大学英语四级考试语法精要(7)

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英语四级常考语法总结

英语四级常考语法总结摘要：1.引言2.英语四级常考语法点一：动词时态3.英语四级常考语法点二：被动语态4.英语四级常考语法点三：从句5.英语四级常考语法点四：情态动词6.英语四级常考语法点五：虚拟语气7.英语四级常考语法点六：非谓语动词8.英语四级常考语法点七：介词、连词和代词9.英语四级常考语法点八：句子成分和结构10.结论正文：【引言】英语四级考试是很多大学生必须面对的一项重要考试。

为了帮助大家更好地备战四级，本文将总结英语四级考试中经常出现的语法点，希望能够提高大家的学习效率，轻松应对考试。

【英语四级常考语法点一：动词时态】动词时态是英语四级考试中的重点和难点，考生需要掌握各种时态的构成和用法。

主要包括一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时等。

【英语四级常考语法点二：被动语态】被动语态在英语四级考试中也非常重要，主要有三种形式：一般被动语态、完成被动语态和被动语态的否定形式。

掌握被动语态的用法，有助于提高阅读理解和写作的能力。

【英语四级常考语法点三：从句】从句是英语四级考试中不可或缺的部分，主要包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

学会识别和运用各种从句，对提高四级成绩至关重要。

【英语四级常考语法点四：情态动词】情态动词在英语四级考试中占有重要地位，如：can、could、may、might、must、should等。

掌握情态动词的用法，有助于提高语法填空和完形填空的正确率。

【英语四级常考语法点五：虚拟语气】虚拟语气在英语四级考试中也有一定的出现频率，主要包括条件句中的虚拟语气、宾语从句中的虚拟语气、主语从句中的虚拟语气等。

学会运用虚拟语气，能让你的句子更加丰富多彩。

【英语四级常考语法点六：非谓语动词】非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。

在英语四级考试中，非谓语动词的应用范围广泛，如：作主语、作宾语、作定语等。

【英语四级常考语法点七：介词、连词和代词】介词、连词和代词在英语四级考试中贯穿始终，掌握它们的使用方法，能有效提高填空题和选择题的正确率。

英语四级语法知识的归纳

英语四级语法知识的归纳每年参加四级考试的同学的很多，那么关于英语四级的语法你又掌握了多少呢?下面由为大家整理的英语四级语法的相关资料，希望大家喜欢!英语四级语法一，虚拟语气应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest, in case, otherwise等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句往往采用“should+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather, wish, as if, it’s time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望;混合虚拟句。

英语四级语法二，独立主格题一般说来，在句子中没有连接词的情况下，逗号是无力连接两个句子的，其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式，要么是独立主格结构。

两种结构都做状语，不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。

英语四级语法三，时态英语中共有16个时态。

四级考试中出现最多的是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。

英语四级语法四，名词性从句形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点，用什么引导词，引导词前面的介词形式，引导词在从句中做什么成分，从句的语序等均有可能成为考点。

此外，主语从句、同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。

英语四级语法五，主谓一致这类考题灵活性大，需要根据实际情况判断谓语动词的单复数形式。

一部分具有生命意义的集合名词做主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式，如people, poultry, militia等;用and连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则：主语中含有某些连词(如as well as, besides, in addition to等)时，谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。

英语四级语法六，倒装结构分为全部倒装和部分倒装。

那些否定词(组)、介词短语能引起倒装句，部分倒装和全部倒装有和区别，as在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等，都是考生应当重视的地方。

四级英语考试语法要点总结

四级英语考试语法要点总结英语语法作为四级英语考试的重要一部分，是考察学生英语语法运用能力的重要途径。

为了帮助考生更好地备考，下面将对四级英语考试中的语法要点进行总结。

一、时态1. 一般现在时：表示客观事实、经常习惯性动作或普遍真理。

例如：The sun rises in the east.2. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作。

例如：I am studying English now.3. 一般过去时：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。

例如：He went to the park yesterday.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。

例如：They were watching TV when I called them.5. 现在完成时：表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在或与现在有关的过去的动作。

例如：I have lived in this city for ten years.6. 过去完成时：表示在过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。

例如：He had finished his homework before he went to bed.7. 将来时：表示将来某个时间会发生的动作。

例如：We will have a meeting tomorrow.二、冠词1. 不定冠词a/an：表示泛指单数可数名词。

例如：I saw a cat in the park.2. 定冠词the：表示特指或泛指某一类事物。

例如：The sun is shining.3. 零冠词：表示泛指复数名词、抽象名词和专有名词。

例如：Apples are sweet.三、代词1. 主格人称代词：I, you, he, she, it, we, they。

例如：You should study hard.2. 宾格人称代词：me, you, him, her, it, us, them。

例如：John gave me a present.3. 物主代词：my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours,their/theirs。

2023年6月英语四级常考语法知识练习题及答案(7)

2023年6月英语四级常考语法知识练习题及答案(7)1. The fifth generation computers, withartificial intelligence, ________ and perfectednow.A) developedB) have developedC) are being developedD) will have been developed(C)2. This ticket ________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.A) givesB) grantsC) entitlesD) credits(C)3. You ________ her in her office last Friday; she’s been out of town for two weeks.A) needn’t have seenB) must have seenC) might have seenD) can’t have seen(D)4. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but ________ the police.A) called inB) calling inC) call inD) to call in(D)5. She was so ________ in her job that she didn’t hear anybody knocking at thedoor.A) attractedB) absorbedC) drawnD) concentrated(B)6. ________ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.A) Being publishedB) PublishedC) PublishingD) To be published(B)7. At first, the speaker was referring to the problem of pollution in the country, buthalfway in her speech, she suddenly ________ to another subject.A) committedB) switchedC) favouredD) transmitted(B)8. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios ________ after 11o’clock at night.A) were not playedB) not to playC) not be playedD) did not play(C)9. Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy itwas the beautiful ________ through the window.A) visionB) lookC) pictureD) view(D)10. Cancer is second only ________ heart disease as a cause of death.A) ofB) toC) withD) from(B)。

英语四级的语法重点整理

英语四级的语法重点整理一、动词时态英语中的动词时态主要分为以下几种：1. 现在时态：表示目前正在进行的动作或状态，或者一般的真理、习惯等。

2. 过去时态：表示过去某个时间内发生的动作或状态。

3. 将来时态：表示将来某个时间内将要发生的动作或状态。

4. 现在进行时：表示目前正在进行的动作或状态。

5. 过去进行时：表示过去某个时间内正在进行的动作或状态。

6. 现在完成时：表示过去发生但与现在仍有关联的动作或状态。

7. 过去完成时：表示过去某个时间点之前发生的动作或状态。

8. 将来完成时：表示将来某个时间点之前将会发生的动作或状态。

二、动词的语态英语中的动词语态主要分为以下两种：1. 主动语态：表示主语是动作的执行者。

2. 被动语态：表示主语是动作的承受者。

三、名词名词是英语中的一个重要词类，主要分为以下几类：1. 可数名词：表示可以单独计数的名词，可分为单数和复数形式。

2. 不可数名词：表示不可以单独计数的名词，只有单数形式。

3. 特殊名词：表示一类特殊的名词，如集体名词、专有名词等。

四、代词代词用来替代名词，主要分为以下几类：1. 人称代词：表示指代人的代词，如I, you, he, she等。

2. 物主代词：表示指代所有人的代词，如my, your, his, her等。

3. 反身代词：表示动作的执行者是主语本身的代词，如myself, yourself, himself等。

4. 指示代词：表示指示物体或概念的代词，如this, that等。

5. 不定代词：表示不确定的人、物或概念的代词，如somebody, something, anyone等。

五、形容词和副词形容词用来修饰名词，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。

在句子中，形容词通常位于名词前面，副词通常位于动词或形容词后面。

六、介词介词用来表示名词与其他词之间的关系，如时间、地点、原因、目的等。

常见的介词有in, on, at, by等。

大学英语四级CET4语法强化知识点汇总

大学英语四级CET4语法强化知识点汇总CET4 语法强化基本概念：1.词性/词类2.句子成分3.词的作用4.时态和语态5.主谓一致6.强调与倒装7.语气8.非谓语动词9.简单句 / 从句 /复合句10. it 的特殊用法11. 形容词的级Part One.名词（ n.） P250. 名词的数他接受了父母的建议。

房间里有了几件新的家具。

大量的食物已经送往了灾区。

只剩一块巧克力了。

一瓶牛奶。

一阵掌声。

一块肥皂。

一块面包。

一粒米。

Grain drop一套家具。

一条忠告一件活1.在汉语中属可数范畴，但在英语中属不可数名词的某些词。

(物质名词、抽象名词、气体名词、液体名词、自然现象等均属于不可数名词 )advice 忠告baggage (luggage ) 行李bread 面包equipment furniture information paper population chocolate 巧克力foodhair knowledge progressrice、、、、、、2.可数名词单复数变化的特殊形式可数名词单数变复数通常在词尾加-s 或-es，但是有些名词的变化比较特殊。

一．单个名词单复数的特殊形式1.以 -sis 结尾的外来名词变为复数形式为-ses。

He is busy writing his theses which are the requirement to graduate and gain diploma. 他正忙于写论文，这是毕业取得文凭所必需的。

The diagnoses in the two hospitals are the same. 两家医院的诊断结果是相同的。

常这样用的词有：diagnosis-diagnoses analysis-analyses 分诊断析thesis-theses论文axis-axes轴basis-bases基础emphasis-emphases强调2.有些外来词的单复数形式，仍保留原来不规则的复数形式。

四六级语法知识点详解

四六级语法知识点详解英语四六级考试是大学英语水平考试的一种，对于很多学生来说，语法是其中一个比较难以掌握的部分。

本文将详细解释四六级考试中常见的语法知识点，帮助学生更好地应对考试。

一、时态和语态1. Simple Present Tense（简单现在时）简单现在时表示经常或习惯性发生的动作、真理、客观存在的事实等。

结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数在动词后加s或es）例句：I eat breakfast every morning.（我每天早上吃早餐）2. Present Continuous Tense（现在进行时）现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + am/is/are + 动词ing形式例句：She is studying in the library now.（她正在图书馆学习）3. Simple Past Tense（简单过去时）简单过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：主语 + 动词过去式例句：They visited their grandparents last weekend.（他们上周末去看望了他们的祖父母）4. Past Continuous Tense（过去进行时）过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + was/were + 动词ing形式例句：I was watching TV when she called me.（她打电话给我时，我正在看电视）5. Simple Future Tense（简单将来时）简单将来时表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：主语 + will + 动词原形例句：We will have a party next week.（我们下周要开个派对）6. Future Continuous Tense（将来进行时）将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + will be + 动词ing形式例句：I will be sleeping when you arrive.（当你到达时，我将正在睡觉）7. Passive Voice（被动语态）被动语态用于强调动作的承受者而不是施动者。

英语四级语法总结

英语四级语法总结英语四级考试是中国大学生英语水平的重要考试之一。

在考试中，语法是一个非常重要的部分。

掌握英语语法对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

下面是对英语四级语法的总结：一、名词(Noun)名词是指人、事物、地点、抽象概念等的名称。

主要包括以下几点：1. 可数名词和不可数名词可数名词可以用数目词进行修饰，如"a book"、"three books"；不可数名词不能用数目词进行修饰，如"water"、"milk"。

2. 单数和复数可数名词的单复数形式有规律，如"book"的复数形式是"books"；部分可数名词的复数形式则需记忆，如"man"的复数形式是"men"。

3. 名词所有格名词所有格表示所属关系，通常在名词末尾加上"'s"，如"Tom's book"。

当名词本身已经以"s"结尾时，仅需在末尾加上"'"，如"students'"。

二、代词(Pronoun)代词用于代替名词，以避免重复。

主要包括以下几点：1. 人称代词包括主格代词和宾格代词，如"I"、"he"、"she"、"me"等。

2. 物主代词表示所有关系，如"my"、"his"、"her"等。

3. 反身代词表示动作的反发出者与动作的承受者是同一个人或物，如"myself"、"himself"。

4. 指示代词用于指示某人或某物，如"this"、"that"、"these"、"those"。

四级常考语法结构

四级常考语法结构一、动词的时态2.应注意事项（1）、在由if,unless,before,after,as soon as,when,once,until,however等引起的表时间和条件等状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用现在时态表示将来时态。

例：He’ll come to see you if he has time tomorrow.（2）、一些表示起始的动词，如begin,come,go,start,arrive,return,sail,end,stop,depart,open,close, be等，可用一般现在时表示按规定，计划或时刻表要发生的情况。

例：The store opens at 8:00 a.m. and closes at 9:00 p.m.（3）、一些表示起始的动词，如go,come,leave,start,arrive,stay,play,return,have,die等，可用进行时表示将来。

例：I had just finished my work and was starting to take a bath.（4）、be going to, be to, be about to 也可表示将来。

例：Great efforts to increase wheat production must be made if bread shortages are to be avoided.（5）、since 引起短语或从句时，句子或主名的谓语应用完成时（现在完成时、过去完成时），从句的谓语可用过去时和现在完成时。

只有在It has been(is)…since句型中，主句既可用完成时（has been）也可用现在时（is）。

例：Ever since the Civil War, the status of women has been a live social issue in this country. （6）、由by引导的许多时间状语往往要求谓语部分为完成时态，如by then, by now ,by the end of ,by the time that 等。

大学英语四级考试语法辅导大学英语四级考试语法知识点汇总

大学英语四级考试语法辅导重点四级考试语法汇总目录大学英语四级考试语法辅导：十大类词大学英语四级考试语法辅导：句子成分大学英语四级考试语法知识：指示代词大学英语四级考试语法知识：物主代词大学英语四级考试语法知识：人称代词大学英语四级考试语法知识：英语冠词大学英语四级考试语法知识：英语名词格大学英语四级考试语法知识：代词作主语大学英语四级考试语法知识：从句中的省略大学英语四级考试语法知识：动词大学英语四级考试语法知识：句子成分大学英语四级考试语法知识：词类大学英语四级语法知识：表语从句大学英语四级语法知识：从句的判别和应用大学英语四级语法知识：状语从句大学英语四级语法知识：目的状语从句大学英语四级语法知识：结果状语从句大学英语四级语法知识：非谓语动词大学英语四级语法知识：状语从句省略大学英语四级语法知识：部分倒装大学英语四级语法知识：定语从句省略大学英语四级语法知识：强调句大学英语四级语法知识：从句的复习大学英语四级语法知识：插入语大学英语四级语法知识：否定大学英语四级语法知识：长难句分析大学英语四级考试语法辅导：十大类词1)名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。

2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。

3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。

4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。

6)副词(adverb，缩写为。

英语四级语法重点归纳整理

英语四级语法重点归纳整理英语四级考试是中国大学生的一项重要考试，其中语法部分作为重要的组成部分，对于考生来说是一个需要重点关注和复习的领域。

为了帮助考生更好地备考，本文将对英语四级语法的重点进行归纳整理，以供参考。

一、动词时态与语态1. 一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性的、习惯性的或普遍的情况、常识和客观事实。

例句：He often goes swimming on weekends.2. 现在进行时现在进行时表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态。

例句：I am studying English at the moment.3. 一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

例句：She lived in London last year.4. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。

例句：They were watching TV when I entered the room.5. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

例句：I will visit my grandparents tomorrow.6. 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。

例句：They will be having a party at this time next week.7. 现在完成时现在完成时表示过去发生的某个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

例句：I have finished my homework.8. 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经完成的动作。

例句：She had already left when I arrived.9. 未来完成时未来完成时表示将来某个时间之前将已经完成的动作。

例句：By next month, I will have graduated from university.10. 一般语态一般语态表示动作的主语是动作的执行者。

四级语法要点总结

四级语法要点总结语法是英语学习的基础和核心要素之一，它对于英语的正确表达和理解至关重要。

在四级考试中，语法知识所占比重也是相当大的。

下面将对四级考试中的一些重要的语法要点进行总结。

一、时态1. 一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性的动作、习惯、真理等。

结构：主语 + 动词原形(+ 其他成分)2. 一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：主语 + 动词过去式(+ 其他成分)3. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态。

结构：主语 + will + 动词原形(+ 其他成分)4. 现在进行时现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + am/is/are + 现在分词(+ 其他成分)5. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + was/were + 现在分词(+ 其他成分)6. 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。

结构：主语 + will be + 现在分词(+ 其他成分)7. 现在完成时现在完成时表示过去某个时间发生并且对现在有影响的动作或状态。

结构：主语 + have/has + 过去分词(+ 其他成分)8. 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某个时间已经发生并且对过去某个时间有影响的动作或状态。

结构：主语 + had + 过去分词(+ 其他成分)9. 将来完成时将来完成时表示将来某个时间已经发生并且对将来某个时间有影响的动作或状态。

结构：主语 + will have + 过去分词(+ 其他成分)二、语态1. 被动语态被动语态表示动作的承受者在句子中作主语的一种语态。

结构：主语 + be + 过去分词(+ 其他成分)2. 完成被动语态完成被动语态表示动作的承受者在句子中作主语的一种完成语态。

结构：主语 + have/has been + 过去分词(+ 其他成分)三、倒装1. 完全倒装完全倒装句是指将助动词或情态动词提到主语之前的句子结构。

四级语法重点解析

四级语法重点解析语法是英语学习的基础，掌握好语法对于提高英语水平至关重要。

在四级考试中，语法也是必不可少的一部分。

本文将重点解析四级考试中的语法知识点，帮助大家更好地备考。

一、时态与语态1. 一般现在时 (Simple Present)一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或状态。

例句：He often plays football on weekends.2. 一般过去时 (Simple Past)一般过去时表示发生在过去某个具体时间的动作或状态。

例句：She lived in London for five years.3. 一般将来时 (Simple Future)一般将来时表示将来某个时间会发生的动作或状态。

例句：I will visit my grandparents next month.4. 过去进行时 (Past Continuous)过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。

例句：They were studying when I called them.5. 现在进行时 (Present Continuous)现在进行时表示目前正在进行的动作。

例句：She is watching TV at the moment.6. 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)现在完成时表示过去某个时间开始并持续到现在的动作或状态。

例句：I have lived here for ten years.7. 过去完成时 (Past Perfect)过去完成时表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作或状态。

例句：She had already finished her homework when I arrived.8. 将来进行时 (Future Continuous)将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。

例句：I will be studying English at this time tomorrow.9. 将来完成时 (Future Perfect)将来完成时表示将来某个时间之前会完成的动作或状态。

大学英语四级语法精要

大学英语四级语法精要精选文档TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)1. 时态1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2. 语态1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,underst and等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 宾补结构的被动语态:She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3. 短语动词1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4. 省略1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects. While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support. If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known, such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise, you should keep it.b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的从句中,常会有一些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did). He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.Their training is free, as is all education.We will, as always, stand on your side.3）错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.5. 一致1) 如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, as much as, no less than, more than等引导的短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry, along with her friend, goes skating every Saturday.An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. The captain, as well as the coaches, was disappointed in the team.2) 代词作主语时的一致a) each, either, neither和由some, any, no, every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b) some, few, both, many 等作复数c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念, 但none 在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词 (all of the…, most of the …), 动词用单数.3) 由and 或 both… and 连接名词词组时, 后用复数; 由not only…but (also), either…or, neither…nor或 or 连接的并列主语, 谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there 或here引导, 而主语又不止一个, 谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you.4) people, police, cattle, poultry (家禽), militia (民兵) 等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待, 有时作复数看待, 主要根据意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形, 可根据意思决定谓语动词的数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5) 表示时间, 重量, 长度, 价值等的名词, 尽管仍是复数形式, 如果作整体看待, 动词也可用单数形式 (当然用复数动词也是可以的): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6) 其他问题a) 书名, 国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b) 学科名, 如mathematics, economics用单数.c) many a 或more than one 所修饰的词作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数, the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d) one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词 +关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one 而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1. 不定式1) 形式主动形式被动形式一般式to do to be done完成式to have done t o have been done进行式to be doing完成进行式 to have been doinga) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作, 通常与主要谓语表示的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生, 或是在它之后发生. 假如不定式所表示的动作, 在谓语所表示的动作(状态)之前发生, 就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother). (比较: I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b) 进行式: 如果主要谓语表示的动作(状态)发生时, 不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c) 完成进行式: 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作, 就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d) 被动式: 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时, 不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2) 功用: 不定式可以作主语 (a), 宾语 (b), 表语 (c), 定语 (d) 或是状语 (e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.3) 不带to 的不定式:a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”结构中, 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意义的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时, 后面的不带to 的不定式一般还原为带to 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 动词不定式也不带to. I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f) 连词 rather than, sooner than 置于句首时, 其后的不定式不带to. Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时, 其后的不定式有时带to, 有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g) 用作补语的动词不定式, 如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式结构”等构成，并带有do 的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省to，也可以不省. What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式的其他用法a) too…to 结构通常表示否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to结构则表示肯定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式连用时,不定式一般不表示否定意义:He’s only too pleased to help her.so…as (to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的, 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表语时, 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语, 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况:It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2. V+ing形式(现在分词及动名词)1) 形式a) 完成式: 如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生, 通常用动名词的完成形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中), 常用(或可以用)动名词的一般形式, 尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中, 表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.另外, 独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.b) 被动式: 当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时, 动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等动词后, 尽管表示的是被动的意思, 却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语, 宾语补足语, 状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory. You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance, she co uldn’t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c) 完成被动式: 如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生, 有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式, 而用一般被动形式代替, 以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用a) 作主语:Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作宾语:Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介词宾语: 动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语后面, 常见的有: insist on, persist in, think of, dream of, object to, suspect…of, accuse…of, charge…with, hear of, approve of, prevent…from, keep…from, stop…from, refrain from, be engaged in, look forward to, opposed to, depen d on, thank…for, feel like, excuse…for, aim at, devote…to, set about, spend…in, get (be) used to, be fond of, be capable of, be afraid of, be tired of, be sick of, succeed in, be interested in, feel (be) ashamed of, be proud of, be keen on, be responsible for.d) 作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 一般说来, 在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词; 在表示具体某词动作, 特别是将来的动作时, 多用不定式.e) 作宾语补足语: 分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, find, keep, get, have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等动词后, 及可用现在分词, 也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用现在分词时, 表示动作正在发生, 用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作状语: 现在分词作状语时, 通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作, 来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home, feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night, I was struck by a sudden thought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice, she didn’t want to go to the cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语, 相当于when引起的从句:Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的, 多用when 或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport, they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3) 前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构: 一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词(或名词的所有格结构), 来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语. Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头, 这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格(或人称代词宾格), 这比用所有格更自然一些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用动名词作宾语的动词: suggest, finish, avoid, stop, can’t help, mind, admit, enjoy, leave off, require, postpone, put off, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pardon, advise, consider, deny, endure, escape, miss5) 既可用动名词, 也可用不定式作宾语的动词: love, like, hate, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, can’t bear, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, neglect, try, deserve, can’t afford等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大, 有时却有不同的意思. 在remember, regret, want, try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want (need) to come.The house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6) 悬垂修饰: 分词作状语时, 表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态. Walking through the park, we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we的动作, 正确)Walking through the park, the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误)Standing on the tower, we could see the whole city. (正确)Standing on the tower, the whole village could be seen. (错误)3. 分词1) 意义: 过去分词通常来自及物动词, 带有被动意义和完成意义; 而现在分词有的来自及物动词, 有的来自不及物动词, 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语, 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词, 仅表示完成意义, 不表示被动意义.the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分, 在意义上相当于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定语: distinguished guest 贵宾, unknown heroes 无名英雄, armed forces武装部队, canned food罐头食品, boiled water开水, steamed bread馒头, stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语: simply-furnished room陈设简单的房间, clear-cut answer明确的答复, highly-developed industry高度发展的工业, heartfelt thanks衷心的感谢, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造卫星b) 作补足语: 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有:see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意义的动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意义的动词:I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 过去分词短语常用作状语, 修饰谓语, 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因, 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句. Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.有时也可说明动作发生的时间, 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句. This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表示一个假设的情况, 相当于一个条件从句.Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d) 独立结构: 在用分词短语作状语时, 它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语, 这种结构称为独立结构, 一般表示一种伴随的动作或情况.He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.有时可以表示时间:Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.表示原因:Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语气1. that从居中:1) wish, would rather (sooner), had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too).I had rather (that) you told him than I did.2) suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians (should) be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3) it is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is necessary, it is important, it has been decided 等结构后的主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4) suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be adjusted.2. 在某些句型中1) it is time thatIt is time that we went (或should go) to bed.It is high time we (should) put an end to this controversy.2) as if (though) 引起的从句:They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was (were) spring today.He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.3) 以lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句(这时谓语多用 should +动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch cold. I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4) 以whatever, whoever, no matter what这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时, 谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have, he is an honest man.Come what may, we will go ahead. 不管发生什么情况, 我们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail; be that as it may, he’s still a good politician.我承认他年老体衰, 然而尽管如此, 它仍是优秀的政治家.3. 条件句1) 虚拟条件句主要有下面两类:a) 表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况):谓语主要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would + 动词原形If I were you, I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b) 表示过去情况的虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反的假设情况), 谓语主要形式如下:从句主句had + 过去分词would have + 过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice, I would have made a bad mistake,You wouldn’t have caught cold if you had put on more clothes.2) 有时候, 条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作, 发生的时间是不一致的(如一个是过去发生的, 一个是现在发生的). 这时, 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整. 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes, he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3) 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示, 而是通过一个介词短语来表示.Without music, the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.4) 如果条件句从句中包含有 were, had, should 或could, 有时可把if省略掉, 并把were, had, should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequate preparation, we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood, what should we do?Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1. 合成介词和复杂介词1) 合成介词: inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon within, without2) 复杂介词: according to, along with, apart from, as for, as to, because of, by means of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, in accordancewith, on account of, on behalf of, owing to, due to, together with, up to, with regard to, prior to等2. 介词在句末:This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?3. 名词加介词 ( n + prep)1) 某些名词之后要求用某些介词: solution to, faith in, glance at, need for2) 某些名词之前要求用某些介词: on one’s guard, at one’s request, in all probability, to my delight4. 动词加介词1) Vi + prep: prevail on, appeal to, fall into, apply for, touch upon2) Vt + O + prep: lay emphasis on, take advantage of等3) Vi + adv + prep:I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story. You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4) Vt + O + adv +prep:You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put the shortage down to bad planning.5. 形容词加介词about --- anxious, careful, careless, certain, considerate, enthusiastic, guilty, happy, mad, particular, sad, sure, timid, unhappy, etcat --- awkward, bad, clever, disappointed, disgusted, good, marvellous, quick, skilful, skilled, useless, weak, etcfor --- convenient, eligible, grateful, homesick, hungry, necessary, noted, perfect, responsible, etcfrom --- evident, exempt, inseparable, safe, tired, etcin --- deficient, expert, liberal, quick, rich, successful, weak, etcof --- apprehensive, characteristic, critical, destructive, envious, hard, inconsiderate, impatient, dependent, jealous, positive, scared, sensible, short, sick, suspicious, typical, worthy, etcon --- dependent, keen, intent, etcto --- acceptable, accessible, agreeable, alive, attentive, blind, comparable, courteous, deaf, destructive, essential, favourable, hostile, indifferent,married, obedient, parallel, preferable, related, responsible, sensitive, suitable, unjust, etcwith --- awkward, bored, careful, disappointed, generous, identical, ill, impatient, popular, sick, wrong, etcⅤ连词1. 并列连词1) 表示意义的引申: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor2) 表示选择: or, either…or3) 表示转折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)4) 表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence2. 从属连词1) 表示时间: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once2) 表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that3) 表示条件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),4) 表示其他关系: (al)though, than, as/so…as, lest, in order that, so…thatⅥ定语从句1. 限制和非限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少的一个组成部分, 去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确; 非限制性定语从句属于补充说明性质, 去掉了不会影响主要意义, 通常用逗号与它的先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词, 或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词, 其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的:Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.2. 定语从句的引导词1) that, who, whom: 非限制性定语从句, 如果修饰人, 一般用who, 有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语, 就应当用宾格 whom 或that, 但在大多数情况下都可以省略掉, 在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中一般都把介词放到句子后面去, 这时可用that, 但省略时更多一些.Have you met the person about whom he was speakingHave you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.。

四级语法名词性从句(7)

英语四级语法第七堂名词性从句学会区分名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，熟悉名词性从句的各种引导词。

中文译成英文1. (很多人没有意识到的) is that Simon is a lover of sports, and football in particular.(09.06)2. It was very dark, but Mary seemed to (本能地知道该走哪条路).（08.12）3. Your resume should attract a would be boss’s a ttention by demonstrating (为什么你是某个特定职位的最佳人选).（08.12）4. In my sixties, one change I notice is that (我比以前更容易累了).（07.12）5. Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量的)，not how much they can earn.（07.12）6. Since my childhood I have found that (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).(06.12)7. Some psychologists claim that people (出门在外时可能会感到孤独).（06.12）Key 1. What many people didn’t realize2. know which way to take by instinct3. why you are the best candidate for a certain position4. I get tired more easily than before5. is measured by how much money they can borrow6. nothing is more attractive to me than reading7. might feel lonely when they are away from home所谓名词性从句，就是把这个句子当作名词使用，并在句子中充当一定的句子成分。

大学英语四级语法

I’ve heard tell of him.
（听说、听到）
d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to的不定式, 也可用带to的不定式. Can I help (to) lift this heavy box
e) 在介词except, but 之后, 如果其前有动词do的某种形式, 不定式一般不带to, 反之带to. There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining. Smith will do anything but work on a farm. There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
/
过去将来 should/would do
/
should/would have done 用于虚
拟语气 /
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were given am/is/are given
will/shall be given
should/would be given
进行
was/were being am/is/are being given
动名词
具有动作性特征的名词 1)是名词 seeing is believing 2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语
一)动名词的形式:
一般形式：I don't like you smoking. 完成形式：I regret not having taken your
advice. 被动形式：This question is far from being
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不带to的动词不定式. John let fly a torrent of abuse at me. （一顿咒骂）

2023上半年英语四级必备语法知识点(7)

2023上半年英语四级必备语法知识点(7)倒装的六条原则：1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装;nor，neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装;2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had，should，could，were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装;3. as，though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装;系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。

例如：She is beautiful. They are students.四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。

例、_B_ as it was at such a time，his work attracted much attention.A Being publishedB PublishedC PublishingD To be published当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。

being published 正在被出版; to be published 将要被出版。

此句恢复正常语序应为：As it was published at such a time …4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装;常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never，little，few，hardly (…when)，scarcely (…when) ;seldom 难得，不常;nowhere 哪里都不。

常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不; on no account 决不;under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。

5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装;(如果only去掉就是全部倒装)例、Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.A permitted are freshmenB freshmen are permittedC are freshmen permittedD are permitted freshmenfreshmen 新生; make up for 弥补，补偿; make-up tests 补考(缓考)。

英语四六级考试7大核心语法逐项解析

1、词类
冠词：关注冠词表示特指、泛指、类指的用法。

形容词和副词：形容词的排序也不容忽视。

动词词组：几乎每年必考,今年依旧需要关注。

2、动词的时态和语态：
阅读时时注意上下文的情景。

大纲要求的八种常用时态都有可能成为考查对象，再此基础上重点关注：进行时、完成时和完成进行时。

同时注意如Hardly…when…等经常考查的表示时间的固定句式。

3、非谓语动词
（1）牢记哪些动词后的宾语只能是不定式、动名词，哪些二者兼可。

（2）分词和不定式做宾补的区别。

(3）分词作状语。

4、情态动词与虚拟语气
依旧会受到命题人的青睐。

虚拟语气是难点但不是重点，重点注意其在非真实条件句和名词性从句的使用。

5、定语从句和名词性从句
定语从句：近五年必考。

注意点：关系代词和关系副词的区别，as和which的区别，限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别、定语从句和同位语从句的区别。

注意名词性从句引导词的选择和语序。

6、状语从句
重点关注in case, unless等连词引导的条件状语从句。

注意：while, when, until, not…until, before, since引导的时间状语从句。

同时关注：目的和结果状语从句。

7、特殊句式
特殊句式注意倒装句、强调句、反意疑问句、祈使句和省略句。

大学英语四级常用语法

⼤学英语四级常⽤语法⼤学英语四级常⽤语法精选⼤学英语四级常⽤语法精选(17) might 表⽰请求: Might I ask for a photograph of your baby? (⽐May I …更客⽓⼀些) can't, couldn't表⽰否定的推测: She can't be serious. A more suitable book can't be found. (It is not possible to find a more suitable book.) He couldn't (can't) be over fifty. should, ought to: 表⽰应该做的事, ought to⽐should⼝⽓稍重⼀些. You should (ought to) do as he says. You shouldn't (oughtn't to) talk like that. 但这两者间也有⼀些差别, 在表⽰责任, 义务等该做的事情时, 常⽤ought to, 在表⽰某件事宜于做时, 多⽤should, 在下⾯的句⼦中这两个词就不宜换⽤: You are his father. You ought to take care of him. We should not use too many big words in our everyday speech. will, would shall, should表⽰意愿情态动词后接进⾏式, 完成式和完成进⾏式: 情态动词可以和动词的进⾏式构成谓语, 表⽰”应该正在……”, “想必正在……”这类意思: Why should we be sitting here doing nothing? This isn't what I ought to be doing. She might still be thinking about the question you raised. They must (may) be waiting for us, let’s hurry up. They can't be using the room now. 情态动词有时和动词的完成形式构成谓语, 表⽰”应当已经……”, “想必已经……”这类意思: I should have thought of that. They shouldn't have left so soon. She must have arrived by now. You needn't have told them that. Where can (could) he have gone? He can't have finished the work so soon. He may not have achieved all his aims. But his effort is praise-worthy. We ought to have give you more help. 情态动词间或也可以和⼀个动词的完成进⾏式构成谓语,表⽰”应当⼀直在……”, “想必⼀直在……”这类意思: They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields. They may have been discussing the problem this morning. You should have been waiting for us. Why haven't you? She couldn't have been swimming all day. 2016年⼤学英语四级语法指导(4) 1. The children went there to watch the iron tower _D_.A to erectB be erectedC erectingD being erected watch 看电视⽤，看⽐赛⽤; see 看电影⽤; 感官动词watch， see， hear; 感官动词 + 名词(代词)+ do be erected 强调的是动作的结果; being erected 强调的是动作的过程。

四级英语语法归纳总结

四级英语语法归纳总结以下是四级英语语法的归纳总结，包括动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等语法点，以及一些常见的语法错误和避免方法。

一、动词时态和语态1. 常见时态包括现在时、过去时、将来时和完成时。

2. 被动语态使用be动词加动词的过去分词形式。

二、非谓语动词1. 不定式：to do，表示目的或将来。

2. 动名词：doing，表示抽象或一般意义。

3. 分词：现在分词doing表示进行或主动，过去分词done表示完成或被动。

三、名词性从句1. 主语从句：由that、whether等连接词引导。

2. 宾语从句：由that、whether、who等连接词引导。

3. 表语从句：由that、whether、who等连接词引导。

4. 同位语从句：由that、whether、who等连接词引导，修饰名词。

四、定语从句1. 由that、which、who等连接词引导，修饰名词或代词。

2. 从句在主句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。

3. 从句可以省略主语和be动词。

五、状语从句1. 时间状语从句：由when、before、after等连接词引导。

2. 条件状语从句：由if、unless等连接词引导。

3. 原因状语从句：由because、as等连接词引导。

4. 让步状语从句：由though、however等连接词引导。

5. 比较状语从句：由than、as...as等连接词引导。

6. 结果状语从句：由so...that等连接词引导。

7. 方式状语从句：由as if、as though等连接词引导。

8. 目的状语从句：由so that、in order that等连接词引导。

9. 地点状语从句：由where、wherever等连接词引导。

10. 修饰状语从句的副词放在句尾，前面不加逗号。

11. 表示“无论”、“不管”的连词有whether、however等，它们不能省略主语和be动词。