中山大学管理学院商务统计CH3
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variation, and shape in numerical data To calculate descriptive summary measures for a
population To construct and interpret a boxplot To calculate the covariance and the coefficient of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Mode = 9
0123456
No Mode
Chap 3-8
Measures of Central Tendency: Review Example
House Prices:
$2,000,000 $500,000 $300,000 $100,000 $100,000
Sum $3,000,000
▪ Mean: ($3,000,000/5)
= $600,000
▪ Median: middle value of ranked data = $300,000
▪ Mode: most frequent value = $100,000
Chap 3-9
Measures of Central Tendency: Review Exercise
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 3
1 2 3 4 5 15 3
5
5
Mean = 4
1 2 3 4 10 20 4
5
5
Chap 3-5
Measures of Central Tendency: The Median
In an ordered array, the median is the “middle” number (50% above,wk.baidu.com50% below)
The location of the median when the values are in numerical order (smallest to largest):
Median position n 1 position in the ordered data 2
If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle number
▪ The shape is the pattern of the distribution of values from the lowest value to the highest value.
Chap 3-3
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean
The arithmetic mean (often just called “mean”) is the most common measure of central tendency
Pronounced x-bar
For a sample of size n:
The ith value
n
X
Xi
i1
X1 X2 Xn
n
n
Sample size
Observed values
Chap 3-4
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean
(continued)
Business Statistics: A First Course
Fifth Edition
Chapter 3 Part I Numerical Descriptive Measures
Chap 3-1
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you learn: To describe the properties of central tendency,
If the number of values is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers
Note that n 1is not the value of the median, only the position of 2
correlation
Chap 3-2
Summary Definitions
▪ The central tendency is the extent to which all the data values group around a typical or central value.
▪ The variation is the amount of dispersion, or scattering, of values
House Prices:
$2,000,000 $500,000 $500,000 $300,000 $300,000 $50,000
The most common measure of central tendency Mean = sum of values divided by the number of values Affected by extreme values (outliers)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Median = 3
Median = 3
Not affected by extreme values
Chap 3-6
Measures of Central Tendency: Locating the Median
the median in the ranked data
Chap 3-7
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mode
Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for either numerical or categorical data There may be no mode There may be several modes
population To construct and interpret a boxplot To calculate the covariance and the coefficient of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Mode = 9
0123456
No Mode
Chap 3-8
Measures of Central Tendency: Review Example
House Prices:
$2,000,000 $500,000 $300,000 $100,000 $100,000
Sum $3,000,000
▪ Mean: ($3,000,000/5)
= $600,000
▪ Median: middle value of ranked data = $300,000
▪ Mode: most frequent value = $100,000
Chap 3-9
Measures of Central Tendency: Review Exercise
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mean = 3
1 2 3 4 5 15 3
5
5
Mean = 4
1 2 3 4 10 20 4
5
5
Chap 3-5
Measures of Central Tendency: The Median
In an ordered array, the median is the “middle” number (50% above,wk.baidu.com50% below)
The location of the median when the values are in numerical order (smallest to largest):
Median position n 1 position in the ordered data 2
If the number of values is odd, the median is the middle number
▪ The shape is the pattern of the distribution of values from the lowest value to the highest value.
Chap 3-3
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean
The arithmetic mean (often just called “mean”) is the most common measure of central tendency
Pronounced x-bar
For a sample of size n:
The ith value
n
X
Xi
i1
X1 X2 Xn
n
n
Sample size
Observed values
Chap 3-4
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mean
(continued)
Business Statistics: A First Course
Fifth Edition
Chapter 3 Part I Numerical Descriptive Measures
Chap 3-1
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you learn: To describe the properties of central tendency,
If the number of values is even, the median is the average of the two middle numbers
Note that n 1is not the value of the median, only the position of 2
correlation
Chap 3-2
Summary Definitions
▪ The central tendency is the extent to which all the data values group around a typical or central value.
▪ The variation is the amount of dispersion, or scattering, of values
House Prices:
$2,000,000 $500,000 $500,000 $300,000 $300,000 $50,000
The most common measure of central tendency Mean = sum of values divided by the number of values Affected by extreme values (outliers)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Median = 3
Median = 3
Not affected by extreme values
Chap 3-6
Measures of Central Tendency: Locating the Median
the median in the ranked data
Chap 3-7
Measures of Central Tendency: The Mode
Value that occurs most often Not affected by extreme values Used for either numerical or categorical data There may be no mode There may be several modes