综合发展区comprehensive redevelopment area 综合重建区comprehensive transport interchange facilities 综合交通交汇设施comprehensive transport study 整体运输研究compressed air 压缩空气compressed air tunnelling method 压缩空气开挖隧道法compressed gas 压缩气体compressing tool 压挤工具compression 压缩compression joint 承压接缝compression load 压缩荷载compression reinforcement 受压钢筋compression test 抗压测试compressive failure 压缩塌毁；压缩毁坏compressive strength 抗压强度compressive stress 抗压应力compressor 压缩机computer aided design (CAD) facilities 电脑辅助设计设施computer graphics 电脑绘图computerized automatic concrete cube crushing machine 电脑化混凝土立方块压力试验机concave 凹形concealed piping 隐藏喉管concentrated load 集中载重；集中荷载concept plan 概念图则conceptual layout 概念规划concrete 混凝土；三合土；石屎concrete barrier 混凝土防撞栏concrete block 混凝土趸concrete block seawall 混凝土海堤concrete buffer 混凝土缓冲concrete core 混凝土芯concrete cover 混凝土保护层concrete cube 混凝土立方块concrete cube test 混凝土立方体试验concrete durability 混凝土耐用程度concrete foundation 混凝土基础concrete grade 混凝土等级concrete lining 混凝土搪层；混凝土衬里concrete mix 混凝土混合物；混凝土拌合料concrete mixer 混凝土混合机；混凝土搅拌机concrete mixing plant 混凝土拌合厂concrete paving block 混凝土铺路砖concrete pile 混凝土桩concrete pipe 混凝土管concrete plinth 混凝土基脚concrete pour works 混凝土浇灌工程concrete profile barrier 混凝土纵向护栏concrete re-alkalization 混凝土再碱性化concrete sample 混凝土样本concrete slab 混凝土板concrete sleeper 混凝土轨枕concrete spalling 混凝土剥落concrete strength 混凝土强度concrete stress 混凝土应力concrete structure 混凝土结构；混凝土建造物concrete technology 混凝土科技；混凝土工艺concrete test 混凝土测试concrete vibrator 混凝土震捣器concrete wall 混凝土墙concreting 灌注混凝土condensation 冷凝condenser 冷凝器；电容器condition 条件；状况conductance 导率conduction 传导conductive part 导电部分conductivity 导电性conductor 导体；导线conduit 管道；导管cone 锥形筒configuration 构形confined space 密封空间confining stress 局限应力confirmatory test 验证测试connection 接驳；连接connection 接驳处connector 接驳器；连接器consecutive test result 连续测试结果consent 同意conservation of energy 节约能源conservatory 温室consideration 代价console 控制台consolidate 加固consolidating stratum 固结地层consolidation 沉积；固结consolidation coefficient 固结系数consolidation test 固结试验conspicuous place 显眼地方conspicuous position 显眼位置construction 建造；建筑结构；构造construction cost 建筑成本；建筑价格；建筑费用；造价construction joint 施工接缝；施工缝construction plant 施工设备construction road 施工用道路construction sequence 施工程序；施工步骤construction site vehicle 建筑地盘车辆construction stage 施工阶段construction works 建造工程consultant 顾问consultant fee 顾问费consultation 谘询consumer 用户container 贮存器；货柜containment 防漏contaminate 污染contamination monitoring system 污染监测系统contingency plan 应急计划；应变计划contingency sum 额外预算费continuity 连续性continuity test 连续性测试continuous barrier 连续护栏continuous beam 连续梁continuous covered elevated walkway system 直通有盖高架行人路系统continuous footing 连续基脚；条型基础continuous load 连续荷载contour walk 依地势建筑的小径contra-flow 反方向行车contract 合约；合同contract description 合约说明contract document 合约文件contract drawing 合约图则contract payment 合约支付款项contract period 合约期contract sum 合约金额contraction coefficient 收缩系数contraction crack 收缩裂缝contraction joint 收缩接缝contractor 承建商；建筑商contractor shed 承建商屋棚contractor yard 承建商工地contractual claim 按合约索偿contractual obligation 合约订明的责任contravention 违反contribution 分担费用control 管制control cable 操纵缆control console 操纵台；控制台control gear 控制器control kiosk 控制站control panel 控制电箱；控制盘control switch 控制电掣control valve 控掣阀controlled area 管制区conversion factor 换算系数converter 变流器convex 凸形convey 输送conveyor 输送机；输送器coolant 冷却剂cooling agent 冷却剂cooling coil 冷却盘管cooling fan 冷却风扇cooling fan blade 散热扇片cooling fin 散热片；冷却片cooling rib 冷却肋片cooling system 冷却系统cooling tank 冷却池cooling tower 冷却水塔cooling water pump 冷却水泵coping 盖顶coping stone 墩台石；盖顶石copper tube 铜管copperclad aluminium conductor 包铜铝导体copy 文本；副本corbel 托臂cord (electricity) 软(电)线cordon lantern 作界线用的路灯core 土芯；芯样core data bank 土芯样本资料库core diameter 土芯直径；芯样直径core drilling 钻取土芯；取芯钻探core sample 土芯样本core testing 芯样测试coring 钻取样本；钻探抽样corner 角位corner site 街角地盘cornice 飞檐correction factor 修正系数corrective maintenance 更正维修；故障维修corridor 走廊corrosion 腐蚀；侵蚀corrosion inhibiting grease 抗蚀油脂corrosion resistance 耐蚀性corrosion-resistant material 防蚀物料corrosive air 腐蚀性空气corrosive fume 腐蚀性烟气corrosive salt 腐蚀性盐corrosive substance 腐蚀性物质corrugated barrier fence rail 波浪式护栏横档corrugation grinding machine 波纹研磨机cotton rag 碎棉布counterbalance valve 平衡阀counterweight 平衡锤couplant 耦合剂coupler 联接器coupling 接头coupling flange 联结法兰coupling joint 联轴接头cover 盖板；外盖；遮盖；封盖；保护层cover tile 盖瓦covered area 上盖面积；有盖地方；室内面积covered channel 有盖排水槽；暗槽covered drain 暗置排水渠；暗渠covered footbridge 有盖行人天桥covered nullah 暗置大沟渠covered pedestrian walkway 有盖行人路covered sewer 暗置污水渠covered walkway 有盖人行道covermeter 钢筋深度表；面层测厚仪coverway 廊道crack 裂缝crane 吊机；起重机crank 曲柄crank pin bearing 曲柄销承crank shaft 曲柄转轴crash barrier 防撞栏；护栏crash gate 消防车专用栏creep 徐变；蠕变creeping motion 蠕动creeping speed 蠕行速度creosote 木材防腐油crib wall 叠墙；框格式墙critical element 关键构件；临界构件critical load 临界荷载cross grain 横纹cross head 十字头；丁字头cross road 十字路口；交路口cross section 横截面cross sectional area 横截面积cross tie 横木crossfall 横斜度crossing 交叉；十字路口crowbar 铁笔crowd loading 群众荷载crown 路拱；拱顶crucible 坩埚crude petroleum 原油crushed stone 碎石crusher 碎石机crushing strength 压碎强度crystal oscillator 晶体振荡器cubic metre (m3) 立方米(体积单位) cubicle 房；小间cul-de-sac 尽头路；死巷culvert 暗渠；下水道culvert bridge 桥式暗渠curb 路缘石；石curb line 路边线；路缘线curing 养护curing agent/compound 养护剂curing condition 养护环境curing time 养护期current (electricity) 电流current demand 电流需求量current intensity 电流强度current limiter 限流器current limiting reactor 限流电抗器current monitoring device 电流监察器current reducing resistor 减流电阻器current regulator 电流调节器；稳流器current relay 电流继电器current suppressing resistor 抑流电阻器current transformer 电流变压器current-carrying capacity 载流量current-carrying conductor 载流导体curtain wall 幕墙curtain wall supports 幕墙承托物cushion 缓冲；软垫cushioning material 垫承物料cushioning spring 缓冲弹簧cut 切割cut and cover method 锄坑回填法；明挖回填法cut and cover tunnel 挖填方式兴建的隧道cut and fill design 挖填设计cut and fill slope 半填半挖式斜坡cut slope 削土斜坡cutter 切割器cycle track 单车径cyclic loading 循环荷载；周期性负荷；周期荷载cylinder 气筒；液压缸；气缸cylinder crushing strength 圆柱体抗压强度dado 墙裙；护壁dam 坝damage 损毁；损害damp proofing 防潮damper 气闸；气流调节器；减震器；防火闸dangerous building 危险建筑物dangerous goods store 危险品仓库data transmission 数据输送datum 基准面datum mark 基准记号dead end 尽头处dead load 静荷载；恒荷载；恒载量debris 瓦砾；碎屑；泥石decarbonizing 脱碳deceleration lane 减速车道deci (d) 分(十分之一)decibel (dB) 分贝(声音强度单位)deck 桥面；层面；露天平台decked nullah 铺面渠declination 倾斜decoder 解码器decommissioning 解除运作；停止运作；关闭decompression chamber 减压室decorations 装饰；装修decorative finish 饰面decorative lighting 装饰照明deep bore well pump 深钻井泵deep compaction 深层压实deep foundation 深层地基；深基础deep groove 深槽deep trench excavation 深沟挖掘deep vibration compaction 深层震荡式压实deep well water pump 深井水泵deface 污损default 过失defect 毛病；欠妥之处defective 欠妥defective building 欠妥的建筑物deflection 挠度；偏差度；偏斜；弯沉；偏转；变位deflection coefficient 挠度系数deformation 变形deformation characteristic 变形特征defrost 溶雪；解冻degassing 除气；放气degradation 退化；退降degrease solvent 去脂溶剂degree 程度；度数degree Celsius 摄氏度(温度单位)degree Fahrenheit 华氏度(温度单位) dehumidifier 抽湿机dehydrating cartridge 干燥剂筒dehydration 脱水dehydrator 干燥机；脱水器dehydrogenation tank 脱氢缸delamination 层状剥落delay 阻延deleterious substance 有害杂质deluge valve 涌流阀demand note 缴款通知单demolition 清拆；拆卸demolition works 拆卸工程demonstrate 证明density 密度deposit 淤积物；沉积物；按金；定金；保证金depot 车厂；仓库；车站depressed road 低于地面的道路depth gauge 深度规；深度计derrick crane 吊臂起重机derust 除锈descale 清除氧化皮description 说明design 设计design and build contract 设计及营造合约design assumption 设计假定design calculation 设计计算资料design code 设计准则；设计规范design details 设计细则design earth pressure 设计土压力。
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第一课Civil EngineeringCivil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, de sign, construction, and management of the built environment. This environme nt includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigatio n and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。
此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。
Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, wat er and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facili ties essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They als o build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscra pers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or reside ntial use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities an d towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platform s to house self-contained communities.土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。
他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。
此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Sm eaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from th at of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the ter m civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。
在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。
自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。
Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kin ds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—wat er, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments t o determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental spe cialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and gr oundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and h ow the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at pr otecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists use preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specific ations for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil eng ineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction m anagement specialists. Based on information supplies by the other specialist s, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of m aterials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the jo b, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.领域。
因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。
不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。
一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。
岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。
环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。
交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。
同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。
从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。
根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。
Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive use of people a nd goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportat ion facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfiel ds, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledg e as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in desig ning each project.贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。
计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。
计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。
Structural engineering. In this speciality, civil engineers plan and aesign structures o f all types, including bridges, dams, power plants, supports for equipment, special st ructures for offshore Projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes, and many other kinds of projects. Using c omputcrs+ structural engineers determine thc forces a structure must resist : its ow n weight, wind nnd hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, anel earthquakes. They also determine the combination of ap propriate materials : steel, concrete, plastic, stone, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or othe r construction materials.结构工程学。