外文翻译--家族企业战略管理：过去的研究和未来的挑战(节选)
What is Strategy - Micheal E.Porter (中文版)
什么是战略？一、运营效益不等于战略近20年来，管理者一直在学习运用一套新的管理原则：企业必须具有灵活性，才能迅速回应市场变化和竞争环境的改变；它们必须持续地运用标杆法才能达成最佳实践；它们必须积极采用外包，以获得更高的效率；它们还必须培养若干核心竞争力，才能领先于竞争对手。
一直以来，定位(positioning)是战略的核心，然而由于当今动荡的市场和不断变化的科技，很多人认为定位太过静态而抛弃了这一概念。
根据新的教条，竞争对手可以很快复制任何一个市场定位，所以任何竞争优势至多只能是暂时性的。
然而，上述信条都是危险而错误的，它们正在导致越来越多的企业走上互相摧毁式的竞争之路。
的确，随着管制的放宽和市场的日益全球化，一些阻碍竞争的障碍正在消失；的确，很多公司适当地投入精力，使自己变得更加精干和敏捷。
然而在许多行业，有些人所说的超级竞争(hypercompetition)其实是自设陷阱，而不是竞争模式发生变化所致的必然结果。
问题的根源出在人们未能分清运营效益（operational effectiveness）和战略（strategy）的区别。
对生产率、质量和速度的追求，催生出大量的管理工具和技巧，比如全面质量管理、标杆法、时基竞争、外包、结盟、企业再造以及变革管理等。
尽管很多企业的运营效益因此得到了极大提高，但它们却因为无法将这些进步转化为持续赢利而倍感挫折。
渐渐地，几乎在不知不觉中，管理工具取代了战略。
随着管理者努力进行全方位的改善，他们离自己原本可行的市场定位越来越远了。
运营效益：必要但不充分创造卓越绩效是所有企业的首要目标，运营效益和战略对于企业实现这一目标都至为关键，但两者的作用方式不同。
企业唯有建立起一种可长期保持的差异化时，才能胜出竞争对手。
它必须向客户交付更大的价值，或者以更低的成本创造出相当的价值，或者两者兼具。
获取出色利润率的算式就是这样的：交付更大的价值就能让企业收取更高的平均单位价格，而更高的效率就能实现更低的平均单位成本。
产业集群的外文翻译及原文(族群与集群竞争力)
英文文献资料（一）Clusters and the New Economics of CompetitionMichael E. Porter（Harvard university）Why Clusters Are Critical to CompetitionModern competition depends on productivity, not on access to inputs or the scale of individual enterprises.Productivity rests on how companies compete,not on the particular fields they compete panies can be highly productive in any industry–shoes, agriculture, or semiconductors – if they employ sophisticated methods, use advanced technology,and offer unique products and services. All industries can employ advanced technology; all industries can be knowledge intensive.The sophistication with which companies compete in a particular location, however, is strongly influenced by the quality of the local business environment.1 Companies cannot employ advanced logistical techniques, for example, without a high quality transportation infrastructure. Nor can companies effectively compete on sophisticated service without well-educated employees. Businesses cannot operate efficiently under onerous regulatory red tape or under a court system that fails to resolve disputes quickly and fairly. Some aspects of the business environment, such as the legal system, for example, or corporate tax rates, affect all industries. In advanced economies, however, the more decisive aspects of the business environment are often cluster specific; these constitute some of the most important microeconomic foundations for competition.Clusters affect competition in three broad ways:first, by increasing the productivity of companies based in the area; second, by driving the direction and pace of innovation, which underpins future productivity growth; and third, by stimulating the formation of new businesses, which expands and strengthens the cluster itself. A cluster allows each member to benefit as if it had greater scale or as if it had joined with others formally – without requiring it to sacrifice its flexibility.Clusters and Productivity. Being part of a cluster allows companies to operate more productively in sourcing inputs; accessing information, technology,and needed institutions; coordinating with related companies; and measuring and motivating improvement.Better Access to Employees and Suppliers. Companies in vibrant clusters can tap into an existing pool of specialized and experienced employees, thereby lowering their search and transaction costs in recruiting. Because a cluster signals opportunity and reduces the risk of relocation for employees, it can also be easier to attract talented people from other locations, a decisive advantage in some industries.A well-developed cluster also provides an efficient means of obtaining other important inputs.Such a cluster offers a deep and specialized supplier base. Sourcing locally instead of from distant suppliers lowers transaction costs. It minimizes the need for inventory, eliminates importing costs and delays, and –because local reputation is important –lowers the risk that suppliers will overprice or renege on commitments. Proximity improves communications and makes it easier for suppliers to provide ancillary or support services such as installation and debugging. Other things being equal, then, local outsourcing is a better solution than distantoutsourcing, especially for advanced and specialized inputs involving embedded technology, information, and service content.Formal alliances with distant suppliers can mitigate some of the disadvantages of distant outsourcing. But all formal alliances involve their own complex bargaining and governance problems and can inhibit a company’s flexibility. The close, informal relationships possible among companies in a cluster are often a superior Arrangement.In many cases, clusters are also a better alternative to vertical pared with in-house units, outside specialists are often more cost effective and responsive, not only in component production but also in services such as training. Although extensive vertical integration may have once been the norm, a fast-changing environment can render vertical integration inefficient, ineffective, and inflexible.Even when some inputs are best sourced from a distance, clusters offer advantages. Suppliers trying to penetrate a large, concentrated market will price more aggressively, knowing that as they do so they can realize efficiencies in marketing and in service.Working against a cluster’s advantages in assembling resources is the possibility that competition will render them more expensive and scarce. But companies do have the alternative of outsourcing many inputs from other locations, which tends to limit potential cost penalties. More important, clusters increase not only the demand for specialized inputs but also their supply.Access to Specialized Information. Extensive market, technical, and competitive information accumulates within a cluster, and members have preferred access to it. In addition, personal relationships and community ties foster trust and facilitate the flow of information. These conditions make information more transferable.Complementarities. A host of linkages among cluster members results in a whole greater than the sum of its parts. In a typical tourism cluster, for example, the quality of a visitor’s experience depends not only on the appeal of the primary attraction but also on the quality and efficiency of complementary businesses such as hotels, restaurants, shopping outlets, and transportation facilities. Because members of the cluster are mutually dependent, good performance by one can boost the success of the others.Complementarities come in many forms. The most obvious is when products complement one another in meeting customers’ needs, as the tourism example illustrates. Another form is the coordination of activities across companies to optimize their collective productivity. In wood products, for instance, the efficiency of sawmills depends on a reliable supply of high-quality timber and the ability to put all the timber to use – in furniture (highest quality), pallets and boxes (lower quality), or wood chips (lowest quality). In the early 1990s, Portuguese sawmills suffered from poor timber quality because local landowners did not invest in timber management. Hence most timber was processed for use in pallets and boxes, a lower-value use that limited the price paid to landowners. Substantial improvement in productivity was possible, but only if several parts of the cluster changed simultaneously.Logging operations, for example, had to modify cutting and sorting procedures, while sawmills had to develop the capacity to process wood in more sophisticated ways. Coordination to develop standard wood classifications and measures was an important enabling step. Geographically dispersed companies are less likely to recognize and capture such linkages.Other complementarities arise in marketing. A cluster frequently enhances the reputation of a location in a particular field, making it more likely that buyers will turn to a vendor based there.Italy’s strong reputation for fashion and design, for example, benefits companies involved in leather goods, footwear, apparel, and accessories. Beyond reputation, cluster members often profit from a variety of joint marketing mechanisms, such as company referrals, trade fairs, trade magazines, and marketing delegations.Finally, complementarities can make buying from a cluster more attractive for customers. Visiting buyers can see many vendors in a single trip. They also may perceive their buying risk to be lower because one location provides alternative suppliers. That allows them to multisource or to switch vendors if the need arises. Hong Kong thrives as a source of fashion apparel in part for this reason.Access to Institutions and Public Goods. Investments made by government or other public institutions– such as public spending for specialized infrastructure or educational programs – can enhance a company’s productivity. The ability to recruit employees trained at local programs, for example, lowers the cost of internal training. Other quasi-public goods, such as the cluster’s information and technology pools and its reputation, arise as natural by-products of competition.It is not just governments that create public goods that enhance productivity in the private sector. Investments by companies –in training programs, infrastructure, quality centers, testing laboratories, and so on – also contribute to increased productivity. Such private investments are often made collectively because cluster participants recognize the potential for collective benefits.Better Motivation and Measurement. Local rivalry is highly motivating. Peer pressure amplifies competitive pressure within a cluster,even among noncompeting or indirectly competing companies. Pride and the desire to look good in the local community spur executives to attempt to outdo one another.Clusters also often make it easier to measure and compare performances because local rivals share general circumstances – for example, labor costs and local market access – and they perform similar activities. Companies within clusters typically have intimate knowledge of their suppliers’ costs. Managers are able to compare costs and employees’performance with other local companies. Additionally, financial institutions can accumulate knowledge about the cluster that can be used to monitor performance.Clusters and Innovation. In addition to enhancing productivity, clusters play a vital role in a company’s ongoing ability to innovate. Some of the same characteristics that enhance current productivity have an even more dramatic effect on innovation and productivity growth.Because sophisticated buyers are often part of a cluster, companies inside clusters usually have a better window on the market than isolated competitors do. Computer companies based in Silicon Valley and Austin, Texas, for example, plug into customer needs and trends with a speed difficult to match by companies located elsewhere. The ongoing relationships with other entities within the cluster also help companies to learn early about evolving technology, component and machinery availability, service and marketing concepts, and so on. Such learning is facilitated by the ease of making site visits and frequent face-to-face contact.Clusters do more than make opportunities for innovation more visible. They also provide the capacity and the flexibility to act rapidly. A company within a cluster often can source what it needs to implement innovations more quickly. Local suppliers and partners can and do get closely involved in the innovation process, thus ensuring a better match with customers’ requirements.Companies within a cluster can experiment at lower cost and can delay large commitments until they are more assured that a given innovation will pan out. In contrast, a company relying ondistant suppliers faces greater challenges in every activity it coordinates with other organizations –in contracting, for example, or securing delivery or obtaining associated technical and service support. Innovation can be even harder in vertically integrated companies, especially in those that face difficult trade-offs if the innovation erodes the value of in-house assets or if current products or processes must be maintained while new ones are developed.Reinforcing the other advantages for innovation is the sheer pressure – competitive pressure, peer pressure, constant comparison – that occurs in a cluster. Executives vie with one another to set their companies apart. For all these reasons, clusters can remain centers of innovation for decades.Clusters and New Business Formation.It is not surprising, then, that many new companies grow up within an existing cluster rather than at isolated locations. New suppliers, for example, proliferate within a cluster because a concentrated customer base lowers their risks and makes it easier for them to spot market opportunities. Moreover, because developed clusters comprise related industries that normally draw on common or very similar inputs, suppliers enjoy expanded opportunities.Clusters are conducive to new business formation for a variety of reasons. Individuals working within a cluster can more easily perceive gaps in products or services around which they can build businesses. Beyond that, barriers to entry are lower than elsewhere. Needed assets, skills, inputs, and staff are often readily available at the cluster location, waiting to be assembled into a new enterprise.Local financial institutions and investors, already familiar with the cluster, may require a lower risk premium on capital. In addition, the cluster often presents a significant local market, and an entrepreneur may benefit from established relationships. All of these factors reduce the perceived risks of entry – and of exit, should the enterprise fail.The formation of new businesses within a cluster is part of a positive feedback loop. An expanded cluster amplifies all the benefits I have described – it increases the collective pool of competitive resources, which benefits a ll the cluster’s members. The net result is that companies in the cluster advance relative to rivals at other locations.英文文献中文翻译（二）来源：哈佛商业评论Vol.76第6期 1998年作者：迈克·E. 波特出版时间：1998簇群与新竞争经济学(美）迈克·E. 波特为什么簇群对竞争至关重要?现代竞争取决于生产力, 而非取决于投入或单个企业的规模。
企业战略管理(MBA全景教程之一)试题和教程全有
学习课程:企业战略管理(MBA全景教程之一）单选题44 B 国际战略C 多元化战略45 D 多国本土化战略第1讲战略管理(一) —-企业战略的概述【本讲重点】企业为什么需要战略战略性思考的要点战略管理的任务愿景和使命企业的目标企业为什么需要战略企业如果没有战略，就好像没有舵的轮船，只会在原地打转。
有人做过统计,有战略的企业和没有战略的企业在经营效益上是大不相同的。
一些企业现在没有战略或者没有明确的战略，经济效益也很不错。
然而，经济效益来自于企业管理者很好的思考，并不等于企业管理者真的没有战略，就像很多著名的企业一样，企业的良好效益离不开高层管理人员对企业的形势所作的充分的分析，所以说企业管理者是有战略的，只是没有明确地提出,或者说战略没有写在纸上。
对于战略，最根本的问题是要考虑到环境和市场的变化，如果是上市公司,这种变化会直接表现为企业市场价值的变化，这里有一个图可以看出来：图1—1 IBM、西屋和数字设备市场价值的变化比较图从图1-1可以看出美国三家大的公司，从1983年到1993年10年期间，在市场价值上的变化。
西屋公司和数字设备公司，在市场价值上都损失了很多,什么原因使它们造成这样的损失，使得市场价值发生这么大变化？这里引起一个思考,就是很多现象可以来表述我们企业的变化,△第二是要考虑如何适应变化。
战略管理最重要的一个方面就是适应,根据环境的变化提出自己的思考。
△第三是考虑到在变化中如何求生存。
△第四是要在变化中获取胜利，而不仅仅是生存的问题.并由此成为行业的领先者，成为世界级的企业。
当然在变化中，最可怕的是自己的思维定势。
高层管理人员在变化的环境中，不能以不变应万变，而需要有自己新的思路，以提出应变的措施，不能固守在自己过去的成绩或者过去旧的理念上。
战略性思考的要点我们现在何处走向何方我们如何做到这一步企业面临的形势现处何处，实际上就是企业面临什么样的形势，即企业处于什么样的一种市场环境、竞争的激烈程度、目前的业务是什么？例如可口可乐公司，它的业务有软饮料业务、硬饮料业务,也有快餐业务,它在快餐、娱乐和饮料方面面临怎样的一种竞争环境?而可口可乐的竞争对手百事可乐，同样也进入到快餐业。
外文翻译--战略成本管理的供应链采购管理的前景(节选)
中文2969字外文翻译原文：Strategic Cost Management in the Supply Chain:A Purchasing andSupply Management PerspectiveIn the course of this study, it became clear that effective strategic cost management has both strategic and tactical aspects that must be well executed in order to deliver results. The strategic framework and tactical elements of cost management as they affect PSM are shown , which also shows the soft and hard results of effective cost management as related to PSM. The actual processes in which cross-functional teams engage to support strategic cost management include many tactical elements. In most organizations studied, the strategic cost management process occurs as an integral part of the new product development process or the strategic sourcing process. It is not a ―stand-alone activity,‖ but rather central part of supplier selection and supply base management. Some of the processes and tools that are part of the strategic cost management process are listed in Table 2, and presented in more depth in the body of the report. A cross-disciplinary team of two or more individuals, including PSM, was the norm for carrying out strategic cost management in the five core organizations studied. Often, the cost management activities were part of another, larger process, such as a strategic sourcing event, a new product development process, or part of an on- going continuous improvement effort. In exploring Figure 1 in detail, it is clear that the cross-functional team that works on strategic cost management has numerous high-level issues that it must consider. First, the price and feature needs of the ultimate customer must be heavily weighted, or the result will be a product that customers cannot afford, that does not meet their needs, or both.Organizational Support at all Levels: While PSM is held to a high level of accountability for strategic cost management and delivering bottom-line savings, PSMcannot be successful without extensive support from others throughout the organization. First and foremost, top management support is critical. It sets the tone for the attitude that everyone in the organization has toward strategic cost management. Through the business unit and functional metrics, top management determines the nature and extent of cost management focus as an organizational priority. Based on this, PSM needs the support of other functional areas cooperating teams that have a primary or second goal of managing supplier costs. The participants on cross-functional teams need to be held accountable for the identification of opportunities and delivery of results. PSM also needs specific support from cost management specialists, who are assigned to support PSM and cross- functional teams in supplier cost analysis. These individuals may be part of PSM or part of finance. The critical requirement is that they have the charter and the qualifications to effectively support supplier cost analysis and management. Supplier cost management must be viewed as one of, if not the most important aspect of their jobs. This focus is critical because supplier cost analysis is often specialized and time consuming. PSM and cross-functional teams need to know that there are internal experts upon whom they can call to support their supplier cost management efforts. Without such support, the analysis may be too complex and time consuming to be done as part of PSM’s or the cross-functional team’s regular activities.Supplier Cost Management is a Good Investment: The suggested approach for dedicating resources to supplier cost management may seem cost prohibitive. However, the organizations studied unanimously agree that they receive extremely high returns on their investments in supplier cost management efforts. The money spent on supplier should-cost analysis, supplier development, and other tools and approaches pays for itself many times over in terms of reducing costs and bottom-line prices paid to suppliers. For large Fortune 500 companies, successful strategic cost management may mean the addition of dedicated personnel to focus on supplier cost management. For smaller organizations which might not have as great an on-going need, or as great an asset base, successful strategic cost management may mean diverting resources from PSM and/or finance, and retraining one or more people tobecome internal experts on some of the cost management and analysis tools mentioned in this study.Support for Strategic Cost Management Theory: As mentioned in the brief review of the literature below, strategic cost management theory embodies understanding and managing the organization’s supply chain, the cost drivers and the customer value proposition. It is a matter of simultaneously understanding and managing these elements in relation to each other. The organizations investigated do an excellent job of understanding and managing their internal cost drivers and supplier-facing cost drivers. Two of the organizations that have a strong management focus on customer relationships also do an excellent job of managing the customer-facing cost drivers. It is not clear from the study how well these organizations understand the customers’ value proposition and translate that across internal functions and to their suppliers. Except in the case of LCP, and to some extent Deere, the translation mechanism is indirect, through one or more functions that may have direct customer contact. This represents an opportunity for potential improvement. Related to this, as mentioned in the section on supply chain perspective, most of the organizations studied do not generally have a seamless view of the supply chain from customer to supplier; the customer view and supplier view are still managed separately in different organizations, with some interface in the middle. Such coordination would be a complex undertaking, and might require a change in team structure. The organization that comes closest to embodying a true supply chain perspective is LCP, with its product supply structure. While the argument could be made that it is more important for LCP to be close to its customers because it is a consumer products firm, all types of customers are becoming more demanding (Fawcett and Magnan, 2001). LCP’s product supply structure has a Product Supply Vice President who reports into the Business Unit President. Also reporting to the VP of Product Supply are PSM, engineering, manufacturing, customer service/logistics, and finance. Deere has a similar structure, although there is a mix of direct and indirect reporting relationships.The customer information comes to the team through a secondary source, oftenfiltered through the eyes of marketing, sales, or a customer relationship manager. The corporate objectives regarding strategic cost management and cost savings goals must also be considered in terms of meeting the objectives of the team and the business unit or units that the team supports. Next, each organization utilized cost management specialists, for whom all or a major part of their jobs was to support cost analysis, help develop models, and ensure integrity in the data and the analysis results. In some cases, these individuals reported to PSM; in others, they reported to corporate or business unit finance. The key commonality across cost management specialists in these organizations was the expertise, credibility and charter to support supplier cost management. Even with the first three direct inputs, a fourth is needed: a reward an measurement system that supports cost management. The extent to which such a system exists is a function of the corporation’s cost consciou sness culture. Is everyone in the organization held accountable for cost management? Is it part of their performance reviews, annual goal setting, and overall expectations? The stronger the cost-consciousness culture, the greater the support for the team and the commitment to its results. In the center of Figure 1, the cross-functional team engages in activities designed to reduce the organization’s cost, such as identifying cost drivers and changing processes using a total cost of ownership approach, engaging in on-line reverse auctions, or working with suppliers on development. The way that the organizations studied use these processes is detailed in the body of the report. Based on the strategic cost management processes, they aim to achieve a better supply base, defined as one that has a lower cost (sometimes only a lower price), and performs as well or better than it did before the strategic cost management process. The process should also support customer satisfaction by resulting in the same or lower prices for the same or better quality and service. This should in turn lead to measurable, bottom line savings, which should translate into higher profit, higher economic value-added for the firm, and higher earnings per share. In general, when PSM thinks about achieving results, the focus is still on bottom line cost savings rather than how its performance is reflected in the overall corporation’s results.Characteristics of Companies with Effective Supply Chain Strategic CostManagement Approaches: The key characteristics that organizations with effective strategic cost management systems should display are shown in Table 3. Table 3 was developed as a composite ideal of the best characteristics of the core supply chain organizations studied. It is not representative of any one organization. There are specific attributes related to way the organization understands and manages the relationship with the customer, its supplier, and related to their own internal organization. The key organizational characteristics have been divided into cultural/organizational issues, measurement issues, and information/communication issues.Internal requirements/characteristics–Both the customer-facing and supplier-facing characteristics stem from inside the organization. The internal culture and organizational structure create the framework for effective supply chain cost management. Internally, an effective cost-management culture is characterized by top management support for cost management and a high level of cost and value consciousness throughout the company. In addition to dedicated resources to support supply chain cost management, cross-functional teams are used to identify and implement cost management approaches. Rather than an afterthought, cost management is an integral part of all key supplier processes. The right type of reward and measurement systems is also critical to reinforce the cost management culture. It is critical that the organizations measure what they want to achieve, and the metrics are aligned throughout the organization, reflecting cost goals as well as customer value and supplier performance goals. Supply chain performance metrics and results must be published and receive high visibility throughout the organization. This requires excellent information systems and communication. Part of this communication includes awareness throughout the organization of customer needs and the organization’s value proposition in serving the customer.Customer-facing knowledge– Supply chain management is all about meeting the needs of customers better than the competition does. In terms of the organization’s culture, the company needs to be customer centric, valuing its customers and working with them to meet their needs while improving the efficiency and effectiveness of thesupply chain. From a measurement standpoint, the organization needs to understand the needs of the end customer as well as market trends, and respond to these proactively. From an information and communication perspective, it is critical that the c ustomers’ needs and the organization’s plans for meeting those needs be communicated throughout the organization. This allows everyone in the organization to align his or her efforts around the customer.Supplier facing knowledge/characteristics—Effective supply chain strategic cost management relies heavily on suppliers. Culturally, this means a continuous improvement focus on working with suppliers, including early supplier involvement. It also means supporting supplier’s continuous improvement with res ources and training. From a measurement and reward standpoint, the organization must properly segment its supply base to use the appropriate types of supplier relationships and cost management techniques. It also needs to measure supplier performance, and reward the suppliers who perform well. Clearly communicating expectations and needs to suppliers is essential. The organizations studied in this research excel in the third column of Table 3: supplier-facing knowledge. The segment their supply bases, have dedicated supplier cost management resources, emphasize continuous improvement, and in many cases develop the suppliers by providing resources to support continuous improvement. They reward their top suppliers by sharing cost savings or giving them more business. They are working on improving communications and early supplier involvement. One strong recommendation is that they invest more resources in supplier training. In general, their first tier suppliers do not have as well- developed approaches to supplier cost management. Since these core organizations would prefer not to work on supplier cost management beyond their first tier suppliers, the first tier suppliers would likely be much more effective if they improved their cost management systems, and worked more closely with their suppliers.Source: Lisa M.Ellram,2002. ―Strategic Cost Management In the supply chain: Apurchasing and supply management perspective‖ .pp47-69.译文：战略成本管理的供应链:采购管理的前景在研究的过程中，战略成本管理的战略和战术方面都必须执行得好才能产生明显的效果。
家族企业人力资源管理研究文献综述（5篇范文）
家族企业人力资源管理研究文献综述（5篇范文）第一篇：家族企业人力资源管理研究文献综述家族企业人力资源管理研究文献综述【摘要】本文重点对国内外华人家族企业特别是中国家族企业人力资源管理相关研究进行了回顾，分析总结了家族企业定义、企业接班人和人力资源管理研究成果，以期对中国家族企业的治理结构和制度安排有所借鉴。
【关键词】家族企业定义接班人人力资源管理一、前言家族企业作为世界上最具普遍意义的企业组织形态，在世界经济中有着举足轻重的地位。
中国家族企业作为社会主义市场经济重要组成部分，对我国经济发展做出了重要贡献。
然而，中国家族企业发展现状依然不容乐观。
家族企业短命、接班人危机等问题始终困扰着家族企业老板。
2010年爆发的国美危机再次向中国家族企业敲响了警钟。
国内外学者们对家族企业也进行了多方面研究。
目前，家族企业的企业管理研究主要集中在三个方面：生产管理、财务管理与战略管理（苏启林、欧晓明，2002）[1]。
对家族企业人力资源研究极少，而且主要集中于接班人问题与人力资源保留等方面。
本文主要从家族企业定义、接班人问题和人力资源管理问题对家族企业进行了综述和总结。
二、正文：（一）家族企业定义研究Chua,Chrisman和Sharma的研究表明，一些关于家族企业的定义仅在家族是否拥有所有权或管理控制权方面有所要求，如Barns 和Hershon把个人或家族拥有控股权的企业看作是家族企业[2]。
而在Corbetta看来，一个家族企业必须具备的条件是：有血缘关系、紧密的姻亲关系、稳定的联盟关系的一个（或一个以上）家族拥有足够大的风险资本股份，这种风险资本股份足以使家族成员可以掌握企业的战略决策权[3]。
从文献整体上看，虽然多数学者都多少要求家族企业拥有控股权，且认为由一个核心家族拥有和控制的企业是家族企业。
但他们对所有权的具体比例要求却各执己见。
Donckels 和Frohlich认为，只有一个家庭或家族的成员拥有企业财产所有权或股权超过60%以上时，这种企业才是家族企业[4]。
企业战略管理结课研究论文
企业战略管理结课研究论文企业战略管理是对企业战略的设计、选择、控制和实施，直到达到企业战略总目标的全过程。
下面是店铺带来的关于企业战略管理研究论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!企业战略管理研究论文篇1：《试论企业战略管理》0引言在中国，“战略”一词起初源于军事，最早是分开使用的。
“战”是指战斗和战争，“略”是指筹略、策略、计划。
而在西方，“战略”则来源于希腊文“Strategos”，其含义是“将军”，也是一个与军事有关的词。
现在，“战略”一词被引申至经济、政治、文化、社会等领域，其涵义泛指统领性的、根本性的、全局性的、左右胜败的谋略、方案和对策。
几十年前，“战略”一词被逐渐引入到企业管理中来。
广义的战略管理，是指运用战略对整个企业进行管理;而狭义则是指对战略管理的决策、实施、控制和修正进行的管理。
不论是广义还是狭义的定义，企业战略管理都具有全局性、根本性和长远性的特点。
管理创新是指企业将新的管理要素(如管理方法、手段、管理模式等)引入组织管理实践，从而转化为有价值的产品、服务或作业方法的过程。
即通过创造一种新型的、有更高效率的资源整合的范式，对企业管理思想、管理方法、管理工具和管理模式进行创新，从而有效整合资源，以实现组织目标的全过程管理或细节管理，是企业面对技术和市场的变化，所作出的相应的改进和调整。
学术界关于创新管理的研究较为丰富，并总结了一些比较典型的创新管理模式，如技术推动模式、市场需求拉动模式、技术与市场的耦合互动模式、集成模式、系统集成与网络化模式、开放式创新模式、全面创新管理模式等。
然而，关于企业战略管理创新方面的研究还比较少。
因此，本文试图通过探讨企业战略管理创新现状，分析企业战略管理的必要性，并提出相应的策略，为激励企业在复杂多变的市场竞争中取胜提供理论参考。
1、企业管理现状改革开放三十多年来，中国已逐步步入全球经济一体化、网络化、信息化和市场化的时代，工商业迅速发展，社会进步明显，尤其是科技与生产都取得了举世瞩目的成就。
(完整版)哈佛分析框架外文文献及翻译
经营分析与估值克雷沙·G.帕利普保罗·M.希利摘自书籍“Business Analysis and Valuation”第五版第一章节1.简介本章的目的是勾勒出一个全面的财务报表分析框架。
因为财务报表提供给公共企业经济活动最广泛使用的数据，投资者和其他利益相关者依靠财务报告评估计划企业和管理绩效率。
各种各样的问题可以通过财务状况及经营分析解决，如下面的示例所示：一位证券分析师可能会对问：“我的公司有多好？这家公司是否符合我的期望？如果没有，为什么不呢？鉴于我对公司当前和未来业绩的评估，该公司的股票价值是多少？”一位信贷员可能需要问：“这家公司贷款给这家公司有什么贷款？公司管理其流动性如何？公司的经营风险是什么？公司的融资和股利政策所产生的附加风险是什么？“一位管理顾问可能会问：“公司经营的行业结构是什么？该策略通过在工业各个企业追求的是什么？不同企业在行业中的相对表现是什么？”公司经理可能会问：“我的公司是正确的估值的投资者吗？是我们在通信程序中有足够的投资者来促进这一过程？”财务报表分析是一项有价值的活动，当管理者在一个公司的战略和各种体制因素完成后，他们不可能完全披露这些信息。
在这一设置中，外部分析师试图通过分析财务报表数据来创建“中端信息”，从而获得有价值的关于该公司目前业绩和未来前景的展望。
了解财务报表分析所做的贡献，这是很重要的理解在资本市场的运作，财务报告的作用，形成财务报表制度的力量。
因此，我们首先简要说明这些力量，然后我们讨论的步骤，分析师必须执行，以提取信息的财务报表，并提供有价值的预测。
2.从经营活动到财务报表企业管理者负责从公司的环境中获取物理和财务资源，并利用它们为公司的投资者创造价值。
当公司在资本成本的超额投资时，就创造了价值。
管理者制定经营战略，实现这一目标，并通过业务活动实施。
企业的经营活动受其经济环境和经营战略的影响。
经济环境包括企业的产业、投入和产出的市场，以及公司经营的规章制度。
《企业发展战略研究文献综述3400字》
企业发展战略研究国内外文献综述1.1国内研究现状20世纪80年代以后，中国的企业的管理层从外国企业家身上接触到了非常先进的战略管理理念。
从此，中国的战略管理研究逐渐发展起来。
李婧（2007）通过理论研究和案例研究方法，分析战略整合要素模型，结合协同理论。
结论是共生性并购后公司想要通过战略整合实现战略协同作用。
在战略整合过程中，他们必须紧密结合协同作用，不断提高核心发展力。
刘乐铮（2012）将通过使用价值链模型分析跨国公司整合的价值链。
通过价值链结构这个工具可让我们更好地了解公司参与经济活动的过程。
他主要通过分析中国目前的状况，研究为何中国公司处于价值链的低端部分。
结论是要克服这一低级困境，公司和政府必须共同努力，公司通过提高创新能力，扩大市场影响力和品牌影响力。
林毅夫、陈斌开（2017）认为企业发展战略是企业以未来为基点，为寻求和维持持久竞争优势而做出的有关全局的、科学的重大筹划和谋略，是一个企业在市场竞争中占有主动权和谋求大发展、大跨越的关键。
每一个企业都应该根据自身的特点和优势，把未来的生存与发展作为制定战略的出发点和落脚点。
何燕（2017）以YS公司并购SJ公司为例子，从三个方面对合并和收购的整合进行了有效地分析。
结论是只有通过系统的、有效的制度整合、资源整合和文化融合，从能最终保障战略实施的成功。
项保华（2017）认为战略就是抓关键、迎机会、避陷阱，必须认清形势，不同情境有不同的做法。
集团战略的重点在于：开放心态、积极探索、扎根市场、专注创新、淡定取舍、与时俱进。
范志刚、吴晓波（2018）指出联合战略具体又可分为横向联合和纵向联合战略。
横向联合战略就是根据中小企业发展的客观需要，通过与其他企业建立协作关系，改变中小企业在竞争中的不利地位，弥补资源不足的一种主动性选择，纵向联合战略包括企业进人到产品销售或深加工领域的前向一体化战略和企业进人到原材料供应领域的后向一体化战略。
而中小企业可采用依附型战略，与产品销售领域中的大企业建立紧密的协作关系，定向地给大企业提供产品，通过大企业的发展壮大而获得生存和发展。
西方企业战略管理理论的演变及其新发展
四、结论
西方企业战略管理理论经历了多个阶段的演变和发展，以适应不断变化的市 场环境和竞争压力。新发展阶段的战略管理理论更加数字化、可持续发展、人才 资本、敏捷性和生态等方面。企业应结合自身实际情况和市场环境，制定适合的 战略以实现长期成功和可持续发展。
参考内容
企业战略管理理论的发展历程可以追溯到20世纪60年代，自那时以来，战略 管理理论经历了多个阶段的发展和演变。本次演示将简要介绍企业战略管理理论 的演变过程及近年来的一些新发展。
谢谢观看
3、90年代：动态战略理论
90年代，随着科技进步和市场竞争的加剧，企业面临的外部环境越来越动态 和复杂。这个阶段的代表理论包括明茨伯格的动态战略理论、资源基础观和核心 能力理论。这些理论强调了企业在动态环境下的适应能力和竞争优势的培育。
4、21世纪：网络化战略理论
进入21世纪，随着互联网和社交媒体的兴起，企业面临的竞争环境和市场格 局发生了巨大的变化。这个阶段的代表理论包括平台战略、网络效应战略和社交 媒体营销战略等。这些理论为企业利用新兴技术进行市场拓展提供了指导。
一、企业战略管理理论的演变
1、60年代到70年代：早期战略 管理理论
在这个阶段，战略管理理论尚处于萌芽期。学者们开始探讨企业战略管理的 概念、方法和实践，提出了一些基本的战略管理理念，如SWOT分析、波士顿矩阵 等。这些理念为企业制定战略提供了重要的指导。
2、80年代：竞争战略理论
80年代，随着全球化进程的加速和市场竞争的日益激烈，学者们开始竞争战 略。这个阶段的代表理论包括迈克尔·波特的五力模型和竞争定位理论。这些理 论为企业制定竞争策略提供了有力的支持。
西方企业战略管理理论的演变及其 新发展
01 一、引言
目录
企业战略管理理论发展评述
企业战略管理理论发展评述内容摘要:从企业的全局出发并着眼于未来实施战略管理，对于企业的持续生存和发展具有重要的意义。
企业战略是企业适应环境变化并实现长期发展的整体性谋略，如何正确制定并有效实施企业的经营发展战略是企业在复杂多变的环境中取得竞争胜利和实现成功管理的关键。
本文主要评述了有关企业战略管理近期最新发展起来的各种理论学派和学术观点，试图从理论层面对现代企业战略管理规律进行概括和总结，进而给现代企业的战略管理工作提供指导。
关键词:企业战略战略管理理论观点发展趋势战略原是军事术语。
在西方，战略一词来源于希腊文“Strategos”，其含义是“将军”，意义是指挥军队的艺术和科学。
在我国，战略起源于兵法，指将帅的智谋。
因此，战略的本义是对战争全局的谋划和指导。
企业战略将战略的思想和理论应用到企业管理中，是指企业为了适应未来环境的变化，寻求长期生存和稳定发展而制定的总体性和长远性的谋划。
企业战略管理是指企业确定其使命，根据组织外部环境和内部条件设定企业的战略目标，为保证目标的正确落实和实现进行谋划，并依靠企业内部的能力将这种谋划和决策付诸实施，以及在实施过程中进行控制的一个动态管理过程。
企业战略的思想是随着企业管理理论的发展而逐渐形成的，至今为止，企业战略管理仍然是管理学整体理论中一门比较新的学科。
早期理论研究的基本情况企业战略管理理论大约萌芽于20世纪30年代。
1938年，切斯特•巴纳德首次将战略的概念引入管理理论，认为在需要做出决策的任何情况下，企业都必须考虑战略因素，并提出组织与环境匹配的主张，成为现代竞争战略分析的基础。
战略明确用于企业是在20世纪50年代以后。
1962年，美国管理学家阿尔福来德•D•钱德勒出版《战略与结构》一书，他将战略定义为“确定企业的长期目标与近期目标，选择企业达到这些目标所遵循的途径，并为实现这此目标而对企业重要资源进行的管理”。
在该书中钱德勒首次分析了环境、战略、组织结构之间的相互关系，认为企业的经营战略要适应环境(满足市场需要)，企业的组织结构又必须适应企业战略并随企业战略的变化而改变，从而确立了“环境―战略―结构”这一以环境为基础的经典战略理论分析方法。
工商管理外文翻译及译文
外文资料商管031 梅文飞 0364027Competing in the global economy: the innovation challengeRt. Hon. Tony Blair, Lord Sainsbury. Innovation Report.2003.12: 17-31，52-65. Chapter 1 The innovation challengeSummaryGlobal competition is increasing as a result of trade liberalization, technological change and reductions in transport and communication costs. UK based businesses will find it increasingly difficult to compete on low costs alone in labour intensive industries exposed to international competition. The challenge for businesses is to compete on the basis of unique value.We have defined innovation as the successful exploitation of new ideas and it is central to meeting this challenge. It involves investments in new products, processes or services and in new ways of doing business. Measures to develop the skills and creativity of the workforce are often an essential prerequisite. The speed of technological change and market responses make the challenge to innovate urgent and continuous.Overall UK innovation performance appears to be, at best, average compared to our major competitors. This is reflected in the large productivity gap that exists between the UK and its major competitors. Innovation performance accounts for a significant proportion of this gap. On the whole, UK firms face a challenge: how to raise their rate of innovation?Innovation is a complex process so understanding why the UK has a relatively modest innovation performance is not straightforward. We drew on an extensive review of the international innovation literature and consulted with a group of leading experts in the field.As a result we have identified seven critical success factors for innovation performance. They are:Sources of new technological knowledge；Capacity to absorb and exploit new knowledge；Access to finance；Competition and entrepreneurship；Customers and suppliers；The Regulatory environment；Networks and collaboration.They help us to identify current strengths and weaknesses of the UK innovation system. A highly abridged summary is provided in this chapter but the more detailedanalysis is contained in an accompanying economic report.Our vision is of the UK as a key knowledge hub in the global economy. A country that will have maintained its outstanding tradition in the advance of scientific and technological knowledge while developing a similar level of performance in turning knowledge into exciting and novel products and services.The Report complements the Lambert Review of University-Business links as well as the cross-Government Skills Strategy. It makes proposals to strengthen UK performance against all the success factors building upon initiatives that have gone before.What is innovation?1.1. Innovation in this Report is defined as the successful exploitation of new ideas. Ideas may be entirely new to the market or involve the application of existing ideas that are new to the innovating organization or often a combination of both. Innovation involves the creation of new designs, concepts and ways of doing things, their commercial exploitation, and subsequent diffusion through the rest of the economy and society. It is this last–diffusion–phase from which the bulk of the economic benefits flow. Most innovations are incremental–a succession of individually modest improvements to products or services over their life cycle. But a few will be dramatic, creating entirely new industries or markets.1.2. Innovation involves experimentation and risk taking. Some attempts to innovate will fail, but across the economy the successes outweigh the failures. And the failures themselves generate new knowledge, which if evaluated correctly, can improve the chances for future success. The risk of failure justifies the potentially high returns from successes, which provide the incentive to innovate in the first place. Successful innovation-led companies have a number of common characteristics (Box 1.1). Characteristics of innovation-led companies:A worldwide focus, often requiring early expansion overseas;A balanced growth strategy, based on organic growth and targeted acquisitions to enter new markets or acquire critical expertise;A balanced investment strategy;Above average investment in market led research and development;A focus on what really matters to the customer;An innovation culture with corporate leadership that expects growth through development of new products and services.Why is it important now?1.3. Innovation is vital to most businesses operating in the UK if they are to survive and grow in the long term. But there are five reasons why innovation matters more for businesses and the people who work in them today.Markets around the world are being liberalised. This brings opportunities from expanding trade. And firms can locate all or part of the production process or service wherever the economic advantage is greatest. But UK-based firms also face competition from firms in countries with relatively low labour costs and where education and skills levels are high. For example, hourly labour costs in South Korea are just over half UK levels, but the proportion of graduates in the working agepopulation is almost identical.Long-term reductions in the costs of transportation and communication have also opened up new markets and faster global communications mean that consumers learn about new fashions, ideas and products faster than ever before. The cost of sea freight has fallen by two-thirds since 1920, air transport by five-sixths since 1930. Transatlantic telephone calls are now almost free on the Internet.Science and Technology are providing new opportunities for businesses to compete based on exploiting knowledge, skills and creativity to produce more valuable goods and services. Industries are being created, such as Biotechnology, and traditional ones are being transformed (e.g. growth of technical textiles). Because they rely on knowledge and skills, they provide areas where high wage, developed economies can maintain a competitive advantage over low wage, unskilled ones.Services, accounting for over 70% of the economy, are becoming more technology intensive. Technology is being used to improve business processes and customer service in sectors such as retail, hotels and banking, and to develop new products combining creative strengths with the latest technology, such as computer games. Many high technology manufacturers now make more money from services than they do from manufacturing.Increasing environmental concerns are acting as a stimulus to innovation. Demand for environmental improvements– for example, reducing CO2 emissions and volumes of waste – may require changes in the economy and to the way we live. To deliver these changes the market has to generate innovative uses of technology, new ways of doing business and new consumer attitudes.1.4.The speed of changing technology and the extent to which new products and services can change market conditions mean that the challenge to innovate is urgent and continuous. UK-based businesses will find it increasingly difficult to compete on low costs alone in labour intensive industries exposed to international competition. The challenge for businesses is to compete on the basis of unique value.1.5. The UK is not alone in facing this challenge. European leaders agreed at Lisbon in spring 2000 to make the EU “the most dynamic, knowledge-driven economy in the world by 2010”. Innovation is integral to achieving this vision.How is the UK doing?1.6.We have consulted a distinguished panel of leading academic experts in drawing up the analysis underpinning this Report. This analysis has been published separately. The main points concerning the UK’s innovation performance are set out below.The latest international comparisons of data on business R&D show the UK well behind the US and roughly equal to the EU average. However, it is encouraging that after a steady period of decline from 1.5% of GDP in 1981 to 1.16% in 1997, we have seen a move in the right direction, to 1.24% in 2002.Adjusting for size of economy, UK firms’ patenting activity at patent offices in Europe, Japan and the US lies well behind firms in Japan, Germany and the US and is just below the European average.Although systematic data is lacking, it appears that the UK lags behind the US and major Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) economiesin the take- up of best practice improvements such as lean manufacturing.Data from surveys, which rely on broader measures of innovation, paint a similar picture with UK performance weaker than its international peers.1.7.The analysis suggests that UK business faces a challenge: how to raise its rate of innovation?How did we try to explain the causes of UK performance?1.8. Innovation is a complex process so understanding why the UK has a relatively modest innovation performance is not straightforward. To help us do this we drew on an extensive review of the international innovation literature, aided by a panel of experts. We also drew heavily on analysis by the AIM Management Research Forum and the OECD.As a result we have identified seven critical success factors for innovation performance. They help us to identify current strengths and weaknesses of the UK innovation system and to develop proposals to improve its performance.Success factors for UK innovation performance1.9.What follows is a highly abridged version of the supporting analysis, summarizing the UK’s performance against the seven factors:Sources of new technological knowledge play an important role in shaping innovation systems. Science-based technologies are increasing in importance. New products and services tend to embody a wider range of technologies, increasing the complexity faced by individual firms. UK-based firms make extensive use of customers and suppliers as knowledge sources. The UK Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) base is highly productive and the UK has world-class design expertise.The capacity to absorb and exploit knowledge defines a firm’s ability to turn knowledge into new products, processes or services. Fundamentally it is people who create knowledge, manage businesses and innovate. Poor skills amongst managers and the workforce more generally have hindered performance. The culture within UK-owned firms appears to place less emphasis on creativity.All investments in innovation need access to finance. Relatively lower levels of innovation spend are probably more due to a lack of incentives and capacity than a shortage of funds, although some financing gaps exist.Competition provides a stimulus to innovation and helps determine the intensity of competition and the ability of firms to spot opportunities and manage risks. Customers and suppliers put pressure on firms to deliver better quality goods and services and provide opportunities for innovation. Many UK-based firms compete in global markets and the UK is an attractive market for innovative firms from abroad. The regulatory environment affects the possibilities and incentive structures for innovation. OECD comparisons show the UK to be relatively lightly regulated, although there are continuing business concerns about the impact of new regulations. And networks and collaboration are important means of accessing knowledge. Businesses are increasingly looking outside their sectors for opportunities to collaborate.Figure 1.4How Government policies influence innovationthrough which Government – at various levels – influences business innovation.1.11.The Government has already laid the foundations of an innovation-driven economy in areas such as macro-economic policy, fiscal policy, competition policy, trade policy and education and skills.1.12. Since 1997 we have produced three White Papers, “Our competitive future–Building a knowledge driven economy”(1998), “Excellence and Opportunity–a Science and Innovation Policy for the 21st Century” (2000) and “Opportunity for All in a World of Change–Enterprise, Skills and Innovation” (2001). In these we set in motion a series of micro-economic measures to stimulate innovation, such as increased investment in the science base, incentives to encourage research institutions and universities to commercialize their research, and measures to encourage more small businesses to start up and innovate.1.13. Policies and programmers affecting innovation are determined at a variety of levels. In some cases, the role of the UK Government is to influence developments on a European or global scale.Chapter 3 Technology innovationSummaryDeveloped countries around the world have recognized that success in the future will come from businesses increasing the added value from their products, processes and services. Government action to encourage businesses to develop and implement new products and services has become a high priority. Given this, the UK Government needs to harness its resources more effectively in promoting technological innovation. The need to improve the take-up of new technologies3.1.The end of the 20th century witnessed a wave of scientific discovery and technology innovation in a range of areas that have only just begun to change the waywe work and interact with our physical, natural and social environments. For example, the developments of the Internet and mobile communications have transformed people’s access to information.3.2.The pace of change is often quicker than anticipated and the impacts are fundamental. The growth of completely new industries such as biotechnology, software and the digital content industry in the UK, as well as the decline of more traditional sectors, bear very real testimony to this. For example during the 10 year period 1992-2002 the number of biotechnology businesses in the UK has increased from some 165 to 425, and turnover has increased by over six fold (from ￡0.5 billion to ￡3.2 billion).3.3.The UK has a strong indigenous knowledge source available to business through the Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) base and we do have a strong presence in some science-based technologies such as pharmaceuticals, telecommunications and aerospace.Promoting knowledge transfer3.4. The SET base makes a major contribution to knowledge transfer through the publication of research results and the supply of highly skilled people capable of transferring and adapting codified and tacit knowledge. However, there is an additional role that Government can play in providing the opportunities and incentives for translating quality UK science into commercially successful applications.3.5.To simplify arrangements for universities, Higher Education Institutions（HEIF）is to be consolidated into a permanent third stream of knowledge transfer funding to universities, alongside that for teaching and research. More money will be put into the second round of HEIF. The aim is to simplify the funding landscape and ensure that HEIs in England have greater discretion and the flexibility to develop their capacity in a way that best suits their needs and the needs of business.In future, support for technological innovation will be available through five products：Collaborative R&D support is available to meet some of the costs and risks associated with research and technology development, by facilitating collaboration between different businesses and between business and the SET base across the UK. Knowledge Transfer Networks will encourage the diffusion of new and existing technology.Grant for R&D from June 2003 this has been available for individuals and SMEs, and it enables them to meet some of the costs of investing in technology innovation. Grant for Investigating an Innovative Idea – this is a pilot, offering help to SMEs in England to look objectively at their ideas for innovative products, services or processes and to draw up an action plan to take the idea forward.Knowledge Transfer Partnerships provide direct support for knowledge transfer by enabling universities and others in the SET base across the UK to work with businesses using recently qualified people, like graduates, to undertake specific knowledge transfer projects in firms of all sizes.Technology IntermediariesTo complement the above actions, we will work more closely with technologyintermediaries, whose role in technology development and transfer has been undervalued in recent years in both policy development and implementation. Technology intermediaries also have an important role to play at regional level.The principal members of the technology intermediaries’ community are the Research and Technology Organizations. They are a private sector community of effective knowledge-transfer companies. Their objective is knowledge transfer to industry to fill knowledge gaps and to stimulate innovation leading to higher value added products and services.译文商管031 梅文飞 0364027在全球经济中竞争:创新挑战第一章创新挑战综述全球的竞争使贸易自由化的结果增加，技术变革以及运输和通讯费用减少。
市场营销战略外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：Marketing strategy：From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual framework（市场营销战略：从概念的起源到概念框架的发展）国外作者：Eric H. Shaw文献出处：《Journal of Historical Research in Marketing》,2012, 4(1):30-55字数统计：英文1716单词，9394字符；中文3209汉字外文文献：Marketing strategy：From the origin of the concept to the development of a conceptual frameworkEarly marketing strategy conceptsBefore marketing strategy developed as an off-shoot of marketing management in the 1970s, even before marketing management emerged as a school of thought in the 1960s to replace the traditional approaches to marketing (Bartels, 1988; Sheth et al., 1988; Shaw and Jones, 2005), a few isolated concepts were developed in the 1950s literature that form the core of modern marketing strategy. These seminal concepts include: Borden’s (1957, 1964) expression of the “marketing mix,”Smith’s (1956) development of “product differentiation”and “market segmentation”as alternative marketing strategies, Dean’s (1951) conception of “skimming”and “penetration”as alternative pricing (that he extended to the whole marketing mix) strategies, and Forrester’s (1959) description of the “product life cycle (PLC).”Corporate strategy conceptsThe strategic concepts discussed so far (the marketing mix, skimming and penetration, differentiation and segmentation, and the PLC), were created by economists and marketing scholars and gained popularity in early marketing management textbooks. The following strategic concepts, Andrews’SWOT, Ansoff’s growth strategies, Porter’s generic strategies, and Henderson’s product portfolio model, were developed for corporate management, not marketing management. Because marketing strategy is a major component of corporate strategy there is overlap, but these two areas are not isomorphic. Nevertheless, corporate strategy concepts have been shoehorned intact into subsequent generations of marketing textbooks from the 1970s and 1980s to the present. It is largely shoehorning of borrowed concepts that has created the present state of isolated bits and pieces of marketing strategy rather than the development of an overarching conceptual framework.Framework for marketing strategyHaving followed the literature and dissected marketing strategy terms, this section integrates the concepts into a framework that identifies alternative marketing strategies at different stages of the PLC and under various SWOT conditions.Market introduction strategiesAt introduction, the marketing strategist has two principle strategies to choose from: penetration or niche. A penetration strategy (Dean, 1951; Ansoff, 1965) emphasizes an aggressive marketing mix for a mass market or a large segment of the market. As the term has been developed in this research, a penetration strategy is not limited to a current product in a current market (Ansoff) or just a low introductory price (Dean). A penetration strategy involves using the marketing mix aggressively. Although every mix element need not be aggressive, a penetration strategy should include some combination of a no-frills product, minimal service, low price, high promotional expenditures and intensive distribution effort. A penetration strategy, following Andrew’s SWOT, is ideal for large firms with strong financial resources facing a large and growing market, price sensitive customers with minimal brandawareness or preference, many potential competitors and few barriers to entry. A penetration strategy will work from the introduction into the growth stage and perhaps as late as the early maturity stage of the PLC. As an offering approaches maturity, however, high marketing mix expenditures cannot be sustained as sales growth slows and marginal costs rise more rapidly than marginal revenue.Alternatively, a niche strategy (Kotler, 1980; Porter, 1980; McCarthy, 1981) focuses on a narrowly defined customer segment and is ideal for smaller firms with limited resources. The niche strategy expands Porter’s “focus”(Porter, 1980) or “narrow target segment”(Porter, 1990) strategy and incorporates Dean’s (1951) price skimming but from the angle of a market segment’s price sensitivity. Although a segmentation-oriented strategy, the marketing mix aimed at a niche is largely dictated by company and market considerations. With the niche strategy (Alderson, 1957; confusingly termed concentrated segmentation by Kotler, 1976) a firm targets a narrowly defined customer segment. The marketing mix typically involves a custom tailored product offering, a high price, and given the small-sized customer base, promotional expenditures are focused and thereby relatively low, with selective or exclusive distribution coverage. This strategy works well in smaller segments requiring higher profit margins to compensate for lack of sales volume, when customers are insensitive to price, can easily be made aware of the brand with minimal promotional effort, and the firm can create some barriers to entry resulting in few direct competitors. The niche strategy can be highly profitable, even in very small segments, because it combines high price with low marketing mix expenditures (Kotler, 1980). This strategy has the added virtue of allowing pin-point timing. A niche strategy does not require a lot of set-up and breakdown time, effort or money, allowing a firm to move in and out of the market quickly. Taking advantage of “windows of opportunity”(Abell, 1978), a niche is therefore potentially profitable at virtually any stage of the life cycle from introduction to decline. For example, the General Pencil Company (GPC) founded in 1889, produced a high quality lead pencil (once the standard bearer of the ubiquitous No. 2 pencil), but since pencils have become a throw-away, even single-use product, GPC was unable to compete withcheap imports on price. Facing a declining market, for a commodity type product, GPC found their niche –artists and illustrators who required a harder more durable lead in their pencil and were willing to pay a premium price for a higher quality product.Market growth strategiesIn the early growth stage, the marketing manager may choose from two additional strategic alternatives: segment expansion (Smith, Ansoff) or brand expansion (Borden, Ansoff, Kerin and Peterson, 1978). In segment expansion, the strategist adds new targets (each with their own marketing mixes) to the market segments already served. A classic example was Toyota’s Crown automobile entering the US market in 1956 with a niche strategy –a single marketing mix targeted at a single segment –economy conscious sub-compact auto buyers. After gaining a toehold in the market, it used segment expansion to go beyond its niche, offering brands for multiple segments, including the sub-compact, compact, mid-size, large size and sports-car segments. Ultimately targeting across-the-board, it aimed a marketing mix at virtually all auto and small truck market segments, and even developed the separate Lexus brand to target the luxury auto segment. Although also a form of segment expansion, it is useful to separate geographics from other forms of segmentation, such as demographics, psycho-graphics, sociographics, and behavioral characteristics. In geographic expansion, firms shift their sights from local, to regional, to national, to international, to global customer targets. This strategy is increasingly used when growth slows down as local (or domestic) markets approach maturity.Similar to expanding segments, another strategic alternative in the growth stage involves brand expansion. This strategy adds new products or variations to the line, offering the customer segment more choice, or it provides additional services, such as delivery or gift wrapping, to offer customers greater value.During the late growth stage, sales are still growing rapidly, but hit an inflection point where they shift from increasing at an accelerating rate to increasing at a de-accelerating rate. In markets growing very rapidly, this shift in the rate of growth often produces a competitive turbulence (Wasson, 1974), in which an industryshake-out occurs, because of excess capacity. During this turbulence another strategy is often called for –a differentiation strategy. If not used in late growth, as firms jockey for advantage, then differentiation is often employed in the maturity stage, discussed next.Market maturity strategiesIn maturity, sales growth slows, stabilizes and starts to decline. In early maturity, it is common to employ a maintenance strategy (BCG), where the firm maintains or holds a stable marketing mix. This is common in oligopoly industries, where a small number of firms hold a large share of the market. Satisfied with maintaining their market share and milking profits, these firms prefer not to rock the boat. If firms can preserve a rough equilibrium, a maintenance strategy could work until sales decline to meet costs. But maintenance is a rather passive strategy subject to a shake-up by an aggressive competitor.If a firm wants to shuffle the deck, differentiation offers an aggressive but affordable strategy in maturity (Smith, Porter). It involves a firm using one or more elements of the marketing mix to enhance purchase value for its customers. For example, product quality could be improved, price lowered to offer greater economy, upscale advertising media employed to create more brand prestige or distribution outlets added to provide greater customer convenience. Although aggressive, differentiation is far less forceful and far less expensive than a penetration strategy. Because it involves more marketing mix finesse and need not be expensive, a differentiation strategy could work at virtually any stage of the life cycle, from growth into decline.As a firm moves further along the maturity curve, a harvesting strategy (Henderson, 1970; Kotler, 1978) becomes an option if not a necessity. Typically, as a market shifts from early to late maturity, a maintenance strategy evolves into a harvesting strategy. In harvesting, marketing mix effort is reduced following the declining sales, and the brand remains a cash cow as long as the cost reductions are more than (or at least) proportional to the declining sales.Market decline strategiesAt some point the decline in sales approaches and then begins to exceed costs. And not just accounting costs, there are hidden costs as well; as Kotler (1965, p. 109) observed:No financial accounting can adequately convey all the hidden costs.At some point, with declining sales and rising costs, a harvesting strategy becomes unprofitable and a divesting strategy necessary.Although if a firm is one of the “last men standing”it may remain a “profitable survivor”(Kotler, 1997) in the market, if most of the competition has dropped out, if there are a sufficient number of laggards with purchasing power and a desire to buy lingering in the market, and if the costs of serving these remaining customers stays low. This is essentially an extreme harvesting strategy. Non-filter cigarettes or double edge razor blades provide examples of how a few competitors have survived in slowly declining markets. Eventually, as customers die out, marketing mix expenditures decline to zero and the brand is removed from the market.中文译文：市场营销战略：从概念的起源到概念框架的发展早期市场营销战略的概念在20世纪70年代市场营销战略作为营销管理的一个分支之前，甚至在20世纪60年代营销管理成为一个学派以取代传统的营销方法之前（巴特尔斯，1988；谢思等人，1988；肖和琼斯，2005），20世纪50年代的文献中就形成了一些独立的概念，这些概念构成了现代市场营销战略的核心。
战略性资产管理框架的发展【外文翻译】
外文文献翻译译文一、外文原文原文：DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENTFRAMEWORKAbstract: Success of an asset intensive organization is based on adoption of high quality asset management practices and systems. A strategic asset management framework (SAMF), ties an asset management organization from end to end, and is targeted at improving efficiencies, effectiveness and overall performance whilst meeting the business objectives. A SAMF relies on three critical components – People, Process and Technology (Tools and Systems). Appropriate level of maturity is required in all the three aspects to ensure consistency and sustainability of the asset management outcomes. The development and maintenance of a SAMF is a continuous process and needs to be executed over the entire life cycle of an organization. A sound approach has to be followed to ensure that an appropriate framework on asset management exists and is practiced and maintained by the organization. Apart from a thorough understanding of the business objectives, a SAMF ensures harmonious operation of an organization (consistency) and continual improvement (sustainability). This ultimately leads an organization a step closer to achieving business excellence. The paper defines a strategic asset management framework and discusses steps involved in the development and implementation of such a framework. The approach presented in this paper can be applied to any asset management organization.1 .STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENTThe term asset management has differing meanings to different organizations. The definition of asset management may vary even within the same organization. To some, asset management is just a means to an end, whilst to others it is the core mission. Asset management exists in one form or other in all aspects of life – be itmanaging one’s real estate assets or industrial assets. The term ‘strategic asset management’ is proposed instead of the more loosely used term –‘asset management’.There are various definitions to the strategic asset management. These can be found in numerous strategic asset management plans developed by building, university, utility, industrial and other infrastructure organizations. Each of these plans has defined the strategic asset management based on their organizations drivers and the needs. One of these definitions [1] is –“Strategic Asset Management can be defined as the planned alignment of physical assets with service demand. It is achieved by the systematic management of all decision-making processes taken throughout the lif e of the asset.” Most of the other definitions closely align with this definition. These definitions assume a certain maturity level of the organization, whilst may not ideally provide an environment of a complete assessment of the framework, process maturity and integration systems. This does not mean to say that there is any deficiency in this definition or associated management plans.For the purpose of this paper we define strategic asset management as –“A process of developing, creating, maintaining and disposing assets through a complex series of interlinked well-defined processes that are continually improved, over the life cycle of an organization, with an aim of achieving the objectives of the organiz ation.” This definition takes asset management beyond mere operation and maintenance, and incorporates the creation of new assets as well. Traditionally asset management is only related to managing here and now assets –but this is not adequate in terms of ensuring long-term viability of the organization. Strategic asset management is therefore beyond what is being done or how it is being done.Just like parts of a body need honing and ongoing management to ensure sustainability, asset management processes also require continual development. Strategic asset management also involves this continual improvement of the processes, by monitoring and measurement. In a nutshell, strategic asset management matches the organizations assets (physical, human and resource) to its strategic directions. It develops the relationship between the strategic directions and the operational works.2. STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SAMF)One of the definitions on Strategic Asset Management Framework (SAMF) “Strategic Asset Management Framework (SAMF) is an integrated pol icy strategy developed to improve asset management and capital investment across the State public sector. The SAMF is designed to ensure that the Government can continue to successfully manage its capital program while meeting its financial targets.”The Strategic Asset Management Framework as discussed in this paper is considered a more enhanced version of this definition. For the purpose of this paper we define “Strategic asset management framework (SAMF) as a tool that ties an asset management organizat ion’s entire business operations from end to end. The framework forms the foundation on which the entire organiz ation operates.” The key objectives of the framework are to ensure that –• The objectives of the organi zations stakeholders (shareholders, customers, regulators, employees, contractors and the community) are met.• The pe rformance of the organization is continually improved.• Long-term viability and sustainability of the organization is ensured.• The organi zation is advancing towards a business excellence framework.The discussion below presents a very fundamental view of the SAMF. and technology (see figure 1) and on this integration resides the delivery systems of the entire organization.The balance between the people, process and technology is achieved through an adequate understanding of the three links, and ensuring that an appropriate framework exists to retain the bond between these links.People – The people aspect of the asset management framework is one of the most critical. From this comes the power of an organiz ation to ‘think’ and ‘act’. It is the people of an organization that conduct the process formulation and improvement, by applying the technology (tools and systems). Having said this, it is vital to recognize that, an organization should render its processes and systems matured enough so that it could sustain itself even when the people turn-around is high.Process – This is the second link of the SAMF. An organization should endeavorto formalize all its key processes. This should be undertaken to drive value and ensure long-term sustainability. The formalization of processes does not tend to limit the continual improvement of the organization or enforce any form of bureaucracy. It provides a common meaning and direction to its internal and external customers, whilst presenting an orderly and matured image of the organization. Formalization of process also enables a framework for formal measurement of the performance of these processes and evaluation as to when the time is opportune enough to modify the processes or retain the good performing ones.Technology –The third link of the SAMF is ‘technology’. This can also be called as ‘tools’ and/or ‘systems’. This link is made up of the tools and systems that enable the processes of the organization. The technology arm binds the people and process links and is vital to consistency and sustainability while ensuring governance and control. The various systems deployed by an organization need to be thoroughly integrated to ensure a smooth transition between the individual processes and deliver maximum efficiencies and effectiveness. The systems link is also the source of the critical information on which people of an organization rely to make their decisions. Asset Management Information System (AMIS) is the key system within this link. Growing importance of the AMIS around the globe and its increasing application and maturity levels are example of the criticality of this link.3. DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SAMF)The complexity of the process of development of SAMF should not be underestimated. It may appear to be a simple concept, but in practice it requires careful planning, management and adequate steering to enable its success. There is no rules book to the development of the SAMF. The International Infrastructure Management Manual (IIMM) is an accepted industry ‘best practice’ guide to asset management and has been known to be a reference document adopted by regulators and many other industry participants. This manual develops some basic concepts upon which an organization can develop sound asset management fundamentals. Whilst these principles can be adopted in development of SAMF, it is to be acknowledged,that an organization over the time develops its own useful and practical approach to asset management. Various factors need to be considered and analyzed in this process.This paper presents a methodology that could be applied by organizations. The most appropriate methodology has to be decided based on a critical assessment of the present state of operations. Whilst presenting the various options (where they are known to exist), it is assumed that the organizations do not have an existing formal SAMF.An organization could embark on the development of the SAMF, regardless of its age. However, the younger organizations (with some years of operational experience) are more ideally placed to development of a SAMF. This is assuming that the organization has had a holistic experience of all aspects of its internal and external operating environment. As puts it “In the early stages of evolution, companies that have adopted the strategic asset management business model see it first as a catalyst for organizational strategic co st reduction.” For other org anizations, the case will more be of development with continual refinement until the most appropriate framework is developed. Nevertheless, it is important to realize that the framework is not static and needs continual review and refinement as operating environment changes and organizations performance/ performance driver changes. An organization that has undergone a major structural review, a strategic ownership, a major merger, strategic regulatory environment, strategic supplier/ resource environment, can also be treated as a “young” organi zation and has a greater chance of seamless introduction of a SAMF. For older organizations, (with minimal recent changes), the road to introduction of the framework may be more complex and will require deployment of m ore complex ‘strategic management’ techniques than those that may be req uired for younger organizations. This is based on an assumption that older organizations have established traditional processes that will be hard to break or change. However, this may not hold true for all older organizations.4. DELIVERY OF THE STRATEGIC ASSET MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKAn open-learning environment within the organization is a pre-requisite to the successful implementation of an initiative like SAMF. Based on the complexity of theinitiatives resulting from development of the SAMF, the following steps are required to ensure their successful delivery –• Delivery of a formal SAMF report.• Briefing on the findings during the SAMF d evelopment to the entire organization. This briefing should include the objectives of the SAMF, information on how the SAMF was developed, the target levels for each process (and the rationale/ objective behind this improvement exercise), expected business environment (during and after the implementation of the improvement initiatives), time frames and the overall impact on the business.• A program management schedule should be prepared –with individual projects (improvement initiatives) clearly identified. Clear deliverables and expected quality levels of the deliverables must be prescribed.• During the entire program, strategic management techniques should be planned and implemented. The strategic management techniques should focus not only on the implementation phase, but also on the benefits realization phase (post implementation).• A steering committee including a program manager and associated project team structure should be set up. Ideally, the implementation team should have a greater representation from the internal staff/ end users of the process.• Monitoring of the program should ensure that the benefits are being realized during and after implementation.• It should be possible to monitor the performance of the enhanced/ new processes and such information should be fed back to include in the overall framework.4.1 Post implementation reviewsPost implementation reviews are critical for ongoing success of the SAMF. It should be remembered that, the development of SAMF is not an end of the journey. This is a never-ending journey and must involve periodic (preferred biennial) assessments of process maturity. This will ensure that best practices are continuously identified (and embraced) and any performance issues are actively addressed through feedback loop.5 .EXPERIENCES AND CONCLUSIONSThe proposed process of development of SAMF has been successfully utilized by a regulated, monopoly utility. It is acknowledged that the process is easy to use, but requires careful planning and adaptation to individual organiz ation’s environment.Development and implementation of a strategic asset management framework is critical for long-term success of asset intensive organizations. A process for development of the SAMF has been discussed in details, including the key aspects to be applied during implementation of this SAMF. This framework is based on the key concepts as discussed in the International Infrastructure Management Plan and been practically implemented in a regulated monopoly utility.Strategic Asset Management Framework development could result into useful insights to the business model (and its processes) and is a vital input to strategic business planning exercise. The SAMF development, implementation and continual review will assist organizations to unleash maximum value out of its resources and deliver best returns to its stakeholders.Source: Ankur Maheshwari.Development of a Strategic Asset Management Frame work[J].Engineering Asset Management.2006: 596-605．二、翻译文章译文：战略性资产管理框架的发展资产密集型企业的成功是基于采用高品质的资产管理方法和制度。
Strategic Management(战略管理-中英文)
Environments: 环境 •Internal内部 •External 外部
Competing via 竞争方 式…
Rivalry: 竞争 •Business level strategies 经营层次战略 •Multiproduct strategies 产品多元化战略 •Mergers & acquisitions 并购
Competing via 竞争方 式…
Rivalry: 竞争 •Business level strategies 经营层次战略 •Multiproduct strategies 产品多元化战略 •Mergers & acquisitions 并购
Market entry: 市场进入 •Across borders 跨国 •Alliances 联盟 •Entrepreneurship 创业
Market entry: 市场进入 •Across borders 跨国 •联盟 •Entrepreneurship 创业
External Environment Analysis 外部环境分 析
Potential Entrants 潜在竞争 对手 General Environment 总体环境
机动性增加，风险降低，资本需求降低 Allows the firm to focus on its core competencies. 发展核心竞争 力
Potential problems with outsourcing: 外包可能产生的问题 Job losses for the firm’s communities. 企业岗位减少 Hard to reverse outsourcing decisions. 外包决策难以收回
战略管理文献综述01
战略管理文献综述摘要：本文献综述概览了现代社会国内外关于战略管理的理论，并在此基础上分析了战略管理研究的发展方向，重点提到了核心能力理论、产品—市场理论、相关多元化理论关键词：战略管理理论核心能力产品—市场多元化企业战略是企业以未来为主导，为求得生存发展而做出的有关全局的策划和谋略，有关企业战略管理的研究迅速发展起来。
国内外专家、学者对于企业战略管理问题进行深入研究和探讨，呈现出一定深度和广度的理论学说及典型案例，在半个多世纪的时间里，已形成了众多流派。
当代著名管理学家亨利?明茨伯格（Henry.Mintzberg）将其企业战略管理的理论分成了十个流派：设计学派、计划学派、定位学派、企业家学派、认识学派、学习学派、权力学派、文化学派、环境学派和结构学派。
关于国内外战略管理理论研究对于指导各行各业企业发展发挥了作用。
国际学术界对企业战略管理进行了大量研究和探索，取得了丰硕的科研成果。
一、国外企业战略管理发展从历史的角度分析，可将国外企业战略管理发展归纳为以下三个阶段。
（1）早期的企业—环境综合分析范式阶段。
进入20世纪60年代，欧美国家企业出现卖方市场向买方市场的重大变化，国际市场逐步开放，大多数大企业以并购方式采取多元化经营。
企业不满足于年度预算，开始采用运筹学和预测技术进行规划，形成了战略规划学派。
该理论认为企业战略应当使企业自身条件与所遇机会相适应，实质上是认为企业战略应当放到如何使公司能力与竞争环境相匹配的框架上，寻求发展商机。
19世纪60年代,哈佛大学的安德鲁斯对战略进行了四个方面的界定,将战略划分为四个构成要素,即市场机会、公司实力、个人价值观和渴望、社会责任。
其中市场机会和社会责任是外部环境因素,公司实力与个人价值观和渴望则是企业内部因素。
他还主张公司应通过更好地配置自己的资源,形成独特的能力, 以获取竞争优势。
（2）以环境适应范式为中心的企业战略管理理论阶段。
20世纪70—80年代，随着环境变化加快，人们越来越认识到未来是不可预测的，环境是不确定、不连续的，从根本上动摇了战略规划关于未来可以计划、可以预测的思想。
《企业战略管理》课程笔记
《企业战略管理》课程笔记第一章：战略管理导论一、战略管理的产生与发展1. 战略管理的起源- 古代军事战略：战略一词最初源于军事领域，指的是军事指挥官在战争中为实现胜利目标而进行的计划和行动。
- 企业管理应用：20世纪初期，随着工业革命和企业规模的扩大，战略管理的概念开始被引入到企业管理中。
2. 战略管理的发展阶段- 古典战略管理阶段（20世纪初-20世纪50年代）- 关注点：主要集中在企业内部管理，如生产效率、成本控制等。
- 代表人物：弗雷德里克·泰勒（Frederick Taylor）的科学管理理论，亨利·福特（Henry Ford）的大规模生产模式。
- 现代战略管理阶段（20世纪60年代-20世纪80年代）- 关注点：企业外部环境分析，竞争战略的制定。
- 代表人物：彼得·德鲁克（Peter Drucker）提出企业目标理论，迈克尔·波特（Michael Porter）的五力模型和竞争战略理论。
- 战略管理整合阶段（20世纪90年代至今）- 关注点：战略管理的系统性和整体性，强调内部资源和能力与外部环境的匹配。
- 代表理论：资源基础理论（Resource-Based View, RBV），核心能力理论（Core Competence）。
二、战略的内涵1. 战略的定义- 战略是一系列决策和行动，旨在通过配置资源和调整活动，实现企业的长期目标和愿景。
2. 战略的特点- 全局性：战略涉及企业的整体方向和所有业务领域，要求从全局角度考虑问题。
- 长期性：战略规划通常跨越数年，甚至数十年的时间，关注企业的长远发展。
- 导向性：战略为企业管理层和员工提供明确的方向，引导企业资源向既定目标集中。
- 动态性：战略需要根据外部环境的变化和企业内部条件的发展进行适时调整。
三、战略管理的内涵与构成要素1. 战略管理的内涵- 战略管理是一个系统性的过程，包括战略的分析、制定、实施和评价，旨在提高企业的竞争力和适应环境变化。
外文翻译--施工工艺与企业管理领域内的研究
毕业设计（论文）译文及原稿译文题目：施工工艺与企业管理领域内的研究(CPEM)Research in the field of construction process and 原稿题目：enterprise managementVolume 4，No．2(Serial No．27)，Journal ofCivil Engineering 原稿出处：and Architecture，ISSN 1934·7359，USA （Feb．2010）施工工艺与企业管理的研究（CPEM)Christy Pathrose Gome1.1CPEM的生命周期和研究方法在Prof.Dr.-lng.Gerhard Girmscheid的管理下，以生命cycle-oriented和社团的过程为研究和教学的中心，例如在建筑行业里的下面特定领域中:提供服务,管理和支持过程·为生命周期服务的业务和项目交付模式·支持流程风险模型,知识和创新管理·为信息化带动工业化过程模型提供服务的施工流程·区域内的概率决策模型–风险管理–建筑生产–维护及修理战略实施的研究集中在试图通过科学、概念的贡献cycle-oriented过程设计生活integarating计划、执行和加工利用的研究,促进性能和创新能力的建筑行业。
研究的目的是制造创新、企业发展战略,以客户为主导,以producer-oriented为概念和技术经济和环境相关的整体优化服务。
研究涉及的领域一方面在于服务全部提供者方面的发展，问题为解决一次业主/开发者的利益的概念和创新的组织和合作概念以及costruction-related设计创新、风险和信息管理系统和运行的研究方法，决策工具的发展与建设过程的评价与管理的活动。
另一方面我们要努力开发高效、计算机辅助集自动化的施工方法。
特别关注互动的设计领域的规划和生产过程。
特别是在建筑物维修的领域内,已经形成了专业课的焦点,说明了它对未来的重要性。
企业品牌战略研究的论文外文文献及中文翻译
企业品牌战略研究的论文外文文献及中文翻译Brand Strategy ResearchResource: Kapferer, J.H Strategic Brand Management[J]. Kogan Page, LondonEconomic globalization, how to adapt to international trends, establish a strong brand and enhance our competitiveness, have become pressing issues facing enterprises. Based on the analysis of the development of corporate marketing brand strategy, based on the content of brand strategy an its functional significance, to discuss the brand strategy in enterprise marketing role. Enterprise needs to use a variety of means of competition to increase brand awareness, improve brand positioning, an create a good brand image.First, Japanese brands across the board defeatNovember 22, 2006 morning, NEC announced that it would withdraw from 2G and 2.5G mobile phone market, which means that, following Sharp, Panasonic, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, a Japanese mobile phone manufacturers later withdraw from the Chinese market, Japanese mobile phone has almost all except Kyocera 2G mobile phone market in China out of contention.If we sum up the Chinese household appliance market, today any different from ten years ago, I think the biggest difference is that Japanese companies in China, Japanese home appliance market downturn, the following main reasons: First, rigid enterprise system, decision-making difficult, the reaction was slow, incompatible with the reality of the Chinese market, it is difficult to adapt to the rapidly changing Chinese market; 2 is weak in marketing, product planning capacity is not strong, it is difficult to judge according to their marker launch to meet consumer demand and forecast products, follow the trend has been in a passive situation, can not satisfy market demand; Third, failure to grasp the industry best time to transition is the Japanese home appliance companies lose an important reason for market dominance .Japanese companies come to the edge in the Chinese market is causing companies tothink deeply about our nation? To take the international route and whether the enter prise of “Japanese Company” to the lessons learned behind?Second, the brand strategy implementation in China the Current SituationMany old famous “flash in the pan”Chinese and foreign enterprises in the Chinese market the brand war; just grow up to be a great impact on national brands. The last century, a little-known 80’s brand, not being registered by trademark, is to beacquired, squeeze, even if the residue is hard going down really developed very limited. Here a typical case, the last century 80s to early 90s, he worked in air conditioning sector hit wonders of the Warburg in 1998, was acquired Kelon, the subsequent decline in brand image is repeated.Brand strategy has been an increasing emphasis on domestic enterprises caused the government to support.Since the 80s of last century reform and opening up, China’s socialist economic construction has maderemarkable achievements. From a planned economy to market economyera Chinese companies, brand management has grown out of nothing.Information, local governments at all levels of emphasis on brand-name, organization promoting the efforts, policies measures have greatly enhanced Qinghai, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Ningbo, Shenyang and other cities on the Chinese famous enterprises incentives to 100 million, on Dali an 3 million Yuan, on brand-name companies have been cities for the100000yuan reward-200000yuan..January 8th 2009 year to January11th,the 40th International Consumer Electronics Show(CES) in Las Vegas Venetian hotel opening. National enterprises in the CES, we achieve superior results. It is understood that this year there are 4000 people registered to participate in China CES, including1manufacturers, media and spectators, in the exhibition hall, there are 327 exhibitors. Haier is the w orld’smost authoritative consumer electronics industry media “TWICE” named for the Chinese consumerelectronics brand.3.The status of foreign brands in most sectors is still difficult to shakeHowever, we should also see the face of numerous products on the market, allows consumers blurted out genuinely few domestic brands. With the opening up further, to a number of big companies have to squeezeinto the Chinese market, Chinese market, a time filled with “Sony”, “Coca-Cola”, “Rejoice”, “Benz” andvarious other international brands, many of these names foreign brands violently hitting the national brand in China .Although the appliance industry, led by Haier brand, “Konka” , “Changhong” , “TCL” and otherdomestic brands have developed well, but with the “Sony” , “Panasonic” “Samsung” and other brands, theyare still there competitive disadvantage; in the IT industry, “Lenovo” , “Founder” , “Great Wall” and thebrand’s competitiveness has improved significantly, but with Europe and the United States, Japan and other countries compared to, brand awareness is still insufficient; in Consumer Goods market, “P&G”, “Oliver” ,“Henkel” , and other international companies have formed the three pillars.Third, the brand strategy implementation in China Problems andErrorsCurrently, Chinese brands have a huge international marker opportunity and space for international brands has been inevitable, but there are also brand building is not unsatisfactory.Our Enterprise Brand Building ProblemsFactors from the point of micro-enterprises themselves: there is a lace of technology development, brand competitiveness is not strong; brand personality, lack of innovation and development capacity; small-scale production and management, brand development lack of overall planning; ability of weak exports and international operations, Brand awareness is not strong; brand positioning is not clear, there is a large range of factors such as blindness. Speaking from the macro social factors: social mechanisms need to be improved, policies and regulations support the need to further strengthen the country’s industrial policy, export-oriented policies for different sectors play different rolein the promotion and limitation, the financial environment for business investment capacity and market expansion ability and the important influence. The establishment of market system in China has for many years, despite a significant improvement but still not perfect, there still has not really adapt to the market economy, consumer psychology has not yet fully mature.2. The current situation of global economic integration, the errorof the brand strategy implementation(1) Ignore the brand investment, profit-orientedBackground of economic globalization, international competition isin creasingly reflected in the brand’scompetition, the overwhelming majority of the modern world famous multinational companies with particular emphasis on the use of brand strategy, brand such a full range of output through the form of multinational corporations gradually occupation of the international market, it is no exaggeration to say that now, the brand has achieved global strategic objectives of transnational corporations sharp weapon, is an important means to achieve capital expansion.Rome was not built in a day cold. Brand never be in the short term invented to be a long process of accumulation. Many enterprises do not clearly recognize this point, attempt to create a brand in a short time, but ignored the long-term planning and strategy.(2) Brand strategy is a systematicThe implementation of brand strategy is a systematic, enterprise strategy and the overall development of an important component of competitive strategy. The implementation of brand strategy is to rely on their overall quality and overall image enhancement, the need for scientific management idea and superb2operational skills, but quit a few brand planner in this regard was particularly poor performance and immediate impact brand development, practical work in the emergence of many such errors: If that job is to create a brand to take a good name to the product, improve productawareness, or what the product packaging; good brand is drawing a satisfactory visual signs only; Advertising is the only way to cultivate well-known brands, in addition to advertising in the media, big, the other no attention; scale enterprise product once formed, well-known brands on the naturally established; well-known brand is equivalent to high price, to be unrealistically improve the product price. Some companies even go further in the brand Wrong Operation not hesitate to give up their own brand business, with foreign companies, brands, or to sell its own brand low-cost transfer, such as our present more than 20 million “three capital” enterprises,there 90% of the joint venture using the foreign brands; cleansilver toothpaste factory in Ghuangzhou to 2 million yuan cheap to transfer to joint ventures and other brands, is one such outstanding example of the terrible consequences of today has become increasingly apparent-lost domestic enterprises own brand, product and intellectual property rights, national industrial competitiveness lie!(3) Product is the enterprise competitive advantage in the marketcan be quickly imitated by competitors, beyond, the brand is insurmountable, real and lasting competitive advantage comes from innovation, in order to “change” should be “status quo”Brand is the concentrated expression of the core competitiveness. The market is constantly changing face of any brand at any time to be out of danger. Too much emphasis on the existing achievements, do notattach importance to innovation, leading to a lot of brand-name “dismount” the major reason. Coca-Cola’sformer chief marketing officer Sergio Zyman, “The brand is o nly the company logo products and servicesare different from competitors, is the most effective weapon to open up the market, excellent brand can make your product stand out .” Products physical properties, quantity, price, quality, service is very easy to imitate competitors, Er brands, along with the product itself, also includes an attached product to cultural background, emotional, consumer cognition invisible things, so that enterprises Yong Yuan Li in the competition undefeated. Consumer awareness deciding the fate of the brand has a direct impact on consumer awareness. Brand is the difference between the market enterprise important symbols is the benchmark for consumer spending to brand as the core has become a corporate restructuring and reallocation of resources an important mechanism.Fourth, national enterprises in brand internationalization processof how to brand positioningBacked by science and technology, establish a “quality first, winning by quality” business philosophy,the brand’s fas hion elements, the outstanding individualProduct quality is the cornerstone of creating brand. Competitiveness of their products performance in the competition for the brand, and brand competition while relying on the inherent quality of products. Growth for the brand through a brand is the quality of a brandin the market down are also in most of a problem because of the quality. Therefore, it can be said, quality is the brand of life depends.In addition, enterprises should learn from successful experiences abroad to enhance their design and development capability. Enterprises should dare to challenge the new technology revolution to create their own brand, and increase market competitiveness; we must work hard in the transformation. Personalization trend in the world changes, the value of customer experience and the value of differentiation has been directly determined to achieve the final product sales, personal services are indispensable! 2. To strengthen marketing, improve brand awareness, brand strategy will be organically integrated in their overall strategy to promote the overall development strategyThe implementation of brand marketing is an important part of the strategy. By choosing the right marketing approach can be effectively used to brand a household name brand, expand market share. Brand3strategy is not an isolated task, but the overall development strategy and business are closely related. A successful brand names more than just a brand its own thing, related to business management of all major strategic decision, these major strategic decisions were consciously carried out around the brand to expand.3. Follow the laws of the brand design, brand image, brand and accurate market positioning, brand performance and outstanding value emotional communicationBrand competition is not all-round competition; each brand has its own market position. The basic method is not positioning to create a novel or unique issues, but to manipulate what already exists in the heart, the eyes of potential customers to buy soon tapped desire to make it into consumer impulse. Enterprises should take the market as guide, technology as a means to adapt to changes in its requirements, such as the establishment of information feedback system to collect information about changes in consumer, and constantly develop new products, provide consumers with personalized service, and meet the consumers to maketheir own in a good position in the competition.st The world has entered the 21 century brand international competition, branding has become a newinternational language into millions of households. To establish the brand products in the market position establish a corporate image, is effective competition in the market means business. Brand is the core product; brand marketing is to defy the other. Enterprise management system must be adopted, technological innovation, and constantly improve the quality of products and services. At the same time to increase the international competitiveness of the strategic brand research and planning, and the comprehensive to enhance the brand’s international competitiveness. Most Chinese enterprises in thegrowth stage now, brand strength is weak, it is undoubted fact, however, based on industry, market and enterprise resources, while avoiding disadvantages, choose the best brand strategy is a wise choice.Such as is now more prevalent and has a well-known brand outside the company’s co-production, reverse merger;use the link strategy to redefine the brand image; with two or more brands collaborate effectively formed alliances to improve their social acceptance of such brand. In short choose the right brand strategy, brand marketing creativety and attention to service; in order to achieve a sensational effect and a strong brand impact, can the brand maintain vigor, forest stand in the world brand.4企业品牌战略研究资源:卡普费雷尔，J.H 战略品牌管理研究[J]. 伦敦出版社在经济全球化的今天，如何适应国际化潮流，建立强势品牌，提高竞争能力，已经成为国内企业面临的迫切问题。
企业战略管理的外文文献
企业战略管理的外文文献
关于企业战略管理的外文文献有很多，其中一些经典的包括《Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors》（作者，Michael E. Porter）、《Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant》（作者，W. Chan Kim 和Renée Mauborgne）、《Good Strategy Bad Strategy: The Difference and Why It Matters》（作者，Richard Rumelt）等。
这些文献从不同的角度探讨了企业战略管理的重要性、方法和实践，对于理解和应用企业战略管理具有重要的参考价值。
同时，还有许多期刊文章和研究报告也提供了丰富的外文文献资源，可以从学术数据库或图书馆获取。
企业战略管理是一个广泛而深入的领域，通过阅读外文文献可以帮助我们更好地理解和应用其中的理论和实践。
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中文2715字外文翻译：家族企业战略管理：过去的研究和未来的挑战（节选）原文来源：CALIS外文期刊网译文正文：包含家庭成员在战略实施过程中,家族企业有选择使用家族或非家族成员的自由。
兰兹伯格(1983)建议给所有的亲戚提供学习的机会,但公司只能录用那些最有能力的人。
从战略管理的角度来看可以作为一个起点，但也应考虑家庭成员纳入或排除在政治方面的事务(麦克米兰和琼斯,1986)。
总的来说,研究发现家庭成员是比非家族成员有更多的产出(羅森布莱特,deMik、安德森、和约翰逊,1985分;基尔和基尔,1987)。
然而,在劳动补偿的问题上,罗森布莱特得出这样的结论:家庭成员相信他们更劳累,薪酬较低。
然而基尔确认为家庭成员能得到更高的工资和额外的补贴。
这一问题矛盾还值得进一步研究,因为如果不能意识到和处理好认知与现实之间的明显差异，可能会导致战略实施出现问题。
相反，在基于家的企业工作者的研究中，赫克和沃克(1993)发现家庭成员和无关的工作者比相关的工作者(即，表兄弟)有更好的绩效。
他们提醒说通过家庭关系而就业的亲戚可能是最不能干的。
虽然它提供了家业企业的一个聘用战略，这样研究还有待于在大家庭企业中去证实。
我们也知道否认亲属就业机会导致的后果。
因为招聘决定是一个公司人力资源决策中最重要的部分，为了公司的业绩，进一步研究这个问题，显然需要的。
从一个战略管理方面，对于家族中妇女的研究是另一个卓有成效的区域。
各种各样的研究报告认为妇女不适合被考虑成为家族企业的首席执行官。
其他研究员建议，女性成员作为家庭生活的看守者比男性成员对家业的有更好的效果。
对于妇女自己来说，就应该获得适当的企业技能、训练和经验。
如何最好地训练和部署家庭女性成员的商业、政治影响以及职业发展机会和对家族企业绩效的影响,在这些领域都值得关注。
代际问题虽然他们是密切的继承关系，但我们已列为战略实施的一部分，而不是因为他们对公司日常的日常运作的潜在影响战略制定的代际问题。
许多在这方面所做的研究一直是父亲和儿子之间的关系，明显是片面的。
研究人员报告说，创始人是一般的专制、不愿分享权力）和战略保守的。
另一方面，儿子一般不耐烦战略转变，个人独立性，并希望有机会证明自己的价值。
绝大多数的家族文献似乎认为，冲突是有害的，破坏性的。
这可能是真的。
然而，冲突也可以驱动改变的力量。
判决之前的研究，从战略管理的角度研究的程度和类型的冲突发生在双方家庭和商业情况。
更重要的是，这种研究可以探讨冲突影响战略的实施与企业绩效。
杜马（1989）得出结论认为，父子关系，不能一概而论，还要推广到父女关系。
她建议，父女关系更加和谐和性质不同。
女儿愿意承担起照顾父亲责任的作用。
因此，他们不太可能像儿子一样在与父亲的冲突中出现权力和控制的问题。
这是非常重要的，因为它提供了一个基础比较研究代际关系的基础。
在什么样的背景下考虑战略的实施？通过仔细匹配父子、父女情况类似的企业，研究可以回答这样的问题。
当一个领导者离开时，离开风格可能有所不同。
索南费尔德和斯彭斯（1989）确定了四个领导人的出发风格：君主，将军，省长和大使。
他们认为，一个家族企业的领导者最佳离开方式是大使风格，谁领导的组织中等水平的增长，认识到下台的时间，并保持与组织的顾问接触。
大使风格虽然可以出现概念优越，这并没有被经验证明。
无论是或不是，现有的文献提供了作为离境领导人如何可以说服遵循适当离境的风格，或继承人可以减少一个谁也不能这样说服领导的有害影响的一些线索。
兄弟姐妹的竞争弗里德曼（1991）认为，尽管竞争是针对于父母的爱和关注的竞争。
这是父母的反应，主要影响子女之间的相互关系。
建议解决不和谐的兄弟关系，包括鼓励开放沟通和讨论关于他们的对手，并让他们学会换位思考，并鼓励他们重新确定目前相互之间的关系。
从家族企业的观念出发，然而，我们并不知道是否或者何时，在家族业务中兄弟姐妹的竞争是不和谐的。
研究人员认为，什么是好的，家庭和谐是很好的业务，但这不一定是事实。
同时了解什么是良好的家庭是重要的，家族企业也需要了解权衡参与维持家庭和谐。
这是战略管理的角度来说。
例如，莱文森（1971）建议，如果孩子们提供的每个操作导致兄弟姐妹的竞争可以减弱。
这可能会或可能无法正常工作，因为每个操作的成功或失败取决于家庭是否和睦。
例如，如果位置是成功的关键，兄弟姐妹的竞争可以增加竞争的结果作为一个负责操作的最佳地点。
操作和控制决定一个家族企业的多元化，也影响了公司的盈利能力和竞争力。
研究表明，家族企业是不水平分化的，而且比非家族企业更依赖于非正式的控制。
因此，家族企业要更成功就需要一个精简和明确的结构。
大多数的研究主要是家族企业的组结构演变和变化，然而，与专业管理的转型有关。
霍兰德和埃曼通过制定进化模型找出了三种不同的方法。
第一种方法涉及公司的发展阶段和家族的代际传承。
第二个侧重于企业的需求和公司的关键个人的生命周期之间的相互作用。
第三种观点是企业、家庭和关键个人三者之间之间的相互作用。
在41家企业的实证研究中，霍兰和奥利弗找到由Ward提出的三阶段模型的支持。
在所有这些模型的基本主题是非家庭成员的责任和权力的委派在不同阶段的显著变化。
一个家族企业，因为经济的增长，在家族内缺乏管理技能，准备继承、或变更业务的规范和价值观，可能需要专业化和委托权威。
但是，业主经理人可能不愿因缺乏正规训练和管理技术知识不足以及昂贵的开销，害怕失去控制或认为专业化是不必要的。
从战略管理的其他研究角度和途径来看，可能会导致其他的问题。
例如，如果一些家族企业缺乏管理技能，希望能成功地转型到专业化的管理，他们应该尝试这样做吗？是否有其他的替代办法？如果有的话，是什么？此外，当业务需求和家族的欲望冲突时，公司的短期和长期业绩哪个更重要？综述正如上述讨论清楚地表明，家族企业的文化中描述了战略的实施以及家族对它的影响。
但是，不幸的是，它并不能显示出一个特定家庭因素是如何阻碍或者帮助企业实现其目标和宗旨的。
例如，我们不知道，是否家族企业与外部董事会成员能够做出与其他人不同的、更好的战略决策。
因为生命周期模型并不适用于每个企业。
我们需要了解，在影响家族企业发展的因素中，哪些对组织绩效的影响最大。
研究表明如果有性别差异，还需要直接知道，如果有性别差异，从商业的角度，如何采用有效的策略在事实上干预和改善兄弟之间的关系。
尽管在大多数文献的内容中，我们仍然对家族成员如何影响企业中的非家族成员，或者是否这些困扰是作为策略有效实施的促成因素还是是阻碍因素知之甚少。
记载的专制制度的创始人管理的家族企业的研究表明，如果他们还能向我们展示出专制制度在有效或失调时，这些家族企业和非家族企业的实际情况是否是不同的，那就能作出更重大的贡献。
总之，在我们知道在任何情况下，什么样的组织结构、系统和流程在家族企业中是最有效的之前，都需要做很多的工作。
原文正文：Strategic Management of the Family Business: Past Research and Future Challenges（节选）Pramodita Sharma, James J. Chrisman, Jess H. ChuaInclusion of family members.In implementing strategy, a family firm has the choice of using family or non-family members. Lansberg (1983) advises that all relatives be given opportunities to learn, but only the most competent should be taken into the firm. A strategic management perspective could take this as a starting point, but should also consider the political aspects of the inclusion or exclusion of family members in the business (MacMillan and Jones,1986).In general, research has found that family members are more productive than non-family members (Rosenblatt, deMik, Anderson, and Johnson, 1985; Kirchhoff and Kirchhoff, 1987). However, in examining compensation practices, Rosenblatt et al. conclude that family members believe they are overworked and underpaid, while Kirchhoff and Kirchhoff suggests that family members are given higher salaries and perquisites. This contradiction deserves more study, because if not recognized and dealt with, the apparent discrepancy between perceptions and reality can lead to problems in strategy implementation.By contrast, in a study of home-based business workers, Heck and Walker (1993) discover that family members and unrelated workers are more productive than related workers (e.g., cousins). They warn that relatives who depend on family ties for employment could be the least competent. Although it suggests a hiring strategy for family businesses, such research has yet to be replicated in larger family businesses. We also know little about the political ramifications of denying relatives employment opportunities. Since hiring decisions are among the most important human resource decisions a firm can make, further studies of this issue, in the context of a firm’s performance, are clearly needed.From a strategic management perspective, the study of women in family businesses is another fruitful area for research. Various studies report that women are not generally considered for the job of chief executive in family businesses (Hollander and Bukowitz, 1990; Salganicoff, 1990; Upton and Sexton, 1987). Other researchers suggest that female members’ positions as thecaretakers of family concerns can give them a better understanding of the family business than the male members have (Hollander and Bukowitz, 1990).Women, for their part, have been advised to acquire appropriate business skills,training, and experience (Salganicoff, 1990). How best to train and deploy female family members in the business, the political implications of their inclusion,exclusion, and career opportunities, and the impact of all this on the performance of family firm, are areas that deserve more attention.Intergenerational issues.Although they are closely akin to succession, we have classified intergenerational issues as part of strategy implementation rather than strategy formulation because of their potential impact on the day-to-day operations of the firm. Much of the research done in this area has been on relationships between fathers and sons, which Levinson (1971) observes is ambivalent at best.Researchers report that founders are generally authoritarian, unwilling to share power (Birley, 1986; Donckels and Frohlick, 1991; Geeraerts, 1984), and strategically conservative (Levinson, 1974). On the other hand, sons are generally impatient for strategic change, personal independence, and an opportunity to prove their worth (Seymour, 1993). Most of the familybusiness literature seems to assume that conflict is unhealthy and disruptive.This may be true. However, conflict can also be a driving force for change. Before passing judgment, research from a strategic management perspective could examine the extent and types of conflicts that occur in the context of both family and business situations. More importantly, such research could investigate the impact of conflicts on strategy implementation and firm performance.Dumas (1989) concludes that the father-son relationship cannot be generalized to the father-daughter dyad. She suggests that the father-daughter relationship is more harmonious and different in nature. Daughters willingly assume the role of caretakers, both of the father and the business. As a consequence, they are less likely than sons to be in conflict with their fathers over the issues of power and control. This insight is very important because it provides a basis for comparative research on intergenerational relationships. Is—or when is—conflict or accommodation preferable in the context of strategy implementation? By careful matching father-son and father-daughter situations in similar businesses, research may be able to answer such questions.When a leader does let go, departure styles may vary. Sonnenfeld and Spence (1989) identify four departure styles of leaders: monarchs, generals, governors, and ambassadors. They suggest that the best departure style for a family business leader is that of the ambassador, who leads the organization to moderate levels of growth, recognizes the time to step down, and maintains contact with the organization as advisor. While the ambassador style can appear to be conceptually superior, this has not been empirically proven. And whether it is or not, the existing literature provides few clues as to how a departing leader can be persuaded to follow the appropriate departure style, or how successors can minimize the deleterious effects of a leader who cannot beso persuaded.Sibling rivalry.Friedman (1991) argues that although competition for parental love and attention spurs sibling rivalry, it is the parents’ response that is the major influence on the children’s rel ationships with one another. Suggestions to resolve dysfunctional sibling relationships include encouraging open communication and discussions among the siblings about the roots of their rivalries, establishing empathy by inviting them to imagine their roles reversed,and encouraging them to redefine current relationships (Friedman, 1991; Lundberg, 1994). From the point of view of a family’s business, however, we do not know if or when sibling rivalry is dysfunctional for the family business. Researchers have assumed that what is good for family harmony is good for the business, but this is not necessarily the case. While understanding what is good for the family is important, family businesses also need to understand the trade-offs involved in maintaining family harmony. This is where the strategic management perspective comes in. For example, Levinson (1971) suggests that if children are each provided with an operation to lead, sibling rivalry can be abated. This may or may not work, because the success or failure of each operation depends on more than family harmony. For example, if location is the key to success, sibling rivalry can increase as a result of the competition to be in charge of the operations with the best locations. The fragmentation of operation and control or the diversification of a family businesscan also impact the firm’s profitability and competitiveness.Organizational structure, evolution, and change.Research suggests that the family business is less horizontally differentiated and more reliant on informal controls than non-family firms (Daily and Dollinger, 1992; Geeraerts,1984). As a result, the family firm can be more successful in businesses that require a lean and responsive structure (Harris, Martinez, and Ward, 1994).Mos t of the studies on the family firm’s organizational structure, evolution,and change, however, are concerned with the transition to professional management.Hollander and Elman (1988) identify three different approaches adopted by researchers to formul ate evolutionary models. The first approach relates the firm’s developmental stages to the family’s generational progression (e.g.,Barnes and Hershon, 1976). The second focuses on the interaction between the firm’s needs and the life stages of individuals crucial to the firm (Danco,1975; Davis and Tagiuri, 1989; McGivern, 1989). The third views the interaction of three sets of life cycles: firm, family, and key individuals (Ward, 1987).In an empirical study of 41 businesses, Holland and Oliver (1992) find support for the three-stage model proposed by Ward (1987). The underlying theme in all these models is that the delegation of responsibility and power to nonfamily members varies significantly in the different stages.A family business could need to professionalize and delegate authority because of growth, lack of management skills within the family, preparation for succession, or to change the norms and values of the business (Matthews,1984; Dyer, 1989). However, owner-managers could be reluctant to delegate control because of a lack of formal training, insufficient knowledge of management techniques (Dyer, 1989), fear of losing control (Perrigo, 1975), or a belief that professionalization is an unnecessary, expensive overhead. A strategic management perspective could lead to other questions and avenues for research. For example, if some family firms lack the skills or the will to successfully make the transition to professional management, should they even try to do so? Are there other alternatives, and if so, what are they? Also, when business needs and family desires conflict, which is more important for the short- and long-term performance of the firm?Summary.As the discussion above clearly illustrates, the family-business literature describes the influences of family on strategy implementation. Unfortunately,however, it stops short of showing how a particular family influence helps or hinders the firm’s achievement of its goals and objectives. For example, we do not know if family firms with outside board members actually make better—or even different—strategic decisions than those without them.Since experience has shown that life-cycle models do not apply to every business (Dhalla and Y uspeh, 1976), we need to understand the conditions that cause differe nces in family firms’ evolutionary patterns and which of these conditions has the greatest implications for organizational performance. Studies also need to be directed toward understanding from the perspective of the business how effective the intervention strategies suggested actually improve sibling relationships are, and if there are gender differences. Despite the behavioral orientation of much of the literature, we still know too little about how family dynamics impact non-family members of the business, or if these pressures act as contributors or constraints to the effective implementation of strategy. Studies that chroniclethe authoritarian system of the founder-managed family business could make a more significant contribution if they also showed us when the authoritarian system is effective or dysfunctional, and whether these instances differ for the family business and the non-family business. In sum, more work is required before we will know what kind of organization structures, systems, and processes are likely to be most effective for family businesses, and whether these differ according to the situation.。