知识管理中英文对照外文翻译文献

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知识管理和风险管理的英语论文拙译

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past year, the world witnessed major turbulence in the global economy.Many companies restructured themselves, some merged with others, filed forbankruptcy, acquired another company, and some implemented drastic layoffs.This resulted in a decrease in the resources available to all departments and asubsequent increase in business risks. Additionally, the U.S. economy has shrunksharply since last autumn, with a real gross domestic product (GDP) havingdropped at an annual rate of more than 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008and the first quarter of 2009. One of the enormous costs of this economicdownturn is the loss of 6 million payroll jobs over the past 15 months (Bernanke,2009).在过去的一年里,世界目睹着全球经济的动荡。

许多公司进行改组，有的因面临倒闭而与其他公司和并成另一个公司，有的则进行大规模的裁员。

这导致了所有部门可利用资源的减少并增加了商业风险。

此外，从去年秋季开始，美国经济大幅度萎缩，国内生产总值以2008年第四季度和2009年第一季度的百分之六的速度下降。

Knowledge-management一篇知识管理的英文文章

Ｋｎoｗledge－maｎaｇeｍent 一篇知识管理的英文文章————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:KnowledｇｅｍanagemｅntThe abｉlity to delｉveｒa qualiｔy sｅｒvice or pｒocess reｓtｓｔo a s ｉgnｉfiｃａnt ｅxtｅｎｔon the ａbｉlity of ｔhose inｖolvｅd ｔo reｓpond ｔo cｉrｃumstancｅs – and ｔhat in ｔurn ｒests heavily ｏn ｔhe ｉｒuｎderstaｎdｉｎｇoｆthｅsｉｔuation, tｈe oｐtions and tｈe ｃｏnｓeｑuences and ｂｅｎeｆits，ｉ．ｅ. tｈeｉr knowlｅdｇｅofthe situａｔion they are, ｏr ｍaｙｆｉnd ｔｈｅｍsｅｌｖeｓ,in.That knowledge wiｔhin tｈe Service Transitｉｏn domain ｍighｔinclude:•Ｉｄeｎtｉｔy oｆstakeｈｏｌdｅr s.•Aｃｃepｔａｂle rｉsk levelsａnｄｐerｆormaｎcｅexｐｅctａtioｎs.•Ａｖailaｂle rｅｓoｕrceａnd timescaｌes.•Ｉｄｅnｔｉtｙof stakｅholdｅr s.Tｈｅqualiｔy and relevancｅof tｈe ｋｎowleｄｇe rests in tｕrｎon tｈe accesｓiｂiliｔy, quａlｉｔy and conｔｉｎｕed rｅlｅvance of the unｄerpiｎnｉｎｇdata and ｉｎｆormation aｖailａble ｔo servicｅstａｆｆ.1.Pｕrpｏｓe, goａｌanｄｏbjeｃｔiｖｅTｈｅpｕrpose of Knowｌedge Maｎaｇemｅntｉs to ｅnsure ｔhat th ｅｒightｉnfoｒmation is delivereｄto tｈｅappropｒiate place or competenｔperson at tｈｅright ｔime to eｎabｌe infｏrmｅd decｉsion.Thｅgoal oｆKnｏｗledge Manａｇement iｓｔo enable orgaｎizatioｎs to improve the qualｉtyｏf manａgemeｎt dｅcisｉon mａkｉng by ensuring ｔhａｔreliａｂlｅand sｅｃｕre ｉnｆorｍａtion aｎd data is avaｉｌable tｈroｕgｈoｕt ｔhｅserｖice liｆeｃycｌe．The oｂjｅctive s ofＫnowledｇe Managemeｎt inclｕdｅs：•Ｅnabｌing ｔｈe sｅrviｃe provider to be ｍｏｒe ｅffｉcient ａnｄｉmpｒｏve ｑuality oｆservice, ｉｎcrease ｓａtｉsｆａcｔｉon and reｄuce tｈe cｏst of serｖｉcｅ．•Ensuｒinｇｓtaff have a cleａr anｄｃoｍmon uｎderstanding ｏf ｔｈｅｖａlue thａt their ｓeｒｖｉceｓprovｉde to ｃustｏmersandｔhe wａｙｓin whiｃh bｅnefits ａre reaｌｉzed frｏｍthｅuｓe oｆthoseｓervｉces.•Ensuringｔhat，ａｔa giveｎtime aｎd locatioｎ, servｉｃe pro ｖiｄｅr stａff have adｅqｕａte infoｒmatiｏn ｏｎ:•Whｏiｓcｕｒrentｌｙｕｓinｇtheir ｓervｉces?•Ｔhe curｒent sｔaｔes of consumption.•Serｖiｃe dｅlivery cｏnstraints.•Difｆiｃｕｌtieｓfaｃed by the ｃustomer ｉn fｕlly reaｌizing th ｅbｅnefｉtｓexpectｅd from the sｅrｖiｃｅ．2.ＳcoｐeKnoｗledge Managemeｎt ｉs a wｈｏｌe lｉｆecycle－ｗｉdｅｐｒｏｃｅss in that iｔis relevaｎｔtoａll lifeｃycle sｅｃtors anｄhｅncｅｉs reｆerenced tｈｒoughouｔIＴIL from tｈe perspective of each puｂｌｉcaｔｉon.It ｉs deaｌｔｗith ｔo some deｇreｅwｉtｈiｎotｈer ITIL puｂlications but ｔhｉs cｈａptｅr setｓout thｅｂasic cｏｎｃｅｐt, ｆroｍa Seｒviｃe Tｒaｎsitiｏn ｆocus．2.1.InclusｉonsＫnowledｇｅManageｍent includes oversｉgｈt oｆtheｍanagement of knｏｗledge，the infｏrmaｔion and datａfｒomｗhｉｃhthat ｋnｏwlｅdｇe deｒives．2.2.ＥｘcｌｕｓionsDetaｉｌed atｔeｎtion ｔo the capturiｎg, maintenance and usｅof asset and cｏｎfｉgｕrａtiｏｎdａtａiｓｓeｔouｔin Sectioｎ4.2.3.Valuｅ to buｓinｅｓｓKｎowｌｅdge Managemｅnｔis especiaｌｌy ｓｉgｎｉｆｉcａｎt within Ｓervice Transition siｎce relevａｎt andａppropriatｅknowledｇe is ｏne of ｔhe kｅy serｖice ｅleｍｅnts ｂｅing ｔranｓitioned. Eｘａmplｅｓwｈere successfｕl ｔrａnｓitioｎrestsｏnａpprｏprｉate Kｎowleｄge Managｅmenｔinclｕｄe:•User, servicｅｄesｋ，suppｏｒt ｓｔafｆaｎｄｓupplierｕndｅrｓtanding oｆｔhe ｎｅｗor chaｎgｅd sｅrvice,ｉncluｄinｇkｎowleｄｇe oｆerrｏr s siｇned off ｂefｏｒe depｌoymｅｎｔ, ｔofacilitate tｈｅir roles within ｔhat servｉｃe.•Awareneｓｓof tｈe usｅof ｔhｅserｖicｅ, andｔhｅｄｉscontinuatioｎof prevｉoｕs vｅrｓion s.•Esｔabｌｉshmｅnｔof the ａcｃepｔableｒisk anｄconfidence leveｌｓassoｃiａted wｉｔh the ｔraｎsition, e.g. ｍｅaｓuring，ｕndｅrstanｄｉng anｄacting cｏrrecｔlｙｏnｒeｓｕｌts ｏfteｓｔｉng and otheｒassｕｒａnce rｅsults.Eｆfecｔiｖe KｎowledｇeＭanagemenｔis a pｏwerｆulａsset for p ｅopｌe in ａlｌrｏles acrｏss all stages ｏf the servｉｃe lifｅcycle. Ｉｔis an excelｌent mｅｔｈｏd for iｎdiｖidｕalｓaｎd teａｍｓto sh ａre data, ｉnｆｏrmatiｏn aｎd knｏｗｌedｇｅaｂouｔall facets of an IT service．Ｔhe cｒeaｔｉoｎｏf a siｎgｌe ｓystｅm fｏr Knowledg ｅMａnagementｉｓrｅcｏｍmeｎded．Specifｉc applicaｔion to Serviｃe Ｔranｓiｔion domａｉn ｃan bｅiｌlustraｔed ｔｈroｕgｈconsiｄering the fｏllｏwing exaｍples：•Bluｒriｎg of the conceｐt oｆintｅlｌeｃtｕal pｒｏperty and infoｒｍation when enｇagｅd ｉn sourcｉｎg and ｐaｒtnering,therｅfore new aｐproachｅｓｔo coｎtrolling‘ｋｎowledge’ mustｂe aｄdｒｅssed and managｅd during Ｓerｖice Tｒａnsitｉon.•Knowleｄge traｎsfer oｆten being a crｕcial factor in fａcilｉtatinｇeffeｃtive transition of new ｏr changeｄservicｅｓandesseｎtiａl ｔo ｏperationａl readinesｓ.•Traｉnｉnｇof ｕserｓ,suｐpｏrt staff, suppliｅr s and ｏtheｒs ｔakeｈolｄeｒs in ｎew or chａnged sｅrvｉces．•Recｏrdiｎg of ｅrrorｓ, fault s, workarｏuｎdｓeｔc. detecｔｅd and documented dｕrinｇtｈｅSｅrvice Trａnsitｉon phase.•Captuｒiｎg of imｐlemｅｎtation aｎd ｔeｓｔiｎｇinfoｒｍａｔｉon.•Re-using prｅviｏusｌy develoｐedａnd qualｉtｙａssｕred tesｔing,ｔrainｉｎgａnd dｏcumentａtioｎ.•Compｌiancｅｗiｔh leｇislativｅrequirｅmeｎｔs, e.g. SOＸ,aｎd conformａnce to standaｒdｓｓucｈａｓISO ９000 and ISＯ/IＥC 20000.•Assisｔiｎg decisions onｗheｔheｒto ａcｃepｔor procｅed wiｔｈitemｓand serｖicｅsｂy deliverｉng ａll ａvaｉlaｂlｅrｅｌevaｎｔinｆormaｔioｎ（and omittiｎg unnｅcessａry and co ｎfｕｓｉng informａtｉon)to kｅｙdecisiｏn makers.知识管理ﻩ交付一项优质服务或者过程的能力,取决于对环境的反应能力．而对环境的反应能力又反过来十分依赖于他们对环境的理解,选择,后果和利益.也就是他们认识到或者发现他们自己所出的情形中.这种认识在服务转换领域内可能包括:•利益攸关者的身份•可接受的风险等级和性能展望•可用的资源和时间表知识的质量和实用性又反过来取决于服务人员可用的基础数据和信息的可达性,品质,以及持续的实用性.1.意图,目标,目的知识管理的意图（ｐuｒｐose）是,确保正确的信息在正确的时间内,交付到适当的地方或者有能力的人,保证他们做出全面的决策.知识管理的目标(gｏａl）是,通过在整个服务周期中保证获得可靠安全的信息和数据,使组织能够提升管理制定决策的质量.知识管理的目的（obｊｅｃｔive)包括：•使服务提供者的效率提高,增强服务质量,增加客户满意度以及降低服务成本．•确保员工都有一个清晰的共识,那就是客户通过使用他们提供的服务获得了利益.•要确保在给定的时间和地点,服务提供人员要有足够的下列方面的信息:•谁正在使用他们的服务•当时的消费状况•服务交付的局限•客户在使用服务时,完全获得期望的利益时所面对的困难.2.范围知识管理是整个一个广阔的生命周期过程,在这个过程中它和生命周期的各个元素都有关联,因此它可以被全部的ITIＬ出版物的观点所引用.它还可以用来出来处理ITIL 框架内的其他出版物的关系,但是本章只从服务转换的角度给出它的基本概念.2.1.包括的方面知识管理包括管理知识过程中的失误,源自知识的信息和数据.2.2.排除的方面关于获取,维护和使用资产以及配置数据的详细信息陈述在4.２章节.3.商业价值知识管理在服务转换中尤其重要,因为在转换中，相关和适当的知识是一个主要的服务因素．成功的，依赖于知识管理的服务转换应包括:•用户，服务台,支持人员和供应商都了解新服务和变更的服务，包括在部署之前停止活动的错误的认识．以便使他们的角色在服务中更容易.•知道服务的使用方法和废除以前的版本.•制定和转换相关的可接受的风险和信心等级,例如:在经过测试和有保证的结果之上的准确测量,理解和行动.对于整个生命循环周期的所有阶段的所有角色来说,有效的知识管理是一种强有力的资产.对于需要分享数据,信息和IＴ服务方面的知识的个人和小组来说,它是一种极好的方法.我们推荐创造一个单独的系统来进行知识管理.服务转换领域的特殊应用可以借鉴从以下例子的描述:•当您既是原始发起者又是股东时,知识产权和信息的概念就有可能混乱,这时在服务转换时必须提出并运用一种新的方法(途径).•知识转移是促进新的或者变更的知识进行有效转换的一个重要因素,也是系统运作就绪的一个要素.•在新的或变更的服务中训练用户,服务支持人员供应商和其他利益攸关者．•记录下错误，故障,工作区,在服务转换阶段进行检测并使之文档化.•获取执行和测试的信息.•重用以前的开发,质量保证测试,培训，文档化工作．•要按照立法机关的要求,例如:SOX,要和国际标准一致,例如：ISO9０0０和ＩSＯ/IEC200００•把所有相关的可用的信息(忽略不必要的和令人费解的信息)交付给主要的决策者，帮助他们决定是否接受或者继续进行一些条款和服务.。

知识管理综合概述(英文版)

Information Risk Management Knowledge ManagementA business case8 March 1999This report contains 73 pagesAppendices contain 8 pagesNIRM_KM.docContents1 Background 1 1.1 Why has knowledge become a strategicbusiness issue? 11.2 The KPMG global vision and strategy 42 Knowledge management defined 9 2.1 Knowledge 9 2.2 Knowledge management 102.3 The knowledge system 123 Knowledge management in IRM 16 3.1 The United Kingdom 16 3.1.1 KM structures 19 3.2 The United States 223.3 International Headquarters (IHQ) 243.4 South Africa 264 Benefits 30 4.1 Key benefits 30 4.1.1 Tangible benefits 304.1.2 Intangible benefits 335 Costs 356 Challenges 45 6.1 Where to start? 45 6.2 Cultural change 496.3 Knowledge management strategy 527 Technology 548 Content and maintenance 568.1 Generic knowledge 56 8.2 Layout 58 8.3 Client confidentiality 61 8.4 Maintenance and sanitation 628.5 A complete process 639 The next steps 66 Appendix A - Suggested IRM South Africa knowledge repository structure 错误!未定义书签。

知识管理词汇表(中英文对照)

9
创新指数
innovation index
10
垂直整合
verticalcollaborationa
11
当地知识
local knowledge
12
导师/师傅
tutor
13
低阶学习
lower-level learning
14
电子公告牌系统
BBS
15
电子协作
electronic collaboration
71
数据挖掘
data mining
72
数字神经系统
digital nervous system
73
搜索引擎
search engines
74
讨论区
discussion
75
徒弟
proteges
76
网络论坛
forum
77
维基
wiki
78
维基百科
wikipedia
79
文档管理
document management
64
事实知识
know-what
65
首席信息官
chief information officer
66
首席学习官
chief learning officer
67
首席知识官
chief knowledge officer
68
受控词表
controlled vocabulary
69
数据
data
70
数据仓库
data warehouse
知识管理词汇表（中英文对照）
序号
中文
英文
1
编码知识

知识管理(英文)

8
KM Web-sites
http://scholars.ivey.uwo.ca/nbontis/ic /kman/ kmprin.htm /products/ docushare/in@x.htm
4
Key Principles of KM
Knowledge management is expensive (but so is stupidity!) Effective management of knowledge requires hybrid solutions of people & technology Knowledge management is highly political Knowledge management requires knowledge managers Knowledge management benefits more from maps than models, more from markets than from hierarchies Sharing & using knowledge are often unnatural acts Knowledge management means improving knowledge work processes Knowledge access is only the beginning Knowledge management never ends Knowledge management requires a knowledge contract Breadth and depth of knowledge & experience
5
Key Terms of KM

Review Knowledge management and knowledge management systems Conceptual foundations and rese

Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues
By Maryam Alavi The John and Lucy Cook Chair of Information Strategy Professor of Decision and Information Analysis Goizueta Business School Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 Maryam_Alavi@
and Dorothy E. Leidner
INSEAD Boulevard de Constance 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex France dorothy.leidner@insead.fr
June 1999
Please do not distribute or quote without the authors’ permission
2
Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Systems: Conceptual Foundations and Research Issues
"In post-capitalism, power comes from transmitting information to make it productive, not from hiding it."
3
protected from imitation not legally, but because they are often subtle or difficult to understand or copy by outside observers.

知识管理【英文】

Knowledge Portals and Knowledge Management Tools
Lecture Eleven (Chapter 11, Notes; Chapter 13, Textbook)
1
Chapter 11: Knowledge Management Tools and Knowledge Portals
Categories of Portal Tools

access to stored structured data
unstructured data
Copyright TIES
Organize
2
Chapter 11: Knowledge Management Tools and Kasics (cont’d)

The knowledge producer interface The knowledge consumer interface
6

Chapter 11: Knowledge Management Tools and Knowledge Portals
Portals and Business Transformation
8
Chapter 11: Knowledge Management Tools and Knowledge Portals
Key Infrastructure Components of Knowledge Portal

Business intelligence (knowledge) Content management (dynamic) Data management (structured) Data warehouses and data marts (analytical)

知识产权论文中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照外文翻译文献1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and other factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development and commercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and theothers between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be to prevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank • Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas • E • Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a fu rther elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitivegoods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks have credibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves ().4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due to improper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified thefollowing violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows:1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark bycarrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatly reduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providingrelief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of the Use of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of allwell-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of the relevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have not excessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have beenregistered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetrator acts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods orservices linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。

知识管理国外文献综述

识管理国外文献综述1.知识管理的产生背景，概念和其对企业的意义1.1知识管理的产生背景知识经济时代的到来——1996年，经济合作与发展组织(OECD)首次正式提出““知识为基础的经济”的新型经济概念，这表明以知识为基础的经济形态已在一些发达国家浮现，并预示了2l世纪知识经济时代的到来。

摘自《试论知识管理》20世纪90年代初，联合国有关研究机构和美国信息探索研究所首先在研究报告中使用了“知识经济”这一概念。

1 994年，经济学家温斯洛(c．Wins—low)和布拉(w．Bura)在《未来工作：在知识经济中把知识投入生产》一书中，较为完整地论述了知识经济这～概念的内涵和外延。

摘自《知识科学的兴起和发展》1.2 知识管理的提出“知识管理”一词来自彼得·德鲁克(PeterDrueker)的一句话“知识工人是组成新经济的个体，在这种新经济中硬通货是知识，而知识的经济化过程是需要管理的。

”对知识管理研究正式开始于1989年，当时为了给知识管理工作提供相应的技术基础，美国一家公司实行了一项知识资产的管理项目，与知识管理相关的文章也开始出现。

——P．F．Drueker．A suggested framework of keydements defining effective enterprise knowledge—mangement programs．GEORGE WASHIWGTON UNIVERSI．TY,20001.3知识管理的定义美国德尔集团创始人之一卡尔·弗拉保罗把知识管理定义为运用集体的智慧提高应变和创新能力，是为企业实现显性知识和隐性知识共享提供的新途径。

——摘自《企业知识管理的实施框架研究》但具体到实施背景上而言。

国外更加强调知识管理作为一种过程，国内虽然也渐渐认识到这一点，但在具体实施过程中。

更倾向于知识管理作为一种知识资源管理。

——摘自《国内外知识管理研究现状综述》知识管理,就是利用信息技术的手段,在适当的时候把相关的信息与知识传送到适当的人员,使其能够有效地利用信息与知识,并采取行动,最终产生效益的模式或方法。

全面知识管理英文作文

全面知识管理英文作文英文：Knowledge management is a crucial aspect of modern-day businesses and organizations. It involves the collection, organization, and dissemination of knowledge and information within an organization. Effective knowledge management can lead to increased productivity, improved decision-making, and enhanced innovation.One of the key aspects of knowledge management is the use of technology. With the advent of digital technologies, organizations can now store and access vast amounts of data and information. This can be done through the use of databases, knowledge management software, and other tools. For example, companies can use customer relationship management (CRM) software to track customer interactions and preferences, which can then be used to inform marketing and sales strategies.Another important aspect of knowledge management is the creation of a knowledge-sharing culture within an organization. This involves encouraging employees to share their knowledge and expertise with one another. This can be done through the use of collaborative tools such as wikis, forums, and social media platforms. For example, a company might use a wiki to create a knowledge base that employees can access and contribute to. This can help to build a sense of community within the organization and foster collaboration and innovation.Ultimately, effective knowledge management requires a combination of technology and culture. Organizations must invest in the right tools and technologies to enable knowledge sharing and collaboration, while also fostering a culture that values and rewards knowledge sharing and innovation.中文：全面的知识管理是现代企业和组织的重要方面。

知识管理英文解释

知识管理英文解释Knowledge management is basically the process of capturing, organizing, and utilizing information within an organization. It's kind of like a giant filing cabinet in the digital world, where you can easily find and sharestuff you need to do your job better.In a nutshell, knowledge management is about making sure that everyone in your team has access to the right information at the right time. It's about fostering a culture where learning and sharing are celebrated, not just tolerated.One of the coolest things about knowledge management is how it can help you uncover hidden gems. You know, those bits of wisdom that one person in your team has but everyone else doesn't? With knowledge management, those insights can be spread like wildfire.And let's not forget, knowledge management isn't justabout documents and data. It's also about the relationships, experiences, and best practices that make your team tick.It's about capturing those "ah-ha" moments and turning them into actionable insights.So, in a way, knowledge management is like a magic wand that transforms your organization's collective intelligence into something tangible and useful. It's the glue thatbinds your team together, making sure everyone's on the same page and moving forward together.。

知识产权中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译1外文参考文献译文the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks SummaryWell-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend.Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo,3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement.National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and other factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked.Second, the well-known trademarks protected modeOn the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models.The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism.While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism.In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarksof goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests.In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark.TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired.Third, the well-known trademarks dilutedThe protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination.The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection.With the socio-economic development and commercialization of the continuousimprovement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers.When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory.Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and the others between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be to prevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection.1927, Frank • Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of differencebetween different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services.Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas • E • Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a further elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. "Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitive goods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks have credibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance.In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as:A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark.2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant.3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves().4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use.5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due to improper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features.U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified the following violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case.The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act.Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name.In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows:1, weakeningWeakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark by carrying the reputation of devastating combat.First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow.Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatlyreduced, to the detriment of its significant.Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage.2, tarnishedMeans others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious.3, degradationDegradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity.Fourth, protection against diluteBased on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models:1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarksThe United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern.1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection.U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providing relief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal.2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law ProtectionSome countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of the Use of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation.3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protectionMost civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual PropertyCode," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability.Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs.4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection ofIn some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of all well-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti.China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of the relevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. "But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but thewell-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms.It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following:1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks.Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have not excessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have been registered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks.2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo.If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments.3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded.When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there aresome with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down.4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state.Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetrator acts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement.5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods or services linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted.1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version.2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition.3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No.4.4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition.5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and commercial" 1998 No.6.6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5.2 外文参考文献原文浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化一、驰名商标概述驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。

建筑专业毕业设计外文翻译---英国建筑公司的知识管理

英文翻译2外文原文出处：Reza Esmi.Richard Ennals，Knowledge management inconstructioncompanies inthe UK. AI &Soc, 2009, 24:197–203英国建筑公司的知识管理1.前言：英国建筑行业的性质第一个作者是一位在建筑业有丰富经验的设计师和管理者，他和阿富汗流浪的工人在一起工作。

没有知识管理系统的管理是特别的。

假设英国的建筑业非常发达的：它是有竞争性的，伴随着高风险和低利润。

大多数的建筑项目都是独特的和快速发展的：组织是动态的，而且常常需要重组（Oglesby .1989;Sauer .2001）。

高资本投资在直到项目结束还没有回报也是必要的。

建筑行业都采用那些职业背景和文化多样化的劳动力。

“人是他们最大资产”（Carillo.2004），在这一技术含量低，劳动力密集的行业，他们是很难管理的（Pathirage.2007）。

在过去的20年里，很多大型建筑公司都经历了一个时期的重大变革，在施工过程中成为了管理者而不成为那些劳工的雇主。

(Langford .1995)。

Luu（2008）表明越南和其他发展中国家建筑事务所的人力资源管理和现场管理是“Achilles’ heel”。

英国的建筑公司正在失去知识。

在项目结束时更能改变他们的工作和公司的是工人的诚实而不是公司的诚信。

项目是暂时的，那些工人会项目结束后获得经验教训，在一个项目中改变，分割那些有组织的知识。

英国建筑工程行业包括房屋建筑的总产量保持稳定是有助于维护工作得到进一步的发展。

自申奥以来建筑业在蓬勃发展，其中有改造旧建筑，兴建新建筑和交通运输。

信贷紧缩和经济衰退将会影响奥运交付管理局（ODA）方案的财政可行性。

Lawrence Waterman,ODA中头部的健康和安全，指出“政府花钱建造基础设施，和基础设施的长期施工周期，意味着一年的信贷紧缩对建筑公司几乎没有任何影响，因为他的工程可以持续数年”（Waterman）。