名师讲解英语专业八级人文知识复习纲要
英语专业八级人文知识精讲
What is not a nationally observed holiday of American?A. Easter SundayB. Veterans’ DayC. Independence DayD.Christmas解答:在美国有10个节日是全国性的节日:圣诞节(Christmas, Dec 25) 、新年(New Year’s Day, Jan. 1)、感恩节(Thanksgiving Day, 4th Thurs in Nov.)、劳动节(Labour Day, 1st Mon. in Sept.)、退伍军人节(Veterans’Day, Nov.11)、独立纪念日(Independence Day, July 4)、华盛顿诞辰纪念日(Washington’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Feb.)、哥伦布纪念日(Columbus Day, 2nd Mon. in Oct.)、阵亡将士纪念日(Memorial Day, May 30)、马丁.路德金诞辰纪念日(Martin Luther King’s Birthday, 3rd Mon. in Jan.)Easter Sunday (复活节)是基督教的重要节日,但不是全国同庆的节日.1.Where is Edinburgh?A. In WalesB. In ScotlandC. In Northern IrelandD. In Ireland 解答:B。
Wales的首府为Cardiff(加的夫), Scotland的首府为Edinburgh(爱丁堡), Northern Ireland 的首府为Belfast(贝尔法斯特), Ireland的首府为Dublin(都柏林)。
2.Which of the following is NOT a U.S. news and cable network?A. ABCNC.CBSD.BBC解答:D。
专八人文知识讲义完整版
人文知识讲义2004年2月全国英语考试专业教学指导委员会修订专八考试大纲，2005年正式实施，开始新增人文知识的内容。
主要包括：英语国家概括、英语语言文学知识、和英语语言学知识。
测试要求：1 英语国家地理、历史、文化、教育等等。
4题。
主要考察英国、美国必有（地理、历史、文化和政治），加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰概括，爱尔兰没有出现，2 英语文学知识。
3题。
文学部分英美文学作家作品，流派、文学贡献也会出现，及格律3 英语语言学知识。
3题。
语言学基本概念，及其代表理论、代表著作注意：人文一般不会考很偏的知识第一章英语国家概况第一节美国地理：东南西北地理位置、人口3亿（人口最多的是加州、德州、纽约州、佛罗里达州等，主要为印第安人，首先移民到此是英国人和荷兰人）、星条旗为国旗（13和50）、国徽白头鹰、国歌《星条旗永不落》（1931年通过）、首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区，属于中央政府管理。
50州，最大阿拉斯加，最小罗得岛州，美国本土最大德克萨斯州。
美国又称为Uncle Sam（1961年美国国会正式承认），国花为玫瑰Rose。
美国本土共分为6大地区：New England：6州，最重要为马萨诸塞州（波士顿）、罗德岛州（普罗维登斯）和新罕布什尔（康科德）。
总统大选初选开始于新罕布什尔。
1 美国诞生地和独立战争的主要战场。
2 波士顿美国最古老的城市，有麻省理工学院和哈佛。
波士顿的龙虾很有名3 新英格兰人又称为yankees.the Middle Atlantic States: 7州、最重要的为纽约州、宾州、新泽西州和马里兰州。
1 白宫和国会山在华盛顿特区。
2 纽约是美国最大的城市，联合国大厦等等著名建筑在此。
共有5个区：分别是曼哈顿、皇后、布鲁克林、布朗克斯和斯塔滕岛。
有帝国大厦和自由女神像。
哥伦比亚大学和康奈尔大学。
纽约称为big apple。
3 尼亚加拉大瀑布在纽约州的水牛城。
4 葛底斯堡位于宾州，林肯曾在此发表过演讲。
专八人文知识总结(终)
11、E.M．Forster: 《通往印度之路》
12、George Bernard Shaw萧伯纳：Widowers' Houses《鳏夫的房产》，Heartbreak House《伤心之家》，Mrs. Warren's Profession《华伦夫人的职业》
4、Ballads 民谣：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale《罗宾汉和阿林代尔》。
三、 The Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学（伊丽莎白时代）（14-16世纪）
1、 Thomas More托马斯·莫尔： Utopia《乌托邦》
2、 Thomas Wyatt 最先将sonnet引入英国文学。
2、 Coleridge柯勒律治：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》, Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》
3、 Southey骚赛：桂冠诗人；
4、 George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦： Don Juan《唐璜》
悲观时期： David Copperfield《董贝父子》，David Copperfield《大卫科波菲尔》
后期：Bleak House《荒凉山庄》，Hard Times《艰难时世》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》，Great Expectations《远大前程》
14、Thackeray萨克雷：Vanity Fair《名利场》
2、Yeats叶芝：爱尔兰使人 《芦苇的风》《库尔的野天鹅》《驶向拜占庭》。
英语专业八级考试人文知识点
英语专业八级考试人文知识点(1)__1__ Who was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies?A KeplerB CopernicusC GalileoD Newton__2__ Whose discovery of the law of the universal gravitation is the most important of all his achievement in ph ysics?A KeplerB Issac NewtonC GalileoD Copernicus__3__The three biggest newspapers are of the following except ___.A New York TimesB Washington PostC Los Angeles TimesD Reader’s Digest__4__Metropolitan Museum is in__.A Washington D.C.B BostonC New YorkD Philadelphia__5__The New Frontier was put forward by __.A KennedyB JohnsonC NixonD Benjamin Franklin__6__Who resigned because of Watergate Scandal, the first president to do so in American history?A KennedyB JohnsonC Richard NixonD Truman__7__Empire State Building is in___.A ChicagoB New YorkC Washington D.C.D Detroit__8__ “Knowledge is power.” Was said by__.A Francis BaconB ShakespeareC Thomas HobbesD John Locke__9__Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature?A John LockeB DescartesC Pierre GassendiD Thomas Hobbes__10__Jazz, a great contribution to the world popular music, was originated from the music of __.A IndiansB SpanishC NegroesD Portuguese答案解析：1选C。
专业英语八级人文知识
英语专业八级人文知识(1)美国概况1．The traditional dividing line in America between “east” and “west” is The Mississippi River.（密西西比河是美国传统的东方和西方的分界线）2．The earliest part in America to be found and taken over by early settlers is The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain. ( 最早被早期定居者发现和占领的地方是大西洋及其沿岸平原)3．The largest racial group in the whole population of is Non-hispanics white. ( 非西班牙裔的白人是美国最大的种族群体)4．Before 2000, the largest minority group in the United States is African Americans. ( 2000年以前非裔美国人是美国最大的少数民族群体。
2000年以后，拉丁裔美国人的人数超过了非裔美国人的人数，成为美国第一大少数民族群体)5．America has the world’s oldest written constitution and political party. (美国拥有世界上最古老的宪法和政党)6．The economic problem caused by the depression in 1929 was eventually solved by World War II. (第二次世界大战的爆发帮助美国走出了经济困境) 7．In the United States, primary education requires Six years. (美国的小学要花费大约六年的时间)8．Most college students in the United States are in Public institutions. (大部分美国大学生都在公立学校就读)9．The three main levels of courts of the federal judicial system in America are the United States District Courts; the United States Courts of Appeal ; the United States Supreme Court. (美国的联邦法院系统包括)10．Louisiana (which state )is not governed by the common law. (路易斯安娜州不受共同法的约束)英语专业八级人文知识(2)美国概况1．Of the fifty states of America, 38 states now have the death penalty as punishment.（美国现有38个州惩罚罪犯采用死刑）2．The four major regions of the United Sates are Northeast, South, Midwest and West. （美国的主要四大部分不包括北部）3．The New England Region region’s culture character was shaped largely by Puritan spirit. （美国的新英格兰地区，也就是东北部地区深受清教思想的影响）4．4．California is the largest state in terms of size and population in America. （加利福尼亚州是美国最大的州，拥有人口也最多）5．5．“Hollywood” is often used as a synonym for American films .(好莱坞是美国著名的电影制造地)6．6．The most important and largest river in the United States of America is the Mississippi River.(美国最长的河流是密西西比河，也是美国最重要的一条河流。
英语专八人文知识复习共85页文档
英语专八人文知识复习
56、死去何所道，托体同山阿。 57、春秋多佳日，登高赋新诗。 58、种豆南山下，草盛豆苗稀。晨兴 理荒秽 ，带月 荷锄归 。道狭 草木长 ，夕露 沾我衣 。衣沾 不足惜 ，但使 愿无违 。 59、相见Байду номын сангаас杂言，但道桑麻长。 60、迢迢新秋夕，亭亭月将圆。
谢谢
英语专业八级考试 人文知识复习
英语专业八级考试人文知识复习：美国地理概况本文针对英语专业八级考试的人文知识部分，总结了美国国家的主要地理概况，希望对同学们有所帮助。
The Fall Line瀑布线：A point where water-falls or rapids suddenly drop from a higher level to the lower one.瀑布线指的是瀑布急速地从高处向低处流泻的点。
The Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉：1200 miles long，consists of the Piedmont Plateau, Appalachian Plateaus and Appalachian Range.阿巴拉契亚山脉全场1200英里，由皮德蒙特高原、阿巴拉契亚高原及阿巴拉契亚山脉组成。
The Cordillera Range科迪勒拉山脉：Composed of the Coast Range, the Cascades and the Rocky Mountains.科迪勒拉山脉由海岸山脉、卡斯卡德山以及洛基山组成。
The Great Basin大盆地：The Part between the Colorado and Columbia Plateaus.指的是科罗拉多和哥伦比亚高地之间的部分。
The Great Central Plain中部大平原：The land mass between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.指的是洛基山和阿巴拉伊亚山之间的平原。
The Great Plain大平原：The western part of the central plain.大平原：指的是中部平原以西的部分。
The Mississippi River密西西比河：The longest, the most important river in the U.S.A. . It has a drainage area of 3225000 square kilometers.密西西比河是美国最长、最重要的河流。
专八人文知识讲义
Unit One English Literature and American LiteratureSection One English Literature1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture, new discovery in geography and astrology and the religious reformation and the economic expansion.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress（天路历程）is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope （蒲柏）was the first to introduce rationalism to England.4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is humanism.5. In “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18), “this” refers to poetry.6. About Renaissance, a) humanism is the essence; b) Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation; c) The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real stream of the English Renaissance.7. It is Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里﹒乔叟）alone who, for the first time in English Literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.8. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s sonnets.9. The reasons for that Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞）is famous for “the poets’poet” are Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody.10. Marlowe （马洛）gave new vigor to blank verse with his “mighty lines”.11. In Shelly’s “To a Skylark”, （雪莱，《云雀颂》）the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.12. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…and if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it As hard for you to leave, as it is now for me to leave you.” The above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre.13. The sentences “and now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his gaze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are found in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte.14. The most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（琼森）.15. Descriptions about the Neoclassical Period: a) The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period; b) Henry Fielding （菲尔丁）is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical period; c) The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical period.16. “O prince, O chief of my throned powers, / That led th’ embattled separation to war / Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds / Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king’. In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “thy conduct’refers to Satan’s conduct.17. Comments on William Blake（布莱克）: a) Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; b) Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity; c) Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.18. It is generally regarded that Keat’s （济慈）most important and mature poems are in the form of ode.19. Daniel Defoe’s （笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》）novels mainly focus on the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security.20. In the Shepherds Calendar, Edmund Spenser tried to express his laments over the loss of Rosalind.21. In Beowulf, （《贝尔武甫》）Beowulf fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.22. In Spenser’s masterpiece The Faerie Queen, （《仙后》）he speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman.23. Francis Bacon is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.24. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is allegorical poem.25. The characteristics of Spenser’s poetry are a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination.26. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）, a fictional primitive region.27. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelly’s poem Ode to the West Wind as swift, proud and wild.28. “Blindness”, “Partiality”, “Prejudice” and “Absurdity” in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely the characteristics of Elizabeth.29. The modern English novel came into being in the middle of the 18th century.30. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, a) it is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novel; b) it is originally drafted as “First Impressions’; c) In it, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.31. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836-1901.32. Dickens’ first child hero is Oliver Twist.33. R. B. Sheridanh （谢里丹）was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century. His plays especially The Rivals（《情敌》）and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernald Shaw.34. Middlemarch（《弥德玛契》）is considered to the George Eliot’s （艾略特）greatest novel, owing to a) it vividly depicts English country life; b) it provides a panoramic view of life; c) it reveals women’s true feelings.35. As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe co mposed six plays within his short life, and among which there are Tamburlaine（《帖木儿大帝》）, Dr. Faustus（《浮士德》）and The Jew of Malta.36. The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.37. The author of the writing The Return of the Native（《还乡》）is Thomas Hardy.38. The Major figures of modernist movement are Eliot, Joyce and Dickens.39. “At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go.” The passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners.40. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man as having no control over his own fate.41. The author of the writing Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage（《恰尔德﹒哈罗德游记》）is Byron.42. Pilgrimage（《游记》）, Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway are stream-of-consciousness novels.43. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling brings Henry Feilding the name of the “Prose Homer”. Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.44. In the Robert Browning’s works, The Ring and the Book established his position as one of the greatest English poets.45. The major concern of D. H. Law rence’s fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.46. George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.47. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southy (骚塞)and William Wordsworth are regarded as “Lake Poets’.48. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of 1836-1901.49. The protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge（《卡斯特桥市长》）is a man of self-sufficience.50. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.51. The lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;” are found in John Donne’s （多恩、邓恩）writings.52. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.53. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard（《墓园挽歌》）, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despite them and bring havoc on them.54. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. 55. Thomas Hardy not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.56. The protagonist of the poem Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock（《J﹒阿尔弗雷德﹒普鲁弗洛克的情歌》艾略特）is a kind of figure caught in a sense of deafened idealism and tortured by satisfied desires. He is neurotic, self-important and illogical.57. The sentence “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, n or to find talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider” is from the essay Of Study by Francis Bacon.58. Women in Love is considered to be a better-structured novel of D. H. Lawrence’s.It is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other writing by him.59. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in Lilliput.60. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.61. Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.62. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasized that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.63. Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.64. James Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novel, and his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（《一个青年艺术家的肖像》）is a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature and it could hardly be termed as a traditional novel, because there is no story, no plot and no action inside65. Don Juan’s （《唐璜》拜伦）writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romantic literary.66. Byronic hero can be described as proud, mysterious and progressive.67. In Daniel Defoe’s novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel and is universally considered his masterpiece.68. In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. 69. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of simple character and poor understanding.70. According to D. H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.71. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue.72. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.73. “The V anity Fair”（名利场）is a well-known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress.74. In The Songs and Sonnets（《歌与十四行诗》）, for which Donne is probably best known, love is the basic theme.75. Bitter Satire is a typical feature of Swift’s （斯威夫特）writings.76. The period of Old English literature refers to about the year 450-the year of 1066.77. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly literary form, that is the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.78. The protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is a man of cruelty and ambition.79. In Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）, Charles criticizes dehumanizing of workhouse system.80. Henry IV by Shakespeare is history play.81. William Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.82. Charles’ works include A Tale of Two Cities, Hard Times and Oliver Twist.83. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.84. The sentences, “This fair is no new-erected business, but a thing of ancient standing; I will show you the original of it”, are taken from The V anity Fair.85. Charles Dickens’serious intention is to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. The later works such as A Tale of Two Cities, show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.86. In his novel Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the hard-working people.87. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history.88. George Bernard Shaw’s career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play Widowers’Houses（《鳏夫的房产》）was put on by the Independent Theater Society. He began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. His plays can be termed as problem plays.89. In Hardy’s “Wessex” novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.90. In Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats we can find the allusion to Helen and the Trojan Way.91. The Waste Land（《荒原》）by T. S. Eliot （艾略特）is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry.Section Two American Literature1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit.2. “God help them that help themselves” is found in Franklin’s work.3. Franklin was a scientist and a master of diplomacy. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.4. Declaration of Independence stirred the world and helped form the American republic.5. Common Sense, The American Crisis and The Rights of Man are connected with Thomas Paine.6. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Their author is Thomas Paine.7. Philip Freneau （弗雷诺）was a satirist, a pamphleteer and a poet. He wrote The Wild Honey Suckle（《野金银花》）. He was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”.8. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the Enlightenment Movement.9. Hawthorne （霍桑）is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. One source of evil that he is concerned mostis over-reaching intellect.10. In Walt Whitman’s There was a Child Went Forth（《有一个孩子向前走去》）, the child refers to the young America.11. In Moby-Dick（《白鲸》、《莫比敌》）, the voyage symbolizes a search for truth. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize mystery of the universe, power of the Great Nature and evil of the world. It is regarded as the first American prose epic. For Melville, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the Universe.12. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with nature.13. The Transcendentalist （先验论、超验主义）group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.14. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this writing, “A”may stand for “Adultery”, “Angel” and “Amiable”.15. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving（欧文）’s The Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）. And The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the American literature.16. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent,in his famous story Rip V an Winkle（《瑞普﹒凡﹒温克尔》）. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in this writing. His fame mainly rested on his Tales about America.17. Poe’s （艾伦﹒坡）first collection of short stories is Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（《怪诞奇异故事集》）.18. Characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter include Hester Prynne, Atthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl.19. Typee（《泰比》）was a romanticized account of Melville’s （麦尔维尔）stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.20. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as the Romantic Period.21. Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne include The House of the Seven Gables（《有七个尖角阁的房子》）, The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）and The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）.22. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is religion, love and marriage, and life and death. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for brevity, directness and plainest.23.The thought “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity” is reflected in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown（《小伙子布朗》、《好人布朗》、《古德曼》）. He is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.24. Washington Irving’s Rip V an Winkle is famous for Rip’s 20-year sleep.25. The publication of Nature established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.26. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.27. Typee, Omoo（《奥穆》）and Mardi（《玛地》）drew from Melville’s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.28. In the poem Song of Myself, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of the theory of university and singularity and equality of all beings in value.29. Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the self as well.30. Emily Dickinson’s poems (441) “This is my letter to the World” expresses the poet’s anxiety about hercommunication with the outside world.31. Poems by Walt Whitman are characterized by free-flowing, simple and rather crude, conversational and casual.32. Writings finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson include Nature（《论自然》）, Essays（《散文集》）and The Over-Soul（《论超灵》）.33. In I heard a Fly buzz-when I died（《我在死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声》）, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death peacefully.34. Books written by Emerson include Representative Men（《代表人物》）, English Traits（《英国人的特征》）and Nature.35. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from 1865 to 1914.36. Henry James, William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are the representativ e writers in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.37. Innocents Abroad（《傻子出国记》）explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.38. An American Tragedy is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.39. Daisy Miller is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first.40. Stylistically. Henry James’ fiction is characterized by highly refined language.41. Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里芬历险记》）is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”42. The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl are novels by Henry James dealing with the international theme.43. Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers.44. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his local color.45. In Henry James’Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World.46. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by the features that they speak local dialects, that they are simple and crude farmers, and that they are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society.47. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, realism became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.48. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be pessimists.49. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being international theme.50. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America’s naturalists.51. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire（《欲望三部曲》）includes three novels. They are T he Financier（《金融家》）, The Titan（《巨人》）and The Stoic（《斯多葛》）.52. The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to The Adventures of huckleberry Finn.53. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.54. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had been a printer, pilot, soldier, silver-minor, gold-washer, lecturer, traveler, businessman, novelist and autobiographer.55. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel Martin Eden.56. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named The Son of the Wolf（《狼孩》）.57. Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat（《小划子》）, An Experiment and The Blue Hotel, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man.58. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia and Tragic America to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.59. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy.60. F. Scott Fitzgerald （费兹杰拉特）is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Period.61. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true love novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generat ion”.62. Ezra Pound（庞德）, William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost belong to “The Lost Generation”.63. In a tragic sense, The Old Man and the Sea is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.64. Faulkner once said that The Sound and the Fury（《喧哗与骚动》）is a story of “lost innocence”, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.65. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms—the sonnets, rhyming couplets, blank verse—with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. 66. Ezra Pound, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the“Imagist Movement”.67. Sinclair Lewis’Babbitt（《巴比特》）presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind.68. Y ank’s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape（《毛猿》）is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity.69. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors. It is always referred to as “new fiction”.70. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night（《长夜漫漫路迢迢》）(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.71. Tender Is the Night is a novel by Fitzgerald.72. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is Eugene O’Neill.73. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is a man of pessimism.74. Eugene O’Neill a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama of the modernistic period.75. Absalom, Absalom is said to be a “historical novel” by Faulkner.76. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（《雪夜林边小驻》）stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown.77. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanetly influenced by his experiences in the war.78. William Faulkner, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were awarded Nobel Prize for literature.79. The Great God Brown（《大神布朗》）fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.80. Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with human existence and predicament.81. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction in the modernistic period.82. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to one’s course of life.83. The American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a period of poverty, bleakness, important social movements and a new social consciousness.84. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.85. Ezra Pound’s long poem The Cantos（《诗章》）contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.86. Wallace Stevens’ poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Stevens gave to his volumes such as Harmonium（《风琴》）, Ideas of Order（《关于秩序的思想》）and Parts of a World.87. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and travelling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age and The Dollar Decade.88. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.89. Faulkner wrote about the society in the south by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.90. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.91. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world of human reality on the base of William James’“stream of consciousness”, Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious” and “archetypal symbol” and Sigmund Freud’s “interpretation of dreams”.92. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a Lost Generation.93. John Steinbeck is the author of the work The Grapes of Wrath.94. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in Main Stree（《大街》）t.Unit Two LinguisticsSection One The Nature of Language1. Language is a system. It is symbolic. It is arbitrary（任意性）.2. The design features of language （语言的普遍特征）are dual（双层性）, productive （多产性）and arbitrary.3. The dual structures （双层结构）of language are sounds and meaning.4. Displacement（移位性）, one of the unique properties of language, means that we can use language to refer to something not present.5. The most important function of language is informative.6. One of the core branches of linguistics is phonology（音位学）.7. Morphology（形态学）, one of the branches of linguistics, takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study.8. The prescriptive（规定性）mode of study emphasizes on the “standards” of language.9. Saussure put forward the distinction between Lange and Parole（《语言与言语》）.10. The distinction between competence （语言能力）and performance （语言运用）is proposed by Chomsky.。
最新专八人文知识讲义学习资料
Unit One English Literature and American LiteratureSection One English Literature1. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greek culture, new discovery in geography and astrology and the religious reformation and the economic expansion.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress（天路历程）is regarded as the most successful religious allegory in the English language.3. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, Alexander Pope （蒲柏）was the first to introduce rationalism to England.4. Generally speaking, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is humanism.5. In “So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18), “this” refers to poetry.6. About Renaissance, a) humanism is the essence; b) Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation; c) The Elizabethan drama, in its totality, is the real stream of the English Renaissance.7. It is Geoffrey Chaucer （杰弗里﹒乔叟）alone who, for the first time in English Literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.8. The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s sonnets.9. The reasons for that Edmund Spenser （斯宾塞）is f amous for “the poets’poet” are Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty and his exquisite melody.10. Marlowe （马洛）gave new vigor to blank verse with his “mighty lines”.11. In Shelly’s “To a Skylark”, （雪莱，《云雀颂》）the bird, suspended between reality and poetic image, pours forth an exultant song which suggests to the poet both celestial rapture and human limitation.12. “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?…and if God had gifted me with some beauty, and much wealth, I should have made it As hard for you to leave, as it is now for me to leave you.” The above quoted passage is most probably taken from Jane Eyre.13. The sentences “and now he stared at her so earnestly that I thought the very intensity of his ga ze would bring tears into his eyes; but they burned with anguish, they did not melt” are found in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte.14. The most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson（琼森）.15. Descriptions about the Neoclassical Period: a) The Neoclassical Period is prior to the Romantic Period; b) Henry Fielding （菲尔丁）is one of the representatives of the Neoclassical period; c) The modern English novel came into being in the Neoclassical period.16. “O prince, O chief of my throned powers, / That led th’ embattled separation to war / Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds / Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king’. In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Lost, the phrase “thy conduct’refers to Satan’s conduct.17. Comments on William Blake（布莱克）: a) Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience; b) Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity; c) Symbolism in wide range is a distinctive feature of his poetry.18. It is generally regarded that Keat’s （济慈）most important and mature poems are in the form of ode.19. Daniel Defoe’s （笛福《鲁宾逊漂流记》）novels mainly focus on the struggle of the shipwrecked persons for security.20. In the Shepherds Calendar, Edmund Spenser tried to express his laments over the loss of Rosalind.21. In Beowulf, （《贝尔武甫》）Beowulf fought against the monster Grendel and a five breathing dragon.22. In Spenser’s masterpiece The Faerie Queen, （《仙后》）he speaks of 12 virtues of the private gentleman.23. Francis Bacon is best known for his essays which greatly influenced the development of this literary form.24. The literary form of The Faerie Queen is allegorical poem.25. The characteristics of Spenser’s poetry are a perfect melody, a rare sense of beauty and a splendid imagination.26. Most of Thomas Hardy’s novels are set in Wessex（威塞克斯）, a fictional primitive region.27. We can perhaps describe the west wind in Shelly’s poem Ode to the West Wind as swift, proud and wild.28. “Blindness”, “Partiality”, “Prejudice” and “Absurdity” in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely the characteristics of Elizabeth.29. The modern English novel came into being in the middle of the 18th century.30. In terms of Pride and Prejudice, a) it is the most popular of Jane Austen’s novel; b) it is originally drafted as “First Impressions’; c) In it, the author explores the relationship between great love and realistic benefits.31. Chronologically the Victorian Period refers to 1836-1901.32. Dickens’ first child hero is Oliver Twist.33. R. B. Sheridanh （谢里丹）was the only important English dramatist of the 18th century. His plays especially The Rivals（《情敌》）and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernald Shaw.34. Middlemarch（《弥德玛契》）is considered to the George Eliot’s （艾略特）greatest novel, owing to a) it vividly depicts English country life; b) it provides a panoramic view of life; c) it reveals women’s true feelings.35. As the most gifted of the “University Wits”, Marlowe composed six plays within his short life, and among which there are Tamburlaine（《帖木儿大帝》）, Dr. Faustus（《浮士德》）and The Jew of Malta.36. The Romantic Period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.37. The author of the writing The Return of the Native（《还乡》）is Thomas Hardy.38. The Major figures of modernist movement are Eliot, Joyce and Dickens.39. “At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said; she would love to go.” The passage is taken from James Joyce’s Dubliners.40. Tess of the D’Urbervilles, one of Thomas Hardy’s best known novels, portrays man as having no control over his own fate.41. The author of the writing Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage（《恰尔德﹒哈罗德游记》）is Byron.42. Pilgrimage（《游记》）, Ulysses and Mrs. Dalloway are stream-of-consciousness novels.43. The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling brings Henry Feilding the name of the “Prose Homer”. Of all the 18th century novelists, he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose”, and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.44. In the Robert Browning’s works, The Ring and the Book established his position as one of the greatest English poets.45. The major concern of D. H. Law rence’s fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.46. George Bernard Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.47. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southy (骚塞)and William Wordsworth are r egarded as “Lake Poets’.48. Generally, English Romanticism refers to the period of 1836-1901.49. The protagonist of Thomas Hardy’s The Mayor of Casterbridge（《卡斯特桥市长》）is a man of self-sufficience.50. The Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for spiritual salvation.51. The lines “Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;” are found in John Donne’s （多恩、邓恩）writings.52. Contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, the modern English novel gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.53. In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard（《墓园挽歌》）, Thomas Gray reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despite them and bring havoc on them.54. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, writers in the Victorian Period shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. 55. Thomas Hardy not only continued to expose and criticize all sorts of social iniquities, but finally came to question and attack the Victorian conventions and morals.56. The protagonist of the poem Love Song of T. Alfred Prufrock（《J﹒阿尔弗雷德﹒普鲁弗洛克的情歌》艾略特）is a kind of figure caught in a sense of deafened idealism and tortured by satisfied desires. He is neurotic, self-important and illogical.57. The sentence “Read not to contradict and confuse, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse, but t o weigh and consider” is from the essay Of Study by Francis Bacon.58. Women in Love is considered to be a better-structured novel of D. H. Lawrence’s.It is regarded to be a more profoundly ordered novel than any other writing by him.59. In the first part of Gulliver’s Travels, Gulliver told his experience in Lilliput.60. In the theatrical world of the neoclassical period, Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among the host of playwrights.61. Francis Bacon lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge.62. Alexander Pope strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasized that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.63. Dickens’ works are characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.64. James Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novel, and his novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man（《一个青年艺术家的肖像》）is a naturalistic account of the hero’s bitter experiences and his final artistic and spiritual liberation. Ulysses has become a prime example of modernism in literature and it could hardly be termed as a traditional novel, because there is no story, no plot and no action inside65. Don Juan’s （《唐璜》拜伦）writings can be regarded as typically belonging to the school of Romantic literary.66. Byronic hero can be described as proud, mysterious and progressive.67. In Daniel Defoe’s novels, his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor is shown. Robinson Crusoe is his first novel and is universally considered his masterpiece.68. In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. 69. After reading the first chapter of Pride and Prejudice, we may come to know that Mrs. Bennet is a woman of simple character and poor understanding.70. According to D. H. Lawrence, George Eliot was the first novelist that “started putting all the actions inside”.71. The poetic form which Browning attached to maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue.72. The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.73. “The V anity Fair”（名利场）is a well-known part in The Pilgrim’s Progress.74. In The Songs and Sonnets（《歌与十四行诗》）, for which Donne is probably best known, love is the basic theme.75. Bitter Satire is a typical feature of Swift’s （斯威夫特）writings.76. The period of Old English literature refers to about the year 450-the year of 1066.77. The middle of the 18th century was predominated by a newly literary form, that is the modern English novel, which gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.78. The protagonist of Marlowe’s Tamburlaine is a man of cruelty and ambition.79. In Oliver Twist（《雾都孤儿》）, Charles criticizes dehumanizing of workhouse system.80. Henry IV by Shakespeare is history play.81. William Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature”.82. Charles’ works include A Tale of Two Cities, Hard Times and Oliver Twist.83. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. The School for Scandal is his masterpiece.84. The sentences, “This fair is no new-erected business, but a thing of ancient standing; I will show you the original of it”, are taken from The V anity Fair.85. Charles Dickens’serious intention is to expose and criticize all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy and corruptness he sees all around him. The later works such as A Tale of Two Cities, show his development towards a highly conscious artist of the modern type.86. In his novel Robinson Crusoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the hard-working people.87. The 18th century England is known as the Enlightenment in the history.88. George Bernard Shaw’s career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play Widowers’Houses（《鳏夫的房产》）was put on by the Independent Theater Society. He began his literary career by writing novels soon after his settling down in London. His plays can be termed as problem plays.89. In Hardy’s “Wessex” novels, there is an apparent nostalgic touch in his description of the simple and beautiful though primitive rural life.90. In Leda and the Swan by William Butler Yeats we can find the allusion to Helen and the Trojan Way.91. The Waste Land（《荒原》）by T. S. Eliot （艾略特）is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry.Section Two American Literature1. In American literature, the eighteenth century was the age of the Enlightenment. Rationalism was the dominant spirit.2. “God help them that help themselves” is found in Franklin’s work.3. Franklin was a scientist and a master of diplomacy. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.4. Declaration of Independence stirred the world and helped form the American republic.5. Common Sense, The American Crisis and The Rights of Man are connected with Thomas Paine.6. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Their author is Thomas Paine.7. Philip Freneau （弗雷诺）was a satirist, a pamphleteer and a poet. He wrote The Wild Honey Suckle（《野金银花》）. He was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”.8. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the Enlightenment Movement.9. Hawthorne （霍桑）is a great allegorist and a master of symbolism. One source of evil that he is concerned mostis over-reaching intellect.10. In Walt Whitman’s There was a Child Went Forth（《有一个孩子向前走去》）, the child refers to the young America.11. In Moby-Dick（《白鲸》、《莫比敌》）, the voyage symbolizes a search for truth. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize mystery of the universe, power of the Great Nature and evil of the world. It is regarded as the first American prose epic. For Melville, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the Universe.12. Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with nature.13. The Transcendentalist （先验论、超验主义）group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. As a philosophical and literary movement, transcendentalism flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.14. The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways. In this writing, “A”may stand for “Adultery”, “Angel” and “Amiable”.15. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving（欧文）’s The Sketch Book（《见闻札记》）and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass（《草叶集》）. And The Sketch Book signs the beginning of the American literature.16. Washington Irving’s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed, to some extent,in his famous story Rip V an Winkle（《瑞普﹒凡﹒温克尔》）. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in this writing. His fame mainly rested on his Tales about America.17. Poe’s （艾伦﹒坡）first collection of short stories is Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque（《怪诞奇异故事集》）.18. Characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter include Hester Prynne, Atthur Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth and Pearl.19. Typee（《泰比》）was a romanticized account of Melville’s （麦尔维尔）stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.20. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as the Romantic Period.21. Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne include The House of the Seven Gables（《有七个尖角阁的房子》）, The Marble Faun （《玉石雕像》）and The Blithedale Romance（《福谷传奇》）.22. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is religion, love and marriage, and life and death. Emily Dickinson’s poetic idiom is noted for brevity, directness and plainest.23.The thought “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity” is reflected in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown（《小伙子布朗》、《好人布朗》、《古德曼》）. He is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.24. Washington Irving’s Rip V an Winkle is famous for Rip’s 20-year sleep.25. The publication of Nature established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.26. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.27. Typee, Omoo（《奥穆》）and Mardi（《玛地》）drew from Melville’s adventures among the people of the South Pacific islands.28. In the poem Song of Myself, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of the theory of university and singularity and equality of all beings in value.29. Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the self as well.30. Emily Dickinson’s poems (441) “This is my letter to the World” expresses the poet’s anxiety about hercommunication with the outside world.31. Poems by Walt Whitman are characterized by free-flowing, simple and rather crude, conversational and casual.32. Writings finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson include Nature（《论自然》）, Essays（《散文集》）and The Over-Soul（《论超灵》）.33. In I heard a Fly buzz-when I died（《我在死时听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声》）, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death peacefully.34. Books written by Emerson include Representative Men（《代表人物》）, English Traits（《英国人的特征》）and Nature.35. The Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States refers to the period from 1865 to 1914.36. Henry James, William Dean Howells and Mark Twain are the representativ e writers in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.37. Innocents Abroad（《傻子出国记》）explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.38. An American Tragedy is considered to be Theodore Dreiser’s greatest work.39. Daisy Miller is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first.40. Stylistically. Henry James’ fiction is characterized by highly refined language.41. Huckleberry Finn（《哈克贝里芬历险记》）is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”42. The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors and The Golden Bowl are novels by Henry James dealing with the international theme.43. Darwin exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers.44. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his local color.45. In Henry James’Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of the free spirit of the New World.46. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by the features that they speak local dialects, that they are simple and crude farmers, and that they are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society.47. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, realism became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.48. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be pessimists.49. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being international theme.50. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America’s naturalists.51. Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire（《欲望三部曲》）includes three novels. They are T he Financier（《金融家》）, The Titan（《巨人》）and The Stoic（《斯多葛》）.52. The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to The Adventures of huckleberry Finn.53. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the nineteenth-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American naturalism.54. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had been a printer, pilot, soldier, silver-minor, gold-washer, lecturer, traveler, businessman, novelist and autobiographer.55. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel Martin Eden.56. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named The Son of the Wolf（《狼孩》）.57. Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat（《小划子》）, An Experiment and The Blue Hotel, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man.58. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote Dreiser Looks at Russia and Tragic America to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.59. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy.60. F. Scott Fitzgerald （费兹杰拉特）is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age. His fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Period.61. The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway’s first true love novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”.62. Ezra Pound（庞德）, William Carlos Williams and Robert Frost belong to “The Lost Generation”.63. In a tragic sense, The Old Man and the Sea is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.64. Faulkner once said that The Sound and the Fury（《喧哗与骚动》）is a story of “lost innocence”, which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.65. Robert Frost combined traditional verse forms—the sonnets, rhyming couplets, blank verse—with a clear American local speech rhythm, the speech of New England farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax. 66. Ezra Pound, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the“Imagist Movement”.67. Sinclair Lewis’Babbitt（《巴比特》）presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited middle-class mind.68. Y ank’s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape（《毛猿》）is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man’s identity.69. American fiction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different from its predecessors. It is always referred to as “new fiction”.70. As an autobiographical play, O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night（《长夜漫漫路迢迢》）(1951) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.71. Tender Is the Night is a novel by Fitzgerald.72. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is Eugene O’Neill.73. From Eugene O’Neill’s works, we can see he is a man of pessimism.74. Eugene O’Neill a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama of the modernistic period.75. Absalom, Absalom is said to be a “historical novel” by Faulkner.76. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening（《雪夜林边小驻》）stems from the ambiguity of the speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown.77. Hemingway’s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanetly influenced by his experiences in the war.78. William Faulkner, John Steinbeck and Ernest Hemingway were awarded Nobel Prize for literature.79. The Great God Brown（《大神布朗》）fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.80. Most of Eugene O’Neill’s plays are tragedies, dealing with human existence and predicament.81. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction in the modernistic period.82. “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood and sorry I could not travel both…” In the above two lines of Robert Frost’s The Road Not Taken, the poet, by implication, was referring to one’s course of life.83. The American “Thirties”, lasted from the Crash, through the ensuing Great Depression, until the outbreak of the Second World War 1939. This was a period of poverty, bleakness, important social movements and a new social consciousness.84. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas.85. Ezra Pound’s long poem The Cantos（《诗章》）contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.86. Wallace Stevens’ poetry is primarily motivated by the belief that true ideas correspond with an innate order in nature. Many of his good poems derive their emotional power from reasoned revelation. This philosophical intention is supported by the titles Stevens gave to his volumes such as Harmonium（《风琴》）, Ideas of Order（《关于秩序的思想》）and Parts of a World.87. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and travelling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties, The Jazz Age and The Dollar Decade.88. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.89. Faulkner wrote about the society in the south by inventing families which represented different social forces: the old decaying upper class; the rising, ambitious, unscrupulous class of the “poor Whites”; and the Negroes who labored for both of them.90. In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called stream of consciousness in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.91. Most of the writers in the modern period were able to probe into the inner world of human reality on the base of William James’“stream of consciousness”, Carl Jung’s “collective unconscious” and “archetypal symbol” and Sigmund Freud’s “interpretation of dreams”.92. Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a Lost Generation.93. John Steinbeck is the author of the work The Grapes of Wrath.94. In 1920 Sinclair Lewis published his memorable denunciation of American small-town provincialism in Main Stree（《大街》）t.Unit Two LinguisticsSection One The Nature of Language1. Language is a system. It is symbolic. It is arbitrary（任意性）.2. The design features of language （语言的普遍特征）are dual（双层性）, productive （多产性）and arbitrary.3. The dual structures （双层结构）of language are sounds and meaning.4. Displacement（移位性）, one of the unique properties of language, means that we can use language to refer to something not present.5. The most important function of language is informative.6. One of the core branches of linguistics is phonology（音位学）.7. Morphology（形态学）, one of the branches of linguistics, takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study.8. The prescriptive（规定性）mode of study emphasizes on the “standards” of language.9. Saussure put forward the distinction between Lange and Parole（《语言与言语》）.10. The distinction between competence （语言能力）and performance （语言运用）is proposed by Chomsky.。
专八培训资料之人文知识
Statue of Liberty
Wall Street
The Headquarter of the United Nations.
3. Los Angeles
The second largest city in the Studios Hollywood
Lake Michigan, the only one entirely in the Huron休伦湖（北美五大湖中的第二大湖）, Lake Eire and LakeOntario
历史
1. Discovery of the New World
In 1492, by Christopher Columbus.
State of Washington is named after President GeorgeWashington, with Seattle as its biggest city
State of Alaska is separated from Russia’s Siberia in the west by the Bering Strait白令海峡, and Eskimos live here;
Gettysburg, where Abraham Lincoln delivered his famous speech The Address at Gettysburg, is in Pennsylvania.
3. The Midwest1)Ohio2)In Nhomakorabeaiana
3)Michigan
4)Illinois
HarvardCollege, Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
【最新推荐】英语专业八级应试策略纲要及寒假复习计划-实用word文档 (3页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ == 英语专业八级应试策略纲要及寒假复习计划英语专业八级应试策略纲要及寒假复习计划1 英语专业八级应试策略纲要1.1 专业八级辅导路线图1.1.1 八级考试简介（orientations）1.1.2 基础知识讲座（词汇部分、语法部分）1.1.3 各题型应试策略1.1.4 全真题型讲练1.1.5 模拟题型讲练1.2 专业八级应试基本策略以输入题型（听力、阅读）带动输出题型（改错、翻译、作文）；精听、精读。
．．．．．．．．以构词法讲座(How to Memorize New Words)为基础，研读背诵词汇讲义．．．．1.3 专业八级各题型应试策略1.3.1 听力训练（普通类）：以听力讲座中介绍的方法（①天天坚持听②循序渐进听③比照文本听④不要做习题⑤精听泛听结合⑥以听促说）精听《新编英语教程》3至8册为突破口，辅以初、中级《Listen to This》以及其它推荐材料。
1.3.2 听力训练（新闻类）：在记诵新闻英语核心词汇的基础上，通过互联网用中英两种文字查看了解最近2-3年的新闻事件。
做到只看题干即知题中所涉及的事件最佳。
1.3.3 阅读训练：切实运用考试4步法、平时训练5步法。
1.3.4 改错训练：了解正确的格式，从词法、句法和语篇3个方面着手，用最简分析法逐层剥析。
1.3.5 人文知识：研读1-2本汉语撰写但包含英文关键字的相关书籍。
1.3.6 翻译训练：以《实用翻译教程》后的练习为突破，不求多，但求精。
英译汉就是汉译英，反之亦然。
使用回环法精练。
汉译英先解决词汇，再考虑句式。
不求用大词长句，务求平实、通顺。
心中牢记：自己的翻译作品自己是第一位读者；自己都无法看明白的翻译别人是无论如何理解不了的。
1.3.7 作文训练。
作文贵在立意与谋篇布局。
务求紧扣题义发挥，论述层次分明。
英语专业八级人文知识
黑死病（the Black Death）是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫是流行疾病，在14世纪传播了到欧洲。
1348年夏天横扫全英国。
英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万。
《大宪章》（Great Charter）是约翰国王（King John）1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的，总共63条，其中最重要的内容是：(1) 未经大议会同意，不得征税；(2) 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；(3) 教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；(4) 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其古时的权力和特权；(5) 全国要使用统一的重量和长度度量衡。
大议会（The Great Council）是当今英国议会（BritishParliament）的原型。
1265年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，各县有两名骑士，各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变成议会，分为上议院（House of Lords）和下议院（House of Commons）。
其作用是咨询而非决定；也没有选举和政党。
著名的诺曼底征服（The Norman Conquest）发生在1066年。
诺曼底公爵威廉发动了这场战争。
他是前诺曼底公爵罗伯特一世的私生子，也是独生子。
1066年1月，英王爱德华去世，9月，威廉借口爱德华生前曾许其继承英国王位，遂纠集诺曼底贵族和法国各地骑士，在罗马教皇的支持下，率军渡过海峡，在英格兰南部佩文西登陆，入侵英国。
哈斯丁一役，威廉大败英军，不久攻占伦敦，于12月自立为英王，称威廉一世（WilliamⅠ）。
诺曼底征服对于英国历史发展的影响可谓深远。
威廉建立的、他的后继人所保持的强大中央政府，由于这个政府所掌管的军事力量，英国从未再遭侵略。
相反，它还不断地在海外进行军事行动。
文化方面，英国当时现有的文化与诺曼-法国文化得到了水乳交融；大量的新词进入英语，使得英国语言得到了长足发展。
同时英国的教会与罗马教会的联系变得更为密切。
英语专八人文知识点
17. Hyperbole: A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect, as in I could sleep for a year or This book weighs a ton. 夸张法,一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如在 我能睡一年或这书有一吨重
19. hypotaxis: 从属关系
20. parataxis: 并列结构，指短语或分句间不用连词， 如：I came, I saw, I conquered.
21. Transcendentalism: A literary and philosophical movement, associated with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, asserting the existence of an ideal spiritual reality that transcends the empirical and scientific and is k
尼尔．阿姆斯特朗、埃德温．奥尔德林、迈克尔．柯林斯
27. The title of the national anthem 国歌 of Canada is O Canada. 此种类型题同学们可自己多找几个国家。
28. Henry David Thoreau’s work, Walden, has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.
owable through intuition. 超验主义, 一种文学和哲学运动，与拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生和玛格丽特·富勒有关，宣称存在一种理想的精神实体，超越于经验和科学之处，通过直觉得以把握
英语八级应试指导-人文知识
人文知识(General Knowledge)第一部分题目概述英语国家概况、英美文学和英语语言学概论这三方面的知识在人文知识考题中的考点分值分布情况：第二部分知识总结1. 英语国家概况英国①国旗：Union Jack，国歌：God save the queen，首都：伦敦②爱丁堡：苏格兰首府，Cardiff：威尔士首府，Belfast：北爱尔兰首府，英联邦成立于1931年，共53个成员国。
③英格兰脊梁：the Pennine Chain，最高峰：Ben Nevis，最重要的河：Thames river，第一大河：Severn river④英国政治：议会君主制，君主仅是国家首脑，真正的权利在首相（Prime Minister）及其内阁（cabinet）手中。
议会(Parliament)是立法机构，包括女王、上院(house of lords)、下院(house of commons)（权利真正来源）。
司法(judiciary)⑤党派：保守党（来源托利党）和工党（来源辉格党）美国①国旗：stars and stripes，国歌：the star-spangled banner星条旗永不落，国庆：7月4日，首都：华盛顿②北美脊梁：Rocky Mountains，五大湖（在美国和加拿大中间）：LakeMichigan/Superior/Erie/Huron/Ontario, 其中Lake Michigan是唯一一个全在美国的湖，Lake Ontario 和Lake Erie 之间有Niagara falls，father of waters: the Mississippi River ③纽约被称为“the big apple”，洛杉矶：有好莱坞，芝加哥：又名“the windy city”，旧金山：UN诞生地（1945年），波士顿：很多著名大学所在地④著名总统：Thomas Jefferson：撰写独立宣言，Abraham Lincoln：内战时期任职，废除奴隶制，解放妇女等，Roosevelt在经济大萧条时新政，Nixon：冷战及越南战争（楚门条约）⑤1812年，美国彻底摆脱英国控制。
英语专业八级考试复习备考资料---人文知识部分
英语专业八级考试复习备考资料---人文知识部分TEM-8 人文知识部分真题是指2005-2009年英语专业八级考试的真题；考纲样题是指高校英语专业八级考试大纲修订小组2004年编写的《高校英语专业八级考试大纲》中的1套样题；指南样题是指邹申主编的《新编高等学校英语专业八级考试指南》（上海外语教育出版社）中的10套样题。
第一部分：主要英语国家概况一. 政治：美国政治：2005真题32. U.S. presidents normally serve a (an) _________termA. two-yearB. four-yearC. six-yearD. eight-year2008真题32. According to the United States Constitution, the legislative power is invested inA. the Federal Government.B. the Supreme Court.C. the Cabinet.D. the Congress.指南样题九33. To override the President’s veto, the US congress must have a --- majority.A. 3/4B. 2/3C. 1/2D. 3/5英联邦政治：英国政治2006真题34.The Prime Minister in Britain is head ofA. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet2010年真题31. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?A. The British constitution includes the Magna Carta of 1215.B. The British constitution includes Parliamentary acts.C. The British constitution includes decisions made by courts of law.D. The British constitution includes one single written constitution. 指南样题二31. In Britain, ____ has the ultimate authority of legislationA.the QueenB.the House of CommonsC.the House of LordsD.the Prime Minister加拿大政治2007真题32. The Head of State of Canada is represented byA. the MonarchB. the PresidentC. the Prime MinisterD. the Governor-General新西兰政治2009真题31. The Head of State of New Zealand isA. the governor-general.B. the Prime Minister.C. the high commissioner.D. the monarch of the United Kingdom.指南样题五32. The jury in the High Court of New Zealand is composed of ---members.A. 12B. 14C. 16D. 18二. 地理城市概况：美国城市2005真题33. Which of the following cities is NOT located in the Northeast, U.S.?A. Huston.B. Boston.C. Baltimore.D. Philadelphia.英国城市考纲样题31.Where is Edinburgh?A. In WalesB. In ScotlandC. In Northern IrelandD. In Ireland2009真题32. The capital of Scotland isA. Glasgow.B. Edinburgh.C. Manchester.D. London.指南样题三：31. --- is the capital of Scotland.A. DublinB. EdinburghC. CardiffD. New Castle加拿大城市2005真题31. ______ is the capital city of Canada.A. VancouverB. OttawaC. MontrealD. York2008真题31. The largest city in Canada isA. Vancouver.B. Montreal.C. TorontoD. Ottawa.2010年真题32. The first city ever founded in Canada isA. Quebec.B. Vancouver.C. Toronto.D. Montreal.澳大利亚城市考纲样题33.The capital of Australia is ____A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. CanberraD. Perth2009年真题34. Which of the following cities is located at the eastern coast of Australia.A. Perth.B. Adelaide.C. Sydney.D. Melbourne.指南样题四32. The city of ---, which was formerly known as Port Jackson, is the place of the earliest colonial settlement in Australia.A. MelbourneB. SydneyC.PerthD.Darwin指南样题十：33. After the golden rush, the city of --- became the financial and economic centre in Australia.A. CanberraB. SydneyC. MelbourneD. Perth新西兰城市2006真题32. The capital of New Zealand isA. ChristchurchB. AucklandC. WellingtonD. Hamilton国家全称：指南样题一31. The United Kingdom is also known by its official nameA.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and EnglandB.the United Kingdom of Great BritainC.the United Kingdom of British IslesD.the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 国家地貌:指南样题二34. It is known that Irish landscape is featured byA. bogsB. mountainsC. grasslandD. rivers河流:指南样题五31. --- is recognized as the longest river in Britain.A. The Thames RiverB. The Amazon RiverC. The Severn RiverD. The Rhine River国家名胜：指南样题三33. You can find the Grand Canyon in the State ofA. ArizonaB. CaliforniaC. New MexicoD. Chicago人口分布和概况：指南样题三34. Around --- of New Zealanders are found in North Island.A. 3/4B. 1/2C. 3/5D. 4/10指南样题六31. In the United States, --- of the total of the population are Asian AmericansA. 12%B. 9%C. 6%D. 3%指南样题九32. Compared with the other racial and ethnic minority groups, --- lead a relatively better-off life in the US.A. the blacksB. the Asian AmericansC. the IndiansD. the Hispanics经济地理：样题四31. The leading --- state in the United States is Wisconsin.A. wheatB. riceC.dairyD.maize三. 历史：美国历史2006真题31.The President during the American Civil War wasA. Andrew JacksonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington2007年真题33. The Declaration of Independence was written byA. Thomas JeffersonB. George WashingtonC. Alexander HamiltonD. James Madison2009真题33. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence and later became the U.S. President?A. Thomas Jefferson.B. George Washington.C. Thomas Paine.D. John Adams.2010年真题34. The Emancipation Proclamation to end the slavery plantation system in theSouth of the U.S. was issued byA. Abraham Lincoln.B. Thomas Paine.C. George Washington.D. Thomas Jefferson.指南样题一33. ---- was known for his fam ous speech "I Have a Dream”.A.John F. KennedyB.Martin Luther King，JrC.Abram LincolnD.Thomas Jefferson指南样题六32. October 24, --- was the date when America suffered its first stock market crash in history.A. 1926B. 1927C. 1928D. 1929指南样题七32. Students are wondering how --- could lose California to the US.A. FranceB. SpainC. MexicoD. Portugal指南样题七33. American Constitution, the oldest written one in the world, started to take effect inA. 1736B. 1789C. 1798D. 1769英国历史2007真题31. The majority of the current population in the UK aredescendents of all the following tribes respectively EXCEPTA. the AnglosB. the CeltsC. the JutesD. the Saxons指南样题三In history, Romans occupied Britain for about --- years.A.700B.600C.500D.400指南样题五33. It is --- who declared the Hundred Years’ War between England and France.A. Edward IIIB. Henry IIIC. Edward IID. Henry IV指南样题五34. Britain was able to establish itself as a world leader in shipbuilding in the middle ofA. the 16th centuryB. the 17th centuryC. the 18th centuryD. the 19th century指南样题六33. --- is the year France lost its rule over Quebec.A. 1736B. 1763C. 1733指南样题九31. Henry VIII started his religious reform as a struggle forA. divorceB. powerC. politicsD. peace澳大利亚历史2007真题34. The original inhabitants of Australia wereA. the Red IndiansB. the EskimosC. the AboriginesD. the Maoris2008真题33.Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A.The AboriginesB.The MaoriC.The IndiansD.The Eskimos2010年真题33. When did the Australian Federation officially come into being?A. 1770.B. 1788.C. 1900.D. 1901.指南样题一34. The year the colonization of Australia started isB. 1778C. 1788D. 1798指南样题二33. Aboriginal culture in Australia is said to be more than ---- years old.A.20, 000B.30,000C.40,000D.50,000指南样题七34. The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since ---A. John HowardB. Bob HawkeC. Malcolm FraserD. Paul Keating爱尔兰历史：指南样题八32. Irish culture experienced a golden age from --- to ---.A. the eighth century, the eleventh centuryB. the seventh century, the ninth centuryC. the sixth century, the eighth centuryD. the fifth century , the seventh century四. 宗教：2005真题34. ________ is the state church in England.A. The Roman Catholic Church.B. The Baptist ChurchC. The Protestant ChurchD. The Church of England五. 媒体考纲样题32.Which of the following is Not a U.S. news and cable network?A. ABCB. CNNC. CBSD. BBC指南样题十31. The most popular newspaper in Ireland isA. The Irish TimesB. The Irish PaperC. The Irish IndependentD. The Irish Daily六. 体育2008真题33. Which of the following is the oldest sport in the United States?A. Baseball.B. Tennis.C. Basketball.D. American football.七. 教育考纲样题34.Which degree is offered in community colleges in the United States?A. M aster’s degreeB. Doctor’s degreeC. Bachelor’s degreeD. Associate’s degree。
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• • • • • • •ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้• •
f. Phonetic Transcription g. Phonology h. Phonemes and allophones minimal pairs, phoneme, allophones, complementary distribution, free variation i. Phonological Process and Phonological Rules Phonological Process, Phonological Rule j. Distinctive Features k. Suprasegmental Features Syllabic Structure, Sonority Scale, Stress
作家与作品
• • • • • • • • • • • • • 1.殖民地时期： Benjamin Franklin Autobiography 2.浪漫主义时期： Washington Irving The Sketch Book Emerson Transcendentalism Nature Walt Whiteman Leaves of Grass Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville Moby Dick Dreiser Sister Carrie Allan Poe
英语文化
• 3.The river Thames is in ___ • A. Wales B. Scotland C. England D. Northern Ireland • (C)
• 4.The first king of England is ___,who won the overlordship in 829. • A. John B. James I C. Egbert D. Henry • (C)
专业八级人文知识复习纲要
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A. 测试要求：
– 能基本了解主要英语国家的地理、历史、现状、 文化传统等。 – 能初步具备英语文学知识。 – 能初步具备英语语言学知识。
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B.测试形式和分值： 本部分采用多项选择题形式，要求学生从每 个题的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，共10 题，10分。
社会文化知识
• • • • • • • •
5.Semantics a. What is Semantics? b. Some views concerning the study of the meaning Leech and his 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, The conceptualist view, contextualism, behaviorism c.Lexical Meaning Sense and Reference, major sense relations (synonymy, polysemy, homonymy, hyponymy, antonymy) d. Sense Relations Between Sentences X is synonymous Y, X is inconsistent with Y, X entails Y, X presupposes Y, X is a contradiction, X is semantically anomalous.
英国文化
• • • • • • 英国的起源： 英国的起源： I早起居民 II.罗马人统治时期的英国 III.央格鲁-撒克逊人 IV.北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵 V.诺曼征服
英国的形成： 英国的形成： 诺曼统治 大宪章的内容和意义 英国议会的起源 百年战争及其结果 黑死病 1381年农民起义及其意义
英国文化
• 社会文化知识主要包括： （1）英语国家概况 • （2）英国社会与文化 • （3）美国社会与文化 • （4）西方文化入门 • （5）希腊，罗马神话 • （6）圣经
下面，以英国社会文化为例给大家 提供一些复习的建议
• 历史地理： • 英国历史地理知识包括：英国及其各民族 的起源，发展和变迁，英国历史上的重大 事件，历史人物，主要山脉，河流和湖泊 等。还包括由地理，地貌而造成的典型天 气或气候现象等。
• 4.现实主义时期： • Mark Twain • The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn • Ezra Pond • T.S. Eliot • The Waste Land • Fitzgerald • The Great Gatsby • Ernest Hemingway • The Old Man and the Sea
英语语言学知识
一：知识简介： 1. Introduction to Linguistics a. what is Language? b. design features of Language arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement c. Functions of Language informative, interpersonal function, performative, emotive function, Fhatic communion, Recreational function, Metalingual function • d.What is Linguistics? • • • • • • •
• e.Main branches of Linguistics • phonetics, phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics • f. Macrolinguistics • Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Anthropological Linguistics, Computional Linguistics • g. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • prescriptive & descriptive • Synchronic & Diachronic • Langue & Porale • Competence & Performance
• 3. Morphology • a. The formation of Word • Morpheme and Morphology, Types of Morphemes, Inflection and Word Formation • b. Lexical Change • Lexical Change Proper, Semantic change
• E.g. • 1. The leader of the imagist movement in American literature is ___ • A. Wallace Stevens B. Ezra Pond C. Robert Frost D. T.S. Eliot • (B) • 2.___is John Steinbeck’s masterpiece. • A. An American Tragedy B. The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn • C. A Farewell to Arms D. The Grapes of Wrath • (D)
其他英语国家文化的复习思路也可以按此进行
英国文化
• E.g. • 1. Which of the following does not belong to the Island of Great Britain? • A. England B. Scotland C. Wales D. Ireland • (D) • 2. Big Ben is a famous ___in London. • A. statue B. bridge C. hotel D. clock • (D)
英国文化
• 国名：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northan Ireland. （大不列颠以及北爱尔兰联合王国） • 国旗：米字旗，国旗的意义。 • 国徽，国徽的意义。 • 国歌，国花。 • 首都，人口，行政区划分。 • 地理特征 • 山脉河流与湖泊 • 气候 • 人口
英语文化
• 5.In Britain, education is compulsory for children between the age of ___ • A. 5,14 B. 6, 17 • C. 5, 16 D. 6,14 • (C)
文学知识
• • • • • • • • • 以美国文学为例，给大家简单介绍一下 一.历史与流派： 美国文学发展的6个时期： 1. 1.殖民主义时期 2.浪漫主义时期 3.现实主义时期 4.自然主义时期 5.一战时期 6.二战后期
英国文化
除此之外，还有一些专有名词需要大家注意： The great charter, Tyler’s rising, the Enclosure Movement, English Renaissance, Glorious Revolution, The Treaty of Paris, the Chartist Movement, the Crimean War, the Opium War, the Treaty of Versailles, the Reform Bill, Julius Caesar, Henry II, Henry VII, the House of Lords, the House of Commons.