《死魂灵》中五位地主的形象

第一章前言摘要 (5)

第二章《死魂灵》及其作者简介 (8)

2.1作者果戈里的生平简介 (8)

2.2《死魂灵》出版的社会背景 (10)

2.3《死魂灵》一书的主要内容 (11)

第三章《死魂灵》中的五位地主形象 (12)

3.1玛尼洛夫 (12)

3.2科洛博奇卡 (15)

3.3诺兹德廖夫 (17)

3.4索巴克维奇 (22)

3.5泼留希金 (25)

第四章总结 (27)

参考文献 (28)

致谢 (29)

【摘要】：尼古拉•华西里耶维奇••果戈里是俄国19世纪40年代最杰出的现实主义小说家和戏剧家。同时，果戈里还是“自然派”的奠基人，也是世界著名的幽默讽刺大师。19世纪的俄国处于一个大动荡时期，国家的政治、经济都在发生重大改变，新兴的资产阶级的涌现，使得俄国原本的落后的农奴制度逐渐显现它自身的弊端。果戈里的《死魂灵》正是在这一时期出世，文中通过主人公乞乞科夫的拜访而引出的一系列的人物，这些人物性格各异，却又在某些方面有着高度统一。果戈里继承了普希金的传统，加强了俄国文学的批判性和讽刺性，在文中运用了大量的讽刺性的幽默，因此在阅读《死魂灵》时，我们往往会笑，而这种笑是含泪的笑。文中通过对五位地主的描写，写出了俄国当时的统治阶级对农奴的剥削，更通过主人公乞乞科夫的所见所闻，描绘了当时田园荒芜的景象，同时也从乞乞科夫与地主的聊天过程中看出，当时的农奴勇于反抗，大量出逃，这一切都在暗示着农奴制已经不再适应于俄罗斯。《死魂灵》无论在社会意义还是艺术手法上都有很大的成就，果戈里通过对环境、外表、语言、爱好、和心理等描写，使之成为文学史上经久不衰的艺术典型。果戈里也充分利用了他独特而又尖锐的讽刺，鞭挞了这个无情的社会制度和该制度下的官僚、地主和贵族，控诉了这个制度对国家发展的阻碍。

【关键词】：《死魂灵》、果戈里、死农奴、地主

Abstract:Nigula•huaxiliyeweiqi was Russia's most prominent realist novelist and dramatist in the 1840s. At the same time, Gogol is also the founder of the "Nature School" and is also a world-renowned master of humor and satire. In the 19th century, Russia was in a period

of great turmoil. Major changes were taking place in the country's politics and economy. The emergence of the emerging bourgeoisie made Russia's original backward serf system gradually show its own shortcomings. Gogol's "The Dead Spirit" was born during this period. In the article, a series of characters were brought out through the visit of the hero Gikov. These characters have different personalities, but they have a high degree of unity in some aspects. Gogol inherited Pushkin's tradition and strengthened the critical and satirical nature of Russian literature. In the article, a lot of satirical humor was used. Therefore, when reading The Dead Spirit, we often laugh, and this kind of laughter is tearful. smile. Through the description of the five landlords, the article wrote about the exploitation of serfs by the ruling class in Russia at that time, and also described the scene of the idyllic desolation at that time through the eyes and ears of the hero Yukov, and also from the conversation between Yukov and the landlord. See, At that time, the serfs were brave enough to resist and fled in large numbers. All this implied that Serfdom was no longer suitable for Russia. "Dead Spirit" has great achievements in social significance and artistic techniques. Gogol has made it an enduring artistic model in the history of literature by describing the environment, appearance, language, hobbies, and psychology. Gogol also made full use of his unique and sharp irony, whipping this ruthless social system and the bureaucrats, landlords, and nobles under the system and accusing the system of impeding the development of the country.

[Keywords]: Dead Spirit, Gogol, Dead Serf, Landlord

第二章《死魂灵》及其作者简介

2.1作者果戈里的生平简介

尼古拉•华西里耶维奇•果戈理是俄国19世纪40年代最杰出的的现实主义小说家和戏剧家。他是“自然派”奠基人，也是世界著名的幽默讽刺大师。他继承了普希金的传统，加强了俄国文学的批判性和讽刺性，将俄国现实主义文学推向顶峰，对19世纪俄国现实主义的发展起了巨大的作用。

果戈里出生于乌克兰一个小镇的地主家庭。他的父亲是一个不太富裕的地主，喜欢写诗和歌剧，母亲是一个虔诚的教徒，经常给果戈里讲故事，这些民间文化都在果戈里早年的生活中留下印记。因为家庭的关系，果戈里只能进入县立小学，再加上果戈里自身身材矮小、其貌不扬、成绩不佳而经常受到同学的捉弄和嘲笑。果戈里也不甘示弱，就用漫画和讽刺诗来回敬对方，直到高年级这情况才有所缓解。果戈里终身爱从消极方面观察事物，喜欢嘲讽，这与他青少年的经历有关。果戈里在涅仁中学求学期间，正是俄国民主意识逐步高涨的时期，他接受了爱国主义、人道主义和民主主义的影响。中学期间，果戈里的文学天赋就已经显现，他在诗歌、剧作和散文等领域都开始了初步尝试。果戈里毕业后在彼得堡当过文牍小吏，薪俸微薄，生活拮据，这使他亲身体验了“小人物”的悲哀，

这促进了他人道主义的发展，也为他日后创作的同类“小人物”形象积累了丰富的素