英语词汇学复习要点不过就难啊
英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学必背知识点
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学考试难吗?那么该课程怎么考?要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的,所以考前应该日记月累的学习,在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试,我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课,每个知识点应该说都重要,所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。
从掌握知识来说,不要去分重点和一般,对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。
1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词:动词、形容词、副词和派生词。
其中重点是动词,要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看,就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。
其中过去式是考查重点,所以对动词的过去式,尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写,自然就成为后期复习的重点。
至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
<br>2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵,增强“词不离句”意识。
背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法,但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。
优选一些名家名篇,做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作,作为研习的精典,不但能够迅速提高语感,而且容易激发兴趣,形成活生生的词库,为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。
3、英语主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写,这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分,通常平均分不超过3分,所以大家不要太在意,20个单词,对4个,能有2分就很不错了,如果想要提高这部分,大家还要有准备的背单词,因为这里面的单词,并不全是课本课后单词表的单词,其中很多都是以前在中学学过的,所以要准备这一部分,需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲,按里面的词汇背记才有意义。
如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度,那么可以通过在线视频学习的,以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法,希望大家能更好的学习。
点击进入>>>。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
英语词汇学总结复习资料⼤家请注意:笔记中⼤多数是以名词解释的形式出现的,这些是绝对的基础,应该⼀字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是⼏个定义的汇总,再加上个例⼦就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别,主要还是指明其各⾃的定义。
第⼀章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声⾳与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. ―woman‖ means ’Frau’ in German,’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand,the same sound /rait/ can mean right,rite and write,though denoting different things,yet have the same sound.3.读⾳与拼写不⼀致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.(At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns)a). the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b). Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc). Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d). Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect,a given book,a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency,by notion,by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1). Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character (most important)– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action,size,domain,state numerals,pronouns,prep. ,conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life,they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative,some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow,bow,chariot,knight – past electricity,machine,car,plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words,they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football,footage,footpath,footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions,idiomatic usages,proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of thelanguage .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart, a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例⼦)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning,hepatitis,indigestion,penicillin,algebra,trigonometry,calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line,ballpark figures,bargaining chips,hold him back,hold him in,paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread,grass and pot,beaver,smoky,bear,catch,holler,Roger,X-rays,Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener,dip,persuader cant,jargon ,argot are associated with,or most available to,specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty,chook,cocky,station,auld,build,coo,hame,lough,bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems,legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics,futurology,AIDS,internet,E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse,monitor2). Content word (notional word)– denote clear notions.Functional word (empty word,form word)– do not have notions of their own,express the relation betweennotions,words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3). Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words,50,000-60,000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style (not stylistical specific )2. 2.frequent in use (in academic fields and science French,Latin or Greek are used)(usage 70-90%)Borrowed words (loan words,borrowing)– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing,we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus(L)shift,change,shirt,pork cup from cuppa(L)2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor(F)blitzkreeg(G)emir,intermez,rowtow,bazaar,rajar,status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1). Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal(L)black humor from humor noir long time no see,surplus value,master piece 2). Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak(Russ)lama from lama(Tib)ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent,sassy,cheeky第⼆章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family (Europe,the Near East,India)It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History (时间,历史事件,特征)1)Old English (450-1150)totally 50,000-60,000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts,the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles,Saxons and Jutes and their language,Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century,the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century,many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English,our daily life and speech.特点:highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes (full ending)2)Middle English (1150-1500)English,Latin,FrenchUntil 1066,although there were borrowings from Latin,the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century,English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点:fewer inflections leveled ending3)Modern English (1500-up to now)early modern English (1500-1700)late modern English(1700-up to now)The Renaissance(the early period),Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization,British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe,thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II,many new words have been created to express new ideas,inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions,and scientific achievements. more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English,word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点:ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development(英语发展的三个主要⽅式:创造新词、旧词新意、借⽤外来语词)1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely roots,affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.(played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times)4. (Reviving archaic or obsolete)French 30%,Latin 8%,Japanese Italian 7%,Spanish 6%,German Greek 5%,Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. (The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph(词素变体)——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s)has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context,e.g. in cats/s/,in bags/z/,in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences,e.g. cat,walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words,e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion)collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. (include bound root and affix)Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example:it conveys the meaning of ―say or speak‖ as a Latin root,but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before)we obtain the verb predict meaning ―tell beforehand‖。
英语词汇的复习与掌握
第一节英语词汇的复习与掌握语音、语法和词汇是构成语言的三大要素,其中词汇是语言最主要和最基本的单位,没有词汇就没有语言。
而记单词是令每一个学英语的人头痛的事。
英语不像俄语那样只要能读就不担心写和记;也不像世界语那样有规则,英语有的能读就能记住,有的难读难记,有的读起来还特别拗口,一句话,“一塌糊涂”。
因为由于历史原因,现代英语在形成过程中除本土英语外,还融合了大量的法语、希腊语多种语言中泊来的词汇。
我学英语以来对英语学习最深刻的认识就是记英语单词要“无数次的重复”。
不断的记,不断的忘,周而复始,与遗忘进行对抗战。
忘记、忘记,忘了又记,看来汉语词组“忘记”的组成很有道理的。
因此记英语单词的关键就是一个毅力和持久的问题。
英语单词多达几十万,但常用的只有四五千(2级的要求)。
如何记,先记哪些,后记哪些?这里面有一定的规律可寻。
动词、形容词、副词、名词,这四类词构成英语单词中绝大部分。
动词是句子的灵魂,有人说学英语主要是研究动词的用法,这句话虽有偏颇,但也不难看出动词的重要性,因此记忆单词应首先记忆动词。
弄懂了常见动词的用法,分析句子结构就容易了,纲举则目张!其次就是记形容词和副词。
英语表达的丰富多彩,娓婉生动,全是它们的功劳。
名词是所有词类中最庞大一个家族。
记忆时有个顺口溜:“人名地名先排除,常见名词优先记,普通名词尽量记,专业名词专业记。
” 这有一定道理。
现在市面上流行的有关记忆英语单词方法的书很多,什么遗忘曲线啦、分类记忆啦、串联法啦、联想法啦,还有这个那个的经典宝典等等,都说是最科学的。
以我看来,只要记得住单词就是好方法,但如果你能将那些适合于你的方法为你所用,可能会事半功倍。
所以可以看一下这些书的介绍,从中汲取一些合理的内涵。
如果照抄照搬就不合适了,因为只有适合自己,而且能提高效率和学习质量的方法才是最好的。
记得我刚学英语时,非常用功,一个单词在纸上要抄无数遍。
但是经常抄着抄着,不是抄掉了字母,就是将字母抄走样,将抄c成e,将u抄成v等等。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说,掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中,我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料,帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位,是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中,词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如,英语中的词汇主要由字母组成,而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成,可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如,单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”(表示否定)和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成,可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如,汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”,表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类,例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念,动词用来表示动作或状态,形容词用来描述人或事物的特征,副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,代词用来代替名词,介词用来表示位置、时间或方式,连词用来连接词语或句子,感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如,可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类;将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类;将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如,可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词,它们在句子中起到实际的意义;虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词,它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中,词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
1.词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为实词和虚词两大类。
实词包括名词、
动词、形容词和副词,是能独立存在并具有词义的词类;虚词包括冠词、
介词、连词、代词和助词,是不能独立存在或不具有词义的词类。
2.词根与词缀:英语词汇中有很多词根和词缀,词根是词的核心部分,词缀是附加在词根上的,可以改变词的词义、词性或词形。
3.词义:英语词汇的词义可以通过定义、同义词、反义词、上下义词
等方式进行描述和解释。
词义可以有直观意义、引申意义和隐喻意义等。
4.词汇建构:英语词汇的建构可以通过合成、派生、转化、缩略等方
式进行。
合成是通过将两个或多个词根组合成一个新词,派生是通过添加
前缀或后缀来构成新词,转化是通过改变词的词类来构成新词,缩略是通
过省略部分词组或词根来构成新词。
5.词汇变化:英语词汇的变化形式包括时态、语态、人称、数和比较等。
词汇的变化形式可以通过词形变化、语法变化和语义变化等方式进行。
6.外借词:英语词汇中存在大量的外借词,这些词汇主要来自拉丁语、希腊语、法语、德语等其他语言。
外借词在英语中经过适当的拼写、读音
和意义调整后被接受和使用。
7.同源词:英语词汇中存在一些同源词,这些词源于同一词根或词源,并在语音、形态或词义上有一定的相似性。
了解同源词可以帮助理解和记
忆词汇。
8.词汇扩展:英语词汇在发展的过程中会发生扩展,即一个词从最初的特定意义扩展到更广泛的意义。
词汇扩展可以通过引申、转义、隐喻等方式进行。
这些是英语词汇学中的一些主要知识点,通过对这些知识点的学习和理解,可以更好地掌握和应用英语词汇。
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理词汇期末复习(C1-C7)Chapter 1⼀、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form(最⼩的⾃由形式)(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity(meaning)(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(具有句法功能)⼆、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.⼀般来说,词汇指的是⼀种语⾔⾥所有单词的总和。
词的总和构成语⾔的词汇。
词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。
三、Sound&Meaning发⾳和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. ⼆者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发⾳和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical(正字的)record of the oralform.⾃然语⾔的书写形式是⼝语形式的书写记录。
(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发⾳与形式不同的原因:①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来⾃罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发⾳改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发⾳不断变化,书写标准化。
英语词汇学习的技巧
英语词汇学习的技巧 词汇的重要性⽆论怎样强调都不过分。
词汇是语⾔理解和表达的基础。
那么要如何去学习呢?接下来⼩编为⼤家介绍主要⽅法,⼀起来看看吧! 在特定的交际情景中,只⾔⽚语也能实现沟通的⽬的;⽽离开了词汇,任何语法知识都是没有交际意义的。
所以,⼈们把词汇⽐喻为语⾔技能的砖⽯。
然⽽,在英语教学的实际过程中,⼈们却有意⽆意地忽视词汇学习,往往把词汇学习简单地看作是⼀个记忆问题,⽽且主要是词义的记忆问题,认为背背词汇⼿册就可以解决问题,其结果是学习效率⾮常低下,忘得⽐记得还快。
这⼀切都跟学习者不懂得词汇学习的内涵有关。
那么,英语词汇究竟该学什么?该怎么学? ⼀.掌握单词正确的发⾳ 学习英语词汇,⾸先要掌握单词正确的发⾳。
对于中国学⽣⽽⾔,区分长、短⾳,掌握正确的重⾳是难点。
发⾳是拼写的基础,重⾳不仅是⼀个单词物质外壳的⼀部分,⽽且重⾳的转移会引起词性、词义、语法功能的⼀系列变化。
只有掌握了正确的发⾳,才能够有效地听辨识别这个单词,并对其词义作出正确的反应。
要掌握个别单词的正确发⾳并不难,要掌握熟练、准确的发⾳技能却⾮下⼀番苦功夫不可。
⼤声朗读、反复重复、跟带模仿、相互矫正都是⾮常必要的。
同学之间相互考问也是⾮常有效的学习⽅法,对提⾼听识能⼒有很⼤的作⽤。
掌握单词的发⾳,必须达到⾼度的⾃动化程度,见到⼀个单词就能够迅速⽽正确地作出反应,⽽⽆须再根据其拼写去慢慢拼读。
掌握单词的发⾳,还包括熟悉单词在语流中的变化规律,使⾃⼰在听话的瞬间能够作出正确的判断。
⼆.掌握单词正确的拼写 拼写是⼀个单词的书⾯形式,是对单词发⾳的记录。
然⽽,英语的拼写与发⾳的偏离在所有欧洲语⾔中是最严重的。
但与汉语相⽐,英语毕竟还是拼⾳⽂字,其拼写还是以发⾳为基础的,规律性还是主要的。
这就要求学习者要通过记⾳来记形。
有效的办法是熟悉英语字母和字母组合的发⾳规则。
通过这些规则正确地发⾳或正确地拼写。
单词的拼写还有⼀个美国拼写法和英国拼写法的问题。
词汇学知识点总结
词汇学知识点总结词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支,研究的是词汇的形成、结构和意义等方面的问题。
在学习英语等外语的过程中,词汇是其中一个重要的组成部分。
下面,本文将对词汇学的一些知识点进行总结与归纳。
一、词的形态学词的形态学是词汇学中必须掌握的一个重要方面,主要包括词的构词法、屈折变化和派生变化等。
词的构词法指的是如何通过组合原有的词来创造新词,包括派生法、合成法、缩略法、转化法等。
屈折变化指根据语法要求,变化词的形态以表示不同的格、时、数、性等。
派生变化则指通过在原有词基础上添加字母或词缀等来产生新的词。
掌握词的形态学是很有必要的,因为它和词汇的理解和使用密切相关。
二、词的分类在英语中,词可以根据其不同的语法特征被归为不同的类别,常见的类别包括名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
不同的词在句子中扮演着不同的角色,掌握各类别之间的区别以及它们在句子中的作用,可以帮助我们更好地理解和表达语言。
三、词义词义是从语言学的角度定义词的意义,包括原义和引申义。
原义指的是一个词最基本的意思,而引申义则是在原义基础上经过延伸、扩展而得到的新意义。
同一个词的不同意义和语言环境等也会导致其含义的变化,例如“bank”既可以表示银行,也可以表示河岸等。
在学习外语的过程中,掌握词义是十分重要的。
四、词汇的学习方法词汇的学习是英语学习中最基础也最重要的部分之一,因此选择适合自己的学习方法对于提高词汇量、扩大词汇面积至关重要。
常用的学习方法包括反复背诵、积累单词簿、整理词根词缀、阅读和听力等。
在学习方法上,以选择适合自己和有用的方法为主,同时注意与语言运用的联系,不断地推广和实践。
五、词汇的应用掌握了词汇学的知识和学习方法后,其实就迈出了学习英语的第一步。
在实际运用中,如何运用得当也是至关重要的环节。
为了提高语言的流利度,需要在口语和书面语两个方面加强实践,增强实际运用能力。
另外,可以较晚多在社交网络等平台上与外国人联系,使用所学的词汇,将知识应用到实际交流之中,效果更佳。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科,主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。
以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。
1. 词汇分类:英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。
原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇,而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。
2. 词根、前缀和后缀:许多英语单词都有共同的词根,通过添加前缀和后缀,可以构成各种派生词。
例如,'un-'是一个常见的前缀,表示否定,如'unhappy'(不快乐)。
3. 同义词和反义词:同义词具有相似的意思,可以在不同的上下文中互换使用,例如'big'和'large'。
反义词则是意思相反的词汇,如'hot'和'cold'。
4. 合成词:合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。
例如,'sunflower'(向日葵)由'sun'(太阳)和'flower'(花)组成。
5. 词源学:词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。
许多英语单词来自其他语言,如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。
了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。
6. 词义的变化:词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。
一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。
例如,'mouse'(老鼠)最初是指一种小动物,现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。
7. 词汇的语法功能:词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色,如名词、动词、形容词等。
了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。
8. 语义关系:词汇之间存在各种语义关系,如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。
了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量,提高语言表达能力。
9. 词汇的习得和记忆:习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。
采用合适的记忆方法,如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等,可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。
以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。
雅思词汇重点难点
雅思词汇重点难点雅思考试对于很多想要出国留学或移民的人来说,是一道必须跨越的门槛。
而在雅思备考中,词汇无疑是基础中的基础。
然而,雅思词汇并非简单的单词积累,其中存在着一些重点和难点,需要我们特别关注和攻克。
首先,雅思词汇的重点之一是学术词汇。
雅思考试作为一项衡量考生英语综合能力的测试,会涉及到各个学术领域的知识。
例如,在阅读和听力部分,可能会出现关于历史、科学、文化、艺术等方面的文章和讲座。
这就要求我们掌握一定量的学术词汇,如“phenomenon”(现象)、“hypothesis”(假设)、“analysis”(分析)等。
这些词汇不仅能够帮助我们更好地理解题目和文章内容,还能在写作和口语中提升表达的专业性和准确性。
其次,高频词汇也是雅思词汇的重点。
通过对历年雅思真题的分析,可以总结出一些经常出现的词汇。
比如,“advantage”(优势)、“disadvantage”(劣势)、“environment”(环境)等。
熟练掌握这些高频词汇,能够在考试中迅速理解题意,提高答题效率。
在雅思词汇的难点方面,一词多义现象是许多考生面临的挑战。
很多雅思词汇都有不止一个意思,而且在不同的语境中用法和含义可能会有所不同。
例如,“address”这个词,常见的意思是“地址”,但在雅思中还可能作为动词,表示“处理、解决”。
再比如,“run”这个简单的单词,除了“跑”的意思,还有“经营、管理”“流动”等含义。
这就需要我们在学习词汇时,不能仅仅记住单词的基本释义,还要了解其常见的引申义和搭配用法。
另外,词汇的搭配也是一个难点。
英语中很多词汇都有特定的搭配用法,不符合搭配规则的表达往往是不正确的。
比如,“make a decision”(做决定)而不是“do a decision”,“take a photo”(拍照)而不是“make a photo”。
这需要我们通过大量的阅读和听力输入,积累正确的词汇搭配。
为了更好地掌握雅思词汇的重点和难点,我们可以采取一些有效的学习方法。
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!1. 词汇分类:动词、名词、形容词、副词、连词、代词、介词、数词等。
2. 词性转换:同一单词的不同词性有不同的用法和含义,如:think(动词)和thought(名词),slowly(副词)和slow(形容词)。
3. 词义辨析:同一单词有不同的含义,如:bank可以指银行,也可以指河岸。
4. 词源研究:研究单词的来源和变化过程,了解其背后的文化、历史和社会等方面的知识。
英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学必背知识点
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识点英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学是一门理论知识课,每个知识点应该说都重要,所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。
从掌握知识来说,不要去分重点和一般,对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。
1、考前重点词汇复习方法要知道语法填空重点考查的词:动词、形容词、副词和派生词。
其中重点是动词,要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看,就要考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。
其中过去式是考查重点,所以对动词的过去式,尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写,自然就成为后期复习的重点。
至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习加强短文背诵,增强“词不离句”意识。
背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法,但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。
优选一些名家名篇,做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作,作为研习的精典,不但能够迅速提高语感,而且容易激发兴趣,形成活生生的词库,为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。
3、英语自考主观题拿分技巧首先是单词拼写,这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分,通常平均分不超过3分,所以大家不要太在意,20个单词,对4个,能有2分就很不错了,如果想要提高这部分,大家还要有准备的背单词,因为这里面的单词,并不全是课本课后单词表的单词,其中很多都是以前在中学学过的,所以要准备这一部分,需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲,按里面的词汇背记才有意义。
如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度,那么可以通过在线视频学习的,以上三点就是希赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法,希望大家能更好的学习。
点击进入>>>英语词汇学(00832)精讲班视频教程。
英语词汇学习技巧总结
英语词汇学习技巧总结英语作为一门语言,词汇的学习是非常重要的,它是语言表达的基础。
掌握足够的英语词汇量,可以帮助我们更好地阅读、听说和写作。
但是,词汇的积累并不是一件容易的事情。
在本文中,我将总结一些英语词汇学习的技巧,希望对大家的学习有所帮助。
一、词根词缀法词根词缀法是一种通过词根和词缀来学习和记忆新词汇的方法。
英语的很多单词都有共同的词根或词缀,掌握了这些词根和词缀的含义后,我们就能够通过推测词义来理解新的词汇。
例如,"un-"表示否定,"pre-"表示在之前,"re-"表示再次,通过理解这些前缀,我们可以轻松推测出很多单词的含义。
二、词汇联想法词汇联想法是一种通过与已有知识进行联系和联想来记忆新词汇的方法。
在学习新词汇时,我们可以将其与已知的词汇进行联系,通过联想来记忆。
例如,我们可以将"eccentric"(古怪的)联想为"electric"(电的)和"century"(世纪),从而记住这个词的含义。
三、词汇分类法词汇分类法是一种将单词按照共同的特征或用途进行分类,从而进行记忆的方法。
通过将单词分类,我们可以更好地理解和记忆它们。
例如,我们可以将名词按照具体事物和抽象概念进行分类,将动词按照行为和状态进行分类。
这样,我们在学习和记忆单词时,可以将它们放在一个有组织的框架中,更加容易记忆和理解。
四、词汇搭配法词汇搭配法是一种通过记忆常见的词汇搭配,来提高词汇运用能力的方法。
在英语中,有很多固定搭配的词组,例如"take a shower"(洗澡),"make a decision"(做决定),我们可以通过记忆这些词组来提高我们的表达能力。
同时,我们也可以通过阅读和听力来积累更多的词汇搭配。
五、词汇扩展法词汇扩展法是一种通过学习一个词的衍生词和同义词来扩展词汇量的方法。
英语词汇学复习要点(不过就难啊)
1.Motivation 分类:onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据, morphological motivation形态理据, semantic motivation语义理据, etymological motivation词源理据.2. Types of meaning:grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)Associative meaning : 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.3. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.4.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning fromanother, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones (some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person;deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.5. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.6. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of Synonyms1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions如何区分同义词?1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application7.What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.8.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaningof a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes9.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation,elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).10.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to covera broader or less词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense;词义的升格Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense;词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,;11.词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a differentbut related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 12.语境的种类:非语言语境。
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成:单词由不同的字母组合而成,可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。
2.词根和词义:词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分,在单词形态变化
时不会改变。
词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。
词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加,以及音变等形式进行变化。
3.前缀和后缀:前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母,可以改
变单词的意义或词类。
后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母,可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。
4.同义词和反义词:同义词是意义相近或相同的词,可以在表达时相
互替换。
反义词则是意义相反的词,通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。
5.词义的变化:词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化,有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。
6.词义的分类:词义可以分为字面意义(词义的最基本的意义)、引
申义(从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义)和隐喻义(使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念)。
7.词义的搭配:词义可以和其他词搭配使用,形成固定的词组或短语,这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。
8.词法关系:词汇学研究不同词之间的关系,如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。
9.词源学:词源学研究词语的起源和发展,并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。
10.词汇扩充:词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量,如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法,以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细
英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。
它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律,旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇,我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。
第一部分:英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言,人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。
最初,人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物,逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。
1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加,语言发生了演变和变异。
英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段,包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等,每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。
第二部分:英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分,它通常具有基本含义,并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。
例如,"write"是一个词根,可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite",通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。
2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前,用于改变词的意义或形态。
常见的前缀包括"un-"(表示否定)、"re-"(表示再次)等。
例如,"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐,"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。
2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后,用于改变词的类别或形态。
常见的后缀包括"-er"(表示职业或性别)、"-able"(表示能力或性质)等。
例如,"act"变为"actor"表示演员,"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。
第三部分:英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性,包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。
英语词汇复习技巧指南
英语词汇复习技巧指南英语词汇的重要性毋庸置疑,对于学英语的同学们来说,词汇是他们学习过程中的必要元素。
但是英语词汇众多,学起来并不容易,如何学好英语词汇,是很多人所关注的问题。
本文将为大家介绍一些英语词汇复习技巧,帮助大家更好地掌握英语词汇。
1. 词汇分类记忆法为了更好地掌握英语词汇,我们可以将词汇按照分类来记忆。
比如将词汇按照词性分类,如动词、名词、形容词、副词等;或者按照主题分类,如食品、交通工具、家庭等。
这样可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇,创造关联记忆,提高记忆效果。
2. 词根词缀法英语的词汇有很多都是由词根和词缀组成的。
了解词根和词缀的含义,就能够更好地理解和记忆这些词汇。
比如,“-logy”词尾表示“学”,“bio-”表示“生命”,将两者组合起来就可以得到“biology”,表示“生物学”。
因此,在学习词汇的过程中,注意关注词根和词缀的含义,可以帮助我们更好地理解和掌握词汇。
3. 词语联想法词语联想是一种广泛应用于记忆、创造性思维等方面的技巧。
在学习英语词汇时,我们可以利用自己的经验和知识,在词汇的记忆中建立起关联。
比如,猜测词义时,我们可以利用已知的词义、拼写规律,以及自然语言的表达规律进行推断和综合,从而帮助我们更好地理解和掌握词汇。
4. 短语记忆法英语中很多词汇都是组成某个短语的一部分。
比如,动词“give”是“give up”中的一部分,名词“break”是“break down”中的一部分。
因此,我们可以通过记忆短语的方式来掌握更多的词汇。
同时,这也可以帮助我们更好地掌握英语的语法和用法。
5. 词汇场景化记忆法在学习英语词汇时,我们可以将词汇融入到生活场景中进行记忆,以便更好地理解和记忆。
比如,“apple”这个词汇可以与“fruit”、“red”等相关联,建立一个场景,学习和记忆各种相关的词汇。
这种方法可以使我们更好地理解和掌握词汇,同时也可以提高我们的语感和表达能力。
总之,学习英语词汇需要有方法和技巧,只有拥有正确的学习方法,才能够更快捷、高效地掌握英语词汇。
如何利用词汇的难点和规律记忆外语词汇
如何利用词汇的难点和规律记忆外语词汇对于学习外语的人来说,词汇是很重要的一部分。
掌握足够的词汇量可以极大地提升我们的语言表达能力。
而记忆词汇是外语学习中较为困难的一项任务,尤其是面对一些难度较大的外语单词。
本文将介绍一些记忆外语词汇的方法和技巧,帮助读者更好地掌握外语词汇。
一、了解外语词汇的难点要想记忆外语词汇,首先需要了解外语词汇的难点所在。
外语词汇的难点主要体现在以下几个方面:1. 发音上的难点:外语的发音系统与母语往往不同,学习者需要逐渐适应并准确地发出这些音素。
2. 拼写上的难点:外语词汇的拼写通常存在一些规律和特殊的拼写规则,但也有很多例外,需要学习者仔细注意。
3. 词义上的难点:外语词汇的词义可能与母语相似,也可能完全不同,需要学习者理解和记忆。
4. 语法上的难点:外语词汇的用法和搭配往往有一定的语法规则,需要学习者了解和掌握。
了解了外语词汇的难点,我们可以根据这些难点来选择合适的记忆方法和技巧。
二、利用词汇的规律记忆外语词汇1. 利用词缀记忆:很多外语词汇都有共同的词缀,比如前缀、后缀等。
学习者可以通过记忆这些词缀来推测和记忆词汇的意义和形式。
例如,在英语中,“un-”通常表示否定,“mis-”表示错误,“re-”表示再次或重复。
通过记忆这些前缀,可以帮助学习者理解和记忆更多的词汇,比如unhappy(不开心)、mistake(错误)等。
2. 利用词义关联记忆:有些外语词汇与母语词汇存在一定的联系和相似之处,学习者可以利用这种联系来记忆外语词汇。
例如,在英语中,“electricity”(电)和“electron”(电子)就有一定的词义关联。
当学习者记住“electricity”这个词时,可以通过与“electron”进行关联记忆,从而更好地理解和记忆这个词。
3. 利用词语分类记忆:将外语词汇按照一定的规则和特征进行分类,可以帮助学习者更好地记忆词汇。
例如,在学习法语词汇时,可以将名词按照性别和复数形式进行分类记忆。
如何利用词汇的难点和规律记忆外语词汇
如何利用词汇的难点和规律记忆外语词汇记忆外语词汇是学习一门外语的基本要求,而词汇的难点和规律是需要我们学习者深入了解和有效运用的。
本文将探讨如何利用词汇的难点和规律来记忆外语词汇,并提供一些建议和方法来帮助读者更好地掌握外语词汇。
一、了解词汇的难点在记忆外语词汇时,我们首先需要了解词汇的难点。
一般来说,有以下几个方面的难点需要我们特别关注:1.异构词汇:不同语言之间可能存在词汇形式、发音、拼写等方面的差异,这些差异可能是记忆外语词汇的障碍。
例如,在英语中,“red”对应的法语词汇是“rouge”,这种差异需要我们进行针对性的记忆和练习。
2.词汇量庞大:每门外语都有大量的词汇需要我们记忆,而且汇集了各种不同的主题和领域。
因此,我们需要分清主要词汇和次要词汇的优先级,有目标地进行记忆。
3.同义词和近义词:很多语言中存在同义词和近义词,它们在词义上可能非常相似,甚至可以互相替换使用。
这需要我们更加深入地了解和掌握这些同义词和近义词的细微差别,以避免在交流中产生误解。
二、运用词汇的规律掌握词汇的规律是记忆外语词汇的关键。
了解和应用词汇规律可以帮助我们更加高效地记忆和掌握大量的外语词汇。
以下是一些常见的词汇规律:1.词族词汇:很多语言中,词汇之间存在着某种关联或者衍生关系,这被称为词族。
通过掌握词族词汇的规律,我们可以利用其共同的词尾、词根或者词首来记忆和推测词汇的意义。
例如,在英语中,“create”(创造)和“creation”(创造物)之间就存在着这种衍生关系。
2.构词法规律:不同语言中都有自己的构词法规律,掌握这些规律可以帮助我们更好地记忆和理解词汇。
例如,在英语中,“-able”作为后缀表示“能够做某事”的意思,如“可靠的”(reliable)和“可见的”(visible)。
3.词根和词缀:很多语言中都存在词根和词缀,它们可以帮助我们理解和记忆词汇的含义。
通过了解常见的词根和词缀,我们可以快速推测出生词的意思。
词汇方面的难点
词汇方面的难点词汇是语言的基础,也是语言学习中的重点和难点。
对于学习者来说,词汇的掌握和应用是语言能力的重要体现。
但是,在学习词汇时,我们常常会遇到一些难点,下面就来谈谈这些难点。
一、同义词和反义词同义词和反义词是词汇学习中的难点之一。
同义词指的是意思相同或相近的单词,如happy和glad,反义词则是指意思相反的单词,如hot和cold。
同义词和反义词的掌握需要通过大量的阅读和实践来实现,同时也需要注意它们在不同语境中的使用。
二、词性变化词性变化指的是同一个单词在不同语境中可以作为不同的词性,如think可以是动词,也可以是名词。
这种变化需要我们对单词的词性进行深入的了解和掌握,避免在使用时出现错误。
三、固定搭配固定搭配是指由两个或多个单词组成的固定用法,如take care of 和make a decision。
这些搭配的使用和掌握需要大量的阅读和实践,避免在表达时出现不自然或错误的情况。
四、多义词多义词指的是同一个单词在不同语境中有不同的意思,如bank既可以表示银行,也可以表示河岸。
在掌握多义词时,需要通过语境来确定其具体含义,避免产生歧义。
五、口语和书面语的差别口语和书面语在词汇使用上存在差别。
口语中通常使用简洁直接的表达方式,而书面语则更加注重语言的规范和准确性。
因此,在学习词汇时,需要了解并掌握两种语言的差别,避免在使用时出现不当或不合适的情况。
六、词汇量的积累词汇量的积累是学习词汇的基础和关键。
但是,词汇量的积累需要长期的积累和实践,不能一蹴而就。
在词汇量的积累过程中,需要注重词汇的分类整理和记忆,同时也需要注重词汇的实际应用和巩固。
词汇学习是语言学习的基础,需要我们在实践中不断积累和巩固。
同时,也需要我们对词汇的难点进行深入的了解和掌握,避免在使用时出现不当或错误的情况。
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1.Motivation 分类:onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据, morphological motivation形态理据, semantic motivation语义理据, etymological motivation词源理据.2. Types of meaning:grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)Associative meaning : 1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.3. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.4.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning fromanother, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones (some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person;deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.5. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.6. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. Sources of Synonyms1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions如何区分同义词?1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application7.What are the characteristics of antonyms?1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.8.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaningof a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes9.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation,elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).10.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to covera broader or less词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense;词义的升格Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense;词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,;11.词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a differentbut related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation. 12.语境的种类:非语言语境。