华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年.doc
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解【圣才出品】
2011年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题及详解[部分视频讲解]Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question aboutwhat is said. The question will be read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choosethe best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Now let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. The man is busyB. The man has trouble breathing.C. The man is out of town on business.D. The man is hiding himself from the woman.【答案】A【解析】录音中男士提到最近在做一个项目，甚至连呼吸的时间也没有，可见他最近很忙。
考研英语真题—试题
WORD格式2011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections： Read the following text. Choose the best word （ s） for eachnumbered blank and mark [A]， [B]， [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10points）Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as y exercise“apreciousbodil to health. ”But __1___some claims to the contrary， laughing probably has littleinfluence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the functionof the heart and its blood vessels， ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption Butbecause hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___benefits the way， say， walking or jogging does.__6__， instead of straining muscles to build them， as exercise does， laughterapparently accomplishes the __7__， studies dating back to the 1930 ‘ s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles， decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laughdies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress.Anyway ， the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback， that improve an individual ‘emotionals state. __11____one classicaltheory of emotion， our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. Itwas argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they aresad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears， evidence suggests that emotions can flow__15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988，social psychologistFritz Strack of the University of w rzburg in Germanyü asked volunteers to __16___ apen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips ，which would produce a（ n） __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise theirenthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in afrown， ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the otherway around __20__ ， the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses1/1015.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing [A]， [B]， [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（40 points）Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next musicdirector has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the suddenannouncement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response has beenfavorable， to say the least. “！HoorayAtlast ！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， asober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise，however， is thatGilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini ，who had advocatedGilbert ‘ s appointment in the Times，calls him “ an unpretentious musician with noair of the formidable conductor about him. ” As a description of the next musicdirector of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler andPierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faintpraise. For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a goodone. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but itisnot necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall ， or anywhere else， to hearinteresting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up mycomputer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for liveperformance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of theart-loving public ， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with operahouses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with therecorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. Thererecordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artisticquality than today ‘ s live performances；moreover， they can be“ consumed” at atime and place of the listener choosing’. The widespread availability of suchrecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classicalconcert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive newmusic that is not yet available on record. Gilbert ‘ s own interest in new music has be widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man whois capable of turning the Philharmonic into “ amarkedly different ， more vibrantorganization. ” But what will be the nature of that difference？Merely expanding theorchestra ’repertoires will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to2/10succeed， they must first change the relationship between America ‘ s oldest orchestraand the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert ‘s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text， which of the following is true ofrecordings ？ [A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the generalpublic. [C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert ‘sinrolerevitalizing the Philharmonic ， the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August ， hisexplanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usualvague excuses， he came right out and said he was leaving “ topursue my goal ofrunning a company. ”Broadcasting his ambition was “ verymuch my decision，” McGeesays. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with the board ofHartford Financial Services Group ， which named him CEO and chairman on September29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside worldabout his aspirations. And McGee isn ‘ t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for aCEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure，executives who don’get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloudtheir reputations.3/10As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold ， deputy chiefs may be morewilling to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover was down23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，according toLiberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractiveCEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partnerDennis Carey：“ Ican‘think of a single search I ’ vedone where a board has notinstructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. ”Those who jumped without a job haven ‘t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age ， saying she wanted to be aCEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. Hefinally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financialcrisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “ Thetraditional rule was it ‘ s safer to stay where， youbt arethat ’ snbeefundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “ The people who ‘ ve been hurt the worst are thosewho’ ve stayed too long. ”26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described asbeing[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives ‘ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached（”Line 3， Paragraph 4） most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it ‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for thetext？ [A]CEOs ： Where to Go？[B]CEOs ： All the Way Up ？4/10[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer. While traditional “ paidia–such”medas television commercials and printadvertisements –still play a major role ，companies today can exploit manyalternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customersregistered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range offactors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users ‘ responses. But in some cases， one marketer ’ s owned media become another marketer ‘ s paid media –for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We definesuch sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizationsplace their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ， whichwe believe is still in its infancy ， effectively began with retailers and travelproviders such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson，for example， has created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presenceof other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities tolearn valuable information about the appeal of other companies ’ marketing， and mayhelp expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more（and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk thatpassionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and muchmore damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an assetor campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who makenegative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， forinstance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on thebusinesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycottproducts， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the company‘ s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and thelearning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of thedamage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage withconsumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A]obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.5/10WORD格式32.According to Paragraph 2， sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor ‘s experience is cited as an example of [A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about ？[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It ‘s no surprise that Jennifer Senior ’，s insightfulprovocative magazine cover story，“ I love My Children， I Hate My Life ，” is arousing much chatternothing –gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling ， life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable， Senior suggests we need to redefinehappiness： instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured bymoment-to-moment joy， we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard，Senior writes that “ the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight. ”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardlythe only Madonna-and-child image on newsstandsthis week. There are also storiesabout newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock， as well as the usual“ JenniferAniston is pregnant ”news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom， or mom-to-be， smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation， is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ？ It doesn ‘ t seem quite，fairthen， to compare the regrets of parents tothe regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn ’ t have had kids， but unhappy childless folks are bothered with themessage that children are the single most important thing in the world： obviouslytheir misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.6/10WORD格式Of course， the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly andPeople present is hugely unrealistic，especially when the parents are singlemothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are lesshappy than childless couples， single parents are the least happy of all. No shockthere， considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on；yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it ， raising a kid on their （“readown”：with round-the-clock help） is a piece of cake.It ‘hards to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children justbecause Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous： most adults understand thata baby is not a haircut. But it ’ s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free， happiness-enhancing parenthood aren ‘ t in some small，subconsciousway contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience， in the sameway that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel ” might make us look just a littbit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child canbring [A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4， the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebritymoms. [B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards childrearing. [C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction withlife.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections： The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45，you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosingfrom the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs7/10E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as thehumanities. You can， Mr Menand points out ， became a lawyer in three years and amedical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree inthe humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly， up to half of all doctoral studentsin English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities： Literature， languages，philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style： 22% ofAmerican college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in historyand 4% in English. However， many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educatedperson should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “ general education should look like. At Harvard ， Mr Menand notes，“ the great books are read becausethey have been read-they”form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly， only about half end up with professorships for whichthey entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly becauseuniversities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects： English departments awarded more bachelor egrees‘ins d 1970-71than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So， at the endof a decade of theses-writing， many humanities students leave the profession to dosomething for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they cancut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educationsand professional education should be kept separate， taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvardundergraduates end up in law， medicine or business， future doctors and lawyersmust study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professionalqualification. [E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation，top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in publicmoney for academic research has speeded the process： federal research grants rosefourfold between 1960and 1990， but faculty teaching hours fell by half as researchtook its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree intoa prerequisite for a successful academic career： as late as 1969a third of Americanprofessors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation， arguesMr Menand， is that“ the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializationare transmissible but not transferable. ” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge， but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education， concludes Mr Menand， is to alterthe way in which “ the producers of knowledge are produced. ， academics”Otherwisewill continue to think dangerously alike， increasingly detached from the societieswhich they study， investigate and criticize. “ Academicinquiry ， at least in some8/10fields， may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic. ” Yet quite how thathappens， Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas：Reformand Resistancein the American University should be read by every student thinkingof applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. Forsomething curious has been happening in American Universities ， and Louis Menand，a professor of English at Harvard University， captured it skillfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections： Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2. （10 points）With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver，”creating our inner characterand outer circumstances， the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.（46） Allen ‘s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because weare not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter，we think thatthoughts can be hidden and made powerless； this allows us to think one way and actanother.However， Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as theconscious mind， and （47） while we may be able to sustain the illusion of controlthrough the conscious mind alone， in reality we are continually faced with a question：“ Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that？”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accordwith desire， Allen concluded ：“ We do not attract what we want， but what weare. ”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the externalachievement； you don ‘ t “ get ” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen ‘books is its contention that “Circumstancesdo not makea person， they reveal him. （”48） This seems a justification for neglect of those inneed， and a rationalization of exploitation， of the superiority of those at the top andthe inferiority of those at the bottom. This ，however， would be a knee-jerk reaction toa subtle argument. Each set of circumstances， however bad， offers a unique opportunityfor growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people， then humanity would never have progressed. In fat，（49） circumstances seem to be designedto bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “ wronged ” then we areunlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless， as any biographer knows， a person ’ s early lifand its conditions are often the greatest giftto an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen ‘s book is that we have no one else to blame for ourpresent condition except ourselves（.50） The upside is the possibilities contained inknowing that everything is up to us ； where before we were experts in the array oflimitations ， now we become authorities of what is possible.9/10SectionⅢ WritingPart A51. Directions：Write a letter to a friend of yours to1） recommend one of your favorite movies and2） give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address（. 10 points）Part B52. Directions：Write an essay of 160—— 200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay，you should1） describe the drawing briefly，2） explain it ‘s intended meaning，and3） give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. （20 points）10/10。
2013华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
华东政法大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are _________free medical care.[A] entitled to [B] involved in [C] associated with [D] assigned to2. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ______.[A] danger [B] stake [C] loss [D] threat3. I felt _________to death because I could make nothing of the chairman’s speech.[A] fatigued [B] tired [C] exhausted [D] bored4. People _______that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.[A] convinced [B] anticipated [C] resolved [D] assured5. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or _______ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills. [A] adapted [B] acknowledged [C] assembled [D] appointed6.We should always keep in mind that _______decisions often lead to bitter regrets .[A] urgent [B] hasty [C] instant [D] prompt7. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages _______in the dictionary.[A] missing [B] losing [C] dropping [D] leaking8. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest________of being met.[A] prospect [B] prediction [C] prosperity [D] permission9. It’s usually the case that people seldom behave in a _______way when in a furious state.[A] stable [B] rational [C] legal [D] credible10. Ms. Breen has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be _______with everyone who comes to the store.[A] accepted [B] admitted [C] admired [D] acquainted11. He does not _______as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible .[A] equal [B] match [C] qualify [D] fit12. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been _______the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.[A] pursuing [B] chasing [C] reaching [D] winning13. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my ideas to prove your point.[A] revising [B] contradicting [C] distorting [D] distracting14. Language, culture, and personality may be considered _______of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.[A] indistinctly [B] separately [C] irrelevantly [D] independently15. I________ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.[A] express [B] confess [C] verify [D] acknowledge16. It is strictly _______that access to confidential documets is denied to all but a few.[A] secured [B] forbidden [C] regulated [D] determined17. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred which attracted my attention.[A] unless [B] until [C] when [D] while18. I regret _____ so much time and money on stamps.[A] to waste [B] for wasting [C] having wasted [D] at wasting19. I was greatly disappointed _____ that affair.[A] out [B] in [C] to [D] toward20. I would like to have a talk with him _____ his convenience.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] with21. I’d rather you _____ those important documents with you.[A] don’t take [B] didn’t take [C] won’t take [D] not take22. If the fire alarm is sounded, all residents are requested to _____ in the courtyard.[A] converge [B] assemble [C] crowd [D] accumulate23. If the United States had built more homes for poor people in 1995, the housing problems now in some parts of the country _____ so serious.[A] wouldn’t be [B] wouldn’t have been [C] will not be [D] would have not been24. If you know what the trouble is, why you don’t help them to _____ the situation?[A] simplify [B] modify [C] verify [D] rectify25. I’m sure your suggestion will _____ the problem.[A] contribute to solving [B] be contributed to solve [C] contribute to solve [D] be contributed to solving26. In that country, students will be _____ admittance to their classroom if they are not properly dressed.[A] declined [B] deprived [C] denied [D] deserted27. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can.[A] would be [B] will have been [C] was [D] were28. _________, Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.[A] Although he is a socialist [B] Even if he is a socialist[C] Being a socialist [D] Since he is a socialist29. His remarks were ________ annoy everybody at the meeting.[A] so as to [B] such as to [C] such to [D] as much as to30. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.[A] will come [B] was coming [C] had been coming [D] camePart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.I came across an old country guide the other day. It listed all the tradesmen in each village in my part of the country, and it was impressive to see the great variety of services which were available on one’s own doorstep in the late Victorian countryside.Nowadays a superficial traveler in rural England might conclude that the only village tradesmen still flourishing were either selling frozen food to the inhabitants or selling antiques to visitors. Nevertheless, this would really be a false impression. Admittedly there has been a contraction of village commerce, but its vigour is still remarkable.Our local grocer’s shop, for example, is actually expanding in spite of the competition fromsupermarkets in the nearest town. Women sensibly prefer to go there and exchange the local news while doing their shopping, instead of queueing up (anonymously) at a supermarket. And the proprietor knows well that personal service has a substantial cash value.His prices may be a bit higher than those in the town, but he will deliver anything at any time. His assistants think nothing of bicycling down the village street in their lunch hour to take a piece of cheese to an old-age pensioner who sent her order by word of mouth with a friend who happened to be passing, the more affluent customers telephone their shopping lists and the goods are on their doorsteps within an hour. They have only to knit at a fancy for some commodity outside the usual stock and the grocer, a red-faced figure, instantly obtains it from them.The village gains from this sort of enterprise, of course. But I also find it satisfactory because a village shop offers one of the few ways in which a modest individualist can still get along in the world without attaching himself to the big battalions of industry or commerce.Most of the village shopkeepers I know, at any rate, are decidedly individualist in their ways. For example, our shoemaker is a formidable figure: a thick-set, irritable man whom children treat with marked respect, knowing that an ill-judged word can provoke an angry eruption at any time. He stares with smouldering contempt at the pairs of cheap, mass-produced shoes taken to him for repair: has it come to this, he seems to be saying, that he, a craftsman, should have to waste his skills upon such trash? But we all know he will in fact do excellent work upon them. And he makes beautiful shoes for those who can afford such luxury.31. The writer considered the old country guide interesting because he found in it ____.[A] the names of so many of the shops in the village around[B] the many people selling to, and doing jobs for, residents in local villages at the time it appeared[C] the variety of shops and services available in Victorian days in Britain[D] information about all the jobs there were in his own and surrounding villages at the time it appeared32. The local grocer’s shop is expanding even though ____.[A] women spend a lot of their time there just gossiping[B] town shops are larger and rather cheaper[C] people like to shop where they are less well-known[D] people get personal service in his shop33. The writer implies that one disadvantage of town shops is that ____.[A] their prices are higher[B] people cannot telephone them[C] their staff may take less trouble to satisfy customers[D] one has to queue up in them34. The writer appreciates the village shop because ____.[A] he welcomes competition with organized business[B] he likes the idea that a humble person can be successful[C] this is a case of individual success in a world of increasing[D] he welcomes an example of private enterprise surviving in an age of giant companies35. What is the village shoemaker’s reaction to mass-produced shoes?[A] He considers they are not worth the effort of mending properly.[B] He is angry with the customers for bringing in such rubbish.[C] He despises their quality.[D] He feels exasperated because people waste their money on inferior shoes.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.There are two methods of fighting, the one by law, the other by force; the first method is that of men, the second of beasts; but as the first method is often insufficient, one must have recourse to the second. It is, therefore, necessary for a prince to know well how to use both the beast and the man. This was covertly taught to rulers by ancient writers, who related how Achilles and many others of those ancient princes were given to Chiron the centaur to be brought up and educated under his discipline. The parable of this semi-animal, semi-human teacher is meant to indicate that a prince must know how to use both natures, and that the one without the other is not durable.A prince, being thus obliged to know well how to act as a beast, must imitate the fox, and the lion, for the lion cannot protect himself from traps, and the fox cannot defend himself from wolves. Those that wish to be only lions do not understand this. Therefore, a prudent ruler ought not to keep faith when by doing so it would be against his interest, and when the reasons which made him bind himself no longer exist. If men were all good, this precept would not be good ; but as they are bad, and would not observe their faith with you, so you are not bound to keep faith with them. Nor have legitimate grounds ever failed a prince who wished to show colorable excuse for the nonfulfilment of his promise. Of this one could furnish an infinite number of examples, and show how many times peace has been broken, and how many promises rendered worthless, by the faithlessness of princes, and those that have best been able to imitate the fox have succeeded best. But it is necessary to be able to disguise this character well, and to be a great feigner and dissembler, and men are so simple and so ready to obey present necessities, that the one who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.36. The author of the passage does not believe that ____.[A] people can protect themselves[B] the truth makes men free[C] leaders have to be consistent[D] princes are human37. The lion represents those who are ____.[A] too trusting[B] strong and careful[C] reliant on force[D] lacking in intelligence38. The fox, in this passage, is____.[A] admired for his trickery[B] no match for the lion[C] pitied for his trick[D] considered worthless39. The writer suggests that a successful leader must ____.[A] be prudent and faithful[B] cheat and lie[C] have principle to guide his actions[D] tell the people the truth about his opponent40. The writer would approve an unsuccessful political candidate ____.[A] gave up all his opportunities[B] promised to try again next time[C] overthrew the government by force[D] told the people the truth about his opponentPassage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passageBetween the eighth and eleventh centuries A. D., the Byzantine Empire (拜占庭帝国) staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguished the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run likethis: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.41. Which of the following best states the central idea of the text?[A] The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economic revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.[B] The economic, cultural, and military revival in the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the sequence of revival in Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens.[C] After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted until 1453.[D] The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural rebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the generally accepted sequence of progress.42. It can be inferred from the text that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses ____.[A] in 600.[B] during the seventh century.[C] a century after the cultural achievements of the Byzantine Empire had been lost.[D] soon after the revival of Byzantine learning.43. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to ____.[A] suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model.[B] set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium.[C] cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium.[D] suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists.44. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?[A] The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.[B] The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.[C] The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.[D] The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.45. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 1, paragraph 3) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is ____.[A] revolutionary and too new to have been applied to the history of the Byzantine Empire.[B] reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature of progress.[C] not applicable to the Byzantine revival as a whole, but does perhaps accurately describe limited periods during the revival.[D] equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a whole and to the history of military, economic, and cultural advances in ancient Greece and Rome.Passage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.For more than two decades, U. S. courts have been limiting affirmative-action programs in universities and other areas. The legal rationale is that racial preferences are unconstitutional, even those intended to compensate for racism or intolerance. For many colleges, this means students can be admitted only on merit, not on their race or ethnicity. It has been a divisive issue across the U. S., as educators blame the prolonged reaction to affirmative-action for declines in minority admissions. Meanwhile, activists continue to battle race preferences in courts from Michigan to North Carolina.Now, chief executives of about two dozen companies have decided to plunge headfirst into this politically unsettled debate. They, together with 36 universities and 7 nonprofitable organizations, formed a forum that set forth an action plan essentially designed to help colleges circumvent court-imposed restrictions on affirmative action. The CEOs’motive: “Our audience is growing more diverse, so the communities we serve benefit if our employees are racially and ethnically diverse as well”, says one CEO of a compang that owns nine television stations.Among the steps the forum is pushing: finding creative yet legal ways to boost minority enrollment through new admissions policies; promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for trying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum me mber.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universities - which educate three-quarters of all U. S. undergraduates - to admit students who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldn’t have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.46. U. S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifies that ________.[A] minorities no longer hold the once favored status[B] the quality of American colleges has improved[C] racial preferences has replaced racial prejudice[D] the minority is on an equal footing with the majority47. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?[A] Whether affirmative action should continue to exist.[B] Whether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.[C] Whether racism exists in American college admission.[D] Whether racial intolerance should be punished.48. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they ________.[A] think it wrong to deprive the minorities of their rights to receive education[B] want to conserve the fine characteristics of American nation[C] want a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customers[D] think it their duty to help develop education of the country49. The major tactic the forum uses is to _______.[A] battle the racial preferences in court[B] support colleges involved in lawsuits of racism[C] strive to settle this political debate nationwide[D] find legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions50. If the 10% rule is applied, ________.[A] the best white high school students can get into colleges[B] public universities can get excellent students[C] students from poor rural families can go to colleges[D] good minority students can get into public universitiesPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Title:Media and Law in China TodayNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.。
2011年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题(完整版)及参考答案
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Text 1①The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been thetalk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.②For themost part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. ③“Hooray! At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic.①One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. ②Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, callshim “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”③As a description of thenext music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and PierreBoulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.①For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. ②To be sure, heperforms an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery FisherHall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. ③All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.①Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing thepoint. ②For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete notonly with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. ③There recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live perf ormances; moreover, they canbe “consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. ④The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.①One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yetavailable on record. ②Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-musiccritic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmon ic into “a markedly different, morevibrant organization.”③But what will be the nature of that difference? ④Merely expanding the orchestra’srepertoire will not be enough. ⑤If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change therelatio nship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has .[A]incurred criticism[B]raised suspicion[C]received acclaim[D]aroused curiosity22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is .[A]influential[B]modest[C]respectable[D]talented23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers .[A]ignore the expenses of live performances[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances[D]overestimate the value of live performances24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels .[A]doubtful802011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B]enthusiastic[C]confident[D]puzzledText 2①When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. ②Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and saidhe was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”③Broadcasting his ambition was “very much mydecision,”McGee says. ④Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.①McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company hewanted to run. ②It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. ③And McGee isn’talone. ④In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that theywere looking for a CEO post. ⑤As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. ⑥A turbulent business environment also hassenior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.①As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jumpwithout a net. ②In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuckwith the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. ③As the economy picks up, opportunities willabound for aspiring leaders.①The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. ②For years executivesand headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must bepoached. ③Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:“I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where aboard has not instructed me to look at sitting C EOs first.”①Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. ②Ellen Marram quitas chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. ③It was a year before she became head ofa tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. ④Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to bea CEO. ⑤He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.①Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. ②The financial crisis has made itmore acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. ③“The traditional rule was it’s saferto stay whereyou are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter. ④“The people who’ve been hurt theworst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being .[A]arrogant[B]frank[C]self-centered[D]impulsive27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by .[A]their expectation of better financial status[B]their need to reflect on their private life[C]their strained relations with the boards[D]their pursuit of new career goals28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means .[A]approved of[B]attended to[C]hunted for[D]guarded against29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that .[A]top performers used to cling to their posts[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated812011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[C]top performers care more about reputations*D+it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3①The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. ②No longer.③Whiletraditional “paid” media —such as television commercials and print advertisements —still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. ④Consumers passionate about a product maycreate “earned” media by willingly promoting it to friends, and a company may leverage “owned media” bysending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. ⑤The way consumersnow approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing’s impact stems from a broadrange of factors beyond conventional paid media.①Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. ②For earned media ,such marketers act as the initiator for users’responses. ③But in some cases, one marketer’s owned mediabecome another marketer’s paid media —for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. ④We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place theircontent or e-commerce engines within that environment. ⑤This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.⑥Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. ⑦Besides generating income, the presence ofother marketersmakes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.①The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions inquicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. ②Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negativeallegations about a brand or product. ③Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they canhijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.①If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting thereputation of the target company at risk.②In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quickor thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. ③Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of thedamage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-mediaresponse campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and thesocial-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are .[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature .[A] a safe business environment[B] random competition[C] strong user traffic[D] flexibility in organization33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media .[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers822011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition[D] deserve all the negative comments about them34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of .[A] responding effectively to hijacked media[B] persuading customers into boycotting products[C] cooperating with supportive consumers[D] taking advantage of hijacked media35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4①It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children,I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing isanything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. ②Rather than concluding that childrenmake parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of itas something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tensecondition. ③Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writesthat “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification anddelight.”①The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. ②There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newlysingle –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news. ③Practically everyweek features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.①In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? ②It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare theregrets of parents to the regrets of the children. ③Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the singlemost important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holesin their lives.①Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present ishugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. ②According to several studiesconcluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happyof all. ③Noshock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra andBritney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.①It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese andAngelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. ②But it’s interestingto wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that asmall part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring .[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that .[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip832011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining[D]having children is highly valued by the public38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks .[A]are constantly exposed to criticism[B]are largely ignored by the media[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is .[A]soothing[B]ambiguous[C]compensatory[D]misleading40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required toreorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into thenumbered boxes. Paraphrases F and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.（10 points）[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can,Mr. Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time ittakes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral studentsin English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These aredisciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business comparedwith only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. Butmost find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr. Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”—they form a sort of social glue. [C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduateschool. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in1970—1971 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade ofthesis-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not beentrained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence bytop American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taughtin different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvardundergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialistliberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell byhalf as researchtook its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successfulacademic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind842011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题professionalisation, argues Mr. Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializationare transmissible but not transferable.” So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr. Menand, is to alter the way in which “theproducers of knowl edge are produced.” Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize. “Academic inquiry, at leastin some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and mo re holistic.” Yet quite how that happens, Mr.Menand does not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They maythen decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and LouisMenand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G →41. →42. →E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points).With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, thebook As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share —that because we are not robots wetherefore control our thoughts —and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind isseparate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one wayand act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the consciousmind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, inreality we are continually faced with a qu estion: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allenconcluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a personembody the external achievement; you don’t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind andmatter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they revealhim.” (48) This seems a jus tification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of thesuperiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out thebest in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escapefrom our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often thegreatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition exceptourselves. (50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before wewere experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible. Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendation.Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “Li Ming” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)852011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”。
华东政法大学考博英语真题
华东政法大学2014年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. The governor was ___ by the public for misusing his power for personal interests.[A] sneaked [B] praised [C] flailed [D] rebuked2. He ___ at his watch before he left the office.[A] glanced [B] glimpsed [C] glared [D] scribbled3. A recent poll shows that, while 81 percent of college students are eligible for some form of financial aid, only 63 percent of these students are __________ such aid.[A] complaining about [B] recipients of[C] dissatisfied with [D] turned down for4. The ____ landlord refused to return the security deposit, claiming falsely that the tenant had damaged the apartment.[A] unscrupulous [B] resplendent [C] divine [D] deceased5. Moby Dick, now regarded as a great work of American literature, was virtually ____ when it was first published, and it was not until many years later that Melville’s achievements were ____.[A] renowned ... relegated [B] notorious ... justified[C] hailed ... understood [D] ignored ... recognized6. He refused to _____ that he was defeated.[A] burlesque [B] conceive [C] acknowledge [D] probe7. The people stood ______ at the beautiful picture.[A] glaring [B] gazing [C] peeping [D] gasping8. The judge is committed to maintaining a _____ of impartiality.[A] stance [B] motto [C] pretense [D] commotion9. Dell quit dealing in souped-up versions of other companies’ products, and starteddesigning, _______ and marketing his own.[A] fashioning [B] assembling [C] pruning [D] slashing10. This law ______ the number of accidents caused by children running across theroad when they get off the bus.[A] intends reducing [B] intends to be reduced[C] is intended to reduce [D] is intended reducing11. By the time you arrive in London, we_____in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay [B] have stayed [C] will have stayed [D] have been staying12. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factualknowledge _____ our thinking.[A] which to be based on [B] which to base upon[C] upon which to base [D] to which to be based13. The little man was _____ one meter fifty high.[A] almost more than [B] hardly more than[C] nearly more than [D] as much as14. The young applicant is under great ___ at the thought of up-coming job interview.[A] comprehension[B] apprehension[C] miscomprehension [D] concern15. The successful launch of the Special Olympic Games has demonstrated that ___Shanghai is well on its way to become one of the most internalized metropolises worldwide.[A] imperceptibly [B] conceivably [C] deceivably [D] imaginatively16. I would rather ______ trouble and hardship like that than ____ by others.[A] had….take care of [B] have…taken care of[C] had…taken care of [D] have …be taken care of17. One difficulty _______ the components of economic movements lies in the factthat those components are not completely independent of one another.[A] of isolation [B] in isolating [C] will isolate [D] to isolate18. Interest on short-term government debt soared to an almost unimaginable 210%,which _____ a total collapse of investor confidence.[A] amounts to [B] equals to [C] is added up to [D] reaches to19. It’s a ge neral practice for small factories to _____ more workers during times ofprosperity, and lay off some when recession hits.[A] take in [B] take over [C] take on [D] take up20. To ______ freedom against tyranny, our fathers laid down these rules.[A] ensure [B] guarantee [C] assure [D] fulfill21. Merdine is her own woman, with an identity from her mother's.[A] discrete [B] distinctive [C] distinct [D] discreet22. She gave him back the money she'd stolen for the sake of her .[A] conscientious [B] consciousness[C] conscious [D] conscience23. They had the attempt to Anderson to the presidency.[A] evolve [B] elevate [C] evoke [D] evince24. I’m afraid our food stock will be ___ before long.[A] put up [B] stayed up [C] saved up [D] used up25. Mr. Morrison has a great ___ for anything that is oriental and exotic[A] vision [B] emotion [C] contribution [D] passion26. The subways and buses tend to be ___ during the rush hours.[A] overcrowded [B] overwhelmed[C] overshadowed [D] overgrown27. Every ___ has been taken to evacuate the stranded sailors from Hurricane Betty.[A] pleasure [B] measure[C] pressure [D] leisure28. We were greatly surprised by the way things were done here.[A] what [B] in which[C] as [D] which29. I __________ to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.[A] meant [B] has meant [C] was meaning [D] had meant30. When it comes __________ his wife with the housework, John never grumbles.[A] to help [B] and helps [C] to helping [D] to have helped Part II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 2 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Food and Drug Administration said on Wednesday that it is trying to track down as many as 386 piglets that may have been genetically engineered and wrongfully sold into the U.S. food supply.The focus of the FDA investigation is on pigs raised by researchers at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. They engineered the animals with two genes: one is a cow gene that increases milk production in the sow; the other, a synthetic gene, makes the milk easier for piglets to digest. The goal was to raise bigger pigs faster.There has been no evidence that either genetically altered plants or animals actually trigger human illness, but critics warn that potential side effects remain unknown. University officials say their tests showed the piglets were not born with the altered genes, but FDA rules require even the offspring of genetically engineered animals to be destroyed so they w on’t get into the food supply.The FDA, in a quickly arranged news conference on Wednesday prompted by inquiries by USA TODAY, said the University of Illinois would face possible sanctions and fines for selling the piglets to a livestock broker, who in turn sold them to processing plants.Both the FDA and the university say the pigs that entered the market do not pose a risk to consumers. But the investigation follows action by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in December to fine a Texas company that contaminated 500,000 bushels of soybeans with corn that had been genetically altered to produce a vaccine for pigs. Critics see such cases as evidence of the need for more government oversight of a burgeoning(新兴的)area of scientific research. “This is a small incident, but it’s incidents like this that could destroy consumer confidence and export confidence,” says Stephanie Childs of the Grocery Manufacturers of America. “We already have Europe shaky on biotech. The countries to which we export are going to look at this.”The University of Illinois says it tested the DNA of every piglet eight times to make sure that the animal hadn’t inherited the genetic engineering of its mother. Those piglets that did were put back into the study. Those that didn’t were sold to the pigbroker. “Any pig that was tested negative for the genes since 1999 has been sent off to market,” says Charles Zukoski, vice chancellor for research.But FDA deputy commissioner Lester Crawford says that under the terms of the university’s agreem ent with the FDA, the researchers were forbidden to remove the piglets without FDA approval. “The University of Illinois failed to check with FDA to see whether or not the animals could be sold on the open market. And they were not to be used under any cir cumstance for food.”The FDA is responsible for regulating and overseeing transgenic animals because such genetic manipulation is considered an unapproved animal drug.31. The 386 piglets wrongfully sold into food supply are from ________.[A] Europe[B] an American research organization[C] a meat processing plant[D] an animal farm32. The purpose of the transgenic engineering research is to ________.[A] get pigs of larger size in a shorter time[B] make sows produce more milk[C] make cows produce more milk[D] make pigs grow more lean meat33. The 4th paragraph shows that the University of Illinois ________.[A] was criticized by the FDA[B] is in great trouble[C] is required by the FDA to call back the sold piglets[D] may have to pay the penalty34. The FDA declares that the wrongfully sold piglets ________.[A] may have side effects on consumers[B] may be harmful to consumers[C] are safe to consumers[D] may cause human illness35. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.[A] all the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[B] part of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[C] none of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineering[D] half of the offspring have their mothers’ genetic engineeringPassage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Three Yale University professors agreed in a panel discussion tonight that the automobile was what one of them called “Public Health Enemy No.1 in this country.” Besides polluting the air and congesting the cities, cars are involved in more than half the disabling accidents, and they cause heart disease “because we don’t walk anywhere anymore,” said Dr. H. Richard Weinerman, professor of medicine and public health. Dr. Weinerman’s sharp criticism o f automobile came in a discussion ofhuman environment on Yale Reports, a radio program broadcast by Station WTIC in Hartford, Connecticut. The program opened a three-part series on “Staying Alive.” “For the first time in human history, the problem of man’s survival has to do with his control of man-made dangers,” Dr. Weinerman said. “Before this, the problem had been the control of natural dangers.”Relating many of these dangers of the automobile, Arthur W. Galston, a professor of biology, said it was possible to make a kerosene-burning car that would “lessen smog by a very large factor.” But he expressed doubt that Americans were willing to give up moving about the countryside at 90 miles an hour in a large vehicle. “America seems wedded to the motor car - every family has to have at least two, and one has to be a convertible with 300 horsepower,” Professor Galston continued. “Is this the way of life that we choose because we cherish these values?”For Paul B. Sears, professor of conservation, part of the blame lies with “a society that regards profit as a supreme value, under the false idea that anything that’s technically possible is, therefore, ethically justified.” Professor Sears also called the country’s dependence on its modern automobile “lousy economics” because of the large horsepower used simply “moving one person to work.” But he agreed that Americans have painted themselves into a corner by allowing the national economy to become so reliant on the automobile industry.According to Dr. Weinerman, automobiles, not the factories, are responsible for two-thirds of the smog in American cities, and the smog presents the possibility of a whole new kind of epidemic, not due to one germ, but due to polluted environment. “Within another five to ten years, it’s possible to have an epidemic of lung cancer in a city like Los Angeles. This is a new phenomenon in health concern,” he said.The solution, he continued, is “not to find a less dangerous fuel, but a different system of inner-city transportation. Because of the increasing use of cars, public transportation has been allowed to wither and degenerate, so that if you can’t walk to where you want to go, you have to have a car in most cities,” he asserted. This, in turn, Dr. Weinerman contended, is responsibl e for the “arteriosclerosis” of public roads, for the blight of the inner city and for the middle-class movement to the suburbs.36. The main idea of this article is that _______.[A] Americans are too attached to their cars.[B] American cars run too fast and consume too much fuel.[C] the automobile industry has caused all this to happen.[D] automobiles endanger both the environment and people.37. In paragraph 2, Professor Galston implies that _______.[A] people are more interested in fast automobiles than in their health.[B] kerosene-burning cars would pollute the environment more seriously thangasoline-burning engines do.[C] Americans feel more closely connected to their cars than to the environment.[D] it is not right for every family to have at least two cars.38. In paragraph 3, Professor Sears implies that _______.[A] technology is always good for people.[B] technology is not always good for people.[C] financial profit is more important than technological advancement.[D] technological advancement will improve financial profit.39. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that _______.[A] a fuel less dangerous than gasoline must be found.[B] people should get rid of their cars and take the bus to work.[C] public transportation should be improved so that people can become lessdependent upon their cars for inner-city transportation.[D] the only solution to this problem is to build more high ways and more subways.40. Dr. Weinerman would probably agree that _______, if public transportation were improved.[A] the inner city might improve[B] the middle class would move to the suburbs[C] public roads would get worse[D] there would still be an urgent need to build more highwaysPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2. Title:How to handle psychological pressure in today’s competitive lifeNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 12 sections. Please choose from the items given under each question the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of 40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be the section corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sections can be selected at your will. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
2011年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But __1__some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2__short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__, a good laugh is unlikely to have __5__ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930‟s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of __10__ feedback, that improve an indi vidual‟s emotional state. __11__one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted __12__ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry __13__they are sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow. Although sadness also __14__ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15__ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16__ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17__ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, __19__ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [ C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, theresponse has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert‟s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today‟s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener‟s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‟s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra‟s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America‟s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‟s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert‟s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‟t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession p lans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don‟t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can‟t think of a single search I‟ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven‟t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it‟s safer to stay where you are, but that‟s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who‟ve been hurt the worst are those who‟ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives‟ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it‟s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for T op PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users‟ responses. But in some cases, one marketer‟s owned media become another marketer‟s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information ab out the appeal of other companies‟ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company‟s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may cr eate “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor‟s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It‟s no surprise that Jennifer Senior‟s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly har d, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn‟t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regre ts of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn‟t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It‟s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it‟s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren‟t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarde d more bachelor‟s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly de tached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.G → 41.→42.→ E →43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen‟s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen con cluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don‟t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen‟s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person‟s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen‟s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.2011年考研英语一真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1.C 解析：语义逻辑题。
2004年华东政法大学考博入学考试英语真题
2004年华东政法大学考博入学考试英语真题Part I Listening comprehension。
(15％)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and the questions will be a pause. During the pause，you must read the four choices marked A, B，C，and D，and decide which is the best answer Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.A。
He’s a pharmacist。
B。
He’s a salesm an。
C. He’s a librarian D。
He's a doctor.2。
A。
She got interested in what she was reading。
B. She didn't wake up in timeC. She went home for lunch。
D. She did her shopping。
3. A。
She needs a quieter place. B。
She likes to listen to the recorder.C。
The new apartment is cheaper D. The present one is too expensive.4. A. In the side street B。
（完整word版）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（无答案）
（完整word版）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题（无答案）复旦大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.1. He’s color-blind and can’t the difference between red and green easily.A. detectB. discoverC. distinguishD. determine2. As many as 100 species of fish, some to these waters, may have been affected by the pollution.A. unusualB. particularC. typicalD. unique3. In her bright yellow coat, she was easily in the crowed.A. accessibleB. identifiableC. negligibleD. incredible4. Some people find that certain foods their headaches.A. introduceB. triggerC. summonD. create5. The workers chose to their dissatisfaction in a series of strikes.A. deliverB. offerC. manifestD. indicate6. Living with a roommate constraint on her ----she couldn’t play her trumpet or have parties late at night.A. imposedB. illustratedC. impressedD. left7. I don’t know how to get there either ---- perhaps we’d better a map.A. noteB. markC. consultD. draft8. In the of recent incidents, we are asking our customers to take particular care of their belongings.A. processB. companyC. lightD. form9. The police are doing all they can to bring those responsible for the bombing toA. evidenceB. hearingD. rule10. The programme aims to make the country in food and to cut energy imports.A. self-confidentB. self-sufficientC. self-satisfiedD. self-restrained11. I think I’d like to stay home this evening going out as it is raining so heavily.A. better thanB. other thanC. rather thanD. sooner than12.The public can rest that detectives are doing everything possible to find the murderer.A. assuredB. approvedC. guaranteedD. convinced13. The child’s bad behavior is often more than a way of trying to his mother’s attention away from his sister.A. reflectB. catchC. deflectD. reduce14. The small building was marked with a modest brass , stating the name and the business of the occupiers.A. plaqueB. plateauD. plaster15. I don’t know what all the was about -----it was a dull sort of a film and there was almost no sex in it.A. controversyB. conversationC. discussionD. illumination16. I missed the last flight, and decided to stay the night at the airport.A. howeverB. thereforeC. moreoverD. meanwhile17. You could be many dangers by traveling alone in that area.A. subject toB. immune toC. sensitive toD. resistant to18. She chewed each delicious mouthful as slowly as she could, the pleasure.A. delayingB. prolongingC. insistingD. indulging19. The candidate has an impressively range of interests and experience.A. diverseB. vividD. alive20. When I was sent to prison, I really felt I had my parents .A. let…offB. let…downC. let…outD. let…alone21. He outrage by calling the TV programmes “talking wallpaper”.A. provokedB. evokedC. revokedD. invoked22. The governments is trying to the people into thinking that a war is necessary.A. enlightenB. involveC. orientD. brainwash23. All the questions around what she had been doing on the night of the robbery.A. dissolvedB. revolvedC. evolvedD. devolved24. Make sure you’re him before you start sharing a house.A. synonymous withB. compatible withC. subordinate toD. autonomous of25. She said that the treatment she had received in the hospital had completely her of her dignity.A. thrivedB. suspendedC. deprivedD. contrived26. She was unimpressed by the actor describing him as “a vain man and dull”.A. intensivelyB. intenselyC. downrightD. actual27. down than the telephone rang.A. Not until I layB. No sooner had I lainC. Hardly had I lainD. Scarcely did I lie28. I’m sorry I’m late---- I had a mental and forget that we would have a meeting today.A. aberrationB. perversionC. imbalanceD. sanity29. I ignored an old woman who asked me for money in the street yesterday and it’s been on my ____ ever since.A. moralityB. conscienceC. moraleD. rationale30. He saw university as a community of scholars, wherestudents were by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.A. extractedB. deductedC. inductedD. conductedPart ⅡReading Comprehension（40 points）Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEETⅠwith a single line through the center.Passage 1I am running down an alley with a stolen avocado, having climbed over a white brick fence and into the forbidden back yard of a carefully manicured estate at the corner of El Dorado and Crescent Drive in Beverly Hills, California. I have snatched a rock-hard Fuerte avocado from one of the three avocado trees near the fence. I have been told that many ferocious dogs patrol the grounds; they are killers, these dogs. I am defying them. They are nowhere to be found, except in my mind, and I’m out and gone and in the alle y with their growls directing my imagination. I am running with fear and exhilaration, beginning a period of summer.Emerging from the shield of the alley I cut out into the open. Summer is about running, and I am running, protected by distance from the dogs. At the corner of Crescent Drive and Lomitas I spot Bobby Tornitzer on a bike. I shout “T ornitzer!” He tur ns his head. His bike wobbles. An automobile moving rapidly catches Tornitzer’s back wheel. Tornitzer is thrown high into the air and onto the concrete sidewalk of Crescent Drive. Thedriver, a woman with gray hair, swirls from the car hysterically and hovers noisily over Tornitzer, who will not survive the accident. I hold the avocado to my chest and stand, frozen, across the street.I am shivering in the heat, and sink to my knees. It is approximately 3:30 in the afternoon. It is June 21, 1946. In seven days, I will be 8 years old.31. The best title for this story could beA. SummerB. Killer DogsC. My Eighth BirthdayD. The Alley32. The main image in paragraph 1 is of a young boyA. climbing a white brick fencesB. snatching avocadosC. running with fear and exhilarationD. defying ferocious dogs33. The main image in paragraph 2 is ofA. Tornitzer riding his bikeB. exhilaration turning into horrorC. the 7-year-old emerging from the alleyD. the hysteria of the woman driver34. The story start with the feeling of and ends with the feeling of .A. joyful action…horrified inactionB. running…standingC. being alone…being with othersD. being alone in the open…shivering in the heat35. The phrase “shivering in the heat” (near the end of this passage) dramatically describes shock throughA. the use of minute detailB. the unexpected combination of hot and coldC. its implied reference to the word ‘frozen’D. the contrast of death and playPassage 2Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, butwithout being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.In a newsreel theatre the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had became the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won’t stand much blowing up, and it won’t stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery.A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming hysterical and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in the throes of a sneezing fit.One of the things commonly said about humorists is that they really very sad people---clown with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, bur it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy runningthroug h everyone’s life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively. Humorist fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible discomfort of tight boots( or as Josh Billing wittily called them, “tite” boots). They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form that is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparkling surface of these dilemmas flows the strong tide of human woe.36. The central theme of this essay is:A. There is little humor in old newsreel.B. Humor can be dissected like a frog.C. Humor is essentially a mystery, and because humorists are more aware of melancholy, they seem sadder than most people.D. Humorists need to compensate for the pain they have suffered.37. The main idea of paragraph 2 is:A. The author once saw a picture of the largest soap bubble ever madeB. The bubble blowing performance was a repulsive sight.C. Humor is fragile.D. Laughter is not a measure of humor.38. Why does the author feel that when humor is dissected, it dies in the process?A. The fun in humor lies in examining its contentsB. Humor must tantalize the senses on impact---if it has to be explained, it loses its effect.C. Humor is best enjoyed by people with scientific minds.D. A good humorist should explain his or her joke to make sure everyone understands it.39. The word “melancholy” in paragraph 3 probably meansA. joyB. sadnessC. hysteriaD. exhilaration40. In his final sentence, the author is evoking an image ofA. the oceanB. sparkling germsC. high tideD. flowing waterPassage 3Every time an old building is torn down in this country, and a new building goes up, the ground floor becomes a bank.The reason for this is that banks are the only ones who can afford the rent for the ground floor of the new buildings going up. Besides, when bank loans someone money to build a new building, it usually takes an option for the street-floor facilities.Most people don’t think there is anything wrong with this and they accept it as part of the American free-enterprise system. But there is s small group of people in this country who are fighting for Bank Birth Control.This is how Huddlestone Hubbard, the BBC’s chairman, explained it.“whenever you see an old building torn down,” H ubbard said, “you usually see a candy store, a dry cleaner, a delicatessen, and possibly a florist torn down with it. These shops are all replaced in the new buildings with a beautiful glass, aluminum,wall-to wall-carpeted money factor.“Now from an aesth etic viewpoint, a bank looks better than a fry cleaner, a candy store, a delicatessen and a florist. But from a practical point of view, it’s a sheer disaster. If you want a newspaper, a candy bar or a chocolate milk shake, you can’t get it a bank. Nor can you run out to a bank for a pound of Swiss cheese and a six-pack of beer when have guests coming over.“A bank is great if you want to buy a car, but it’s useless if you want to have your dress cleaned.“And while a bank might buy flowers to give itself a human image, it doesn’t sell any when you want to make up with your wife.”“What you’re saying then, Mr. Hubbard, is that every time a bank goes up, something in all of us dies.”“Exactly. One of the reasons kids are getting in so much trouble these days is that there are candy stores to hang around anymore. When tear down a delicatessen, the tangy smell of potato salad, corned beef and dill pickles are lost forever. Unless you’re trying to make a loan, no one ever salivates in a bank.“It is true,” I said.“The situation is more crucial than anyone thinks,” Hubbard said. “at the rate they’re tearing down consumer stores and replacing them with banks, we estimate that in ten years it will be impossible to buy a loaf of bread in the country. What good is it to get 7 percent on your money if you starve to death?”“Then what you’re saying is that it isn’t a question of not taking it with you. It’s question of staying alive while you have it,” I said.“Something like that,” Hubbard agreed. “we’re t rying toget the public to wake up to the fact it’s better to have a store t hat sells screwdrivers than a bank that giv es away alarm clocks.”“What’s the solution?”“A government decree that a bank has to supply the same services of the stores it tore down on the sam e property. If it’s a bakery, they have to sell cake, if it’s a photography shop, they have to develop films, and if it’s a dry-goods store, they have to sell warm underwear. If they provide the services of the stores they tore down, then we’ll let them do a little money lending on the side”.41. The central theme of the essay is:A. Practically every new commercial building erected today is owned by a bank.B. Banks are attempting to drive small merchants out of service.C. New banks are not assets to a neighborhood in spite of their attractive appearance.D. By occupying ground floor space in new buildings, banks are replacing neighborhood shopping conveniences.42. This essay is written in a tone ofA. humorous exaggerationB. humorous understatementC. serious anger D serious fear of the future43. The author talks about the “Bank Birth Control” group becauseA. it is the name of a real groupB. he hopes to become its presidentC. he is being humorous to make his pointD. he is in favor of all kinds of birth control44. The attitude of the author toward small neighborhoodstores is that theyA. are dirtyB. are convenient and colorfulC. should be replaced by banksD. should become supermarkets45. The author makes his point by usingA. satireB. dramaC. romanceD. poetryPassage 4What if our society uses new-found technologies of “genetic engineering” to interfere with the biological nature of human beings? Might that not be disastrous?What about cloning, for instance?Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animal. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply into the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society? Might it not be used for destructive purposes? For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtrodden peasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep afew in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the world.?A dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary methodof reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning do?Secondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough..But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals? There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influencefor it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two if a particular banker or governor or scientist---or three---or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the world?Before we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned? The new individual formed your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents ,but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survivein your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other’s influence. A clone of yourself , perhaps thirty or forty years younger, would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do form the start. The mere fact that you won’t be able to view it as a child, but as another competing and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent.46. The central theme of the essay is:A. Genetic engineers are experimenting with cloning.B. The cloning of human could produce a privileged class.C. worries about the dangers of human cloning are ill-founded.D. Personality traits cannot be passed on though cloning.47. The author assumes that the readers isA. afraid of a nation of dictatorsB. worried about the abuses of cloningC.egger to put cloning to practical useD. ready to be cloned48. The author assumes that the reader thinks “immortality”A. frighteningB. unavoidableC. profitableD. desirable49. To hold the reader’s interest, the auth orA. used quotations by famous peopleB. asks frequent questions of the readerC. presents many research statisticsD. tells many amusing stories50. The word “hordes” as used the passage meansA. swarms of fishB. large groups of peopleC. mountain rangesD. large fields of grainPart ⅢCloze (10%)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.A considerable amount of medical research is aimed at identifying risk factors for disease. The rationale behind this work is that where people are informed of their risk, they will happily change their behavior to lower that risk. 51 this is certainly a reasonable assumption, it turns out that things are not quite that simple and straightforward. First of all, health is not necessarily a top priority in everyo ne’s life and, for these people, changing behavior in the interests of health may interfere 52 other, more important matters. Second, the benefits to be derived 53 such changes rarely are immediate or obvious. Usually, improvements in health take palace over long periods of time and are quite subtle. 54 , we are all so bombarded with information about the thousands of health hazards to which we are exposed 55 most of us “t im e out” much of this information. This latter issue iscompounded by the fact that much of new information to which we are exposed through the media is exaggerated and, as often as not, is contradicted later by even “newer” information. For these and other reasons, simply knowing about a risk does not necessarily ensure that people will take appropriate steps to 56 it.57 when people want to change their behavior, this is not easy to do. For example, the overwhelming majority of smokers in this country want to quit, but 58 great effort very few are able to do so. Most smokers acknowledge, at some level, that health hazards associated with smoking and most wish that there were a simple and painless way to stop. 59 the number of people who want to lose weight is very large, but few of these people are able to do it and even60 are able to maintain such weight losses.Part ⅣTranslation (20%)Directions: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.我认为没有人不喜欢到处去看看：多看看他人，多阅他乡，不但可以认识世界，亦可认识自己。
2011英语考研真题
2011英语考研真题2011年英语考研真题IntroductionThe 2011 English postgraduate entrance examination consisted of a variety of questions that tested the candidates' language skills, as well as their ability to comprehend and analyze texts. This article aims to provide an overview and analysis of the different sections of the exam, including reading comprehension, vocabulary, and grammar.Section 1: Reading ComprehensionThe reading comprehension section of the 2011 English postgraduate entrance examination contained a series of passages that evaluated the candidates' ability to understand and interpret written English. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including literature, science, history, and social issues. Each passage was followed by a set of multiple-choice questions, which required the candidates to identify main ideas, infer meaning, and analyze the author's tone.Section 2: VocabularyThe vocabulary section of the exam tested the candidates' knowledge of English words and phrases. It required them to choose the appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence or fill in the blank. The questions were designed to assess the candidates' understanding of word definitions, collocations, and contextual usage.Section 3: GrammarThe grammar section aimed to assess the candidates' understanding of English grammar rules and their ability to apply them in sentence construction. The questions included identifying errors in sentences, choosing the correct verb tense, using appropriate prepositions, and selecting the right pronoun form.Analysis and Tips for SuccessTo successfully navigate the 2011 English postgraduate entrance examination, candidates should adopt effective strategies and study methods. Here are some tips to aid in preparation:1. Reading Comprehension: Develop strong reading skills by regularly reading English materials, such as newspapers, magazines, and online articles. Practice summarizing the main points of a passage and identifying the author's tone and purpose.2. Vocabulary: Build vocabulary by learning new words and their definitions. Pay attention to word formations, collocations, and idiomatic expressions. Utilize flashcards, word lists, and context-based learning techniques.3. Grammar: Master the fundamental grammar rules, including verb tenses, sentence structures, and parts of speech. Review common grammatical errors and practice sentence correction exercises. Seek guidance from grammar textbooks and online resources.4. Time Management: Develop effective time management skills during the exam. Allocate sufficient time based on the number of questions andtheir difficulty level. Prioritize easier questions to maximize accuracy and overall score.5. Practice Mock Exams: Familiarize yourself with the exam format by taking practice exams. Evaluate your performance and identify areas for improvement. Focus on strengthening weaker areas and addressing specific challenges.ConclusionThe 2011 English postgraduate entrance examination tested candidates' language proficiency, reading comprehension skills, vocabulary knowledge, and grammatical accuracy. By adopting effective study strategies, practicing regularly, and developing strong analytical and critical thinking skills, candidates can increase their chances of success in the examination. With ample preparation and determination, students can overcome challenges and achieve their desired results.。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Graduate Entrance Exam English Test Questions and Detailed ExplanationsIntroduction:The doctoral entrance exam is an important step for students who want to pursue their higher education in a field of study. The English test is a crucial component of this exam as it assesses the candidate's language proficiency. In this article, we will discuss some sample questions for the English test and provide detailed explanations for each question.Sample Questions:1. Sentence Completion:Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Example: Despite his ______________ efforts, he was unable to meet the deadline.A. diligentB. lazinessC. energeticD. fatigueExplanation: The correct answer is A. "diligent" is the opposite of "laziness" and fits the context of someone making efforts to meet a deadline.2. Reading Comprehension:Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.Passage: Climate change is a pressing issue that requires urgent action. Rising global temperatures have led to more frequent natural disasters and threaten the existence of many species.Question: What is the main concern of the passage?A. The impact of climate change on natural disasters.B. The extinction of species due to climate change.C. The urgency of taking action on climate change.D. The causes of rising global temperatures.Explanation: The correct answer is C. The passage emphasizes the urgency of taking action on climate change, making it the main concern.3. Error Identification:Identify the error in the sentence.Example: The students is going to the library to study for their exams.A. studentsB. is goingC. to studyD. their examsExplanation: The correct answer is A. "students" should be plural, so it should be "The students are going to the library..." to match the plural verb "are going."4. Vocabulary:Choose the synonym for the word in bold.Example: He is known for his **meticulous** attention to detail.A. carelessB. sloppyC. thoroughD. messyExplanation: The correct answer is C. "meticulous" means careful and thorough, which is synonymous with "thorough."5. Essay Writing:Write an essay discussing the advantages and disadvantages of online education.Explanation: In this essay question, candidates are expected to provide arguments for both the advantages and disadvantages of online education. Points to consider for the advantages could include flexibility, accessibility, andcost-effectiveness. For disadvantages, candidates could discuss issues such as lack of face-to-face interaction, technical difficulties, and potential isolation.Conclusion:The English test for the doctoral entrance exam is a crucial assessment of a candidate's language skills. By practicing sample questions and understanding the detailed explanations, candidates can improve their performance on the test and increase their chances of success in the entrance exam. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students!。
2011全国研究生入学考试英语（二）试题和标准答案
2011全国研究生入学考试英语（二）试题和标准答案2011全国研究生入学考试英语(二)试题和标准答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords(提供,给予) anonymity(匿名;作者不详) to its users, a blessing(庇护) to privacy（私密性；隐私权）and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion（扩张,剧增;剧变） of cyber（自动控制的）-crime（犯罪,犯罪活动）[ that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved（保存,保藏;防腐） 2 bringing safety and security(安全感)to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar(独裁者,独揽大权者), offered the federal(联邦的，同盟的)government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary(自愿的,志愿的)trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical(身体的,肉体的)key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential(证件) 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate(鉴定,认证鉴定,认证)users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation(联邦)of private online identity systems. Usercould 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Interne t driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12.the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave mu ch of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identifySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president ofBrown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations el sewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for dep arting a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The au thor’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled comeof the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lin es 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline ofsharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate ab out how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck.I t is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even t he suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial coun cils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project isremarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single cu rrency is stuck because the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Section I Use of English1．A 2．C 3．B4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D12．B13．A14．C15．A16．A17．D18．A19．C20．D Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121.[B] failing to fulfill her duty.22.[D] independent advisers.23.[C] do less well in the stock market.24.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm.25.[D] critical.Text 226.[D] were in a desperate situation.27.[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs.28.[C] are less dependent on advertising.29.[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers..30.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalText331.[C] restraint and confidence.32.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration.34.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.Text 436.[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned37.[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization38.[B] stricter regulations be imposed.39.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds40.[D] hopefulPart B41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points) Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gas es as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions? Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the firststep on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.参考答案从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。
华东政法大学华政考博英语真题试题试卷
B. Ian’s blind eye prevented him from athletics.
C. Ian’s success depended on his childhood experience.
D. Ian trained so hard in athletics as to lose one eye.
7. Mrs. Clark is worried about her
A. husband’s healthB. husband’s work
C. husband’s illnessD. own health
8. The relationship between Susan and Jenny is
A. neutral.B. friendly.C. unclear.D. strained.
SECTION B CONVERSATION (5%)
In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.
30.A.varietyB.groupC.formD.amount
PART III GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY 25% [20MIN.]
There are twenty-five sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
（推荐）华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷
（推荐）华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语试卷华东政法大学2012年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (15%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1. amounts of noxious wastes are dumped into the Songhuajiang River.A. AppreciatedB. AppreciableC. AppreciativeD. Appreciating2. I was taken when I saw him because he had lost all his hair.A. abackB. asideC. aboutD. apart3. Investors rushed into the market,that prices would rise.A. instructingB. entrustingC. relyingD. assuming4. In an effort to culture shocks, I think there is value in knowing something about the nature of culture.A. get offB. get byC. get throughD. get over5. When writing in English, we shall always be to details.A. attentiveB. observantC. recurrentD. earnest6.______ you find yourself in a condition of being troubled or worried about some trifles, please cultivate a hobby.A.CouldB. ShouldC. MightD. May7.The neighbors do not consider him quite ______ as most evenings he awakens them with his drunken singing.A. respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. suitable8.The new curriculum intends to strengthen children’s practice of basic social _____.A. mannersB. politenessC. rulesD. regulations9.Older people always enjoy the _____ of their relatives.A. companyB. accompanimentC. companionD. compassion10.They use ________ sales tactics to defeat their majorcompetitor.A. immoralB. immortalC. unscrupulousD. ambitious11.The ______ of his profession do not permit him to do that.A. ethicsB. ethnicsC. moralityD. morale12.Very few countries truly support US military ______ against Iraq.A. actsB. actionsC. behaviorD. deed13. He _____ a few more boards from the cabinet to make the inside more spacious.A. separatedB. dividedC. detachedD. parted14. Many people have the ________ about the blind and deaf.A. misconceptionsB. frustrationC. confessionD. acknowledgement15. This is the seventh year _______ that they've won the cup.A. in substanceB. in successionC. in suspensionD. in sequence16.Doctors warned against chewing tobacco as a ______ for smoking.A. successionB. substituteC. revivalD. relief17.If you go to the park every day in the morning, you will ____ find him doing physical exercise there.A. ordinarilyB. invariablyC. logicallyD. persistently18.More than one-third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, _____ in San Francisco.A. previouslyB. predominantlyC. practicallyD. permanently19.Operation which left patients _____ and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.A. exhaustedB. abandonedC. injuredD. deserted20.Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of important practical _____.A. obligationsB. regulationsC. observationsD.considerations21.We are _____ faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower standard of living.A. readilyB. smoothlyC. inevitablyD. deliberately22.It is a well-known fact that the cat family ____ lions and tigers.A. enrichesB. accommodatesC. adoptsD. embraces23. The _____ on this apartment expires in a year’s time.A. treatyB. subsidyC. leaseD. engagement24.When he realized he had been _____ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.A. elicitedB. excitedC. deducedD. induced25.The ______ at the military academy is so rigid that students can hardly bear it.A. confinementB. conventionC. disciplineD. principle26. We ______ the radio signals for help from the plane.A. picked outB. picked offC. picked atD. picked up27.He said that he had no _____ of the 1978 interview and that he had never seen it in print.A. recollectionB. memoryC. reminderD.recognition28.No one is so _____ as the person who has no wish to learn.A. sensibleB. ignorantC. uselessD. simple29.Angus Graham is the person who can advise you best. ____, he is coming here tomorrow.A. It is trueB. Even soC. In effectD. As a matter of fact30.I was not ____ by his many arguments so finally we agreed to differ.A. convictedB. assuredC. convincedD. concernedPart II: Reading Comprehension (20%).Direction: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Educators are seriously concerned about the high rate of dropouts (辍学者) among the doctor of philosophy candidates and the consequent loss of talent to a nation in need of Ph. D. s. Some have placed the dropouts loss as high as 50 percent. The extent of the loss was, however, largely a matter of expert guessing. Last week a well-rounded study was published. It was published. It was based on 22,000 questionnaires sent to former graduate students who were enrolled in 24 universities and it seemed to show many past fears to be groundless.The dropouts rate was found to be 31 per cent, and in most cases the dropouts, while not completing the Ph. D. requirement, went on to productive work. They are not only doing well financially, but, according to the report, are not far below the income levels of those who went on to complete their doctorates.Discussing the study last week, Dr. Tucker said the project was initiated ‘because of the concern frequently expressed by graduate faculties and administrators that some of the individuals who dropped out of Ph. D. programs were capable ofcompeting the requirement for the degree. Attrition (缩/减员，磨损) at the Ph. D. level is also thought to be a waste of precious faculty time and a drain on university resources already being used to capacity. Some people expressed the opinion that the shortage of highly trained specialists and college teachers could be reduced by persuading the dropouts to return to graduate schools to complete the Ph.D.’“The results of our research” Dr. Tucker concluded, “did not support these opinions.”/doc/2814325503.html,ck of motivation was the principal reason for dropping out.2.Most dropouts went as far in their doctoral program as was consistent with their levels of ability or their specialities.3.Most dropouts are now engaged in work consistent with their education and motivation.Nearly 75 per cent of the dropouts said there was no academic reason for their decision, but those who mentioned academic reason cited failure to pass the qualifying examination, uncompleted research and failure to pass language exams. Among the single most important personal reasons identified by dropouts for non-completion of their Ph. D. program, lack of finances was marked by 19 per cent.As an indication of how well the dropouts were doing, a chart showed 2% in humanities were receiving $ 20,000 and more annually while none of the Ph. D. ‘s with that background reached this figure. The Ph. D.s shone in the $ 7,500 to $ 15,000 bracket (一类人，阶层) with 78% at that level against 50% for the dropouts. This may also be an indication of the fact that top salaries in the academic fields, where Ph. D. ‘s tend to rise to thehighest salaries, are still lagging behind other fields.As to the possibility of getting dropouts back on campus, the outlook was glum(阴郁的). The main condition which would have to prevail for at least 25 % of the dropouts who might consider returning to graduate school would be to guarantee that they would retain their present level of income and in some cases their present job.31.The author states that many educators feel that[A] steps should be taken to get the dropouts back to campus.[B] the fropouts should return to a lower quality school to continue their study.[C] the Ph. D. holder is generally a better adjusted person than the dropout.[D] The high dropouts rate is largely attributable to the lack of stimulation on the part of faculty members.32.Research has shown that[A] Dropouts are substantially below Ph. D. ‘s in financial attainment.[B] the incentive factor is a minor one in regard to pursuing Ph. D. studies.[C] The Ph. D. candidate is likely to change his field of specialization if he drops out.[D] about one-third of those who start Ph. D. work do not complete the work to earn the degree.33.Meeting foreign language requirements for the Ph. D.[A] is the most frequent reason for dropping out.[B] is more difficult for the science candidate than for the humanities candidate.[C] is an essential part of many Ph. D. programs.[D] does not vary in difficulty among universities.34.After reading the article, one would refrain from concluding that[A] optimism reigns in regard to getting Ph. D. dropouts to return to their pursuit of the degree.[B] a Ph. D. dropout, by and large, does not have what it takes to learn the degree.[C] colleges and universities employ a substantial number of Ph. D. dropouts.[D] Ph. D. ‘s are not earning what they deserve in nonacademic positions.35.It can be inferred that the high rate of dropouts lies in[A] salary for Ph. D. too low.[B] academic requirement too high.[C] salary for dropouts too high.[D] 1000 positions.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.The Norwegian Government is doing its best to keep the oil industry under control. A new law limits exploration to an area south of the southern end of the long coastline; production limits have been laid down (though these have already been raised); and oil companies have not been allowed to employ more than a limited number of foreign workers. But the oil industry has a way of getting over such problems, and few people believe that the Government will be able to hold things back for long. As on Norwegian politician said last week: “We will soon be changed beyond all recognition.”Ever since the war, the Government has been carrying out a programme of development in the area north of the Arctic Circle.During the past few years this programme has had a great deal of success: Tromso has been built up into a local capital with a university, a large hospital and a healthy industry. But the oil industry has already started to draw people south, and within a few years the whole northern policy could be in ruins.The effects of the oil industry would not be limited to the north, however. With nearly 100 percent employment, everyone can see a situation developing in which the service industries and the tourist industry will lose more of their workers to the oil industry. Some smaller industries might even disappear altogether when it becomes cheaper to buy goods from abroad.The real argument over oil is its threat to the Norwegian way of life. Farmers and fishermen do not make up most of the population, but they are an important part of it, because Norwegians see in them many of the qualities that they regard with pride as essentially Norwegian. And it is the farmers and the fishermen who are most critical of the oil industrybecause of the damage that it might cause to the countryside and to the sea.36. The Norwegian Government would prefer the oil industry to[A] provide more jobs for foreign workers.[B] slow down the rate of its development.[C] sell the oil it is producing abroad.[D] develop more quickly than at present.37.The Norwegian Government has tried to[A] encourage the oil companies to discover new oil sources.[B] prevent oil companies employing people from northern Norway.[C] help the oil companies solve many of their problems.[D] keep the oil industry to something near its present size.38.According to the passage, the oil industry might lead northern Norway to[A] the development of industry.[B] a growth in population.[C] the failure of the development programme.[D] the development of new towns.39. In the south, one effect to the development of the oil industry might be[A] a large reduction on unemployment.[B] a growth in the tourist industry.[C] a reduction in the number of existing industries.[D] the development of a number of service industries.40.Norwegian farmers and fishermen have an important influence because[A] they form such a large part of Norwegian ideal.[B] their lives and values represent the Norwegian ideal.[C] their work is so useful to the rest of Norwegian society.[D] they regard oil as a threat to the Norwegian way of life.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passagePolice fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protestors Friday in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southernNew Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on stateauthorities to cancel the project. The demonstrator had charged that the project was unsafe in the densely populated area, would create thermal pollution in the bay, and had no acceptable means for disposing of its radioactive wasters. The demonstrations would go on until the jails and the courts were so overloaded that the state judicial system would collapse.Governor Stanforth Thumper insisted that there would be no reconsideration of the power project and no delay in its construction set for completion in three years. “This project wil l begin on time and the people of this state will begin to receive its benefits on schedule. Those who break the law in misguided attempts to sabotage the project will be dealt with according to the law,” h e said. And police called in reinforcements from all over the state to handle the disturbances.The protests began before dawn Friday when several thousand demonstrators broke through police lines around the cordoned-off construction site. They carried placards that read “No Nukes is Good Nukes,” “Sunpowe r, Not Nuclear Power,” and “Stop Private Profits from Public Peril.” They defied police order to move from the area. Tear gas canisters fired by police failed to dislodge the protestors who had come prepared with their own gas masks or facecloths. Finally gas-masked and helmeted police charged into the crowd to drag off the demonstrators one by one. The protestors did not resist police, but refused to walk away under their own power. Those arrested would be charged with unlawful assembly, trespassing, and disturbing the peace.41. were the demonstrators protesting about?[A] Private profits.[B] Nuclear Power Station.[C] The project of nuclear power construction.[D] Public peril.42.Who had gas-masks?[A] Everybody.[B] A part of the protestors.[C] Policemen.[D] Both B and C.43.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for the demonstration?[A] Public transportation.[B] Public peril.[C] Pollution.[D] Disposal of wastes.44.With whom were the jails and courts overloaded?[A] With prisoners.[B] With arrested demonstrators.[C] With criminals.[D] With protestors.45.What is the attitude of Governor Stanforth Thumper toward the power project and the demonstration?[A] stubborn.[B] insistent.[C] insolvable.[D] remissible.Notes: 1. cordon: 警戒线，警戒; 2. nuke: （美俚）核武器，核电站; 3. defy: 公然蔑视; 4. canister: 罐，筒，榴霰弹筒; 5. dislodge: 赶走Passage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Two divergent definitions have dominated sociologists'discussions of the nature of ethnicity. The first emphasizes the primordial and unchanging character of ethnicity. In this view, people have an essential need for belonging that is satisfied by membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture. A different conception of ethnicity de-emphasizes the cultural component and defines ethnic groups as interest groups. In this view, ethnicity serves as a way of mobilizing a certain population behind issues relating to its economic position. While both of these definitions are useful, neither fully captures the dynamic and changing aspects of ethnicity in the United States.Rather, ethnicity is more satisfactorily conceived of as a process in which preexisting communal bonds and common cultural attributes are adapted for instrumental purposes according to changing real-life situations.One example of this process is the rise of participation by Native American people in the broader United States political system since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960's. Besides leading Native Americans to participate more actively in politics (the number of Native American legislative officeholders more than doubled), this movement also evoked increased interest in tribal history and traditional culture. Cultural and instrumental components of ethnicity are not mutually exclusive, but rather reinforce one another.The Civil Rights movement also brought changes in the uses to which ethnicity was put by Mexican American people. In the 1960's, Mexican Americans formed community-based political groups that emphasized ancestral heritage as a way of mobilizing constituents. Such emerging issues as immigration and voting rights gave Mexican American advocacy groups the means by which to promote ethnic solidarity. Like European ethnic groupsin the nineteenth-century United States, late-twentieth-century Mexican American leaders combined ethnic with contemporary civic symbols. In 1968 Henry Censors, then mayor of San Antonio, Texas, cited Mexican leader Benito Juarez as a model for Mexican Americans in their fight for contemporary civil rights. And every year, Mexican Americans celebrate Cinco de Mayo as fervently as many Irish American people embrace St. Patrick's Day (both are major holidays in the countries of origin), with both holidays having been reinvented in the context of the United States and linked to ideals, symbols, and heroes of the United States.46. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?[A] In their definitions of the nature of ethnicity, sociologists have underestimated the power of the primordial human need to belong.[B] Ethnicity is best defined as a dynamic process that combines cultural components with shared political and economic interests.[C] In the United States in the twentieth century, ethnic groups have begun to organize in order to further their political and economic interests.[D] Ethnicity in the United States has been significantly changed by the Civil Rights movement.47. Which is the following statements about the first two definitions of ethnicity discussed in the first paragraph is supported by the passage?[A] One is supported primarily by sociologists, and the other is favored by members of ethnic groups.[B] One emphasizes the political aspects of ethnicity, and the other focuses on the economic aspects.[C] One is the result of analysis of United States populations, and the other is the result of analysis of European populations.[D] One focuses more on the ancestral components of ethnicity than does the other.48. The author of the passage refers to Native American people in the second paragraph in order to provide an example of[A] the ability of membership in groups based on shared ancestry and culture to satisfy an essential human need.[B] how ethnic feelings have both motivated and been strengthened by political activity .[C] how the Civil Rights movement can help promote solidarity among United States ethnic groups.[D] how participation in the political system has helped to improve a group's economic situation.49. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Mexican American community?[A] In the 1960's the Mexican American community began to incorporate the customs of another ethnic group in the United States into the observation of its own ethnic holidays.[B] In the 1960's Mexican American community groups promoted ethnic solidarity primarily in order to effect economic change.[C] In the 1960's leader of the Mexican American community concentrated their efforts on promoting a renaissance of ethnic history and culture [D] In the 1960's members of the Mexican American community were becoming increasingly concerned about the issue of voting rights.50. Which of the following types of ethnic cultural expression is discussed in the passage?[A] The retelling of traditional narratives[B] The wearing of traditional clothing[C] The playing of traditional music[D] The celebration of traditional holidaysPart III: English Writing (15%)DIRECTIONS: For this part, you are going to write a short essay on the title. You should write about 250 words and write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Title:The income gaps and the further reforms in ChinaNOTES:Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instruction may result in a loss of marks.第二部分专业英语试题Part I. Reading comprehensionThere are altogether 10 sections. Please choose from the items given under eachquestion the best one as your answer. 2 marks for each question with a total of40 marks.Note：You should answer questions to 5 sections only，one of which should be thesection corresponding to the major you are applying for and the other 4 sectionscan be selected at your wile. 每名考生最多回答5节下的选择题，其中必须有一节与考生所报专业对应，其余4节考生可以任选。
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of? EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license10by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that alread y have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sens e of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．on on in in12．vain effect return contrast13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldma n Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directo rs are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. The y fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, thefirm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable becausethey .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Econ omic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who likeother people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means t hat less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for exam ple, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and pro portions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influen ce on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers –but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ .[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a“Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, we aker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is st uck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing forgovernments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: ., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck beca use the dominant powers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government’s role in promoting publ ic health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes” on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments made last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to shop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food products such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain’s addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity，diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or excessive drinking.“Thirty years ago, it would hav e been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,” said the leader of the UK’s children’s doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufactures of crisps and candies could play a central role in the Change Life campaign, the centerpiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticized the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an example of how “lecturing” people was not the best way to change their behavior.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before 9 pm and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes-by setting strict limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,” he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “if children ar e taught about the impact that food had on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around schools and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between and grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and notjust by big companies.Section IV?? WritingPart A: Suppose your cousin Li Ming has been admitted to a him/her a letter to1)congratulate him/her, and2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead.Do not write the address.(10 points)Part B: write an essay based on the following chart .In your writing you should1)interpret the chart ,and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题参考答案1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1参考答案21．A。
10年博士入学考试-基础英语
华东政法大学2010年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷第一部分基础英语试题Part I: Grammar & Vocabulary (10%)Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence and then mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET 1.1.To most people, marriage is a_______ affair.A. love-and-hatredB. now or neverC. win-win situationD. give-and-take2.We tried to settle the argument but ________ nothing.A. finishB. completedC. endedD. accomplished3.We should settle our difference by ______________ not by war.A. assignmentB. compromiseC. securityD. appointment4.Tramps as pioneers? It seemed absurd. I kept _____ the idea _____.A. pondering, aboutB. mulling, aboutC. thinking, ofD. speculating, on5.People become _____ the place they live in.A. associated withB. attached toC. appreciative ofD. attachable with6.Since the days of Columbus, America has been another name for opportunity,where one seems to accomplish _______.A. anythingB. somethingC. nothingD. little7.No matter how difficult the problem is, he can handle it _____.A. at equal easeB. of equal easeC. with equal easeD. from equal ease8.The successful tramps would be ______ the pioneers.A. equalB. equal ofC. equal toD. equals9.I t’s likely for the outstanding ones to stand out ______ the rest.A.offB. ofC. fromD. aboveB.10.It’s human nature to _____ wealth ____ reach and neglect happiness already______.A.crave, within, within reachB.crave for, out of, in handC.chase after, beyond, beyond reachD.seek after, within, out of hand11.___ her surprise, migrant workers are __________.A.Out of, a tough and hard-working lotB.To, a diligent and cheerful lotC.To, diligent and tough lots.D.Out of, tough and hard-working lot12.When asked whether it’s the ______ he is _____, the answer, after some ____, isinvariably the same.A.money, after, hesitantB.money, craving for, thoughtC.money, chasing after, considerateD.money, craving, thinking13.Resourceful as the general was, he let ____ spread that he would attack on acertain day next month.A. the wordB. wordC. a wordD. words14.The ______ would perish in a world of fierce competition.A.adaptableB. adaptedC. inadaptableD. adaptive15.It’s easy for the tramps to ______ temper and get _____ with the steady job.A.lose, sickB. control, fed upC. lose, fed upD. control, sick and tired16.We genuinely ______ your opinion and your suggestion.A. appreciate ofB. valueC. evaluate asD. estimate about17.The Empire State Building is a famous______ on the New York skyline.A.stumbling blockB.stepping blockndmarkD.spring board18.The teacher tried to _____ the new boy ____ by letting him say something abouthis hometown.A. draw…forB. draw…backC. draw… awayD. draw… upon19.The grass was ____ with dew. Drops of water _______ in the sun.A.full, sparkledB.wet, sparkledC.filled, gleamedD.abundant, gleamed20.What he said last night is ______ a nuisance than it should be.A. more ofB. less thanC. just asD. more likePart II: Reading Comprehension (15%).Direction: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the center. Passage One:Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scholarship had advanced.To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity. Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential connections among military, economic, and cultural forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.The common explanation of these apparent connections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and literature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. Economic advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the 860’s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab incursions so thatby 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire’s favor. The beginning of the empire’s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830. Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in 1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military revival followed by economic and then by cultural recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.21. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in which the usual order of military and economicrevival preceding cultural revival was reversed.(B) After 810 Byzantine economic recovery spurred a military and, later, cultural expansion thatlasted until 1453.(C) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning is an inexplicable phenomenon, and itseconomic and military precursors have yet to be discovered.(D) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the eighth and eleventh centuries shows culturalrebirth preceding economic and military revival, the reverse of the commonly accepted order of progress.22. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine revival(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens are examples of cultural, economic,and military expansion against which all subsequent cases must be measured(C) To suggest that cultural, economic, and military advances have tended to be closelyinterrelated in different societies.(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar,they are unrelated to other historical examples23. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army(C) were comparable in size to the army of Rome under Augustus(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid Caliphate’s military forces24. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium accords with this model(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be not generally applicable to the case ofByzantium(C) cast aspersions on traditional historical scholarship about Byzantium(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for which no historical precedent exists25. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which the Byzantine revival began?(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860’s led to economic and cultural advances.(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.(C) The Byzantine economic recovery began in the 900’s.(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward the end of the eighth century.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, th ough producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacralization’ of children’s lives.” Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new “sociological economics,” who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: thepower of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “surrender” value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.26. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(A) earnings of the person at time of death(B) wealth of the party causing the death(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed27. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(B) required constant supervision while working(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school28. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield(B) present the central thesis of a recent book(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?(A) The average size of families grew considerably(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other.30. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in(A) the mortality rate(B) the nature of industry(C) the nature of the family(D) attitudes toward reform movementsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent to the Black population of the United States left the South, where the preponderance of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918.It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.But the question of who actually left the South has never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South.About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths, masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence.The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries – tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.31. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source ofinformation in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910(D) The federal census of 191032. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to herargument?(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of thecountry.(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses theentire industrial sector.33. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities.34. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker's decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states35. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanationPart III: Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English on ANSWER SHEET 2 (10%):1. 分析人士对浮动的美元会走向何方看法不一。
2011研究生学位英语考试真题及答案解析
2011研究生学位英语考试真题及答案解析全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12011年研究生学位英语考试真题Part I Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 25 points)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.The Devastation of the FamineThe Great Famine that struck Ireland between 1845 and 1849 was a humanitarian catastrophe that resulted in the death of nearly a million people and the ____1____ of another two million.A series of potato blights, ____2____ by a fungus calledphytophthora infestans, caused the staple crop upon which a large proportion of the Irish population depended to fail repeatedly. The government, led by Sir Robert Peel initially responded by importing corn in an attempt to ____3____ the Irish population. However, the harsh economic circumstances of the time meant that poverty was widespread. There were impossible tolls to be paid just in order to transport the corn to local markets and the potato blight had spread to the only other crop the Irish could depend upon: oats.Word Bank:A) starvation B) plaguedC) escape D) sufferingE) provided F) deterioratingG) distributed H) deliverI) crumbling J) accompaniedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You maychoose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.The Lincoln-Douglas DebatesIn 1858 Illinois held a series of seven public debates for a United States Senate seat between the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, and the Democratic candidate, Stephen Douglas. The debates were an integral part of the ______4____ and were intended to gain _____5____ crucial to their respective campaigns. Douglas was a well-known incumbent who had held the seat for two terms and was seeking re-election. Lincoln, a former one-term congressman and unsuccessful opponent of Douglas in the _____6____ election for the same seat, challenged him to a series of debates.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (40 minutes, 10 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then, mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.1. The poor living conditions of children reflect their ________ status in society.A. relativelyB. immovableC. hazardousD. subordinate2. The corporation has fired a number of employees as part of a restructuring _______.A. bindingB. initiativeC. differentialD. libertyPart III Reading Comprehension (60 minutes, 30 points)A) Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the statement and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage OneQuestions:7. What was the main focus of the Great Famine in Ireland?A. Social unrestB. Economic collapseC. Agricultural disasterD. Political corruption8. What caused the potato crops to fail repeatedly during the Great Famine?A. Pesticide overuseB. Harsh economic circumstancesC. Phytophthora infestansD. Sir Robert Peel's policiesPassage TwoQuestions:9. Who were the two candidates in the 1858 Illinois Senate debates?A. Abraham Lincoln and Stephen DouglasB. Stephen Douglas and John F. KennedyC. Abraham Lincoln and Barack ObamaD. Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln10. What was the role of the debates in the political campaigns of Lincoln and Douglas?A. To divide the votersB. To engage in intellectual discussionsC. To gain support from the publicD. To seek endorsements from prominent figuresPart IV Translation (30 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Translate the following passage from English into Chinese. Write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.The Theory of Evolution is one of the most revolutionary scientific theories in the history of biology. Introduced by Charles Darwin in his seminal work "On the Origin of Species," the theory proposes that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors through the process of natural selection. The theory has had profound implications for our understanding of the natural world and has revolutionized the field of biology.2011年研究生学位英语考试答案解析Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A1. A) starvation2. B) plagued3. E) provided4. D) suffering5. H) deliver6. F) deteriorating7. C) Agricultural disaster8. C) Phytophthora infestansSection B4. B5. C6. A篇22011研究生学位英语考试真题及答案解析The Graduate School English Test (GRE) is an important examination that many students have to take in order to pursue advanced degrees in various fields. In 2011, the GRE exam had a specific format and set of questions that challenged the test takers' language skills and comprehension abilities. In this article, we will provide an overview of the 2011 GRE exam, as well as offer detailed explanations for the answers to some of the questions.The 2011 GRE exam consisted of three main sections: Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning, and Analytical Writing. The Verbal Reasoning section focused on assessing the test takers' ability to understand and analyze written passages, while the Quantitative Reasoning section tested their math skills. The Analytical Writing section required students to write two essays based on provided prompts.One of the questions from the Verbal Reasoning section in the 2011 GRE exam presented a passage about the importance of biodiversity in maintaining ecological balance. The question asked test takers to identify the main idea of the passage and choose the best possible answer. The correct answer was "B" which stated that biodiversity is crucial for the health of ecosystems.In the Quantitative Reasoning section, students encountered questions that tested their ability to solve math problems and apply mathematical concepts. One question in this section asked test takers to calculate the percentage of a certain number in relation to another number. The correct answer was determined by dividing the first number by the second number and multiplying the result by 100.In the Analytical Writing section, students had to write two essays that demonstrated their ability to think critically and express their ideas clearly. One of the prompts asked students to discuss the pros and cons of social media in society. Test takers were required to provide examples and evidence to support their arguments and present a well-structured essay.In conclusion, the 2011 GRE exam was a challenging test that assessed students' language skills, math abilities, and criticalthinking skills. By preparing thoroughly and familiarizing themselves with the format of the exam, test takers were able to perform well and achieve high scores. Studying past GRE exams and practicing with sample questions can help students improve their test-taking abilities and increase their chances of success in the exam.篇32011研究生学位英语考试真题及答案解析Introduction:The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is a standardized test that is required for admission to most graduate schools in the United States. It measures verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, critical thinking, and analytical writing skills that have been acquired over a long period of time and that are not related to any specific field of study. In this document, we will take a look at the 2011 GRE exam, including sample questions and answer explanations to help you better prepare for the test.Verbal Reasoning Section:1. Sentence Equivalence:- Sample question: The author's writing style was so ________ that it was difficult to follow his arguments.- Options: A) convoluted B) lucid C) concise D) verbose E) ambiguous F) meticulous- Answer: A) convoluted- Explanation: The correct answer is convoluted because it means intricate or difficult to follow, which is the opposite of lucid (clear) and concise (succinct).2. Text Completion:- Sample question: The politician's speech was filled with empty promises and ________ rhetoric that failed to resonate with the audience.- Options: A) sincere B) insincere C) blunt D) persuasive E) ineffective- Answer: B) insincere- Explanation: The correct answer is insincere because it fits the context of the sentence, which is negative and suggests that the rhetoric was not genuine.Quantitative Reasoning Section:1. Multiple Choice:- Sample question: If a car travels at a speed of 60 miles per hour, how far will it have traveled in 3 hours?- Options: A) 100 miles B) 120 miles C) 140 miles D) 160 miles E) 180 miles- Answer: E) 180 miles- Explanation: The correct answer is E) 180 miles because you can calculate this by multiplying the speed (60 miles per hour) by the time (3 hours).2. Numeric Entry:- Sample question: What is the value of 2(x + 3) when x = 5?- Answer: 16- Explanation: The correct answer is 16 because you substitute x = 5 into the equation to get 2(5 + 3) = 2(8) = 16.Analytical Writing Section:1. Argument Essay:- Sample question: The following appeared in a memo from the director of marketing at Dura-Sock, a small company that makes athletic socks:"Our marketing department recently conducted a survey of consumers in our target market, and we found that over 80% of respondents agreed that Dura-Sock is the most durable and comfortable sock on the market. Therefore, we should increase our advertising budget to capitalize on this positive perception and increase our market share."- Answer: This argument is flawed because it relies onself-reported data from a biased sample of consumers and does not provide any evidence to support the claim that increasing the advertising budget will lead to a significant increase in market share.2. Issue Essay:- Sample question: "It is more important for students to study history and literature than it is for them to study science and mathematics."- Answer: While studying history and literature is important for developing critical thinking and communication skills, studying science and mathematics is crucial for understanding the world around us and solving complex problems. Therefore, both areas of study are equally important for a well-rounded education.Conclusion:In conclusion, the 2011 GRE exam tested students on a range of skills, including verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, and analytical writing. By practicing sample questions and reviewing answer explanations, students can better prepare for the test and improve their chances of success. Remember to study consistently and seek help from tutors or study materials to enhance your performance on the exam. Good luck!。
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华东政法大学博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、第一部分基础英语试题(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Thecontractwillbebindingwhenbothsideshaveaffixedtheir______toit. （分数：0.50）A.sealB.sailC.veilD.sole2.Althoughtheyhavegunsandgrenades,theyarenotsoldiersbutagangof_____. （分数：0.50）A.banditsB.kidnappersC.robbersD.burglars3.Surroundedwithnumerousstars,themoonseemsallthemore_____. （分数：0.50）A.obviousB.visibleC.conspicuousD.apparent4.John‘sscoreonthetestisthehighestintheclass;he_____lastnight. （分数：0.50）A.must studyB.should have studiedC.must have studiedD.is sure to study5.Theinventionofthetelephonewasagreat____tocommunication. （分数：0.50）A.distributionB.contributionC.attributionD.fruition6.Whatadifferencebetweenthetwohouseswhichstand_____toeachother. （分数：0.50）A.adjacentB.adheringC.extendingD.detaching7.Eventhemostindulgentparentswillnotlettheirchildren____tellinglies. （分数：0.50）A.get away withB.get along withC.get inD.get out8.Tomcoulddosomebrilliant_______ofourEnglishteacher. （分数：0.50）A.impressionsB.personificationsC.impersonationsD.persons9.Themomentthebuxomwomansatdown,theoldchairfirst_____andthencollapsed. （分数：0.50）A.groanedB.gaspedC.guffawed10.ButtheSwissdiscoveredlongyearsagothatconstantwarfarebroughtthem______sufferingandpoverty. （分数：0.50）A.anything butB.nothing butC.none other thanD.no more than11.Totheirgreatdismay,theyfoundthattheirwageincreaseshadbeen_____bythesoaringpricesasaresult ofinflation. （分数：0.50）A.leveledB.reducedC.offsetD.cancelled12.I_____withthanksthehelpofmycolleaguesinthepreparationofthisnewcolumn. （分数：0.50）A.expressB.confessC.verifyD.acknowledge13.Therearen‘tenoughcomputersforthewholegradeofstudentsto________. （分数：0.50）A.go aroundB.go underC.go downD.go for14.Yourperformanceisgenerallyassumedto_______theknowledgeyouhaveacquired and will retain. （分数：0.50）A.adhere toB.submitC.correspond toD.conform to15.Ididn‘tsayanythinglikethatatall.Youarepurposely_____myideatoproveyourpoint. （分数：0.50）A.extortingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting16.Hissuggestionsarebasedona/an_______thattheprisonsystemisoutofdateandworthless. （分数：0.50）A.dominationB.consumptionC.considerationD.assumption17.Theteacherwasa_______womanwhodidherbest. （分数：0.50）A.respectingB.respectableC.respectiveD.respectful18.Inthatcountry,studentswillbe_____admittancetotheirclassroomiftheyarenotproperlydressed. （分数：0.50）A.declinedB.deprivedD.deserted19.Followingthescandal,hewas_______fromhispostasdeputyfinanceminister. （分数：0.50）A.refusedB.repliedC.relievedD.removed20.Iwasquite________byalltheflowersandlettersofsupportIreceived. （分数：0.50）A.overwhelmedB.surroundedC.soakedD.buried21.On______,18%ofourdailycaloriescomefromsugar. （分数：0.50）A.generalB.the wholemonD.average22.Shewasstaringoutoverthelake,lostin_______. （分数：0.50）A.consciousnessB.contemplationC.contradictionD.content23.Ican_______alotmoreworkwhenI'monmyown. （分数：0.50）A.get throughB.get overC.get onD.get in24.The________outcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment. （分数：0.50）A.apB.proneC.likelyD.liable25.Thepolicewereinstructedto______thedemonstrationagainstthegovernment. （分数：0.50）A.break outB.break intoC.break offD.break up26.Inthe____ofancientTroy,theGreeksgotintothecitybyhidinginawooden horse.（分数：0.50）A.legendB.mythC.historyD.fiction27.Evenasachildheshowedaninclinationto____overtheotherchildren. （分数：0.50）A.ruleernC.inspectD.dominate28.Manyoftheearliest______intotheUnitedStatesestablishedlargeplantations. （分数：0.50）A.emigrantsB.emigrationsC.immigrantsD.migrants29.Undergraduatestudentshaveno____totherarebooksinthelibrary. （分数：0.50）A.entranceB.accessC.wayD.path30.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn‘t____inthewash,butithas. （分数：0.50）A.dissolveB.slimC.contractD.shrink二、PartII:ReadingCompre(总题数：4，分数：20.00)PassageOne Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight‘ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissusp endedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedi sguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinki ngofthemasjust―mentalnoise‖–therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdrea msarepartofthemind‘semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis―off-line‖.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharne ssedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter.―It‘syourdream,‖saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago‘sMedicalCenter.―Ifyoudon‘tlikeit,changeit.‖Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep-whenmostvividdreamsoccur-asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburg h.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the―emotionalbrain‖)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasonin g)isrelativelyquiet.―Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday,‖saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowupamongthepatientsinCartwright‘sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbefor eawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseo urconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon‘talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday‘sevents–until,itappears,webegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontrol overrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyo uwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuc hpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep. Attheendoftheday,there‘sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor―wewakeupinapanic,‖Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeo ple‘sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus ,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep-orratherdream-onitandyou‘llfeelinthemorning.（分数：5.00）(1).Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams_____. （分数：1.00）A.canbemodifiedintheircoursesB.aresusceptibletoemotionalchangesC.reflectourinnermostdesiresandfearsD.arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs(2).Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow_____. （分数：1.00）A.its function in our dreamsB.the mechanism of REM sleepC.the relation of dreams to emotionsD.its difference from the prefrontal cortex(3).Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto_____. （分数：1.00）A.aggravate in our unconscious mindB.develop into happy dreamsC.persist till time we fall asleepD.show up in dreams early at night(4).Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat_____. （分数：1.00）A.waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreamsB.visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under controlC.dreams should be left to their natural progressionD.dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious(5).WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams? （分数：1.00）A.Lead your life as usualB.Seek professional helpC.Exercise consciousD.Avoid anxiety in the daytimePassageTwo Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Nowcustomhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatimportance.Theinnerworkingsofourownbr ainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustom,wehaveawayofthinking,isbehavioratitsmo stcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isam assofdetailedbehaviormoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions.Yet thatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatc ustomplaysinexperienceandinbeliefandtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest. Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristine(未受外界影响的)eyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandthewaysofthinking.Eveninhisph ilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes(固定的模式);hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcusto ms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehavioroftheindivid ualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabul aryofhismothertongueoveragainstthoseworldsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothelanguageofhis family.Whenoneseriouslystudiessocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopindependently,thefigure(比喻)becomesnomorethananexactandmatter-of-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirst andforemostanadjustmenttothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromth emomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehavior.Bythetimehecantalk ,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,its habitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.（分数：5.00）(1).Theauthorthinksthereasonwhycustomhasbeenignoredintheacademicworldisthat_________. （分数：1.00）A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlookD.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking(2).WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoJohnDewey? （分数：1.00）A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influence by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.(3).Theworld―custom‖inthispassagemostprobablymeans________. （分数：1.00）A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of a community(4).Accordingtothepassage,aperson‘slife,fromhisbirthtohisdeath,_________. （分数：1.00）A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is chiefly influenced by the habits of other communities(5).Theauthor‘spurposeinwritingthispassageis_________. （分数：1.00）A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of man and social customsD.to show man‘s adjustment to traditional customsPassageThree Questions41to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage Americanstodaydon‘tplaceaveryhighvalueonintellect.Ourheroesareathlete,entertainers,andentrepreneurs,notschol ars.Evenourschoolsarewherewesendourchildrentogetapracticaleducation-nottopursueknowledgefort hesakeofknowledge.Symptomsofpervasiveanti-intellectualisminourschoolsaren‘tdifficulttofind. Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanintellectual,‖sayseducationwriterDianeRavitch.―Schoolcouldbeacounterbalance.‖Ravitch‘slatestbook,LeftBack:ACenturyoffailedSchoolReforms,tracestherootsofanti-intellectualismino urschools,concludingtheyareanythingbutacounterbalancetotheAmericandistasteforintellectualpur suits.Buttheycouldandshouldbe.Encouragingkidstorejectthelifeofthemindleavesthemvulnerabletoexploit ationandcontrol.Withouttheabilitytothinkcritically,todefendtheirideasandunderstandtheideasof others,theycannotfullyparticipateinourdemocracy.Continuingalongthispath,sayswriterEarlShorri s,―Wewillbecomeasecond-ratecountry.Wewillhavealesscivilsociety.‖Intellectisresentedasaformofpowerorprivilege,‖writeshistorianandprofessorRichardHofstadterinAnti-IntellectualisminAmericanLife,aPulitzerPr izewinningbookontherootsofanti-intellectualisminUSpolitics,religion,andeducation.Fromthebegi nningofourhistory,saysHofstadter,ourdemocraticandpopulisturgehasdrivenustorejectanythingthat smellsofelitism.Practicality,commonsense,andnativeintelligencehavebeenconsideredmorenoblequa litiesthananythingyoucouldlearnfromabook. RalphWaldoEmersonandotherTranscendentalistphilosophersthoughtschoolingandrigorousbooklearnin gputunnaturalrestraintsonchildren:―Weareshutupinschoolsandcollegerecitationroomsfor10or15yearsandcomeoutatlastwithabellyfulofwo rdsanddonotknowathing.‖MarkTwain‘sHuckleberryFinnexemplifiedAmericananti-intellectualism.Itsheroavoidsbeingcivilized-goingt oschoolandlearningtoread---sohecanpreservehisinmategoodness.Intellect,accordingtoHofstadter,isdifferentfromnativeintelligence,aqualitywereluctantlyadmire.Intellectisthecritical,creative,andcontemplativesideofthemind.Intelligenceseekstograsp,man ipulate,re-order,andadjust,whileintellectexamines,ponders,wonders,theorizes,criticizesandima gines. Schoolremainsaplacewhereintellectismistrusted.Hofstadtersaysourcountry‘seducationalsystemisinthegripsofpeoplewho―joyfullyandmilitantlyproclaimtheirhostilitytointellectandtheireagernesstoidentifywithchildre nwhoshowtheleastintellectualpromise.‖（分数：5.00）(1).WhatdoAmericanparentsexpecttheirchildrentoacquireinschool? （分数：1.00）A.The habit of thinking independently.B.Profound knowledge of the world.C.Practical abilities for future career.D.The confidence in intellectual pursuits.(2).WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof_____. （分数：1.00）A.undervaluing intellectB.favoring intellectualismC.supporting school reformD.suppressing native intelligence(3).TheviewsofRavitchandEmersononschoolingare_____. （分数：1.00）A.identicalB.similarplementaryD.opposite(4).Emerson,accordingtothetext,isprobably_____. （分数：1.00）A.a pioneer of education reformB.an opponent of intellectualismC.a scholar in favor of intellectD.an advocate of regular schooling(5).Whatdoestheauthorthinkofintellect? （分数：1.00）A.It is second to intelligence.B.It evolves from common sense.C.It is to be pursuedD.It underlies power.PassageFour Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage. Tounderstandthemarketingconcept,itisonlynecessarytounderstandthedifferencebetweenmarketingan dselling.Nottoomanyyearsago,mostindustriesconcentratedprimarilyontheefficientproductionofgoo ds,andthenreliedon―persuasivesalesmanship‖tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible.Suchproductionandsellingfocusesontheneedsofthesellertopro ducegoodsandthenconvertthemintomoney.Marketing,ontheotherhand,focusesonthewantsofconsumers.Itbeginswithfirstanalyzingthepreferenc esanddemandsofconsumersandthenproducinggoodsthatwillsatisfythem.Thiseyeontheconsumerapproach isknownasthemarketingconcept,whichsimplymeansthatinsteadoftryingtosellwhateveriseasiesttopro duceorbuyforresale,themakersanddealersfirstendeavortofindoutwhattheconsumerwantstobuyandthen goaboutmakingitavailableforpurchase. Thisconceptdoesnotsimplythatbusinessisbenevolent(慈善的)orthatconsumersatisfactionisgivenpriorityoverprofitinacompany.Therearealwaystwosidestoeve rybusinesstransaction-thefirmandthecustomer-andeachmustbesatisfiesbeforetradeoccurs.Successf ulmerchantsandproducers,however,recognizethatthesurestroutetoprofitisthroughunderstandingand cateringtocustomers.Astrikingexampleoftheimportanceofcateringtheconsumerpresenteditselfinmid 1985,whenCocaColachangedtheflavorofitsdrink.Thenon-acceptanceofthenewflavorbyasignificantpor tionofthepublicbroughtaboutapromptrestorationoftheClassicCoke,whichwasthenmarketedalongsidet henew.KingCustomerruled!（分数：5.00）(1).Themarketingconceptdiscussedinthepassageis,inessence,________. （分数：1.00）A.the practice of turning goods into moneyB.making goods available for purchaseC.the customer-centered approachD.a form of persuasive salesmanship(2).Whatwasthemainconcernofindustrialistsbeforethemarketingconceptwaswidelyaccepted? （分数：1.00）A.Theneedsofthemarket.B.Theefficiencyofproduction.C.Thesatisfactionoftheuser.D.Thepreferencesofthedealer.(3).Accordingtothepassage,―tomoveasmuchofthesegoodsaspossible‖(Sentence2,Para.1)means―__________. （分数：1.00）A.to sell the largest possible amount of goodsB.to transport goods as efficiently as possibleC.to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD.to redesign these goods for large scale production(4).WhatdoestherestorationoftheClassicCokebestillustrate? （分数：1.00）A.Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B.It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C.Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.D.Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.(5).Indiscussingthemarketingconcept,theauthorfocuseson__________. （分数：1.00）A.its main characteristicB.its social impactC.its possible consequenceD.its theoretical basis三、PartIII:EnglishWriti(总题数：1，分数：15.00)31.Howtorebuildtrustamongsocialmembers?NOTES:Markswillbeawardedforcontent,organization,grammarandappropriateness.Failuretofollowthe instructionmayresultinalossofmarks.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、第二部分专业英语试题(总题数：10，分数：40.00)I.(LegalHistory) ThepoliticalinstitutionsthatwerefirstestablishedintheQinDynastyhadseveralimportantfeaturesth atlastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina.Thefirstisstrongemphasisontherulebylaw(byalargeandr elativelyefficientbureaucracy)butwithlittleconstraintontheemperor.Second,politicaldictatorsh ipbasedonideologicalmonopoly.Third,localgovernmentsareorganizedinasystemcalledprefecturesand counties.Thefourthfeatureisthepersonnelsystemforpublicofficesthatreliedfirstonrecommendation andthenonstandardexams. ―Allthingsaredeterminedbytheemperornomattertheyaresmallorbig‖,soconcludedanancientscholaronQ in‘spoliticalinstitutions.Legalismschool,whichisveryattractivetodictators,wasemployedbytheQinStateintheirquesttounifyt hecountry.ThecrueltyofQin‘srulewasrevealedbynotonlythedetailedclassificationofitslawsbutalsohowitcollapsedinlessthan 20yearsafterconqueringtheotherstates.Althoughthefollowingdynastiesmoreorlesssoftenedtheirrul e,Qin‘sinfluenceremaineddominant.ItisaconsensusthatChina‘spoliticalinstitutionsweresorepressivethatpeoplehadnowaytoparticipateinpublicdecisionmakin g.Intellectualshadbecomesimplyreservesforabureaucraticgovernment.Thepoliticaldictatorshipwasbuiltonideologicalmonopoly.TheFirstEmperorwasnotoriousforordering ―burningbooksandburyingscholars‖.ShortlyafterQinunifiedChina,WuEmperorinHanDynastystartedtop romotethemonopolyofConfucianismandbanotherschoolsofthinking.Thismovementhadsuccessfullyestab lishedthemonolithicstatusofChineseintellectualsinthefollowingtwothousandyears.Thiskindofideo logicalmonopolywasnotdesignedforanypublicparticipationindecisionmaking.Instead,itwasforelite swhodevotedthemselvestotheroyalfamily.Thelocalgovernmentsystemofcountiesandprefectures,thebasicpatternofwhichisstillvisibleinmoder nChina,wasalsoestablishedintheQinDynasty.Thissystemdiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethata lllocalofficialsweredirectlyresponsibletotheemperor.ForabigempirelikeChina,howtogovernthecou ntryefficientlyandeffectivelybecameabigproblem.Ontheonehand,localgovernancewascriticaltosustainingthecontroloverthecountry. Ontheotherhand,whosatinpublicofficesbecamecrucialtothesuccessorfailureofeachdynastyortohowpu blicinterestsarerepresented. FengDeng:―EndogenousEvolutionofPatriarchalClanSysteminAncientChina‖（分数：4.00）(1).Thefirstsentenceoftheparagraphsmeansthat_______lastedforalmosttwothousandyearsinChina. （分数：1.00）A.the political institutionsB.the important features of the political institutionsC.the Qin DynastyD.the political institutions established in the Qin Dynasty(2).WhichstatementisNOTtrueaccordingtothesecondparagraph? （分数：1.00）A.Qin Dynasty, although having a short life, had strong influences to later dynasties.B.That people did not participate in decision making in ancient China is a generally accepted opinion.C.The bureaucratic government selected its officials from intellectuals.D.The Emperor was not the sole governor of the Qin Dynasty.(3).Thereflectionofideologicalmonopolywas （分数：1.00）A.burning books and burying scholars.B.the monopoly of Confucianism and ban of other schools of thinking.C.zero public participation in decision making.D.intellectualsdevotingthemselvestotheroyalfamily.(4).ThegovernmentsystemofQinDynastydiffersfromthefeudalsysteminthesensethat （分数：1.00）A.all Chinese local officials were directly responsible to the emperor.B.county and prefecture governments were set up.C.all local officials of the feudal system were directly responsible to the emperor.D.local governance was critical to sustaining the control over the country.II.(EconomicLaw)Forfourhundredyears,companylawhastriedtosolvethecoreproblemofcorporategovernance,theseparati onofownershipandcontrol.InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownb eforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinc tboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycompara tiveandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCompagnie(V.O.C.) impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.Itsevolutionestablishedthefirstinstitutiona lsupervisorystructure.TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnie?n.Muchl ikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.Manyo ftheV.O.C.‘sfeaturesarestillcharacteristicformoderncompanies.Withitsincorporationin1602,theV.O.C.hadaninternalstructurecomparabletowhatwedescribetodayasa one-tierboardmodel.Theboardofseventeendirectors,electedbythegovernorsofthesixchambers,haduniversalmanagementpowerandactednearlyfreefromanyinterferencebyminorityshareholders.Theboarddev elopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthecham bers.Inthecourseoffurtherbusinessexpansionin1648,anexecutivecommitteeoftheboard(TheHagueComm ittee)mitteesformedforaccountingorspecificbusinessm atters,werealsofoundatthechamberlevel. Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedfromthelackofadefinitionofdirectors‘dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany‘sinterest.Thegovernors–themerchantsandownersoftheearlycompanies–wereunawarethatanentitywithitsowninteresthademergedastheycontinuedtomanagetheV.O.C.inthewayt heyhadmanagedtheirearlycompanies.Inparticular,thegovernors‘righttopriorpurchaseturnedouttobeunfortunate,leadingtoanearlyformofwhatwetodaycallself-dea ling.Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtob uyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.Further,theywereallow edtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.Themajorchangeintheinternalstruct urecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemo dernsupervisoryboard. KlausJ.Hopt,PatrickC.Leyens：―BoardModelsinEurope--RecentDevelopmentsofInternalCorporateGovernanceStructuresinGermany,theU nitedKingdom,France,andItaly‖（分数：4.00）(1).Inthe17thcentury,theboardofseventeendirectorshaduniversalmanagementpowertodothefollowing except （分数：1.00）A.developing the business strategy.B.deciding which way to take for the shipping.C.helpingtoorganizetheworkofthechambers.D.issuingresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.(2).Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthat （分数：1.00）A.the starting point of the research was the analysis of the functioning of management and control under distinct board models.B.corporate governance was a research discipline of its own in the early 1900‘s.C.merger of the early companies was sought to improve the competitors.D.the history of the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (V.O.C.) was very impressive.(3).Thewordwhichcanbestreplacetheword―alignment‖intheunderlinedsentenceis （分数：1.00）A.groupingB.associationC.arrangementD.coalition(4).WhichofthefollowingdidNOThappenin1623? （分数：1.00）ernors were permitted to buy from the company only in public auctions under the same conditions.B.The committee of nine was introduced with internal structure.ernors were not allowed to supply the company if they had not been granted a license to do so.D.Quite some regulations were made.III.(InternationalLaw) Onemightacceptthatinternationallawandinternationalinstitutionsplayedanimportantroleintheeven tsleadinguptotheU.S.invasionofIraq,butstillbeoftheviewthat,ultimately,thefactoftheinvasion—inthefaceofnopersuasivelegaljustification—discreditstheideathatinternationalrulesontheuseofforceconstrainstatebehaviorandtheideathatth eSecurityCouncilplaysanimportantroleincoordinatingcollectivesecurity.Oneefforttodeterminethe attitudesofpersonsworldwideintheaftermathoftheinvasionindicatedthatoneofthebiggestcasualtiesofthewarwasthecredibilityoftheUnitedNations,forpersonsinstatesthatbothopposedandsupportedthe war.Indeed,notwithstandingthediscussionabove,onemightstillarguethatPresidentBushdecidedinsum merof2002toinvadeIraqand,whileheplayedagameofdiscussionsattheUnitedNationsandwithalliesabout internationallaw,attheendofthedaytheUnitedStateswentaheadandinvadedwhenthosediscussionsdidno tproceedtotheU.S.liking.CertainlytherhetoricofPresidentBushwouldsupportsuchaclaim:inthecours eoftakingtheU.S.casetotheUnitedNations,PresidentBushrepeatedlystatedthattheUnitedStateswante dU.N.supportbut,ifsuchsupportwasnotforthcoming,theUnitedStateswouldstilltakeactiontoenforceI raq‘sWMDobligations. ThereisprobablynodefinitivewaytodisprovetheargumentthattheBushadministrationwassetoninvading IraqnomatterwhathappenedattheUnitedNations.Onemightspeculateinresponsethathadtherebeennoplau siblelegaljustificationwhatsoeveravailabletotheBushadministration,thennoforeignstateswouldha vealliedthemselveswiththeUnitedStates,U.S.publicopinionwouldnothaveshifted,andtheBushadminis trationultimatelywouldhavecontinuedtopursueweaponsinspectionsratherthananinvasion,orwouldhav eengagedinalesseruseofforce(akintothebombingsof1998).Theimportanceoftheinternalandexternalfa ctorsdiscussedaboveprovidessomesupporttosuchspeculation,butcannotleadtoanydefinitiveconclusi ons.Atthesametime,itappearsmistakentodrawsweepingconclusionsfromthefactoftheU.S.invasionofIraqab outthegeneralefficacyofinternationalrulesontheuseofforceortheutilityoftheSecurityCouncil. SeanD.Murphy:―AssessingtheLegalityofInvadingIraq‖（分数：4.00）(1).Whichofthefollowingisthebesttopicfortheaboveparagraphs? （分数：1.00）A.International Law and the Iraq WarB.Assessing the Legality of Invading IraqC.International Law has Little Force Constraining State BehaviorD.The United Nations and the United States(2).Accordingtotheauthor,thebiggestvictimoftheIraqwaris （分数：1.00）A.the United Nations.B.persons in states that both opposed and supported the war.C.the integrity of the United Nations.D.the Bush Administration.(3).Readingtheseparagraphs,onecanseethattheauthor （分数：1.00）A.holds up the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq war.B.opposes the Bush Administration in launching the Iraq warC.expresses no opinion of pros or cons of the Iraq war.D.takes a neutral position in analyzing the legality of the Iraq war.(4).Thelastparagraphmeansthat （分数：1.00）A.to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council from the U.S. appears mistaken.B.it is a mistake to draw sweeping conclusions about the function of international rules on the use of force or the utility of the Security Council.C.one should not get conclusion regarding the function of international law on use of force from the US invasion of Iraq.D.it is wrong to get extensive conclusion regarding the efficiency of international law on use of force and use of the Security Council from the US invasion of Iraq.IV.(CriminalLaw)Theacrimoniousdebateovercapitalpunishmenthascontinuedforcenturies.Inrecentdecades,thedebateh asheatedupintheU.S.followingtheSupremeCourt-imposedmoratoriumoncapitalpunishment.Currently,s everalstatesareconsideringachangeintheirpoliciesregardingthestatusofthedeathpenalty.Nebraska ‘slegislature,forexample,recentlypassedatwo-yearmoratoriumonexecutions,whichwas,however,vet oedbythestate。