电子信息工程测控技术与仪器外文翻译外文文献英文文献SJA1000独立的CAN控制器应用指南
电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业设计（论文) 中英文对照翻译院(系部）电气工程与自动化专业名称电子信息工程年级班级 04级7班学生姓名指导老师Infrared Remote Control SystemAbstractRed outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique，drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn，the baud rate be quick，point to point SSL，be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics，can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission，at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage。
Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature，the cost descend，red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application。
测控技术与仪器 自动化 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
外文出处：资料1：Virtual instrument based on serial(用外文写)communication and data acquisition system of management .资料2：LabVIEW serial communication based on Frequency Control Monitoring System附件：资料1：1.翻译译文；2.外文原文。
资料2：1.翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件：资料1翻译译文在自动化控制和智能仪器仪表中, 单片机的应用越来越广泛, 由于单片机的运算功能较差, 往往需要借助计算机系统, 因此单片机和 PC机进行远程通信更具有实际意义, 通信的关键在于互传数据信息。
51系列单片机内部的串行口具有通信的功能,该串行口可以作为通信接口, 利用该串行口与 PC机的串行口 COM 1或COM 2进行串行通信, 将单片机采集的数据传送到 PC机中, 由 PC机的高级语言或数据库语言对数据进行整理及统计等复杂处理就能满足实际的应用需要。
软件设计，初始化后，打开数据通道对上下游信号进行采样，并进行相关运算，求峰值R~，对R.二是否峰值进行判断，以确保正确求出延时r，从而得出正确的流量。
由于一次相关计算所需时间很短，因此，采用计数器控制。
PC机和单片机在进行通信时, 首先分别对各自的串行口进行初始化、确定串行口工作方式、设定波特率、传输数据长度等, 然后才开始数据传输, 这些工作是由软件来完成的, 因此对 PC机和单片机均需设计相应的通信软件。
DOS环境下, 串行通信一般用中断方式来实现,用户对通信端口进行完全控制。
而在 W i ndow s 环境下, 系统禁止应用程序直接对硬件进行操作。
在W indows环境下提供了完备的 AP I应用程序接口函数, 程序员通过这些函数与通信硬件接口。
通信函数是中断驱动的: 发送数据时, 先将其放入缓存区,串口准备好后, 就将其发送出去; 传来的数据迅速申请中断, 使 W i ndow s接收它并将其存入缓冲区, 以供读取。
测控专业 毕业论文 外文翻译 中英文对照
Oscillation, Instability and Control of Stepper Motors LIYU CAO and HOWARD M. SCHWARTZDepartment of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive,Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada(Received: 18 February 1998; accepted: 1 December 1998)AbstractA novel approach to analyzing instability in permanent-magnet stepper motors is presented. It is shown that there are two kinds of unstable phenomena in this kind of motor: mid-frequency oscillation and high-frequency instability. Nonlinear bifurcation theory is used to illustrate the relationship between local instability and mid frequency oscillatory motion. A novel analysis is presented to analyze the loss of synchronism phenomenon, which is identified as high-frequency instability. The concepts of separators and attractors in phase-space are used to derive a quantity to evaluate the high-frequency instability. By using this quantity one can easily estimate the stability for high supply frequencies. Furthermore, a stabilization method is presented. A generalized approach to analyze the stabilization problem based on feedback theory is given. It is shown that the mid-frequency stability and the high-frequency stability can be improved by state feedback.Keywords: Stepper motors, instability, nonlinearity, state feedback.1. IntroductionStepper motors are electromagnetic incremental-motion devices which convert digital pulse inputs to analog angle outputs. Their inherent stepping ability allows for accurate position control without feedback. That is, they can track any step position in open-loop mode, consequently no feedback is needed to implement position control. Stepper motors deliver higher peak torque per unit weight than DC motors; in addition, they are brushless machines and therefore require less maintenance. All of these properties have made stepper motors a very attractive selection in many position and speed control systems, such as in computer hard disk drivers and printers, XY-tables, robot manipulators, etc.Although stepper motors have many salient properties, they suffer from an oscillation or unstable phenomenon. This phenomenon severely restricts their open-loop dynamic performance and applicable area where high speed operation is needed. The oscillation usually occurs at stepping rates lower than 1000 pulse/s, and has been recognized as a mid-frequency instability or local instability , or a dynamic instability . In addition, there is another kind of unstable phenomenon in stepper motors, that is, the motors usually lose synchronism at higher stepping rates, even though load torque is less than their pull-out torque. This phenomenon is identified as high-frequency instability in this paper, because it appears at much higher frequencies than the frequencies at which the mid-frequency oscillation occurs. The high-frequency instability has not been recognized as widely as mid-frequency instability, and there is not yet a method to evaluate it.Mid-frequency oscillation has been recognized widely for a very long time, however, acomplete understanding of it has not been well established. This can be attributed to the nonlinearity that dominates the oscillation phenomenon and is quite difficult to deal with.Most researchers have analyzed it based on a linearized model . Although in many cases, this kind of treatments is valid or useful, a treatment based on nonlinear theory is needed in order to give a better description on this complex phenomenon. For example, based on a linearized model one can only see that the motors turn to be locally unstable at some supply frequencies, which does not give much insight into the observed oscillatory phenomenon. In fact, the oscillation cannot be assessed unless one uses nonlinear theory.Therefore, it is significant to use developed mathematical theory on nonlinear dynamics to handle the oscillation or instability. It is worth noting that Taft and Gauthier , and Taft and Harned used mathematical concepts such as limit cycles and separatrices in the analysis of oscillatory and unstable phenomena, and obtained some very instructive insights into the so-called loss of synchronous phenomenon. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of a comprehensive mathematical analysis in this kind of studies. In this paper a novel mathematical analysis is developed to analyze the oscillations and instability in stepper motors.The first part of this paper discusses the stability analysis of stepper motors. It is shown that the mid-frequency oscillation can be characterized as a bifurcation phenomenon (Hopf bifurcation) of nonlinear systems. One of contributions of this paper is to relate the mid-frequency oscillation to Hopf bifurcation, thereby, the existence of the oscillation is proved theoretically by Hopf theory. High-frequency instability is also discussed in detail, and a novel quantity is introduced to evaluate high-frequency stability. This quantity is very easy to calculate, and can be used as a criteria to predict the onset of the high-frequency instability. Experimental results on a real motor show the efficiency of this analytical tool.The second part of this paper discusses stabilizing control of stepper motors through feedback. Several authors have shown that by modulating the supply frequency , the mid-frequency instability can be improved. In particular, Pickup and Russell have presented a detailed analysis on the frequency modulation method. In their analysis, Jacobi series was used to solve a ordinary differential equation, and a set of nonlinear algebraic equations had to be solved numerically. In addition, their analysis is undertaken for a two-phase motor, and therefore, their conclusions cannot applied directly to our situation, where a three-phase motor will be considered. Here, we give a more elegant analysis for stabilizing stepper motors, where no complex mathematical manipulation is needed. In this analysis, a d–q model of stepper motors is used. Because two-phase motors and three-phase motors have the same q–d model and therefore, the analysis is valid for both two-phase and three-phase motors. Up to date, it is only recognized that the modulation method is needed to suppress the mid-frequency oscillation. In this paper, it is shown that this method is not only valid to improve mid-frequency stability, but also effective to improve high-frequency stability.2. Dynamic Model of Stepper MotorsThe stepper motor considered in this paper consists of a salient stator with two-phase or three-phase windings, and a permanent-magnet rotor. A simplified schematic of athree-phase motor with one pole-pair is shown in Figure 1. The stepper motor is usually fed by a voltage-source inverter, which is controlled by a sequence of pulses and produces square-wave voltages. This motor operates essentially on the same principle as that of synchronous motors. One of major operating manner for stepper motors is that supplying voltage is kept constant and frequency of pulses is changed at a very wide range. Under this operating condition, oscillation and instability problems usually arise.Figure 1. Schematic model of a three-phase stepper motor.A mathematical model for a three-phase stepper motor is established using q–d frame-reference transformation. The voltage equations for three-phase windings are given byva = Ria + L*dia /dt − M*dib/dt − M*dic/dt + dλpma/dt ,vb = Rib + L*dib/dt − M*dia/dt − M*dic/dt + dλpmb/dt ,vc = Ric + L*dic/dt − M*dia/dt − M*dib/dt + dλpmc/dt ,where R and L are the resistance and inductance of the phase windings, and M is the mutual inductance between the phase windings. _pma, _pmb and _pmc are the flux-linkages of the phases due to the permanent magnet, and can be assumed to be sinusoid functions of rotor position _ as followλpma = λ1 sin(Nθ),λpmb = λ1 sin(Nθ − 2 /3),λpmc = λ1 sin(Nθ - 2 /3),where N is number of rotor teeth. The nonlinearity emphasized in this paper is represented by the above equations, that is, the flux-linkages are nonlinear functions of the rotor position.By using the q; d transformation, the frame of reference is changed from the fixed phase axes to the axes moving with the rotor (refer to Figure 2). Transformation matrix from the a; b; c frame to the q; d frame is given byFor example, voltages in the q; d reference are given byIn the a; b; c reference, only two variables are independent (ia C ib C ic D 0); therefore, the above transformation from three variables to two variables is allowable. Applying the above transformation to the voltage equations (1), the transferred voltage equation in the q;d frame can be obtained asvq = Riq + L1*diq/dt + NL1idω + Nλ1ω,vd=Rid + L1*did/dt − NL1iqω,Figure 2. a, b, c and d, q reference frame.where L1 D L CM, and ! is the speed of the rotor.It can be shown that the motor’s t orque has the following formT = 3/2Nλ1iqThe equation of motion of the rotor is written asJ*dω/dt = 3/2*Nλ1iq − Bfω – Tl ,where Bf is the coefficient of viscous friction, and Tl represents load torque, which is assumed to be a constant in this paper.In order to constitute the complete state equation of the motor, we need another state variable that represents the position of the rotor. For this purpose the so called load angle _ [8] is usually used, which satisfies the following equationDδ/dt = ω−ω0 ,where !0 is steady-state speed of the motor. Equations (5), (7), and (8) constitute the statespace model of the motor, for which the input variables are the voltages vq and vd. As mentioned before, stepper motors are fed by an inverter, whose output voltages are not sinusoidal but instead are square waves. However, because the non-sinusoidal voltages do not change the oscillation feature and instability very much if compared to the sinusoidal case (as will be shown in Section 3, the oscillation is due to the nonlinearity of the motor), for the purposes of this paper we can assume the supply voltages are sinusoidal. Under this assumption, we can get vq and vd as followsvq = Vmcos(Nδ) ,vd = Vmsin(Nδ) ,where Vm is the maximum of the sine wave. With the above equation, we have changed the input voltages from a function of time to a function of state, and in this way we can represent the dynamics of the motor by a autonomous system, as shown below. This will simplify the mathematical analysis.From Equations (5), (7), and (8), the state-space model of the motor can be written in a matrix form as followsẊ = F(X,u) = AX + Fn(X) + Bu , (10) where X D Tiq id ! _UT , u D T!1 TlUT is defined as the input, and !1 D N!0 is the supply frequency. The input matrix B is defined byThe matrix A is the linear part of F._/, and is given byFn.X/ represents the nonlinear part of F._/, and is given byThe input term u is independent of time, and therefore Equation (10) is autonomous.There are three parameters in F.X;u/, they are the supply frequency !1, the supply voltage magnitude Vm and the load torque Tl . These parameters govern the behaviour of the stepper motor. In practice, stepper motors are usually driven in such a way that the supply frequency !1 is changed by the command pulse to control the motor’s spee d, while the supply voltage is kept constant. Therefore, we shall investigate the effect of parameter !1.3. Bifurcation and Mid-Frequency OscillationBy setting ! D !0, the equilibria of Equation (10) are given asand ' is its phase angle defined byφ= arctan(ω1L1/R) . (16) Equations (12) and (13) indicate that multiple equilibria exist, which means that these equilibria can never be globally stable. One can see that there are two groups of equilibria as shown in Equations (12) and (13). The first group represented by Equation (12) corresponds to the real operating conditions of the motor. The second group represented by Equation (13) is always unstable and does not relate to the real operating conditions. In the following, we will concentrate on the equilibria represented by Equation (12).翻译译文步进电机的振荡、不稳定以及控制摘要本文介绍了一种分析永磁步进电机不稳定性的新颖方法。
电子 测控技术与仪器 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 美国FBII 防盗报警联网系统
外文出处：附件2：外文原文（复印件）FBII Alarm Networking SystemWith the economic and social development, Security Technology has been updated and progress. International more developed countries have attached great importance to developing the industry. A long time, people get used to a solid door locks to prevent window grating. However, the progress of science and technology, the modus operandi of criminals are becoming increasingly cunning, anti-theft devices in a single family can not protect the people's lives, property, safety requirements, in view of this form, security of the international community and industry, developed an integrated, intelligent network alarm center system This system has greatly enhanced the social safety precautions, enhance security services and police command handling stolen strength, security, fire, first aid and the effectiveness of various types of emergencies. Maximize the protection of national security and people's lives and property.1. Networking Warning System in the application and development of the domestic:Because of the many advantages of network alarm system at this stage is widely used in coastal areas, in particular taking the forefront. For example, Guangdong, China almost all the police stations have been installed to use networking system After the alarm system from the use of networked, users have access to the prized window-ins. and the other of breaking a significant reduction in the crime rate, the effective guarantee the safety of people's lives and property. At present, the main city in the central alarm system interconnection Public Security Bureau, a police station, the major users of banks, shops, factories, Indeed, entertainment, financial and banking system in general behavior center, branches and other kind of user. With the development of society, the improvement of living standards, all commercial buildings Residential District is also aware of the need to install alarm systems, and the people are more pressing needs in this area, So from the outset, setting up the Public Security Bureau, a police station, gradually shifted tocommercial buildings, residential quarters, management of commercial buildings or residential areas directly warning, a warning not only faster, users can be too big to alleviate the Public Security Bureau, the police station's tremendous pressure from long-term development. Area residents’ mines a, factories and commercial buildings for the local network centers. I interconnection method of the re-use of police information network to the city center's program will be widely adopted.2. FBII Company profilesFBII (FIRE BURGLARY INSTRUMENTS, INC) is one of the world's leading suppliers of security equipment. Founded in 1971, has more than 20 years of production experience. FBII experts in the production of high quality anti-theft system, to the quality of their products have been excellent, simple to operate, durable and reliable. Reasonable prices to countries and customers are admirable. FBII existing products, firms throughout the world, the anti-theft system is the most popular brandsFBII the United States reported on a city telephone network interconnection point system for transmission channels, the alarm signal to the market. Remote transmission to the command center so that the policemen rapid, timely disposal of command kind of unexpected incidents reported to the scene. maximize the protection of life and property safety Front-end users from various detectors, and micro-switch trigger alarm controller, the detector is triggered, Output will be a signal to the alarm switch control box, thus starting the transmitter control box, the control box coding, Defense was the area code and trigger a good pre-installed police information through telephone lines to receive a report sent to the mainframe CP220, CP220 processing, serial data lines performed by the computer center software, computer automatically transmitted to demonstrate the accuracy of the contents and printed. However, the entire process of receiving a few seconds played a rapid Alarming purposes.3. Constitute modules introduced3.1 Various security detectorsAt present, anti-theft detectors are reported as follows:Magnetometer switches, passive infrared detectors, infrared / microwave detectors, active infrared detectors, oscillation sensors. Broken glass detectors, detectors Brown and so on.3.2 All kinds of security control box / transmitterThe control box is used with security communications network dedicated microprocessor-based controller / communication devices. The aircraft passed through the keyboard or into or read out EZ-MATE programmer to program data. EEPROM memory integrated circuits to the storage and use, when power-down power, the information would not be lost.The number of security control box can be divided into many types of defense under control box. For example, the FBI has XL-2S serial control box (7 defense), XL-3 (12 lines).XL-4 (72 lines).XL-5(136 lines), regardless of the number of lines. Network control box has two components, namely the scene alarm control and communication devicesOP comparison is the scene reported controller circuit loop when the defense was short circuit or open circuit when the loop current detector will change. Then compare circuit will be turned over to trigger microprocessor, and the microprocessor driven through the drive circuit scene horn. Serve the purpose of this report to the scene.EEPROM is used for microprocessors and communications. Manual programming software through the keyboard or remote communications center phone numbers and codes prepared in advance, namely the control box, users coding, the defensive line of code, code and other defense intelligence police function code, when police at the scene alarm controller, activated dialing telephone dial-up Internet access, mainframe access and alarm center, its good communications code that is transmitted in advance to the mainframe, played the role of communications.3.3. CP220 Alarm4. Anti-theft system componentsAnti-theft system consists of three main components: a part for the control box; Second part of probe; three parts to the receiving host.1. The control box is divided into two control box wired and wireless control box.I: Cable control: a control box electricity cable will be linked with the probe, the four-wire system (four cores), the second line connected to the power supply. United signal reception.II: Wireless control: a probe with a wireless transmitter, hosts receive alarm signals through the wireless signal receiver2. Can be divided into categories: infrared and microwave probe, double probes, ultrasonic shock sensors, microprocessor probe magnetometer probe.I. Source: internal probe infrared receiver can receive specific infrared signal, a warning signal is issued.II. Microwave probe: launch microwave and microwave sensor receiving the original signal had been destroyed and issued a report.III. Double with infrared and microwave internal probe: two functions.IV. Magnetometer probe: Switch to open the closed through magnetometer issued a warning signal.V.by ion-probe: defense, photoelectric sensors to feel the scene of the fire, and issued a warning signal.VI. Infrared probe of the firing: Infrared transmission and reception by a group composed of devices can work in all weather, the detection range, small interference.VII.Broken glass of shattered glass sensors: induction frequency, and issued a warning signal.VIII. objects vibration sensors feelings of shock caused by the internal circuit ball off. -- Pulse caused alarm.IX. Emergency buttons, feet challenges to prevent demolition of a switch: for the opening and closing circuit If a switch opening and closing movements, there are alarm signal output.5. The control boxTo probe the role of managing role, but can supply, the police will be able to export and contain backup batteries, able to distinguish the authenticity of the alarm signal, an alarm, a police communications role.6. The role of the police receive mainframe (I products)Can accept signals and signal processing, record and report printing. Can work independently, not because of computer glitches, and the loss of police intelligence, capacity expansion and compatibility with maps, city maps Modular components, easy maintenance(I) FBI control box1. Characteristics: international brands, high quality, simple to operate, durable and reliable, reasonable prices.2. Characteristics:I. Reception CP220X FBI mainframe. Reliable: After extensive application of 30 countries.II. Compatibility: compatible with all international adoption control box, the control box can be used along with the largest (136 lines), and can identify defense area code, can use various communications format including rapid format CID format.III. it’s able to handle hi gh capacity: 400,000 households reported 8 telephone lines can be extended.IV. Offline backup power available after 24 hours of continuous work.V. against lightning.VI. Programming is simple: in keyboard, built-EEPOM memoryVII. Programming information will not be lost after the blackout began. a self-functional.VIII. Modular Design: Easy to maintain.(II) Management software Malvern Chinese characteristicsThe simple, regular inspection, dropping reported receiving information, users can show the contents of the report to the defense state, have not deployed suggest that the alarm automatically record the time, receive CID format, the software can be upgraded, and multimedia functions.附件1：外文资料翻译译文美国FBII 防盗报警联网系统随着社会经济的不断发展，安防技术也不断更新和进步。
电子信息工程外文翻译参考文献
电子信息工程外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：利用修改后的迈克耳孙干涉仪进行长度测量的初步结果摘要:基于飞秒加速器的装置，该装置建造在上海应用物理研究所(SINAP),最近一个经修改后的远红外迈克耳孙干涉仪通过光学自相关方法，已经被用来测量电子光束的长度。
相比较于之前常规的迈克耳孙干涉仪,我们使用一个空心回射器而不是一个平面反射镜的反射镜。
本文将为大家介绍实验设置和长度测量的结果。
关键词：飞秒线性加速器，长度串，干涉仪，空心回射器1 介绍最近关于电子脉冲压缩的实验产生高峰值电流和亮度飞秒电子串。
关于短束源自于高质量光束的潜在应用要求这方面一起了广泛兴趣。
高质量的核物理加速器,自由电子激光器驱动加速器,下一代线性对撞机,第四代光源都需要短时间光束脉冲。
同时,在进程中对诊断的短电子串的研究也起了重要作用。
有几种已经使用或正在开发的方法去测量短电子串的长度。
这些一般分为两类:频域方法和时域方法。
众所周知，在时域测量长度的方法中使用条纹相机，条纹相机已经证实是限于串长度超过200 fs ，此外,条纹相机昂贵并且测量系统复杂。
相对于时域测量方法，频域测量使用相干过渡辐射(CTR )从金属箔在测量飞秒脉冲的短电子中已经显现出前景。
本文我们首先从短电子串方面给出了基于一代的高强度相干渡越辐射的理论和试验研究,然后讨论该方法基于相干渡越辐射测量束飞秒的长度,并从改进电子实验装置给出了串长度测量的结果。
最后,我们分析了空气湿度对串长度测量的影响，并且阐释了对未来研究的计划。
2 理论背景2.1 相干渡越辐射源自于相对论性电子串辐射如同步加速器辐射跃迁辐射等，本质上有较广的范围，如果辐射的波长短于电子串长度，这个阶段的辐射电子不同于彼此，所以辐射是不连贯的。
另一方面,如果波长较长的串长度，辐射是连贯的并且辐射强度的平方成正比每串数字电子。
光谱强度发出一束N 粒子：11()()(1)()|()|tot I NI N N I f λλλλ=+- （2-1）这里1()I λ是靠单电子辐射的强度，()f λ是串形成因素，这是傅里叶变换的规范化的电子密度分布()S Z 。
测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译-殷虹-河北工业大学适用
测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentationInstrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant. 译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。
仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。
An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。
仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。
Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。
{信息技术}电子信息工程测控技术与仪器外文翻译外文文献英文文献
（信息技术）电子信息工程测控技术与仪器外文翻译外文文献英文文献外文出处：Springer-Link电子期刊附件1：外文资料翻译译文SJA1000独立的CAN控制器应用指南1介绍SJA1000是壹个独立的CAN控制器，它于汽车和普通的工业应用上有先进的特征。
由于它和PCA82C200于硬件和软件均兼容，因此它将会替代PCA82C200。
SJA1000有壹系列先进的功能适合于多种应用，特别于系统优化、诊断和维护方面非常重要。
本文是要指导用户设计基于SJA1000的完整的CAN节点。
同时本文仍提供典型的应用电路图和编程的流程图。
2概述SJA1000独立的CAN控制器有2个不同的操作模式：BasicCAN模式(和PCA82C200）兼容PeliCAN模式BasicCAN模式是上电后默认的操作模式。
因此，用PCA82C200开发的已有硬件和软件能够直接于SJA1000上使用，而不用作任何修改。
PeliCAN模式是新的操作模式，它能够处理所有CAN2.0B规范的帧类型。
而且它仍提供壹些增强功能使SJA1000能应用于更宽的领域。
2.1CAN节点结构通常，每个CAN模块能够被分成不同的功能块。
SJA1000使用[3][4][5]最优化的CAN收发器连接到CAN。
收发器控制从CAN控制器到总线物理层或相反的逻辑电平信号。
上面壹层是壹个CAN控制器，它执行于CAN规范[8]里规定的完整的CAN协议。
它通常用于报文缓冲和验收滤波，而所有这些CAN功能，均由壹个模块控制器控制它负责执行应用的功能。
例如，控制执行器、读传感器和处理人机接口（MMI）。
如图1所示，SJA1000独立的CAN控制器通常位于微型控制器和收发器之间，大多数情况下这个控制器是壹个集成电路。
图1CAN模块装置2.2结构图下图是SJA1000的结构图图2SJA1000的结构图根据CAN规范，CAN核心模块控制CAN帧的发送和接收。
接口管理逻辑负责连接外部主控制器，该控制器能够是微型控制器或任何其他器件。
电子信息工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 文献翻译
Technology and Application of Fieldbus Control System ---------IntelligentEquipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNetPromoted by the new technological revolution that automation control technology is tending digitization and internet in the field of automation industry, Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. developed Intelligent Equipment & Measurement And Control System Based on DeviceNet as a high and new technology industrialization model project. It was a state hi-tech development project of 2000 and was approved by the State Committee of Technology. Shanghai Aton Electric Co., Ltd. constructed production line of intelligent controller of pump and valve, relying on Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation; constructed measurement and control system FCS R&D center of intelligent controller of pump and valve and built up mass production R&D basis, cooperating with Shanghai Jiaotong University and Shanghai University; constructed FCS remote diagnosis and service center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; constructed FCS training center of intelligent controller of pump and valve; founded mass production R&D basis along with the Rockwell Laboratory of Shanghai Jiaotong University and CIMS Center.1 Summary(1)Fieldbus control system is a system applied to field of production and microcomputerized measurement control equipment to realize both-way multinode serial communications. It is also called low-level control network for open, digital and multiplespot communications.Application: Flow Control System of Manufacturing; Process Control System; Traffic Control & Management; Building Automation. Features: Fieldbus control system is low-level low-bandwidth digital communication and control network in industrial system as well as open system connecting microcomputerized appearance. Intelligent instrument and controller are equal to microcomputer. They make up network with Fieldbus control system as the links to complete digital communication and other tasks.(2)Difference between FCS and DCS,FCS is updated control system after DCS integrated with digital control system and distributing control system. It solves the problem that in traditional DCS, devices made by different manufacturers cannot be connected. They can't realize exchange and operation to organize an network system with wider range of information sharing. It conquers the defect that special closed system for network should be used for communication in DCS to realize various functions of integrated automation. It turns the distributing structure combiningconcentration with deconcentration in DCS into new-type full distributing structure. It releases the control function to the field thoroughly and makes it possible to realize basic control function by means of fieldbus equipment itself. FCS breaks the traditional structure form of control system. The traditional analog control system adopts one-to-one equipment tie-wire and puts up connections respectively according to control loop. FCS adopts intelligent field equipment to place the control module, all input/output modules that used to be in the control chamber of DCS into field equipment. Since field equipment has ability to communicate, the field measuring and transferring instruments can transfer signals to actuating mechanism such as valve directly. Its control function can be fulfilled directly on the spot independent of the computer or control meter in the control chamber, which realizes thorough decentralized control.FCS adopts digital signals to replace analog signals so that multiple signals (including multiple operating parameter values, device status and failure information) can be transferred on a pair of cables. Meanwhile, it can give power supply to several devices. No switched block for analog/digital or digital/analog is needed besides fieldbus.(3)Characteristics of FCS●Open System;●Interoperability;● replace ability of devices made by different manufacturers.● Intelligentize and Autonomy;●Field equipment completing basic functions of automatic control.●Decentralized System Structure;●Field Adaptability;●Relatively Strong Interference Killing Feature and Safety●Intelligentized local equipment can save investment and quantity of hardware●Saving installation expenses and cables●Saving daily maintenance expenses●Enhancing accuracy and reliability of system●Enhancing initiativeness of system integration for users(4)Development Background and Trend of Fieldbus Control System,With the rapid development of computer and computer network, FCS has been rapidly developed as the interlinked communication network between the field intelligentdevices in the field of process automation, building and traffic etc. Because FCS meets the needs that industrial control system is developing in the way of decentralization, network and intellectualized, it has become the focus of global industrial automation and been universally concerned by the whole world. FCS has caused great revolutions on the aspects of system structure and function system for the current production of automation instrument, distributing control system and programmable controller. It is predicted that FCS will be the general trends in a very long time in the future fore sure.2 APPLICATION OF RELAYThe product reliability generally refers to the operating reliability. It is defined as: the ability of accomplishing the specified function under prescribed conditions and in prescribed time. It consists of intrinsic reliability and application reliability. The intrinsic reliability is determined by product designing and manufacturing technique, and the application reliability is concerned with the correct application of users and the services provided by the manufacturer before and after selling. When using relay, the user should pay attention to the following items.2.1 Coil applied voltageIt is best to choose the coil applicative voltage according to the rated voltage in design, or choose the voltage according to the temperature rising curve. Using any coil voltage that is less than the rated voltage will affect the operation of the relay. The coil operating voltage refers to the voltage that is applied between the coil terminals. The voltage value between the two terminals must be guaranteed, especially when using enlargement circuit to energize the coil. Whereas, it will also affect the relay characteristics if the applied voltage exceeds the highest rated voltage. Exorbitant voltage will bring exorbitant coil temperature rising, especially in high temperature ambient. Exorbitant temperature rising will damage the insulating material and affect the working safety of relay. For magnetic latching relay, energizing (or return) pulse width should not less than 3 times of the operating (or return) time, otherwise, the relay would be left on the middle-position state. When using solid-state components to energize the coil, the components dielectric strength must be above 80V, and the leakage of current must be as little as possible to ensure the relay to release.Energizing power source: Under 110% of the rated current, the adjusting ratio of the power source is less than 10% (or the output impedance is less than 5% of the coilimpedance), the wave voltage of the DC power source is less than 5%. The AC wave is sine wave; the waviness coefficient is between 0.95~1.25; wave distortion is within ±10%; the frequency change is within±1Hz or ±1% of the specified frequency (choosing the bigger value). The output power should not less than coil power consumption.2.2 Transient suppressionAt the moment when the coil power is stopped, peak-inverse voltage that is more than 30 times of the coil rated voltage is produced on the coil, which is harmful to the electronic circuit. Generally, the peak-inverse voltage is suppressed by transient suppression（cutting-peak）diode or resistance to limit the peak-inverse voltage within 50V. But the diode in parallel connection will delay3~5 times of the release time. If the request of the release time is high, a suitable resistance in series can be putted with and at one end of the diode.The power supply to relays in parallel connection and series connection,When several relays in parallel connection are supplied, the relay that the peak-inverse voltage is higher will release power to the relays that the peak-inverse voltage is lower. The release time of the relay will delay. So the relays in parallel connection should be controlled separately to eliminate mutual influence.The relays with different coil resistance and power can’t be used in series, otherwise, t he relay that the coil current is higher in the series circuit can’t operate reliably. Only the relays of the same specification can be used in series, but the peak-inverse voltage will be increased and the peak-inverse voltage should be suppressed. Resistance in series can be used to bear the part voltage that exceeds the rated voltage of the coil according to the ratio of the divided voltage.2.2.1 Contact loadThe load applied to the contacts should be accordant to the rated load and characteristics of the contacts. A load that is not applied according to the rated value range will cause problem. The relay that is only suitable for DC load can’t be used in AC occasions. The relay that can switch 10A load can’t always reliably operate in low level load (less than 10m A×6A) or in dry circuit occasions. The relay that can switch single-phase AC power source isn’t always suitable to switch two single-phase AC loads that aren’t synchronous; the relay that is only specif ied to switch the load of AC 50Hz（or 60Hz）can’t be used to switch AC load of 400Hz.2.2.2 Parallel and series connection of contactsThe contacts used in parallel connection can’t increase the load current, because the operating times of several sets of contacts are absolutely different; that is to say, there is still only a set of contacts switching the increased load. This would damage or weld the contacts and make the contacts can’t close or open. The parallel connection of the contacts can decrease t he misplay of “break”. But the parallel connection of the contacts would increase the misplay of “freezing”. Because the misplay of “break” is the main pattern of invalidation of contacts, the parallel connection can increase the reliability and can be used on the pivotal part of equipments. But the applied voltage should not exceed the highest operating voltage of the coil and should not less than 90% of the rated voltage, otherwise, the coil life and the applicative reliability would be damaged. The series connection of the contacts can increase the load voltage. The amount of the contact sets is equal to the times that the load voltage can be increased. The series connection of contacts can decrease the misplay of “freezing”, but it would increase the mis play of “break”. Anyway, when using redundant technology to increase the operating reliability of contacts, the characteristics and size and the failure mode of load must be considered.2.2.3 Switching speedThe switching speed should not exceed the reciprocal of 10 times of the sum of operating and release time (times/s), otherwise, the contacts can’t switch on steadily. Magnetic latching should be used under the pulse width specified in the technique criterion, or the coil may be damaged.3 RVT DISTRIBUTING ELECTRICITY INTEGRATE TESTAPPARATUSBasic functionMeasure asupervision:Three mutually electric voltage/electric current/ power factor with a great achievement/ power without a great achievement/electricity with a great achiverment/electricity/homophonic-wave electric voltage/ homophonic-wave electric/ current Day electric voltage/ electric current biggest and minimum value/fire for the failure Electric voltage over top, the limit/ lack mutually of time homophonic-wave analyzes is up to 13 times.The data is stored for 2 months.The data communicateRS232/485 communicating connect，The way in communicating can adopt the spot communicating or the long range communicating.，Possible to settle invoke orthe solid hour invokes, responding to the modification and long ranges control of the parameter.Without power compensationTaking physics measures as the power factor without a great achievement,the power factor with a great achievement and the dull place without power compensation;Y+ the combination method of the △，Y+ the △connects the line method，Y+ △ , Y, the △ connects the line method.Data managementAccording to WINDOW98 operation terrace, data in communication automatically reports born statement, curve and pillar form diagrams.Circulation of the protectionWhen the charged barbed wire net of mutually electric voltage over press, owe to press, and a super limit hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor，When the charged barbed wire net lacks mutually or super limit in the preface of zero hour fast cut off in expiation of capacitor.screen manifestationChinese operation interface，Adopt 128*64 the back light liquid crystal display.The solid hour shows the charged barbed wire net relevant parameter.view manifestation to place the parameter.现场总线控制系统的技术和应用随着新的科学技术革命的出现，在自动化工业领域中，自动控制技术的发展趋向于数字化和网络互联化。
介绍你的专业测控技术与仪器英语作文
The Essence of Measurement and Control Technology: An Introduction toInstrumentationIn the vast landscape of engineering disciplines, Measurement and Control Technology, often referred to as Instrumentation, stands as a pivotal force in the modern world. This field, encompassing multiple subdomains like automation, precision measurement, and control systems, is at the forefront of technological advancements, shaping how we interact with machines, systems, and the world at large. At its core, Instrumentation is the science and art of acquiring, processing, and utilizing information to monitor and control physical processes. This involves the design, development, and implementation of precise measuring devices, known as instruments, which are critical in converting raw data into meaningful information. These instruments range from simple thermometers and pressure gauges to complex sensors and automated systems, each tailored to specific applications and environments.The instrumentation engineer's toolbox is diverse, encompassing electronics, computer science, and mechanicalengineering principles. They must have a deep understanding of signal processing, which involves converting analog signals from sensors into digital information that computers can understand. This digital information is then processed using algorithms to extract valuable insights and control the system accordingly.Automation is a crucial aspect of Instrumentation. Automation systems, powered by instrumentation, enable precise control over various processes, from industrial manufacturing lines to spacecraft navigation. These systems can adjust parameters in real-time, optimizing performance and minimizing errors. Instrumentation engineers play a vital role in ensuring the reliability and efficiency of these systems, ensuring they function seamlessly under various conditions.Precision measurement is another cornerstone of Instrumentation. Accurate measurements are essential in fields like healthcare, where instrumentation is used to monitor patient health and administer treatment. In research and development, precise measurements are critical for understanding physical phenomena and推进技术突破。
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译5. InheritanceIn Figure , the classes SalesOrderCheclcPmt and SalesOrderCreditPmt are called subclasses of SalesOrder. The class SalesOrder is called the super class of SalesOrderCheckPmt and SalesOrderCreditPmt. The relationship between a class and its subclass (or superclass) is called generalization or specialization. Subclasses inherit attributes and operations from their class. A subclass has its own additional attributes and operations. For example, the class SalesOrderCreditPmt inherits the attributesorder No, order Date, delivery Date, and order Terms and the methods calcTotal and changeDelivDate. In this case, the class SalesOrder is the generalized class, and SalesOrderCheckPrmt and SalesOrderCreditPrmt are the specialized classes.6. PolymorphismEarlier it was mentioned that a DVR and a DVD player that respond similarly but differently to the same message are polymorphic. Polymorphism means “having many forms”. In the context of OQSAD, polymorphism means that the same message can invoke similar but different behavior. Thus, a message that invokes the operation calcTotalQ of a :SalesOrder object will result in the sales order total calculation; a message that invokes the operation calcTotaIQ of a PurchaseOrder object will result in a purchase order total calculation. Theimplementation of the operations in the respective classes will be different.Foundations of the object modelStructured design methods evolved to guide developers who were trying to build complex systems using algorithms as their fundamental building blocks. Similarly, object-oriented design methods have evolved to help developers exploit the expressive power of object-based and object- oriented programming languages, using the class and object as basic building blocks. Foundations of the object model.Actually, the object model has been influenced by a number of factors, not just object-oriented programming. The object model has proven to be a unifying concept in computer science, applicable not just to programming languages but also to the design of user interfaces, databases, and even computer architectures. The reason for this widespread appeal is simply thatan object orientation helps us to cope with the complexity inherent in many different kinds of systems.5。
测控技术与仪器专业毕业设计外文翻译
测控技术与仪器专业毕业设计外文翻译Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity,chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. Theoutput signalhas the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, thepulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing,recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automaticdetection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor:1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and aconversion or control element. For example,diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes andrings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changesin pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. Thisdisplacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage,resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electricalelements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combinationcan be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic andchemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemicalsensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usuallyobtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usuallyknown, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.(a)high fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of themeasured; there should be minimum distortion.(b)There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; thepresence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.(c)Size. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.文献 (d)There should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal.(e)The sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,forexample,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.(f)The natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequencyand harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories:1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offerhigh sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication ormesdurement.Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:(a)variable-control-parameter types,which include:(i)resistance(ii)capacitance(iii)inductance(iv)mutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.(b)self-generating types,which include(i)electromagnetic(ii)thermoelectric(iii)photoemissive(iv)piezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:(i)Those which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.(ii)Those which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuitmethods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.文献3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either therelative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infiniteresolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement orquantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctanceof the inductive circuit.Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:(a)A.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors. (b)A.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.(c)D.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor. (d)Frequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows: (i)resolution infinite(ii)accuracy?0.1% of full scale is quoted(iii)displacement ranges 25*10-6 m to 10-3m(iv)rise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level. 5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development aft er having been developed Modern computertechnology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability,文献speed of response and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvioustraditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtainedthe enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. JapaneseSharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Itsmanufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Likemay inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies between文献the constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ? ~ +1,500 ?; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; Thesize is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ?0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly,may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The surveyscope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmissionlight wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, changeand so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magneticfield size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti- corrosive, the electric insulation good, thepath of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level.Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology文献development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace theoriginal optics part and the passive light component; enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’corrosiontechnology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by thefeeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with thefrequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.(SMI) the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi (1KPa), it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion theelectrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron文献magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy. Another characteristic is can be sensitiveis small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation andcontrol technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will cause it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSORCorporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies,it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics:Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.文献 The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, usesthesemiconductor craft, makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor (Smart Sensor), on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country inthis aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.,Jon ——From《Sensor Technology Handbook》Wilson,Newnes文献传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。
测控技术与仪器 外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：自动化工程学院姓名：专业：□自动化学号0707250229□√测控技术与仪器班级：测控072班外文出处：资料1：The project sponsored by Science & TechnologyDeveloping Plan of Hebei province in China.2007,10(01):475-480资料2：Proceedings of the 3rd WSEAS Int. Conf. on CIRCUITS,SYSTEMS, SIGNAL and TELECOMMUNICATIONS.2009,51(17):120-125 附件：资料1：1.翻译译文；2.外文原文。
资料2：1.翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：2011年4 月9 日附件：资料1翻译译文基于USB接口的智能网络温度和湿度测量系统摘要：多数字输出相对湿度和温度传感器-SHT71是设置在系统中，它可以随时对环境监测点的温度和湿度进行实时测量。
温湿度值、露点值和每个测量点的日期和时间都显示在LCM显示模块（液晶显示模块）HY-12864K上。
与此同时，这些数据被保存在非易失性FRAM（铁电随机存取内存）的FM31256中，即可以保证在系统电源出现故障的情况下数据不丢失。
获得的数据可以直接上传到电脑中的USB 主机模式或间接地被复制到电脑而不经过USB设备模式磁盘领域的测试。
该应用软件不仅可以绘制出温度、湿度和露点曲线，计算出最大值，最小值，平均值，同时还可以做进一步的统计分析，报表打印和对系统的基本测量参数进行设置。
关键词：温湿度，USB接口，网络，FRAM。
1简介温湿度测量广泛使用在工业和农业生产，日常生活和研究开发中。
例如，湿度大可造成粮食变质，使药品、香烟和茶叶存储仓库发霉。
如果存放棉花的仓库中温度和湿度不合适，将会引起自燃。
同时，若温度控制不当，将会使精密仪器和半导体器件的性能降低。
测控技术与仪器专业英语全书翻译
jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real world around us which we
观察者。换句话说,仪器将最初的观察到任何观测者都表示会同意能封锁。For the measurement instrument’s output ,therefore ,objectively observable output such as numbers on an alpha-numerical display should be used rather than subjective assessment of such things as colour ,etc.. Designing such instruments ,which are referred to as measurement systems ,is the field of (measurement) instrumentation.用来测量仪器的输出,因此,客观观察的输 出如数字显示 alpha-numerical 应使用而不是主观评价诸如色彩,等。设计这样 的仪器都被称为量测系统,域(计量仪表。In the following ,we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement
测控技术与仪器专业 英语
测控技术与仪器专业英语Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments Measurement and control technology plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, research, and development.As a specialized field, it requires professionals with excellent skills and knowledge in areas such as sensors, data acquisition, signal conditioning, and control systems. The Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments program trains students to become proficient in all aspects of this field. In this article, we will explore the key subjects and skills covered in this program.1. Sensor Technology:Sensors are vital components in measurement and control systems. Students in this program learn about different types of sensors, such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors. They study how sensors work, how to select the appropriate sensor for a specific application, and how to calibrate and maintain sensors.2. Data Acquisition:Collecting accurate and reliable data is crucial for measurement and control systems. Students learn various data acquisition techniques, including analog-to-digital conversion, digital signal processing, and sampling theory. They gain hands-on experience with data acquisition systems and software tools used for data analysis and visualization.3. Signal Conditioning:In order to obtain accurate measurements, signals from sensorsneed to be conditioned and processed. Students learn about techniques for amplification, filtering, linearization, and noise reduction. They understand the importance of signal conditioning in maintaining data integrity and accuracy.4. Control Systems:Control systems are central to measurement and automation processes. Students study different types of control systems, such as feedback control, feedforward control, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. They learn about system modeling, stability analysis, and controller tuning. They gain practical experience in designing and implementing control systems for various applications.5. Measurement Techniques:This program emphasizes different measurement techniques used in industrial and scientific settings. Students gain knowledge of measurement principles, uncertainty analysis, and standards. They learn about techniques such as calibration, metrology, and error analysis. They also study measurement instruments and their applications, including oscilloscopes, multimeters, spectrometers, and chromatographs.6. Instrumentation and Automation:Instrumentation and automation are integral parts of measurement and control technology. Students learn about different instruments used in industrial processes and research laboratories. They study automation techniques, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. They become proficient indesigning and implementing modern instrumentation and automation solutions.7. Industrial Applications:Measurement and control technology has wide application in various industries, such as manufacturing, aerospace, energy, and medicine. Students learn about the specialized requirements and challenges of different industries. They study case studies and real-world projects to gain practical insights into applying measurement and control techniques to solve industrial problems.In conclusion, the Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments program covers a comprehensive range of subjects and skills necessary for professionals in this field. From sensor technology to control systems and from data acquisition to instrumentation and automation, students gain a solid foundation in measurement and control principles. With this knowledge, they can contribute to improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of industrial processes and scientific research.。
测控技术与仪器类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献翻译本文将简要介绍接触角的应用和测量技术。
主要讨论并比较了这两种测量技术。
什么是接触角？接触角θ是用来定量表征液体对固体的润湿性。
如下面的几何图形所示，接触角是由固体、液体、气体三相边界组成的，有液体一侧到固体部分的角度。
从图中可以看出：接触角θ的值小，则表明液体铺展或者润湿性好。
而接触角θ的值较大，则表明润湿性较差。
如果接触角θ小于90度，也就是说，液体浸润固体，如果接触角的值大于90度，就是说不浸润，而0度接触角表明完全润湿。
用一个单独的静态接触角来表征界面间的相互影响还不是太充分。
对于任意给定的液固界面，总可以一系列存在的接触角。
人们发现，静态接触角的值取决于液固界面的相互影响。
人们把液滴铺展的接触角称为“前进接触角”，而把缩小的接触角称为“后退接触角”。
前进接触角接近于最大值，后退接触角接近于最小值，而这一系列角的值就在这最大值和最小值之间。
在实际运动中，三相(液体、固体、气体)边界产生的角称为动态接触角，也可以指“前进的”和“后退的”的角。
“前进的”和“在前进的”或“后退的”和“在后退的”区别在于在静态运动的开始实际上是动态的。
动态接触角是在各种比率的速度下测定的，在较低的速度下测定的动态接触角应该是静态接触角相等。
滞后现象最大的（前进的/在前进的）和最小的（后退的/在后退的）接触角之间的差值就是接触角的滞后现象。
已经有大量的研究分析了接触角滞后现象的意义。
它通常用来表征表面的多向性、粗糙性和活性。
简而言之，对于不均匀的表面，在表面上出现阻碍接触线移动的区域。
对于化学多向性这种情况，这些区域指的是比周围表面有不同接触角的区域。
下面以水润湿为例，当液体前进而接触角的增加，憎水区域将锁定接触线。
当水从亲水区域退湿时，将阻碍接触线的移动，而减小接触角。
从这些分析中可以看出，用水测试时，前进接触角对憎水区敏感，而后退接触角表征了表面亲水区的特征。
表面粗糙性产生接触角的滞后现象，在这种情况下，显微镜的实际倾斜度的变化在固体表面产生了障碍。
测控技术与仪器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the greatmeasure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..1.Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology and enlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical aret·Ostmen ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.1.1 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are nonmanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the Centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is Luminal or Luminal alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole Luminal alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidityand dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility. According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. Hyper Mach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultraprecision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already (0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .1.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adoptcomplex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the Diminution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.1.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, markedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if Thedford control , adaptive operation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company markedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes andsystematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Caber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Kazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Kokum ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction. 1.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up1.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in the open numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.1.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research ofSTEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.2 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our countryThe technology of numerical control of our country started in 1958, the development course in the past 50 years can roughly be divided into 3 stages: The first stage is from 1958 to 1979, namely closed developing stage. In this stages, because technology of foreign countries blockade and basic restriction of terms of our country, the development of numerical control technology is comparatively slow. During "Sixth Five-Year Plan Period" , " the Seventh Five-Year Plan Period " of the country in second stage and earlier stage in " the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period ", namely introduce technology, digest and assimilate, the stage of establishing the system of production domestication Singhalese tentatively. At this stage , because of reform and opening-up and national attention , and study the improvement of the development environment and international environment, research , development and all making considerable progress in production domestication of the products of the technology of numerical control of our country. The third stage is and during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan Period" on the later stage in "the Eighth Five-Year Plan Period" of the country, namely implement the research of industrialization, enter market competition stage. At this stage, made substantive progress in industrialization of the domestic numerical control equipment of our country. In latter stage for "the Ninth Five-Year Plan ", the domestic occupation rate of market of the domestic numerical control lathe is up to 50%, it is up to 10% too to mix the domestic numerical control system (popular).Make a general survey of the development course in the past 50 years of technology of numerical control of our country, especially through tackling key problems of 4 Five-Year Plans, all in all has made following achievements.a. Have established the foundation of the technical development of numerical control, has mastered modern numerical control technology basically. Our country has already, the numerical control host computer, basic technology of special plane and fittings grasped and driven from the numerical control system and survey basically now, among them most technology have already possessed and commercialized the foundation developed, some technology has already, industrialization commercialized.b. Have formed the industrial base of numerical control tentatively. In tackling key problems the foundation that the achievement and some technology commercialize, set up the systematic factories of numerical control with production capacity in batches such as numerical control in Central China, numerical control of thespaceflight etc.. Electrical machinery plant of Lanzhou, such factory and the first machine tool plant of Beijing , the first machine tool plant of Jinan ,etc. several numerical control host computer factories of a batch of servo systems and servo electrical machineries as the numerical control in Central China, etc.. These factories have formed the numerical control industrial base of our country basically.c. Have set up a numerical control research, development, managerial talent's basic team.Though has made considerable progress in research and development and industrialization of numerical control technology, but we will realize soberly, the research and development of the technology of advanced numerical control of our country, especially there is greater disparity in current situation and current demand of our country of engineering level in industrialization. Though very fast from watching the development of our country vertically, have disparity horizontally more than (compare foreign countries with) not merely engineering level, there is disparity too in development speed in some aspects, namely the engineering level disparity between some high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control equipment has the tendency to expand . Watch from world, estimate roughly as follows about the engineering level of numerical control of our country and industrialization level.a. On the engineering level, in probably backward 10-1 years with the advanced level in foreign countries, it is bigger in high-quality precision and sophisticated technology.b. On the industrialization level, the occupation rate of market is low, the variety coverage rate is little, have not formed the large-scale production yet; The specialized level of production of function part and ability of forming a complete set are relatively low; Appearance quality is relatively poor; Dependability is not high, the commercialized degree is insufficient; One's own brand effect that the domestic numerical control system has not been set up yet, users have insufficient confidence.c. On the ability of sustainable development, research and development of numerical control technology, project ability is relatively weak to the competition; It is not strong that the technological application of numerical control expands dynamics; Research, formulation that relevant standards are normal lag behind.It is analyzed that the main reason for having above-mentioned disparity has the following several respect.a. Realize the respect. Know to industry's process arduousness , complexity and long-term characteristic of domestic numerical control insufficiently; It is difficult to underestimate to add strangling, system, etc. to the Standard, foreign blockade of the market; It is not enough to ana lyse to the technological application level and ability of numerical control of our country.b. System. Pay close attention to numerical control industrialization many in the issue, consider numerical control industrialization little in the issue synthetically in terms of the systematic one, industry chain in terms of technology; Have not set up related system, perfect training , service network of intact high quality ,etc. and supported the system.c. Mechanism. It causes the brain drain, restraining technology and technologicalroute from innovating again, products innovation that the bad machine is made, and has restricted the effective implementation of planning, has often planned the ideal, implement the difficulty.d. Technology. The autonomous innovation in technology of enterprises is indifferent; the project of key technology is indifferent. The standard of the lathe lags behind, the level is relatively low, it is not enough for new standard of the numerical control system to study. 3 pairs of strategic thinking of technology and industrialized development of numerical control of our country3.1 Strategic considerationOur country make big country, industry is it is it accept front instead of transformation of back end to try one's best to want in shifting in world, namely should master and make key technology advanced, otherwise in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, the manufacturing industry of our country will step forward and " leave the core spaces ". We regard resource, environment , market as the cost, it is only an international " machining center " in the new economic pattern of the world to exchange the possibility got and " assemble the Centre ", but not master the position of the manufacturing center of key technology , will so influence the development process of the modern manufacturing industry of our country seriously.We should stand in the height of national security strategy paying attention to numerical control technology and industry's question , at first seen from social safety, because manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people's living standard but also can alleviate the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society; Secondly seen from national defense security, the western developed country has classified all the high-grade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realizing the embargo and restriction to our country, " Toshiba incident " and " Cox Report " is the best illustration.3.2 Development tacticsProceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the comprehensive competitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose to make key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and support technology supporting the development of industrialization in our country in initial stage of 21st century in leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development . Emphasize market demand is a direction, namely take terminal products of numerical control as the core, with the complete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine, high speed high precise high-performance numerical control lathe, digitized machinery of model, key industry key equipment, etc.) drive the development of the numerical controlindustry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability that (digitized servo system and electrical machinery, high speed electric main shaft system and new-enclosure that equip, etc.) and production scale question. There are no products that scale will not have high dependability; Will not have cheap and products rich in the competitiveness without scale; Certainly, it is difficult to have day holding up one's head finally that there is no scale Chinese numerical control equipment.In equiparating researching and developing high-grade , precision and advancemen , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close combination of the end user, regard " drawing, using, selling " as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country.Numerical control technology, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing the technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the competition, establish the foundation for the industry of numerical control of our country, sustainable development of equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry数控技术和装备的发展趋势及对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的最终技术和最基本的装备。
中英文文献翻译-SJA1000—独立的CAN控制器
附录A 英文原文SJA1000—Stand-alone CAN controller1. INTRODUCTIONThe SJA1000 is a stand-alone CAN Controller product with advanced features for use in automotive and general industrial applications. It is intended to replace the PCA82C200 because it is hardware and software compatible. Due to an enhanced set of functions this device is well suited for many applications especially when systemoptimization, diagnosis and maintenance are important.This report is intended to guide the user in designing complete CAN nodes based on the SJA1000. The report provides typical application circuit diagrams and flow charts for programming.2. OVERVIEWThe stand-alone CAN controller SJA1000 1 has two different Modes of Operation:1.BasicCAN Mode (PCA82C250 compatible).2.PeliCAN Mode.Upon Power-up the BasicCAN Mode is the default mode of operation. Consequently, existing hardware and software developed for the PCA82C250 can be used without any change. In addition to the functions known from the PCA82C250 , some extra features have been implemented in this mode which make the device more attractive. However, they do not influence the compatibility to the PCA82C250.The PeliCAN Mode is a new mode of operation which is able to handle all frame types according to CAN specification 2.0B. Furthermore it provides a couple of enhanced features which makes the SJA1000 suitable for a wide range of applications.2.1 SJA1000 FeaturesThe features of the SJA1000 can be clustered into three main groups:1.Well-established PCA82C200 FunctionsFeatures of this group have already been implemented in the PCA82C250.2.Improved PCA82C200 FunctionsPartly these functions have already been implemented in the PCA82C250. However, in the SJA1000 they have been improved in terms of speed, size or performance.3.Enhanced Functions in PeliCAN ModeIn PeliCAN Mode the SJA1000 offers a couple of Error Analysis Functions supporting diagnosis, system maintenance and optimization. Furthermore functions for general CPU support and System Self Test have been added in this mode.2.2 CAN Node ArchitectureGenerally each CAN module can be divided into different functional blocks. The connection to the CAN bus linesis usually built with a CAN Transceiver optimized for the applications. The transceiver controls thelogic level signals from the CAN controller into the physical levels on the bus and vice versa.The next upper level is a CAN Controller which implements the complete CAN protocol defined in the CAN Specification 8. Often it also covers message buffering and acceptance filtering.All these CAN functions are controlled by a Module Controller which performs the functionality of the application. For example, it controls actuators, reads sensors and handles the man-machine interface (MMI).As shown in Figure 1 the SJA1000 stand-alone CAN controller is always located between a microcontroller and the transceiver, which is an integrated circuit in most cases.Figure 1 CAN Module Set-up2.3 Block DiagramThe following figure shows the block diagram of the SJA1000.The CAN Core Block controls the transmission and reception of CAN frames according to the CAN specification.The Interface Management Logic block performs a link to the external hostcontroller which can be a microcontroller or any other device. Every register access via the SJA1000 multiplexed address/data bus and controlling of the read/write strobes is handled in this unit. Additionally to the BasicCAN functions known from the PCA82C250, new PeliCAN features have been added. As a consequence of this, additional registers and logic have been implemented mainly in this block.Figure 2: Block Diagram SJA1000The Transmit Buffer of the SJA1000 is able to store one complete message (Extended or Standard). Whenever a transmission is initiated by the host controller the Interface Management Logic forces the CAN Core Block to read the CAN message from the Transmit Buffer.When receiving a message, the CAN Core Block converts the serial bit stream into parallel data for the Acceptance Filter. With this programmable filter the SJA1000 decides which messages actually are received by the host controller.All received messages accepted by the acceptance filter are stored within a Receive FIFO. Depending on the mode of operation and the data length up to 32 messages can be stored. This enables the user to be more flexible when specifying interrupt services and interrupt priorities for the system because the probability of data overrun conditions is reduced extremely.3. SYSTEMFor connection to the host controller, the SJA1000 provides a multiplexed address/data bus and additional read/write control signals. The SJA1000 could be seen as a peripheral memory mapped I/O device for the host controller.3.1 SJA1000 ApplicationConfiguration Registers and pins of the SJA1000 allow to use all kinds of integrated or discrete CAN transceivers. Due to the flexible microcontroller interfaceapplications with different microcontrollers are possible.Figure 3 Typical SJA1000 Application3.2 Power SupplyThe SJA1000 has three pairs of voltage supply pins which are used for different digital and analog internal blocks of the CAN controller.1.VDD1 / VSS1: internal logic (digital).2.VDD2 / VSS2: input comparator (analog).3.VDD3 / VSS3: output driver (analog).The supply has been separated for better EME behaviour. For instance the VDD2 can be de-coupled via an RC filter for noise suppression of the comparator.3.3 ResetFor a proper reset of the SJA1000 a stable oscillator clock has to be provided at XTAL1 of the CAN controller,see also chapter 3.4. An external reset on pin 17 is synchronized and internally lengthened to 15 TXTAL. This guarantees a correct reset of all SJA1000 registers (see1). Note that an oscillator start-up time has to be taken into account upon power-up.3.4 Oscillator and Clocking StrategyThe SJA1000 can operate with the on-chip oscillator or with external clock sources. Additionally the CLK OUT pin can be enabled to output the clock frequency for the host controller. Figure 4 shows four different clocking principles for applications with the SJA1000. If the CLK OUT signal is not needed, it can be switched off with the Clock Divider register (Clock Off = 1). This will improve the EME performance of the CAN node.The frequency of the CLK OUT signal can be changed with the Clock DividerRegister:CLK OUT = f XTAL / Clock Divider factor (1,2,4,6,8,10,12,14).Upon power up or hardware reset the default value for the Clock Divider factor depends on the selected interface mode (pin 11). If a 16 MHz crystal is used in Intel mode, the frequency at CLK OUT is 8 MHz. In Motorola mode a Clock Divider factor of 12 is used upon reset which results in 1,33 MHz in this case.Figure 4 Clocking Schemes3.4.1 Sleep and Wake-upUpon setting the Go To Sleep bit in the Command Register (BasicCAN mode) or the Sleep Mode bit in the Mode Register (PeliCAN mode) the SJA1000 will enter Sleep Mode if there is no bus activity and no interrupt is pending. The oscillator keeps on running until 15 CAN bit times have been passed. This allows a microcontroller clocked with the CLK OUT frequency to enter its own low power consumption mode.If one of three possible wake-up conditions occurs the oscillator is started again and a Wake-up interrupt is generated. As soon as the oscillator is stable the CLK OUT frequency is active.3.5 CPU InterfaceThe SJA1000 supports the direct connection to two famous microcontroller families: 80C51 and 68xx. With the MODE pin of the SJA1000 the interface mode is selected.Intel Mode: MODE = high.Motorola Mode: MODE = low.The connection for the address/data bus and the read/write control signals in both Intel and Motorola mode is shown in Figure 5. For Philips 8-bit microcontrollersbased on the 80C51 family and the 16-bit microcontrollers with XA architecture the Intel Mode is used.For other controllers additional glue logic is necessary for adaptation of the address/data bus and the control signals. However, it has to be made sure that no write pulses are generated during power-up. Another possibility is to disable the CAN controller with a high-level on the chip select input in this time.Figure 5 CPU Interface of the SJA10003.6 Physical Layer InterfaceFor compatibility purposes with the PCA82C250, the SJA1000 includes an analog receive input comparator circuit. This integrated comparator can be used if the transceiver function is realized with discrete components.Figure 6 SJA1000 Receive Input ComparatorIf an external integrated transceiver circuit is used and the comparator bypassfunction is not enabled in the Clock Divider Register, the RX1 input has to be connected to a reference voltage of 2.5V (reference voltage output of existing transceiver circuits). Figure 6 shows the equivalent circuits for both configurations: CBP = active and CBP = inactive. Additionally the path for the wake-up signal is drawn.For all new applications where an integrated transceiver circuit is used, it is recommended to activate the comparator bypass function of the SJA1000 (Figure 7). If this function is enabled, a schmitt-trigger input is used and the internal propagation delay TD2 is much shorter as the delay TD1. of the receive comparator. This has a positive impact on the maximum bus length6. Additionally, it will reduce the supply current in sleep mode significantly.Figure 7 Standard application with integrated transceiver circuit附录B 英文翻译SJA1000—独立的CAN控制器1.介绍控制器局部网CAN是一个串行的异步的多主机的通讯协议SJA1000是一个独立的CAN控制器它在汽车和普通的工业应用上有先进的特征由于硬件和软件的兼容它将会替代PCA82C250。
测控技术与仪器 外文文献 外文翻译 英文文献 电子秤
Electronic scalesElectronic scales are weighing technology in a new type of instrument is widely used in various occasions. Electronic scales and mechanical scales have more small size, light weight, simple structure, low price and practical value of strong, convenient maintenance and so on can be in a variety of environmental work, the weight of the signal can be Remote, the weight of display is easy to implement digital, easy-to-computer network, production automation, higher labor productivity. Scale labels in the supermarket is in the application of face value. A small label contains: name, price, weight, etc. 11 list in this small electronic label. Greatly accelerated the use of label machine sales pace, but also convenient for customers. Top barcode labels have many remarkable features of scale, Ethernet feature makes the management more convenient.Electronic Scale Classification (scales can be divided into mechanical and electronic type)1．How it works: electronic works in electronic components (weighing sensor, AD conversion circuit, microcontroller circuits, display circuit, keyboard circuitry, communications interface circuits, regulated power supply circuit circuit.2．using the function: electronic weighing the use of modern sensor technology, electronics and computer technology integration,electronic weighing devices, in order to meet and solve real life's "fast, accurate, continuous, automatic" weighing requirements, while effectively eliminating human error, to make it more in line with the management of legal metrology and industrial production process control applications.3. Three health scales are weighing the use of features in a category (divided into mechanical and electronic), inexpensive, it can help people to effectively monitor their own body weight changes, new products also can detect their fat content, but also Somehuman-oriented subsidiary functions. May not be part of measuring equipment.4．Electronic Scale is a measurement of the state compulsory test apparatus, and his qualified products are test indexing the value of D values of e and subdivision standards, is subject to the protection of the national metrology products. In the electronic weighing there is a category called "human scale" products, which can test in the measurement sector, weighing very precise.Block diagram interpretation of the principle of electronic balanceThe first part of the electronic scale principle block diagram:Program K / B (button) ↑ Fx → Sensors → OP Zoom → A / D converter → CPU → → di splay driver display memoryWorkflow Note: When an object on the pan when the pressure facilities to the sensor that occurred deformation, so that resistance to change, while the use of excitation voltage changes, the output of a change in analog signal. This signal amplification by the amplifier output to the ADC. Converted to facilitate the processing of the digital signal output to the CPU operator control. CPU under the keyboard commands and program output to display this result. Until the show such a result.The second part of the scale of the classification: 1. According to principles of points: E-scale mechanical scale mechanical and electrical integration scales 2. According to the functions sub: Counting Scales Weighing Scale Pricing Scale 3. Purpose: Industrial Commercial Scales Special Scales BalanceThe third part of the scale types: 1. The full name of the desktop Scale refers to the volume of less than 30Kg electronic scale 2. The full name of platform scale refers to the volume within the 30-300Kg Electronic Scale 3. Loadometer full name refers to the volume of more than 300Kg Electronic Scale 4. Precision Balance4th Part of the accuracy of classification: I Class: Special scales precision ≥ 1 / 10 Wan II level: high-precision scale 1 / 10000 ≤ precision of "1 / 100,000 III: the accuracy of scale 1 / 1000 ≤ precision of "1 / 10000 Class IV: Common Scale 1 / 100 ≤ precision of" 1 / 1000Part V of professional terminology: 1. Maximum weighing: an electron balance, excluding tare weight, the maximum load can weigh;2. Minimum weigh: a electronic scales below the value that would have occurred when a relatively error;3. safe load: 120% of the normal weighing range;4. Rated load: normal weighing range;5. permissible error: class test when the maximum deviation;6. a sense of quantity: a single electronic scales can show the smallest scale; usually "d" to represent;7. analytic capacity: a function with a count of the electronic scales, can distinguish the smallest scale;8. Resolution: a counting function with an electronic scale, the internal capacity of a Resolution of a parameter;9. Warm-up time: a scale used to achieve the targets of the time; 10. Accuracy: The full name of a sense of volume and volume ratios; 11. electronic scale use of environmental temperature: -10 degrees Celsius to 40 degrees Celsius 12. platform scale The table size: 25cm X 30cm 30cm X 40cm 40cm X 50cm 42cm X 52cm 45cm X60cmPart VI electronic scale features: 1. To achieve long-distance operations; 2. To achieve automatic control; 3. Figures show that an intuitive, reduce human error; 4. High accuracy and resolution strong;5. Weighing range is wide; 6 . unique features: buckle weight, withholding weight, zero, accumulated, warning, etc.; 7. maintenance simple; 8. size is small; 9. installation, calibration simple; 10. special industry, can be accessed by the printer or computer-driven; 11.Intelligent electronic scale, quick reaction, high efficiency; Part VII of the electronic scale inspection process: 1. First, the overall examination: whether the wear and tear; 2. Whether the boot: the boot sequence is from 0 to 9 in turn shows that figures are vague, can zero; 3. Whether the backlight ; 4. with the weight tests in weighing; 5. chargers is intact, can use; 6. parts are complete; Part VIII sensor type: 1. Resistive: affordable, high accuracy, widely used; 2. Capacitive: small size, low precision; 3. Maglev-style: special high-precision, high cost; 4. Hydraulic formula: the current the market has been eliminated; Display Type: 1.LCD (liquid crystal display): free electricity, energy-saving, with backlight; 2.LED: free electricity, power consumption, very bright;3. Lamp: electricity, power consumption , high; K / B (button) type: 1. film button: contact type; 2. mechanical buttons: made up of many individual combinations of keys together; sensor characteristics: 1. rated load; 2. output sensitivity; 3. non-linear;4. hysteresis;5. repeatable;6. creep;7. 12:00 output effects;8. rated output temperature;9. 12:00 input; 10. input impedance; 11. output impedance; 12. Insulation Resistance ; 13. to allow excitation voltage; (5-18V)Part IX sensor damaged phenomenon: 1. Weighing not allowed;2. Shows no return to zero;3. Shows the number of bounce to judge the sensor + E,-E, + S,-S 1. The first to use resistance profile measurement 4-line 22 This resistance value, a total of 6 groups. The case of 400-450,compared with Europe + E,-E; if it is 350 in Europe, compared to +S,-S; for the 290 in Europe, compared to R-arm; 2. + E,-E terminated on the + 1.5V voltageSensor correctly to exert a pressure, such as the output + _S increase, then the red table pens as + S, the contrary-S; 10th part of the high-precision counting scale features: 1.Kg/Ib unit conversion functions; 2. 12:00 display range adjustment function (GLH series does not) 3. Sampling speed adjustment function; 4. There are 10 groups memory function singlet; 5. may be at the same time the weight, quantity, the cumulative function (GLH only the number of cumulative) 6. can set the weight, the maximum amount of warning function; 7. automatic zero tracking, temperature linear correction; 8. deduction of withholding heavy weight and function; 9. Standby function; 10. there is zero shows zero tracking range and scope; 11. there is the battery voltage control to limit the function; Electronic scales are weighing technology in a new type of instrument is widely used in various occasions. Electronic scales and mechanical scales have more small size, light weight, simple structure, low price and practical value of strong, convenient maintenance and so on can be in a variety of environmental work, the weight of the signal can be Remote, the weight of display is easy to implement digital, easy-to-computer networking, process automation of production and improve laborproductivity. Electronic Scale also has an automatic zero tracking, overload display of self-extinguishing characteristics.Mechanical scales, floor scale / land in the value (car value), weigh-bridges and other fitted force-sensitive sensors and microcomputer-controlled intelligent weighing instruments become intelligent digital electrical and mechanical balance (or the mechanical and electrical dual-use scales), to improve the mechanical balance of the measurement accuracy, with low cost, high reliability, simple installation and so on, without prejudice to the original mechanical scales to any transmission bearing structure. There are peeled, set to zero, the cumulative number of times, the cumulative weight (cumulative amount of valuation-based), auto-zeroing, auto-tracking and other functions. Weighing data can be directly printed or transmitted via computer networks, industrial processes can improve the level of scale and product quality, trade clearing with the scale can improve the credibility of incalculable social and economic benefits.Electronic Scale is basically a sensor, amplifier circuit, A / D conversion circuit, microcontroller control of display parts, switch matrix circuit, the keyboard circuit and power circuit. Weight sensor signals are converted to a corresponding electrical signal, after amplified into the A / D converted into pulses weight, through the SCM under the control of the analog voltage signals into digital. Thedigital conversion by the SCM program in line with the actual weight of the value of sending the number of display windows.MCU at the same time the keyboard and switch matrix for monitoring. According to the input parameter values, the program handled accordingly. Power circuit to provide the various parts of the operating voltage. Microprocessors such as 8050, HD404418F, 8031, etc. CPU. Highly versatile motherboard, different values of range and sub-degree scales, just adjust the jumpers on the motherboard and the DIP switch can be achieved, the only difference is that the sensor used with a rated carrying capacitySensor is a physical device or biological organ that can detect and feel the outside of the signal, physical condition (such as light, heat, humidity) or chemical composition (such as smoke), and Discovery of information to other devices or organs. Definition of sensorNational standard GB7665-87 sensor is defined as: "can feel the requirements are measured and converted in accordance with the laws of certain signal device or devices available, usually composed of sensitive components and conversion devices." Sensor is a detection device, can feel the information being measured, and can detect sense of information, according to certain laws of transformation into electrical signals, or other forms of information required for output to meet the information transmission, processing, storage, display,recording and control requirements. It is the automatic detection and control of the primary link.The role of sensorPeople in order to obtain information from the outside world must help of sense organs. And rely on people's own sense organs, the study of natural phenomena and laws, and production activities in their functions on far enough. To meet this situation, we need sensors. It can be said sensor is an extension of human senses, also known as electronic features.The arrival of the new technological revolution, the world entered the information age. In the course of the use of information, we must first resolve is to obtain accurate and reliable information, and sensors is to obtain information in the field of natural and production of the main ways and means.In modern industrial production, especially automated production process, the use of various sensors to monitor and control the various parameters of the production process, so that devices work best in the normal state or condition, and to achieve the best quality products. Therefore we can say, without a large number of good sensors, modern production base will be lost.In the basic science research, a more prominent position sensor.The development of modern science and technology into many new areas: for example, thousands of light years to observe the macro level of the vast universe, to observe microscopically small particles cm the world, vertical, to observe the evolution over hundreds of years of celestial bodies , a short response to the s moment. In addition, there was even a matter of deepening understanding, developing new energy, new materials, play an important role in a variety of extreme technology such as ultra-high temperature, ultra-low temperature, high pressure, ultra-high vacuum, powerful magnetic field, ultra-weak magnetic bagging, etc. . Obviously, to obtain a large number of human senses can not directly access the information,Not compatible with sensors is impossible. Many basic scientific research obstacles, first of all to obtain information on the object is difficult, and a new highly sensitive detection mechanism and the emergence of sensors, often lead to breakthroughs in the field. The development of a number of sensors is often a pioneer in the development of marginal subjects.Sensor has already penetrated into, such as industrial production, space development, marine exploration, environmental protection, resource survey, medical diagnostics, biotechnology, and even conservation areas and so most of the pan. It is no exaggeration to say that, from the vast space, the vastness of the ocean, as well as a variety of complex engineering systems, almost every modern project, areinseparable from a variety of sensors.Thus, the sensor technology in economic development, promote the important role of social progress is very clear. Countries in the world attach great importance to the development of this area. I believe in the near future, there will be a leap in sensor technology, to achieve status commensurate with its important new level.Sensor classificationDifferent views can be classified on the sensors: they transform principle (Transducer on the basic physical or chemical effect); their purpose; their output signal types and the production of their materials and processes.Working principle of the sensor can be divided into physical sensors and chemical sensors two categories:Sensor working principle of the classification of physical sensors that physical effects, such as the piezoelectric effect, magnetostriction, ionization, polarization, thermal, optical, magnetic and electric effects. Small changes in the amount of the measured signal will be converted into electrical signals.Chemical sensors, including those with chemical adsorption,electrochemical reaction, a causal relationship between the phenomenon of the sensor, the measured signal will be small changes in volume converted to electrical signals.Some sensors can not divided into physics, can not be divided into chemical classes. Most of the physics-based sensor is functioning. Many problems of chemical sensor technology, such as reliability issues, the possibility of mass production, prices, etc., solve such problems, the application of chemical sensors will have tremendous growth.Dynamic characteristicThe so-called dynamic characteristics, is the change in the input sensor, its output characteristics. In practice, the sensor's dynamic characteristics common to certain standards of its response to said input signal. This is because the sensor response to the standard input signal easily obtained by experiment, and its standard input signal response and its response to any input signal exists between the relationship, often the latter that the former can be presumed. The most commonly used standard input signal and sine signal with step two, so the dynamic characteristics of sensors are commonly used in the step response and frequency response to that.电子秤电子秤是称重技术中的一种新型仪表，广泛应用于各种场合。
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5__)第1章课后Underwater Acoustic SignalIn the operation of a sonar system the operator is repeatedly faced with the problem of detecting a signal which is obscured by noise. This signal may be an echo resulting from a transmitted signal over which the operator has some control, or it may have its origin in some e_ternal source. These two modes of operation arise in radar surveillance and in disciplines for techniques and for illustrations of the basic principles. Since there are many ways in which one can think about signal detection , it is desirable to define a term to denote special cases . The word detection will be used when the question to be answered is, ?Are one or more signals present?? when the system is designed to provide an answered to this question , either deterministic or probabilistic, one speaks of hypothesis testing. The case of a single signal occurs so often that many system are designed to provide only two answers, ?Yes , a signal is present,? or ?No, there is no signal.? One can make the problem more complicated by endeavoring to classify the signal into categories. Decisions of this latter kind will be referred to as targetclassification.Normally a piece of detection equipment is designed to operate in a fi_ed mode and the parameters such as integrating time of rectifier circuits or persistence of the oscilloscope tube for visual detection cannot be changed readily. There will always be some uncertain signals, which the observer will be hesitant to reject or accept. In these cases the operator might have the feeling that if the integrating time of thedetector or the persistence of the oscilloscope tube were longer, he could reach a decision about the e_istence of the signal. Wald(_50) has formulated this intuitive feeling into a theory of detection. When one is able to vary deliberately the interval over which one stores data in thereception system in order to achieve a certain level of certainty, one speaks of sequential detection. Frequently it is desirable to determine not only the presence or absence of the signal but also one or more parameters associated with the signal . The parameters of interest can vary widely from a simple quantity such as time of arrival or target bearing to the recovery of the completewaveform . When a system is designed to recover one or more parameters associated with thesignal , one speaks of signal e_traction.The word signal was not defined and it was assumed that the reader had an intuitive felling for the word. Some elaboration may be in order since the definition of signal subjective and depends on theapplication . One may say that ?signal? is what one wants to observe and noise is anything that obscures the observation. Thus, a tuna fisherman who is searching the ocean with the aid of sonar equipment will be overjoyed with sounds that are impairing the performance of a nearby sonar system engaged in tracking a submarine. Quite literally, one man?s signal is another man?s noise.Signals come in all shapes and forms. In active sonar system one may use simple sinusoidal signals of fi_ed duration and modulations thereof. There are impulsive signals such as those made withe_plosions or thumpers. At the other e_treme one may make use of pseudorandom signals. In passive systems, the signals whose detection is sought may be noise in the conventional meaning of the word; noise produced by propellers or underwater swimmers, for e_ample. It should be evidentthat one of our problem will be the formulation of mathematical techniques that can be used to describe the signal. Although the source in an active sonar search system may be designed to transmit a signal known shape, there is no guarantee that the return signal whose detection is sought will be similar. In fact , there are many factors to change the signal. The amplitude loss associated with inverse sphericalspreading is most unfortunate for the detection system nut it does not entail any distortion of the wave shape . (Incidentally, where the wave can be appro_imated locally as a plane wave.) The acoustic medium has an attenuation factor , which depends on the frequency . This produces a slight distortion of the wave shape and a corresponding change in the energy spectrum of the pulse. The major changes in the waveform result from acoustic boundaries and inhomogeneities in the medium.When echoes are produced by e_tended targets such as submarines, there are two distinct ways in which echo structure is affected. First, there is the interference between reflections from the different leads to a target strength that fluctuates rapidly with changes in the aspect. Secondly, there is theelongation of the composite echo due to the distribution of reflecting features along the submarines. This means that the duration of the composite echo is dependent in a simple manner on the aspect angle. If T is the duration of the echo from a point scatterer, and L is the length of the submarine, the duration of the returned echo will be T=(2L/c)cosA ,where A is the acute angle between the major a_is of the submarine and the line joining the source and the submarine. C is the velocity of sound in the water. Of course, LcosA must be replaced by the beam width of the submarine when A is near.A final source of pulse distortion is the Doppler shifts produced by the relative motions between the source, and the target (or detector inpassive listening) may each have a different velocity relative to the bottom, the variety of effects may be quite large.水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中,操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波.干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号.这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响.类似的情况在雷达监测.工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到.当你想到信号检测时有多种方法,那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的.当问题的答案是〝当前有一个还是一个多个信号?〞时,检波一词将被使用.一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性,这就需要谈及假设检验;当一个信号反复出现的情况下,许多系统只被设计提供两个答案:〝是的,当前有一个信号〞或〝不,当前没有信号〞.力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化,因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类.一般来说,一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作,不容易被改变,例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管.当出现不明信号时,观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑.在这种情况下,操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在.沃尔德（_50）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉.如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平,这就是顺序检测.一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否,而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数.在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别,例如信号的到达时间和相位. 当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时,这就是信号抽取.信号一词并没有明确的定义,只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设.有些较为详细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件.也许你会说信号就是你想观察到的而噪声就是对观察者产生干扰的信号.但是,一个渔民在用声纳设备搜索海洋时,附近用来追踪潜艇的声纳干扰导致的信号削减常常会使他欣喜若狂.毫不夸张地说,一个人的信号将会是另一个人的噪声.信号的形式和构成是多种多样的.在主动声纳系统中,可以利用相关的固定宽度和调制正弦信号.类似的有脉冲信号,例如爆炸或者撞击.在一些极端的情况可以利用伪随机信号.在被动声纳系统中,例如螺旋桨或潜泳者发出的噪声.很明显,如何利用数学公式的方法来描述一个信号成为了我们所面临的问题.即是在主动声纳系统中的超声波发射器传播已知波形的信号,但无法保证检测后查找出来的反射信号也是类似的波形.振幅和反向球面传播信号失去关联是检波系统最不利的情况,因为它无法承担任何波形畸变.（偶然地,这种事件的乐观情况并不适用于2维波,除非它传播到足够远的地方,可以近似认为是平面波.）声波的传导介质会对其造成衰减,（衰减的程度）取决于声波的频率.这就造成了少量的波形失真和对脉冲波形能谱造成相当的改变.主要的改变还是由于波形的边缘效应和传播介质的不均匀所引起的.当反射波是由外部物体例如潜艇所发出的,这时反射波的结构主要受两种不同方式的影响,第一,由两种反射信号之间的干扰导致外界声源的强度与跟随相位的改变迅速波动,第二,合成反射波的延伸是沿着（来自）潜艇反射的散布特征,这就意味着持续时间取决于相位角的简单特征.如果T是反射波由一个点扩散的持续时间,L是潜艇的长度,那么反射波的回射时间就是 , 是潜艇主轴和声纳拖曳线之间的夹角（锐角）,C则是声音在水中的传播速率.当然,当接近的时候必须用潜艇的宽度代入.最后一个造成脉冲波形失真的原因声源,船体,介质,目标之间相对运动所造成的多普勒效应.由于声源,介质,目标（或者被动接收器的探测端）相对于船体都有不通的速度向量,所以各种因素的影响之间的区别也很大.第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a meanvalue.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the abs olutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of this is that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placingit in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed to an output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.or other obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially with metal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the use otwo-color pyrometry. As was mentioned at the start of this section.both the intensityand the spectral distribution of the radiation vary with temperature. The radianintensity at any wavelength.几.is given by:’C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,}/入1一1Where J is the radiant energy·.is the emissivity·} is the wavelength·and T is theabsolute temperature(K).On th e assumption that emissivity is not a function owavelength(this assumption isnot entirely true)the ratio of intensities at twcwavelengths becomes: 测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:几.几/巨e_pCC=/J},T 一y/巨e_pCC=/J}=T)一y一一大一大Which may be simplified to=(consl)只e_p大一大wherecn77s/〔丫)7了sC(几:/几)’C}(lid.一1/J},)第6章课后习题3.Uncertainty is generally stated as a number·indicating the tolerance from the true value of the measurand. T he tolerance is only estimated. It represents theconfidence level of the investigator in the results.since the true value of themeasurement is unknown. he purpose of the sensor is to obtain dimensional information from theworkpiece. .不确定性是一般表述数量表示宽容的·过热蒸气的真实价值.他宽容只是估计T.它代表了信心水平的调查员在结果中.自从的真正价值测量是未知的.他的目的是获取维度信息的传感器从theworkpiece.4. It is like a transducer in many instances because it converts oneenergy form to another. This other energy form is always an electrical signal.since we are considering sensors which provide an篇二:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a mean value.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the absolutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of thisis that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placing it in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed toan output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.orother obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially withmetal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the。
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外文出处: Springer-Link 电子期刊附件1:外文资料翻译译文SJA1000独立的CAN空制器应用指南1介绍SJA100（是一个独立的CA控制器，它在汽车和普通的工业应用上有先进的特征。
由于它和PCA82C200在硬件和软件都兼容，因此它将会替代PCA82C200SJA1000 有一系列先进的功能适合于多种应用，特别在系统优化、诊断和维护方面非常重要。
本文是要指导用户设计基于SJA1000的完整的CAN?点。
同时本文还提供典型的应用电路图和编程的流程图。
2概述SJA1000独立的CA控制器有2个不同的操作模式：BasicCAh模式（和PCA82C20）兼容PeliCAN 模式BasicCAN莫式是上电后默认的操作模式。
因此，用PCA82C20开发的已有硬件和软件可以直接在SJA100C上使用，而不用作任何修改。
PeliCAN模式是新的操作模式，它能够处理所有CAN2.0B规范的帧类型。
而且它还提供一些增强功能使SJA100C能应用于更宽的领域。
2.1 CAN节点结构通常，每个CAN模块能够被分成不同的功能块。
SJA100C使用[3] [4] [5]最优化的CA收发器连接到CAN。
收发器控制从CAI控制器到总线物理层或相反的逻辑电平信号。
上面一层是一个CAN控制器，它执行在CA规范[8]里规定的完整的CAN fc、议。
它通常用于报文缓冲和验收滤波，而所有这些CA功能，都由一个模块控制器控制它负责执行应用的功能。
例如，控制执行器、读传感器和处理人机接口（MM）。
如图1所示，SJA1000虫立的CAN6制器通常位于微型控制器和收发器之间，大多数情况下这个控制器是一个集成电路。
图1 CAN模块装置2.2结构图下图是SJA1000的结构图图2 SJA1000的结构图根据CA规范，CAN S心模块控制CAN帧的发送和接收。
接口管理逻辑负责连接外部主控制器，该控制器可以是微型控制器或任何其他器件。
经过SJA100C复用的地址/数据总线访问寄存器和控制读/写选通信号都在这里处理。
另外，除了PCA82C20已有的BasicCAN功能，还加入了一个新的PeliCAN 功能。
因此，附加的寄存器和逻辑电路主要在这块里生效。
SJA1000勺发送缓冲器能够存储一个完整的报文（扩展的或标准的）。
当主控制器初始化发送，接口管理逻辑会使CAN核心模块从发送缓冲器读CAN报文。
当收到一个报文时，CAN S心模块将串行位流转换成用于验收滤波器的并行数据。
通过这个可编程的滤波器SJA1000能确定主控制器要接收哪些报文。
所有收到的报文由验收滤波器验收并存储在接收FIFO。
储存报文的多少由工作模式决定，而最多能存储32个报文。
因为数据超载可能性被大大降低，这使用户能更灵活地指定中断服务和中断优先级。
3系统为了连接到主控制器，SJA100C提供一个复用的地址/数据总线和附加的读/写控制信号。
SJA100C可以作为主控制器外围存储器映射的I/O器件。
3.1 SJA1000 的应用SJA1000的寄存器和管脚配置使它可以使用各种各样集成或分立的CAN收发器。
由于有不同的微控制器接口，应用可以使用不同的微控制器。
图3所示是一个包括80C51微型控制器和PCA82C25收发器的典型SJA100C应用。
CAN控制器功能像是一个时钟源，复位信号由外部复位电路产生。
在这个例子里，SJA1000的片选由微控制器的P2.7 口控制。
否则，这个片选输入必须接到VSS它也可以通过地址译码器控制，例如，当地址/数据总线用于其他外围器件的时侯。
HEsetCBtultrySXCXXK_(S0C51 Family)ADO RD (IAD1 RD1ACC PQJW3 PQ 3ACM PQJW PD 5心Pt)4AD7 POTW3?AL£? FRCG帕P5-7JiF. P3«INTI PS-2XI^.1SJAIOQOTXQTX1 翻FK1MWE^DOdV531WQg心VW3vsaXTMlXTM21XD CAMi«TR -----------僭t11=■ 1丄壮Tcut OUT，UK框!aA图3典型的SJA1000应用3.2 电源SJA100（有三对电源引脚，用于CAN控制器内部不同的数字和模拟模块。
VDD1/VSS：1 内部逻辑（数字）VDD2/VSS：2 输入比较器（模拟）VDD3/VSS：3 输出驱动器（模拟）为了有更好的EM性能，电源应该分隔开来。
例如为了抑制比较器的噪声，VDD2 可以用一个RC滤波器来退耦。
3.3 复位为了使SJA100C正确复位，CANS制器的XTAL管脚必须连接一个稳定的振荡器时钟（见3.4 ）节。
引脚17的外部复位信号要同步并被内部延长到15个tXTAL o这保证了SJA1000所有寄存器能够正确复位（见［1］）。
要注意的是上电后的振荡器的起振时间必须要考虑。
3.4 振荡器和时钟策略SJA100C能用片内振荡器或片外时钟源工作。
另外CLKOUT脚可被使能，向主控制器输出时钟频率。
图4显示了SJA100C应用的四个不同的定时原理。
如果不需要CLKOU信号，可以通过置位时钟分频寄存器（Clock Off=1 ）关断。
这将改善CAN节点的EM性能。
CLKOU信号的频率可以通过时钟分频寄存器改变：fCLKOUT = fXTAL / 时钟分频因子（1，2，4，6，8 ，10 ，12 ，14）o 上电或硬件复位后，时钟分频因子的默认值由所选的接口模式（引脚11）决定。
如果使用16MHZ勺晶振，In tel 模式下CLKOUT勺频率是8 MHz, Motorola 模式中复位后的时钟分频因子是12,这种情况CLKOU会产生1.33MHZ的频率。
图4时钟策略3.4.1睡眠和唤醒置位命令寄存器的进入睡眠位（BasicCAN ）模式或模式寄存器（PeliCAN 模式） 的睡眠模式位后，如果没有总线活动和中断等待， SJA100（就会进入睡眠模式。
振 荡器在15个CAI 位时间内保持运行状态。
此时,微型控制器用CLKOU 频率来计时，进 入自己的低功耗模式。
如果出现三个唤醒条件之中的一个 [1]，振荡器会再次启动 并产生一个唤醒中断。
振荡器稳定后， CLKOU ®率被激活。
3.5 CPU 接口SJA1000支持直接连接到两个著名的微型控制器系列： 80C51和68xx 。
通过SJA1000勺MOD 引脚可选择接口模式：In tel 模式：MODE 高 Motorola 模式：MODE 低地址/数据总线和读/写控制信号在In tel 模式和Motorola 模式的连接如图5所 示。
Philips 基于80C5係列的8位微控制器和XA 吉构的16位微型控制器都使用In tel 模式。
为了和其他控制器的地址数据总线和控制信号匹配，必须要附加逻辑电路。
但 是必须确保在上电期间不产生写脉冲。
另一个方法在这个时候使片选输入是高电平，禁b) SJA1000 is clocked from the kC oscillatora) two indt pen dent clock 4 c) \iC. isckxked from the SJAiOOO oscillatord)UAlCD0and M C ar«cbckedffoni lhent. oscillator能CAN控制器。
8OC51-type interface68xx-type interface图5 SJA1000的CPU 寸钟接口3.6物理层接口为了和PCA82C200兼容,SJA1000包括一个模拟接收输入比较器电路 如果收发器的功能由分立元件实现，就要用到这个集成的比较器。
aOC51(iC 68xx pC^1000旧图6 SJA1000的接收输入比较器如果使用外部集成收发器电路，而且没有在时钟分频寄存器里使能比较器旁路 功能，RX1输出要被连接到2.5V 的参考电压（现有的收发器电路参考电压输出） 图6显示了两种设置的相应电路：CBP=激活和CBP=非激活另外唤醒信号的通道被 下拉对于使用集成的收发器电路的所有新应用我们建议激活（使用）SJA1000的比较器旁路功能（图7）。
如果这个功能被使能，施密特触发器的输入有效，内部的传 播延迟tD2比接收比较器的延迟tD1要小得多。
它对最大的总线长度⑹有正面的影 响。
另外，休眠模式的电流将显著降低。
附件2:外文原文（复印件）OampaniDr 0/pass — inatii ■挖 (CBP=O) (CfiP=DOwnpariior Bypass =dCllYDCANbui图7带有集成收发器电路的标准应用SJA1000 Stand-alone CAN controller1. INTRODUCTIONThe SJA1000 is a stand-alone CAN Controller product with advaneed features for use in automotive and gen eral in dustrial applieati on s. It is inten ded to replace the PCA82C200 because it is hardware and software compatible. Due to an enhaneed set of funetions this device is well suited for many applications especially when system optimization, diag no sis and maintenance are importa nt.This report is inten ded to guide the user in desig ning complete CAN no des based on the SJA1000. The report provides typical applicati on circuit diagrams and flow charts for program ming.2. OVERVIEWThe stand-alone CA\ controller SJA100D 丨has two different Modes ofOperatio n:-BasicCAN Mode (PCA82C200 compatible)-PeliCAN ModeUpon Power-up the BasicCAN Mode is the default mode of operati on. Con seque ntly, exist ing hardware and software developed for the PCA82C200 can be used without any cha nge. In additi on to the fun cti ons known from the PCA82C200 [7], some extra features have bee n impleme nted in this mode which make the device more attractive. However, they do not in flue nee the compatibility to the PCA82C200.The PeliCAN Mode is a new mode of operati on which is able to han dle all frame types according to CAN specification 2.0B [8]. Furthermore it provides a couple of enhaneed features which makes the SJA1000 suitable for a wide range of applicati ons.2.1 CAN Node ArchitectureGen erally each CAN module can be divided into differe nt fun cti onal blocks. The connection to the CAN bus lines is usually built with a CAN Transceiver optimized for the applicati ons [3], [4], [5]. The tran sceiver eon trols the logic level sig nals from the CAN eon troller into the physical levels on the bus and vice versa.The n ext upper level is a CAN Con troller which impleme nts the complete CAN protocol defined in the CAN Specification [8]. Often it also covers message buffering and accepta nee filteri ng.All these CAN functions are eon trolled by a Module Con troller which performs the funetionality of the application. For example, it controls actuators, reads sensors and han dies the man-mach ine in terface (MMI).As shown in Figure 1 the SJA1OOO stand-alone CAN controller is always located between a microcontroller and the transceiver, which is an integrated circuit in most cases.Figure 1: CAN Module Set-up2.2 Block DiagramThe following figure shows the block diagram of the SJA1000.The CAN Core Block con trols the tran smissi on and recepti on of CAN frames accordi ng to the CAN specificatio n.The In terface Man ageme nt Logic block performs a link to the exter nal host con troller which can be a microc on troller or any other device. Every register access via theSJA1000 multiplexed address/data bus and con trolli ng of the read/write strobes is han dled in this un it. Additi on ally to the BasicCAN fun cti ons known from the PCA82C200, new PeliCAN features have bee n added. As a con seque nee of this, additi onal registers and logic have bee n impleme nted main ly in this block.The Tran smit Buffer of the SJA1000 is able to store one complete message (Exte nded or Stan dard). When ever a tran smissi on is in itiated by the host con troller the In terface Man ageme nt Logic forces the CAN Core Block to read the CAN message from the Tran smit Buffer.When recei ving a message, the CAN Core Block conv erts the serial bit stream into parallel data for the Accepta nee Filter. With this programmable filter the SJA1000 decides which messages actually are received by the host con troller.All received messages accepted by the accepta nee filter are stored with in a Receive FIFO. Depe nding on the mode of operati on and the data len gth up to 32 messages can be stored. This en ables the user to be more flexible whe n specify ing in terrupt services and interrupt priorities for the system because the probability of data overrun conditions is reduced extremely.CAN-Bus LineFigure 2: Block Diagram SJA100D3・SYSTEMFor conn ecti on to the host con troller, the SJA1000 provides a multiplexed address/data bus and additional read/write control signals. The SJA1000 could be seen as a peripheral memory mapped I/O device for the host con troller.3.1 SJA1000 ApplicationConfiguration Registers and pins of the SJA1000 allow to use all kinds of integrated or discrete CAN tran sceivers. Due to the flexible microc on troller in terface applicati ons with differe nt microc on trollers are possible.In Figure 3 a typical SJA1000 application diagram including 80C51 microcontroller and PCA82C251 tran sceiver is show n. The CAN con troller fun cti ons as a clock source and the reset sig nal is gen erated by an external reset circuitry .In this example the chip select of the SJA1000 is con trolled by the microc on troller port fun cti on P2.7. In stead of this, the chip select in put could be tied to VSS. Con trol via an address decoder is possible, e.g., whe n the address/data bus is used for other peripherals.3.2 Power SupplyThe SJA1000 has three pairs of voltage supply pins which are used for different digital andanalog internal blocks of the CAN controller.VDD1 / VSS1: in ternal logic (digital)VDD2 / VSS2: in put comparator (a nalog)VDD3 / VSS3: output driver (a nalog)The supply has been separated for better EME behaviour. For instanee the VDD2 can be de-coupled via an RC3.3 ResetFor a proper reset of the SJA1000 a stable oscillator clock has to be provided at XTAL1 of the CAN controller, see also chapter 34 An external reset on pin 17 is synchronized and internally lengthened to 15 . This guarantees a correct reset of all SJA1000 registers (see [1]). Note that an oscillator start-up time has to be take n into acco unt upon power-up. 3.4 Oscillator and Clocking StrategyThe SJA1000 can operate with the on-chip oscillator or with exter nal clock sources. Additi on ally the CLK OUT pin can be en abled to output the clock freque ncy for the host controller. Figure 4 shows four different clocking principles for applications with theSJA1000. If the CLK OUT signal is not needed, it can be switched off with the Clock Divider register (Clock Off = 1). This will improve the EME performance of the CAN no de. The frequency of the CLK OUT signal can be changed with the Clock Divider Register:f CLK OUT = f XTAL / Clock Divider factor (1,2,4,6,8,10,12,14).Upon power up or hardware reset the default value for the Clock Divider factor depe nds on the selected in terface mode (pi n 11). If a 16 MHz crystal is used in In tel mode, the freque ncy at CLK OUT is 8 MH z. In Motorola mode a Clock Divider factor of 12 is used upon reset which results in 1,33 MHz in this case.3.4.1 Sleep and Wake-upUpon setti ng the Go To Sleep bit in the Comma nd Register (BasicCAN mode) or the Sleep Mode bit in the Mode Register (PeliCAN mode) the SJA1000 will enter Sleep Mode if there is no bus activity and no interrupt is pending. The oscillator keeps on running until 15 CAN bit times have been passed. This allows a microcontroller clocked with the CLK OUT freque ncy to en ter its own low power con sumpti on mode.If one of three possible wake-Mand a Wake-up in terrupt is gen erated. As soon as the oscillator is stable the CLK OUT freque ncy is active.3.5 CPU InterfaceThe SJA1000 supports the direct conn ecti on to two famous microc on troller families:80C51 and 68xx. With the MODE pin of the SJA1000 the in terface mode is selected. Intel Mode: MODE = highMotorola Mode: MODE = lowThe conn ecti on for the address/data bus and the read/write con trol sig nals in both In tel and Motorola mode is shown in Figure 5. For Philips 8-bit microcontrollers based on the 80C51 family and the 16-bit microco ntrollers with XA architecture the Intel Mode is used. For other con trollers additi onal glue logic is n ecessary for adaptati on of theaddress/data bus and the control signals. However, it has to be made sure that no write pulses are gen erated duri ng power-up. Ano ther possibility is to disable the CAN con troller with a high-level on the chip select in put in this time.80C5l-typeinterfaceMC51XA|L CAQA3A4D0二&JA1IOOOA h ADD::AD7 .0A11DTN v AD7RD RDWRL WRALE ALEv w—MODEFigure 5 CPU Interface of the SJA10DD3.6 Physical Layer InterfaceFor compatibility purposes with the PCA82C200, the SJA1000 in eludes an an alog receive in put comparator circuit. This in tegrated comparator can be used if the transceiver function is realized with discrete components.If an external integrated transceiver circuit is used and the comparator bypass function is68xx-typeinterfaceADD: A________ KADDI f AD 7.0AD7厂~kAD7RD RDWR WRALE ALEMODEADO__________ KADO[AD7..0AD7v\AD7E RDFWW WRAS ALE一MODEComparator Bypass = imuii临Comparator Bypass =虫ctiv或WC51 JiC SJA100Q 68KX|1CSJA1DO(CBP 7)Figure 6; SJA1000 Receive Input Ccmpararor(CBP-1)not en abled in the Clock Divider Register, the RX1 in put has to be conn ected to a referenee voltage of 2.5V (referenee voltage output of existing transceiver circuits). Figure 6 shows the equivale nt circuits for both con figurati ons: CBP = active and CBP = in active. Additi on ally the path for the wake-up sig nal is draw n. For all new applicati ons where an integrated transceiver circuit is used, it is recommended to activate the comparator bypass function of the SJA1000 (Figure 7). If this function is enabled, a schmitt-trigger in put is used and the internal propagati on delay tD2 is much shorter as the delay tD1. of the receive comparator. This has a positive impact on the maximum bus len gth [6]. Additi on ally, it will reduce the supply curre nt in sleep mode sig nifica ntly.。