02AtlasCopco基本拧紧技术
基本拧紧技术-阿特拉斯力矩加转角技术分析及工具介绍
第二十九页，共57页。
Joint Modeling
Clamp Force
F
The clamp force will, after the run down section, grow as a linear function of angle. 夹紧力在贴合后随着角度线性增长
This can be described as可描述为:
之间的关系
0.8 = 80%
两数相乘得出屈服应力 800* 0.8 = 640 N/mm2
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弹性松弛会影响夹紧力
Time
材料弹性松弛会使夹紧力衰减!
第二十页，共57页。
软连接、硬连接
Joint characteristics can also define the tool type required (ISO 5393)
为什么使用螺栓连接
• 装配简单
• 拆卸方便 • 效率高
• 成本低
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装配工作按精度等级分为三类
安全等级
质量等级 客户定义等级
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螺栓连接的受力
剪切
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拉伸
为了拧紧螺栓, 必须施加力以便拧紧螺母/螺丝
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测量拧紧效果
T
我们能够测量的是扭矩T
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施加的扭矩并不象夹紧力那么简单
力 (F), 力臂 (L) = 扭矩(M)
螺丝旋转的越多，得到的扭矩越大
但是,
• 90% 的扭矩被摩擦力消耗 • 只有10%的扭矩转化为夹紧力
第十二页，共57页。
夹紧力, 10%
螺纹副中的摩擦了
阿特拉斯拧紧机技术方案
2008-Mar-16
拧紧技术方案内容
1. 拧紧工位技术要求及拧紧轴选型 2. 机械及悬挂系统结构 3. 电气控制系统介绍 4. 实例参考
▼ 拧紧工位一: 主轴承盖螺栓拧紧
拧紧要求：
1) 拧紧参数要求:
锡柴应用实例参考图
应用一
YZ485产品：10个M12 螺栓、扭矩控制、角度监测法。扭矩目标值为135~145Nm。 拧紧轴间距为85mm。 应用二 YZ4DE1产品：10个M14 螺栓、扭矩控制、角度监测法。扭矩目标值为180~200Nm 。拧紧轴间距为101mm。
QMX62-32RT
200 rpm
320 Nm
70 Nm 3% 2
10.2 Kg 65 dB
拧紧轴QMX62-32RT用于4DE、485中心 10颗螺栓缸盖拧紧机
•采用10轴标准拧紧轴变距拧紧
▼ 阿特拉斯·科普柯 推荐Power MACS拧紧轴技术参数（方案三）：
拧紧轴QMX62-19RT
Technical Data产品技术参数:
锡柴应用实例参考
应用一
YZ485产品：8个M10 螺栓、扭矩控制、角度监测法。扭矩目标值为60~70Nm。 拧紧轴间距为65.6mm, 68.6mm。 应用二 YZ4DE1产品：8个M12 螺栓、扭矩控制、角度监测法。扭矩目标值为100~120Nm 。拧紧轴间距为78mm。
2) 拧紧精度(软、硬连接状态下正态分布精度) : +/-3% 3) 采用一套两轴双气缸变距机构以便于快速切换。
2) 拧紧精度(软、硬连接状态下正态分布精度) : +/-3% 3) 采用一套两轴单气缸变距机构以便于快速切换。
Station 1 – Main Bearing Cap主轴承盖螺栓分布
阿特拉斯基本拧紧技术
夹紧力, 10% 螺纹副中的摩 擦了, 40% 螺栓头下表面的 摩擦力, 50%
The 50-40-10 规则
螺栓头下摩擦力 50%
螺纹副中 40%
扭矩
夹紧力 10%
90% 的扭矩用于克 服摩擦力
100%
15 2021-04-10
夹紧力与摩擦力的关系
通常的情况 螺栓头下摩擦力 50%
在螺栓头下加润滑油 螺栓头下摩擦力 45%
6 2021-04-10
测量拧紧效果
T
我们能够测量的是扭矩T
F
F
F
F
我们想要得到的是夹紧力F
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扭矩－夹紧力
• 旋转螺母或螺丝使螺杆受力伸长 • 螺杆伸长产生的夹紧力把连接件夹紧 • 我们需要的是连接件中的夹紧力
8 2021-04-10
螺拴与连接件的关系
9 2021-04-10
动力工具 输出扭矩
92 94 91 92 94 92 92
X=92,43
=1,13
T (Nm)
扭力扳手 静态扭矩
103 106 103 100 100 103 100
X=102,14
(A)工具输出 120 (动态扭矩) 110 100
80 60 40 20
=2,27
26 2021-04-10
(B) 扭力扳手 (静态扭矩)
扭矩的过扭程度受连接件硬度以及 工具转速影响。
目标扭矩 旋转角度
23 2021-04-10
软、硬连接
扭矩
目标
过扭
硬连接
软连接
均值偏差
贴合点
2021-04-10
角度
如何在一个连接件上测量扭矩
亚特兰蒂斯·克彭高速紧固工具说明书
High-speed tightening – with low reaction toolsWhat is important in your tightening processes?Atlas Copco's low reaction tools close to eliminate the reaction force in assembly applications, delivering high-speed quality tightening while taking great care of the operator.Atlas Copco’s line-up of battery powered low reaction tools are designed to improve operator ergonomics. Not only will you increase productivity and optimize your factory up-time, you will also have less costs and time lost on operator injuries and fatigue.Choosing the right tool is the first – and most important – step towards a perfect operation. Regardless of which tool within our LRT range you choose, you will have a well balanced high quality tool. And choosing the right one will make the whole world of a difference.If you need a small and reliable workhorse that promises accuracy and speed, the pneumatic ErgoPulse PTI is an excellent solution.For maximum flexibility, high torque and the lowest vibration on the market – a cordless and powerful Atlas Copco TBP Pulse Tool is your choice.For reliable and accurate low reaction tightenings with lower torque, the cordless Tensor SRB offers an error-proof production.ErgoPulse PTI – your productive workhorseThe pneumatic, low weight ErgoPulse PTI is an excellent addition to the Atlas Copco LRT line-up. Increasing tool uptime with up to five times longer service intervals.With a durable and robust design the ErgoPulse PTI is faster and more accurate than ever and will improve the production quality and throughput. The ergonomic design of the tool takes care of your operators wellbeing, all while lowering the Total Cost of Ownership of your pulse tools. With fewer tool installations you can also enjoy lower set-up costs.The ErgoPulse PTI reduces the need formaintenance and is a proven and importantpart of this fleet. Our DuraPulse® technologymeans longer time between services with upto 5 x longer service intervals. With the rightstartup and maintenance you will have optimalperformance throughout the lifetime of the tool.With Torque Boost® the torque build-up is even faster, giving you reduced hoursper production unit. Quality is improved with a more robust and stable shut-offmechanism that increases accuracy and lowers the mean shift.Faster productionwith improved qualityQuality critical tightening and high productivity with the TBP-SThe all new cordless and slender TBP-S for one-handed operations, will ensure that your joint is tightened properly and trace the job done. Perfect for a reliable and quality critical tightening.With the same hardware as the TBP but with aslimmer software version suited for quality criticaltightenings, the TBP-S battery pulse tool is a robustyet slender solution for the middle segment. With amix of productivity, ergonomics and error-proofingthe TBP-S is proven to offer less maintenance andless down-time in production.Our DuraPulse® technology – also featured in theTBP – will ensure a robustness making the TBP-S areliable pulse tool that keeps on delivering.Low vibration and long service intervalsJust like the TBP, the TBP-S shows the lowestvibration levels in the market. This means operatorcomfort and safety, reducing work related costscaused by fatigue and injuries.The patented technology and design gives youlonger service intervals than with traditional pulsetools. With TorqueBoost®, the TBP-S has activecooling and advanced motor steering, so thetorque build up is fast and gives reduced hours perproduction unit.If you need morefunctionality in yourTBP-S you can easilyupgrade it to a fullyfunctional TBP withour upgrade kit.Future ProofSafety critical tightening and full traceability with the TBPSince launch, the TBP has been redefining what a low reaction pulse tool can do. Enjoy the benefits of a cordless tool for one-handed operations, enabling error-proof production.The Atlas Copco TBP is a reliable and powerful pulsetool, offering high torque tightening with very littlereaction. Giving you speed, accuracy, traceabilityand flexibility – with cordless freedom. With a TBPyou will have direct and accurate feedback of thejoint behavior.Anything is possible. Bring Error-Proofing to thenext level with our Barcode reader (EHMI) and alocation system like the ILT. Customize your toolwith accessories to fit your specific needs.Thanks to the patented technology and design,you will have longer service intervals than witha traditional pulse tools. Reduced oil leakage,separation of air and oil, and a cooler tool –meaning higher performance and uptime.Offering better protectionBV from injuries andincreasing the lifespan of your tools, results in hugesavings.Error-proof production with the cordless Tensor SRBThe Atlas Copco Tensor SRB delivers multipletightening technologies with accuracy, traceability, flexibility – and low reaction. It offers both traditional strategies like 2 steps and Quick Step, but also more advanced strategies such as TurboTight and TensorPulse. With a slim design it allows for easy access in cramped spaces.The Tensor SRB has low weight and great balance – with a slim design – ergonomically designed to prevent operator fatigue. New electronics and an improved motor will boost your productivity. Choose between 18v or 36v battery withoutcompromising the performance of speed or torque.Total Flexibility, Direct Drive, TurboTight™ and TensorPulseThe productive and cordless Tensor SRB will change the way you plan your assembly stations. Experience low reaction, one-handed operations with a strategy that fits your needs.DHD EEENTQSOORRLJJJKKKBBBBPFFCCAAGA B C D E F G H J K L NO PQ RSpacked with smart and innovative solutions. All to support our promise of delivering exactly the tool you need.A complete offerA flexible offer – Choose the functionality you needEach specific assembly has its own unique needs when it comes to functionalitylevel. With our flexible offer it is easy to find just the tool to get the job done, andfit it into your existing fleet. This, in combination with a common controller andvirtual stations, will lead to the best set up for your specific needs.Virtual stations: One controller – any toolIn a traditional assembly environment you willhave a vast range of reporting and non-reportingtools with different functionality, communicatingto a large number of controllers. Severalcontrollers, each controlling just the one tool.With Atlas Copco Virtual Stations you have onecontroller for multiple tools and reporting levels.Guided Rotaction socketsOur Rotaction concept promotes the increasing demands regarding operators safety and non-marking tools.The combination of free rotating sleeves and toolcovers for the connections "tool-to-socket" and socket covers for "extension-to-socket" improve operators safety significantly. This also eliminates user influence on the tightening.Thanks to extra stability from the elongated sleeve the socket delivers correct torque to the joint.Ergonomically this stability also protect operators from injury such as "white finger syndrome"Paired together we call it "Guided Rotaction".It protects your operators and maintains accuracy in your tightenings.Taking good care of your operators safety while maintaining joint accuracyBesides a wide range of standard products, customized solutions such as sockets, tool covers, multiples and much more can be realized with our team in Tierp, SwedenThe Rotaction range covers:¥Numerous sockets, bit sockets, bits and nut setters with freely rotating protection sleeves ¥Tool covers to bridge gaps between tool and socket ¥Socket covers to bridge gaps between extension and socket ¥Various extensions with rotating protection sleevesGuided socketWith Guided Rotaction the socket extends past the square drive A to give extra stability. The socket is held stable and eliminates wobbling thus maintaining force and improving operator comfort. This design is also found on our guided rotaction extensions.Rotaction covered socketsThe yellow sleeve B protects the user while the socket rotates on the inside. This provides a safer operation andminimized risk of scratches and marks on painted surfaces. It also eliminates any operator influence on the tightening. A tool cover C closes the gap between tool and socket protecting the operator from glove entanglement .BCAGuided Rotaction Sockets:¥Ergonomic¥Minimizes risk for injuries¥Eliminates user influence on the tightening ¥Gives extra stability ¥No scratching¥Delivers correct torque to the jointTake care of your investmentsEvery production line and industrial site is unique and has its own challenges. With that in mind, our service solutions are designed to help you get the most out of your industrial equipment. We combine analyses of production data with know-how and expertise in order to enhance your productivity and quality; while keeping you cost efficiency maintenance under control.Easystart – Right the First TimeNo two installations are the same. With Easystart it is easy to customize accordingto the customer needs per station. A trouble-free and efficient start of operationsfor your tightening system. Through a globally standardized and certified processfor every step, from programming to training, you will get it right the first time,saving time and money.ToolCover Maintenance Solutions help you optimize performance and gainefficiencies in your production while minimizing your tool costs and productionrisks. With a modular set of products, ToolCover is designed to meet your specificneeds and tool usage.Based on your needs, you can choose between Protect, Stability, Uptime.PreventiveMaintenanceOnce per tool and year Optimization based on historicproduction dataOptimization based on real-timeproduction dataKPI Monitoringand analysisYearly direct cost tracking Bi-annual direct and indirect costtracking per toolCustomized real-time monitoring andmonthly optimization analysis per tool Warranty Extended 3 month warranty aftermaintenanceFull contract lifetime warranty Full contract lifetime warrantyAtlas Copcoprofessional supportAnnual feedback meetings Bi-annual feedback andoptimization consultancyDedicated on-site Atlas Copco personnelRepairs Not included - but possible tocouple with RapidRepair contractYes - priority on workshop repairsand spare parts includedYes - included on-site supportRead more about our service offers at Take care of yourinvestmentsIncreasing valueIncreasing use ofproduction dataOptimize your tools –minimize your costsGuard your tools – maximizeyour productivityUptimeQualityCost eff.ModelBolt size mm Square drive in Torque range 1Free speed 2 r/min Weight Length mm CS dist mm Airconsumption under load Rec. hose size mm Air inlet thread in Ordering No.Nm ft lb kg lb l/s cfm High Pressure 3EP5PTI19 HR10-MT M63/88-196-1473000.9216823 6.51481/48431 0381 30 EP5PTI17 HR42-MT M61/4⁵7-175-1373000.9216823 6.51481/48431 0381 32EP6PTI32 HR10-MT M6-M83/816-3212-2390000.921682361381/48431 0381 40EP6PTI28 HR42-MT M6-M81/4⁵15-2811-2195000.921682361381/48431 0381 42EP7PTI55 HR10-MT M8-M103/830-5522-407000 1.2 2.517927919101/48431 0381 50EP8PTI70 HR10-MT M103/840-7029-517100 1.3 2.8179271021101/48431 0381 55EP9PTI80 HR13-MT M101/250-8037-595200 1.5 3.3191311328101/48431 0381 60EP11PTI100 HR13-MT M121/270-10052-744200 1.7 3.7201311430101/48431 0381 65EP13PTI150 HR13-MT M12-M141/285-15063-1105300 2.35201361532133/88431 0381 70Low pressure4EP5PTI15 HR10-MT-L M53/87-155-1169000.9216823 6.31381/48431 0382 30EP5PTI13 HR42-MT-L M4-M51/4⁵6-134-1069000.9216823 6.31381/48431 0382 32EP6PTI25 HR10-MT-L M63/813-259-1882000.921682361381/48431 0382 40EP6PTI25 HR42-MT-L M51/4⁵11-228-1682000.921682361381/48431 0382 42EP7PTI35 HR10-MT-L M63/823-3517-266200 1.2 2.517927615101/48431 0382 50EP8PTI45 HR10-MT-L M6-M83/833-4524-336300 1.3 2.817927817101/48431 0382 55EP9PTI65 HR13-MT-L M101/243-6532-484500 1.5 3.3191319.520101/48431 0382 60EP11PTI80 HR13-MT-L M10-M121/250-8037-593600 1.7 3.7201311328101/48431 0382 65EP13PTI110 HR13-MT-LM12-M141/263-11046-8140002.35201361634133/88431 0382 70Accessories Ordering No.Oil filling kit4250 3220 90Protective cover EP5/6PTI 4250 3209 00Protective cover EP7/8PTI 4250 3206 00Protective cover EP9PTI 4250 3216 00Protective cover EP11PTI 4250 3218 00Protective cover EP13PTI 4250 3214 00Quick Change Chuck4250 3218 00ErgoPulse PTIProtective cover is included for every tool1To be used as a guide only, final torque depends on type of joint, accessories used and air pressure.² In full speed mode³ Air pressure 6.3 bar / 91 psi ⁴ Air pressure 4 bar / 58 psi ⁵ Female Hexagon drive, Quick Change ChuckModelSquare Drive Guide Socket Torque range Nm ft lb ETP SRB31-25-103/8135-25 3.7-18.4ETP SRB31-25-I061/41135-25 3.7-18.4ETP SRB31-25-10-BD 3/8135-25 3.7-18.4ETP SRB31-25-I06-BD1/41135-25 3.7-18.4ETP SRB31-20-103/8125-20 3.7-14.75ETP SRB31-20-I061/41125-20 3.7-14.75ETP SRB31-20-10-BD 3/8125-20 3.7-14.75ETP SRB31-20-I06-BD 1/41125-20 3.7-14.75ETP TBP61-32-103/81312-358.9-25.8ETP TBP61-32-10-BD 3/81312-358.9-25.8ETP TBP61-32-421/411312-358.9-25.8ETP TBP61-32-42-BD 1/411312-358.9-25.8ETP TBP81-55-103/81320-5514.8-40.6ETP TBP81-55-10-BD 3/81320-5514.8-40.6ETP TBP91-80-131/21840-8029.5-59.0ETP TBP91-80-13-BD 1/21840-8029.5-59.0ETP TBP131-150-131/21855-15059-110ETP TBP131-150-13-BD 1/21855-15059-110ETP TBPS61-32-103/81312-359-26ETP TBPS61-32-421/411312-359-26ETP TBPS81-55-103/81320-5515-41ETP TBPS91-80-131/21830-8022-59ETP TBPS131-150-131/21855-15041-111ModelMax TorqueTensorPulse Nm ft lb Nm ETP SRB 31-20-102014.7516ETP SRB 31-25-102518.425Model Square Drive Input d mmLength mm Ordering No.Extension 1003/8251004027 1234 72Extension 1503/8251504027 1234 74Extension 2503/8252504027 1234 77Reference Code Square Drive Input d mmLength mm Ordering No.C223/8227.54027 1297 90C253/8257.54027 1297 91Model Length mm Square Drive Input d mmSocket Cover Ref.Ordering No.Socket 88503/822C224027 1292 08Socket 1010503/822C224027 1292 10Socket 1212503/822C224027 1292 12Socket 1313503/825C254027 1292 13Socket 1616503/825C254027 1292 16Socket 1717503/825C254027 1292 17ModelSquare Drive Guide socket Input d mm Length mmOrdering No.ETP TBP61-32-10ETP TBP61-32-10-BD ETP TBPS61-32-103/81322 & 259.54027 1297 30Batteries Ordering No.Ugrade kit TBP-S64211 5645 30Ugrade kit TBP-S84211 5645 31Ugrade kit TBP-S94211 5645 32Ugrade kit TBP-S134211 5645 33AccessoriesOrdering No.Protective cover TBP6 & TBP84250 3135 60Protective cover TBP94250 3135 62Protective cover TBP134250 3135 63SRB/TBP Tool Holder 4220 3584 86 Protective cover SRB 4220 2744 07 AccessoriesFoot protective cover Protective cover 18V Protective cover 36V STB Battery Charger Adapter4211 6083 87Tensor SRB Torque RangesLow Reaction Battery ToolsGuided Rotaction Extensions 13 Socket covers, Rotaction Guided Rotaction Sockets 13 Tool cover for Guided Rotaction Sockets TBP-S Upgrade kit Accessories 25 mm22 mmLdTool covers, Guided Rotaction sockets and others that aren't listed here can be special requested from our Competence Center Sockets & Bits1 0 9 0 123 3 8 9。
基本拧紧技术
软连接－－静态扭矩较动态扭矩要偏小，原因是衰减。VDI2230里系 统的方法设置螺拴即有计算扭矩衰减这一步骤
软连接上 实测值
均值 标准偏差 (Sigma) 3 Sigma
装配 (动态) 100.2 100.5 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.8 100.5 100.2 100.2 100.4
Angle of rotation 旋转的角度
弹性松弛会影响夹紧力
Time
材料弹性松弛会使夹紧力衰减!
衰减的时间
牛米
断气
衰减
时间
• 60-70%的衰减发生在30毫秒以内
软连接和硬连接
软连接、硬连接
Joint characteristics can also define the tool type required (ISO 5393) 连接的特性也决定着所需工具的类型．
100.42 0.21 0.63
86.7
手测 (静态) 88 84 92 86 90 88 86 85 84 84
2.8 8.4
硬连接上－－由于较高的静态摩擦力，静态扭矩可比动态扭矩要高。右下图中倒V 的拐点即是扭力扳手测得的硬连接上的静态扭矩
硬连接上的扭矩实测值
动力工具 输出扭矩
92 94 91 92 94 92 92
基本拧紧技术
内容
1.扭矩，摩擦力和夹紧力
2.软连接和硬连接 3.动态扭矩和静态扭矩 4.拧紧时检测出现的问题
扭矩，摩擦力和夹紧力
生产装配的几种方法
▪ 焊接 ▪ 胶合 ▪ 铆接 ▪ 螺栓连接
为什么使用螺栓连接
• 装配简单 • 拆卸方便 • 效率高 • 成本低
Atlas Copco 新一代 G 系列扭筒式压缩机说明书
Compresores de tornillo rotativo con inyección de aceiteG 2-7G 7L-15G 15L-22El compresor ideal para empresas pequeñas La nueva serie GLa serie G de última generación cuenta con un potente elemento de tornillo rotativo de Atlas Copco, además de un avanzado controlador electrónico para hacer frente a las aplicaciones más exigentes.Fiabilidad integrada• El elemento de tornillo rotativo patentado por AtlasCopco, garantiza un ciclo de trabajo del 100 %.• Toda la unidad está diseñada para funcionar atemperaturas ambiente de hasta 46 °C/115 °F.Fácil instalación• Disponible en varias configuraciones, con o sin secadorincorporado y montado sobre bancada o depósito.• Sus dimensiones extremadamente reducidas y la descargadel aire de refrigeración por la parte superior permiten sucolocación contra una pared o en una esquina.Monitorización avanzadaEl controlador BASE ofrece monitorizacióny control avanzados:• Pantalla basada en iconos, ajustes depresión, lectura de temperatura.• Horas de funcionamiento/horas detrabajo en carga.• Avisos de servicio.• Ajuste de la presión de salidadirectamente en el controlador.• Lectura de temperatura de salida delelemento y presión.Elemento de compresión robusto yeficienteEl elemento de tornillo rotativo deAtlas Copco ofrece un alto nivel deaire libre suministrado y una fiabilidadextraordinaria.Atlas Copco, calidadsuperior desde 1873Atlas Copco se fundó en 1873y tiene su sede en Estocolmo(Suecia). Desde hace más de unsiglo somos líderes mundiales entecnología de aire comprimidode alta calidad y seguimoselevando el listón con productosinnovadores.Los compresores de Atlas Copco son conocidos por sufiabilidad y eficiencia. Por este motivo la serie G es, desdehace tiempo, la solución de aire preferida en pequeñasy medianas empresas. El G 2-7, el G 7L-15 y el G 15L-22cumplen con todos los requisitos de un compresor, esdecir, que sea:PotenteFiableEficienteCero problemas, cero preocupacionesG 2-7Compacto y eficiente• En comparación con los compresores de pistón, el G 2-7 es más silencioso, limpio y asequible. Además, funciona durante más horas. • El motor IE3 de alta eficiencia permite un funcionamiento ininterrumpido, incluso a temperaturas de hasta 46 °C.• El innovador elemento de tornillo rotativo minimiza el consumo energético y los costes operativos. • El G 2-7 es extremadamente silencioso, gracias a su sistema de correa de baja vibración.Alta fiabilidad• Ciclo de trabajo continuo del 100 %.• Hasta 46°C/115°F de temperatura ambiente.Bajo mantenimiento• Fácil acceso para el mantenimiento.• Componentes de calidad.• Intervalo de servicio prolongado de hasta 4000 horas.Respetuoso con el medio ambiente• Consumo de energía reducido.• Bajas emisiones de CO 2.Funcionamiento silencioso• Elemento con accionamiento por correa.• Niveles sonoros reducidos y baja vibración.SERIE G DE ATLAS COPCO: UN SOCIODE CONFIANZAFull-Feature (FF)• Secador frigorífico integrado.• Filtros de aire DD/PD* en línea (*PD no disponible para el G 2-7).G 15L-22El compresor robusto y económico• Rendimiento fiable con un ciclo de trabajo continuo del 100 % a temperaturas ambiente de hasta 46 °C/115 °F.• Dimensiones extremadamente reducidas quepermiten su instalación contra una pared o en una esquina. Disponible en varias configuraciones.G 7L-15Rendimiento líder de la industria• Gracias al control todo/nada, el controlador del compresor conmuta automáticamente al modo de control óptimo para consumo de aire alto, bajo e intermitente.• El mejor rendimiento de su clase, plenafiabilidad y bajo consumo de energía.Full-Feature con secador integradoLa versión Full-Feature incluye un secador de aire frigorífico integrado. Este enfría el aire comprimido y elimina cualquier tipo de humedad antes de que entre en su red de aire comprimido. Gracias a esto, se evita que las tuberías de aire comprimido se oxiden y que las herramientas neumáticas sufran daños.Filtros de airePara garantizar que su aire comprimido cumpla los requisitos de calidad de aire necesarios de una amplia variedad de aplicaciones, se pueden seleccionar filtros de aire DD/PD* de diferentes grados. (*PD no disponible para el G 2-7)Excelencia en calidad de aireFlujo de aireFiltro de aire de aspiraciónVálvula de entradaElemento de compresiónElemento separador de aceiteVálvula de presión mínimaRefrigerador posteriorDepósito de aireFlujo de aceiteDepósito de aceiteRefrigerador de aceiteBloque de válvula termostáticaFiltro de aceiteOpcionesFull-FeatureFiltro de aire de altaeficiencia DD/PD* (*PD no disponible para el G 2-7)Purgador electrónico del depósitoFlujo de refrigeranteEvaporadorCompresor de refrigeranteCondensadorTubo capilarSeparador de agua Purgador electrónico automáticoEspecificaciones técnicasLas dimensiones del G 7L-15 montado sobre depósito son de 650 x 1935 x1463 mm (Pr. x An. x Al.) con un depósito de 500 l/125 gal.Dimensiones* Variante montada sobre depósito. ** Variante montada sobre bancada.Tamaño del depósito de aire estándar, G 2-7: 200 l/60 gal, G 7L-15: 270 l/80 gal. Rendimiento de la unidad medido de acuerdo con ISO 1217, última edición.Nivel sonoro medio (variante Pack) medido de acuerdo con el código de prueba Pneurop/Cagi PN8NTC2; tolerancia 3 dB(A).Estándar O Opcional - No disponibleAire de entrada Mezcla de aire/aceiteAceite Aire húmedoAire seco AguaGas refrigerante Líquido refrigerante2AC 34591011121314151617781G 2-7 FF2AC345691011121314151617781G 7L-15 FF/G 15L-22 FFG 15L-22 FF2935 4869 41 ©2020, A t l a s C o p c o A i r p o w e r N V , B él g i c a . R e s e r v a d o s t o d o s l o s d e r e c h o s . L o s d i s e ño s y l a s e s p e c i fi c a m o d i fi c a c i o n e s s i n p r e v i o a v i s o n i o b l i g a c i o n e s . L e a t o d a s l a s i n s t r u c c i o n e s d e s e g u r i d a d d e l。
Atlas Copco拧紧的五个质量等级
AC Tightening Technique阿特拉斯·科普柯拧紧技术五步拧紧-怎么达到零错误装配？错误越晚被发现，成本损失越大。
且损失不是简单的倍数关系，而是成几何级数增长。
装配开始工位1错误侦测成本: <2 min 操作人员时间工位2错误侦测成本: 10-30 min 操作人员时间+材料成本最终工位错误侦测成本: >30 min 操作人员时间+ 材料成本或者废次品更可怕的是用户发现错误成本: 产品价值, 未来的销售, 良好的形象等等。
12发生在装配行业的一些常见的问题Conventional tool遗漏螺丝坏螺纹的螺丝扭矩错误过早切断错误/ 遗漏部件交付的质量?T重复性差•Hardjoint •Softjoint OK NOK品质损失返工遗漏12没有可追踪性5 个等级...12•Step 1扭矩OK !•Step 2批次OK !•Step 3连接OK !•Step 4安全性要求的拧紧OK!•Step 5零错误装配•Step 0部件结合!Step 0:把部件结合在一起过程质量级别:+ 速度快，没有反作用力-没有精度和过程的安全等级可言-操作人员和工具无法决定精度12345部件结合!所需设备:z 冲击扳手z 非断气的油压脉冲型工具离合器12Step 1.确保一个正确的拧紧扭矩所需设备:z 工具可以提供一个精确的和预先设定的扭矩过程质量等级:+工具有正确的扭矩精度-部分受操作人员和工件的影响12+/-25 to 40%+/-2,5Pulse AirImpact Wrench Tensor S/ST +/-5%Tensor DS/DL +/-10 to 25%Clutch tools +/-7,5 to 10%over 6σin accordance to ISO5393QMX /ETX+/-10 to 15%Step 1.确保一个正确的拧紧扭矩21Step 2.确保所有的螺丝被拧紧所需设备:z一个具有拧紧自动计数的系统过程质量等级:+工具有正确的扭矩精度+所有的螺丝都会被拧紧--依然不了解连接的状态21Step 2.确保所有的螺丝被拧紧z 你如何可以完全确认螺栓旋入是正确的？计算角度, 比如旋转度数的数值12345Step 3.确保连接正确完成零出错拧紧的5个等级z 旋入的角度监控12Step 1 angleacceptance windowacceptance windowTorqueAngleFinal targetSpeedStep 3.确保连接正确12TimeSpeedTorque50 ms在拧紧旋入过程中会暂停50 ms , 以消除弹性释放力z 两步拧紧消除了弹性释放力Step 3.确保连接正确12What is a safety critical joint? See the critical joint application guide on: /criticaljointStep 4.确保有安全性要求的连接件完全拧紧所需设备:z 通过一个可追踪校准的传感器进行扭矩控制z 对于扭矩结果进行文档保存z 在整个拧紧过程进行连续的监测Station 1Tighten with Pulse/ImpacttoolStation 2Click Wrench to secure it hasbeen fastenedStation 3Paint marker to prove it hasbeen tightened第一次就正确的理念Station 1更少的操作人员 更少的人力 更低的生产成本 更高的生产效率减少人机工程学问题 缩短生产线!12In the PAST:/过去:NOW:现在：Advant age:优点:12Tensor S 应用于安全性要求的装配:z 可追踪的数据(通过一个校准过的传感器)z 结果包括日期、时间和VIN 储存在控制器(PF) 中z结果会被送到更高等级的数据收集系统Step 4.确保有安全性要求的连接件完全拧紧Tensor S/ST 可追踪过程的循环12工具配备传感器，旋入& 实时监控结果存贮在PF3000 和ToolsNet 3000每一把工具的校准数据存贮扭矩的验证Power Focus 3000 内置的出错校验12z “拧紧OK”(每个螺拴OK/NOK 信号)z “批次OK”( 具有相同扭矩的一组螺拴OK/NOK信号)z “Job OK”( 使用一个PF3000拧紧的一系列的螺拴OK/NOK 信号)z “Cell job OK”(使用多个PF3000拧紧的一系列的螺拴OK/NOK 信号)Link to animation “Job”Link to animation “Cell Job”Tool enable to PF3000End of Footprint12ToolsNet案例: PF 内置的在线控制1. 产品进入工位–条形码扫描仪被激活2. 条形码被扫描–Batch/Job/Cell job 被选择，工具被激活3. 操作人员完成拧紧操作4. 每一次拧紧和条形码一起汇报给ToolsNet 数据库5. 当Job = OK 工具断开, 等待新的产品6. 当在Job OK 前产品到达印记末端, PF 输出报警ToolsNet 3000-“所有的拧紧都文档纪录”12z 自动收集来自于所有PF3000 和PowerMACS 控制器的数据z ToolsNet 储存每一个拧紧包括P roduct ID-number, T ool serial number, T ightening result, T races, D ate, T ime, etc.z 方便在数据库中搜索z 标准的报告Tools Net Server21Step 4.Case: Water tight engine assembly (Volkswagen Marine, Germany)21Step 5.确保零错误装配系统需求:z工具控制器和工厂网络的网络连接z局部鉴定z不合格产品管理21Step 5.确保零错误装配12Step 5.Case: BMW -KISSQKISSQ -serverProductioncontrolsystemToolsNet-精确的和预设定的工具扭矩-不受操作人员影响•连接OK !•安全性要求的拧紧OK!•零出错拧紧概要5 steps...-螺丝计数-无重复拧紧-坏的连接-角度监测=>连接控制-可计算数值-可追踪-拧紧数据收集-控制器和工厂生产系统网络连接-不合格产品管理•批次OK !•扭矩OK !-无精度和过程安全完成零出错拧紧的5个等级We are committed to your superior productivity throughinteraction and innovation.通过互动与创新，我们承诺您实现卓越生产力。
拧紧
22
查看曲线 点击轨迹按键 看 即可查看当前曲线，曲线另存为方便离线查
Part1坐标图形图
曲线轨迹页面介绍： 包括两个部分，Part1 坐标图形图和Part2选 择区； 1.显示当前螺栓拧紧完 成结束时的力矩N.M和 角度DEG值； 2.拧紧关系曲线（图中 两根线是因为同一个螺 栓被拧紧了两次）； 3选择坐标曲线关系类 型（7种曲线可供选 择）；
3、定位防错；
由总线PLC给螺栓计数，使用角度编码器来定位
24
OP2200为手持工位，需打5颗螺栓，螺栓位置如下图
本工位没有返修，暂时还没有分组；通过计数和定位来防漏装，由总线PLC给螺栓计数，使 用角度编码器来定位（现阶段定位不稳定，如OP2190方案可行，也可以进行分组）。
5 4 3 2
1
25
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 ：监控
Tmax
Tmin
20%
设定角度 θ
min
角度 θ
max
2. 扭矩/转角控制法
扭矩—转角控制法是在扭矩控制法上发展起来的， 应用这种方法，首先是把螺栓拧到一个不大的扭矩 后，再从此点始，拧一个规定的转角的控制方法。
优点：受摩擦系数影响较小，可得到比较高的预紧力且预紧力的离 散度较小。 缺点：需要做大量的实验和分析工作，而且几乎无法复验
22
2008-07-16
数据分析
硬连接
静态扭矩高于动态扭矩
装配 (动态) 102.6 102.6 101.4 101.2 102.4 100.9 102.1 102.4 101.0 101.8
101.84 0.67 2.01
手测 (静态) 112 110 111 110 113 109 110 111 113 112
亚特兰蒂斯·科普科（Atlas Copco）钢钉紧固解决方案说明书
BOLT TIGH TENING SOLUTIONSNo matter what your preference for bolt tightening, Atlas Copco have it covered.BOLT TIGH TENING SOLUTIONSNo matter what your preference for bolt tightening, Atlas Copco have it covered. With over 25 years of experience our bolt tightening products are used throughout the industralised world on many diverse applications and in varied working environments.We offer world class bolting solutions for oil & gas, conventional power generation, wind energy and other industries using our standard ranges of hydraulic bolt tensioning tools, hydraulic nuts, innovative ranges of direct drive, square drive hydraulic torque wrenches, pneumatic and electric nutrunners.Along with our general purpose tensioners and torque wrenches wealso offer many industry specific bolt tightening tools andsolutions.Clamp Force Stretch Tension AppliedClamp Force Stretch Torque AppliedClamp Force StretchTORQUEWith tensioners, the action is not directly on the nut, rather tension is applied directly to the stud in order to produce stretch. Once the prestretch is achieved, the nut can be tightened. Once the pressure is released the nut holds the load on the bolt. This produces the clamp force. Multiple tensioners can be used together to provide even load when tightening. Hydraulic bolt tensioners have a footprint and thread height requirement.TENSIONUsing torque tools, such as nutrunners orhydraulic torque wrenches, you turn the nut. As the nut turns, it stretches the stud. The torque setting for the tool translates into load on theconnection. When the tools are used following the appropriate specifications for lubrication, coating and other factors, a desired clamp force can be produced.TIGHT CONNECTIONS FOR YOUR APPLICATIONSTorque and Tension are two distinct ways to achieve the same result: create the appropiate clamping force for the joint or connection. To do this, the bolt has to stretch, while a nut holds the load and thereby creating the desired clamp force. Atlas Copco offers a comprehensive product range of torque and tension tools, to work on critical bolting applications.TENTEC CERTIFIED REFURBISHMENTFor 20 plus years, Tentec have supplied Hydraulic Bolt Ten -sioning tools to the Oil & Gas, Powergen, Mining and Indus -trial markets.Over time Hydraulic Bolt Tensions can be exposed to very harsh conditions which, in-turn can result in corrosion of components. Corrosion can reduce the working life of a tool and, very often, is one of the key attributing factors of hydraulic leaks.As the demand for regular maintenance has increased in recent years, we are pleased to announce a Refurbishment and Maintenance service.Continuous use of Hydraulic Bolt Tensioners without regular maintenance can reduce the tensioner reliability. From time to time some of the moving parts or seal sets may need replacing. Returning these tools for refurbishment or repair will ensure a fast turnaround and assurance that the work undertaken will be completed by our team of experienced technicians.Dis-Assembly: A complete strip down and clean.Inspection: A thorough examination for damaged parts including hydraulic fittings. You will be informed of any damaged parts outside of the scope of the refurbishment.Cleaned: Either shot blast or chemical bath.Surface Coating: Relevant components will be oil blacked.Re-Sealed: New seals will be fitted.Pressure Test: Fully traceable pressure test with a Tentec “Certificate of Pressure Test” supplied.Packaged & Despatched: A fast and prompt service.Purpose built pressure test baysAll refurbished tools are fitted with brand new seals.Experienced technicians on-hand for a quick turnaroundWe refurbish both standard and custom designed bolt tensioning tools.Scheduled Maintenance Contract Option.P P P P P P PMany customers have multiple Hydraulic Bolt Tensioning kits that are used frequently in construction or maintenance projects. These tools can be exposed to heavy and prolonged use and it’s inevitable that a tools reliability expectancy is reduced without regular maintenance.We can provide a maintenance contract that ensures that you receive the support you need; at the moment you need it. We offer a selection of contract maintenance plans to suit every cus-tomers requirements.BOLT TIGH TENING SOLUTIONSCOMMITTED TO SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTIVITY 。
阿特拉斯--五步拧紧法
Station 3 Paint marker to prove it has been tightened
Station 1 Tighten with Tensor tool
15
缩短生产线!
1
2
3
4
5
完成零出错拧紧的5个等级
Step 4.确保有安全性要求的连接件完全拧紧
Tensor ST 应用于安全性要求的装配:
- 拧紧数据收集 - 角度监测 => 连接控制 - 螺丝计数 - 可计算数值
•连接 OK ! •安全性要求
- 不合格产品管理
•零出错拧紧
的拧紧 OK!
- 无重复拧紧
- 精确的和预设 定的工具扭矩 - 不受操作人员 影响 •扭矩 OK ! - 无精度和过程安 全等级 •部件结合 !
20
- 坏的连接
•批次 OK !
返工遗漏
没有 可追踪性
品质 损失
遗漏螺丝
?
坏螺纹的螺丝
扭矩错 误
T
5
1
2
3
4
5
完成零出错拧紧的5个等级
5 个等级...
• Step 5
零出错拧紧
• Step 4
安全性要求 的拧紧 OK!
• Step 3
连接 OK !
• Step 2
批次 OK !
• Step 1
扭矩 OK !
• Step 0
部件结合 !
扭矩的验证
每一把工具的校 准数据存贮
17
1
2
3
4
5
完成零出错拧紧的5个等级
Step 5.确保零出错拧紧
系统需求:
工具控制器和工厂网
02AtlasCopco基本拧紧技术
弹性松弛会影响夹紧力
Time
材料弹性松弛会使夹紧力衰减!
软连接、硬连接
Joint characteristics can also define the tool type required (ISO 5393)
连接的特性也决定着所需工具的类型．
86.7 2.8 8.3
衰减
牛米
断气
衰减
时间
• 60-70%的衰减发生在30毫秒以内
使用测力扳手时可能会出现的问题
只能检查扭矩是否太低 同时受静态摩擦力影响 操作者不喜欢使用(生产效率低、人机工程问题) 必须定期校准 测力扳手的误差大（人为因素）
扭矩 OK, 角度过低
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过低
静态扭矩
动力工具 输出扭矩
92 94 91 92 94 92 92
X=92,43
=1,13
T (Nm)
扭力扳手 静态扭矩
103 106 103 100 100 103 100
X=102,14
(A)工具输出 120 (动态扭矩) 110 100
80 60 40 20
=2,27
(B) 扭力扳手 (静态扭矩)
▪ Fastener Yield Control 屈服点控制 ………
111.1 1.4 4.1
软连接
装配
(动态) 100.2 100.5 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.8 100.5 100.2 100.2 100.4
均值
100.42
标准偏差 (Sigma) 0.21
3 Sigma
0.63
手测 (静态) 88 84 92 86 90 88 86 85 84 84
螺纹紧固件的拧紧工艺
KAMAX Aluminum Bolt Presentation for FEV, September, 18th 2007
3.2 扭矩 - 转角控制法
扭矩M
最大许可扭矩 Mmax
Mmin
M1
贴紧扭矩
ϑmin
ϑmax
拧紧转角
- 液压拉伸法 - 加热膨胀法 - 手动预紧法
4. 总结
预紧是螺纹联接的基本要求
保证螺纹联接的质量关键是对螺 纹紧固件预紧力的控制
三种常见的拧紧工艺的优缺点以 及选用
报告完毕
谢谢关注!
Dr.-Rudolf-Kellermann-Str.2 Homberg, Germany, Zip 35315
Phone: (49) 6633-491 Fax: (49) 6633-6491 E-mail: j.gu@kamax.de
称拧紧螺纹紧固件为预紧,称该力为预紧力。
压紧力
预紧力
侧滑力
侧滑力
预紧力
图片引自Atlas Copco公司专业文章
2. 螺纹预紧的基本原理
螺栓拧紧曲线
扭矩M
屈服点
拧断点
屈服区
贴紧过程
弹性变形区
塑性变形区
扭矩 - 转角关系图
KAMAX Aluminum Bolt Presentation for FEV, September, 18th 2007
转角测量开始
扭矩 - 转角关系图
停止点
KAMAX Aluminum Bolt Presentation for FEV, September, 18th 2007
转角ϑ
拧紧技术基本知识
21
扭矩 OK, 角度过低
扭矩 扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过低
扭矩 = OK
角度 = OK
角度
阿特拉斯科普柯中国香港有限公司 - ACTA
22
扭矩 OK, 角度过高
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过低
扭矩 = OK 角度 = OK
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过高
角度
阿特拉斯科普柯中国香港有限公司 - ACTA
9
螺栓标识系统
生产商
第一个数 = 1/100 的最大抗张 应力 (N/mm2) 100×8 = 800 N/mm2
第二个数 = 抗张应力与屈服之 间 的关系 0.8 = 80% 公制螺纹
两数相乘得出屈服应力 800* 0.8 = 640 N/mm2
阿特拉斯科普柯中国香港有限公司 - ACTA
10
抗拉强度 / 屈服
应力 N/mm²
抗拉强度
失效 75 % 抗拉应力 100* 8=800 N/mm2
屈服
弹性区
屈服应力 800* 0,8=640 N/mm2
拉伸度
阿特拉斯科普柯中国香港有限公司 - ACTA
11
螺纹类型
套筒对边尺寸12 mm
• M • UNF • UNC
公制 英制细螺纹 英制粗螺纹
< 30 度 (ISO 5393)
角度
贴合点
扭矩
X Nm > 720 度
软连接
> 720 度 (ISO 5393)
角度
贴合点
阿特拉斯科普柯中国香港有限公司 - ACTA
13
扭矩
硬连接和软连接
过扭
目标
硬 软
均值偏差
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扭矩 OK, 角度过低
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过低
扭矩 = OK 角度 = OK
角度
扭矩 OK, 角度过高
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过低
扭矩 = OK 角度 = OK
扭矩 = OK 角度 = 过高
角度
扭矩和角度 OK
扭矩
扭矩 = OK 角度 = OK
角度
结论：
螺栓装配质量对产品的最终质量有着直接影响
02AtlasCopco基本拧紧技术
1-1
AC tightening technique
基本拧紧技术
介绍装配过程中的基本问题，为正确和使用选择工具提供指导
To use equipment that matches specific needs of the customer is the key to success
Torque and Angle Control 扭矩和角度控制
Fastener Yield Control 屈服点控制 ………
Committed to sustainable productivity.
角度
如何在一个连接件上测量扭矩
动态扭矩:在拧紧螺栓的同时用在线式扭矩传感器测量。 静态扭矩:安装后用扭矩扳手测量。
静态扭矩
动力工具 输出扭矩
92 94 91 92 94 92 92
X=92,43
=1,13
T (Nm)
扭力扳手 静态扭矩
103 106 103 100 100 103 100
X=102,14
在螺栓法兰面上加润滑油 螺栓头下摩擦力 45%
螺纹副中有杂质或螺纹受损
螺栓头下摩擦力 50%
螺纹副中摩擦力
40%
10%
螺纹副中摩擦力 40%
夹紧力 15%
螺纹副中摩擦力
45%
5%
一定要确保施加的扭矩达到最小需要扭矩
• 夹紧力一定要高于外部载荷
• 安全余量载荷的影响因素: – 振动 – 摩擦力的变化 – 连接件尺寸变化 – 拧紧精度
101.84 0.67 2.01
手测 (静态) 112 110 111 110 113 109 110 111 113 112
111.1 1.4 4.1
软连接
装配
(动态) 100.2 100.5 100.7 100.3 100.4 100.8 100.5 100.2 100.2 100.4
均值
100.42
F
F
F
F
我们想要得到的是夹紧力F
螺拴与连接件的关系
拉伸弹簧＋ 压紧弹簧
Joint Diagrams
螺栓 连接
通过螺丝产生夹紧力把连接件夹紧
• 旋转螺母或螺丝使螺丝受力 伸长
• 螺丝伸长产生的夹紧力把连 接件夹紧
• 我们需要的是连接件中的夹 紧力
施加的扭矩并不象夹紧力那么简单
力 (F), 力臂 (L) = 扭矩(M) 螺丝旋转的越多，得到的扭矩越大
第二个数 =屈服强度与最小抗拉 强度之间的关系 0.8 = 80%
两数相乘得出屈服应力 800* 0.8 = 640 N/mm2
弹性松弛会影响夹紧力
Time
材料弹性松弛会使夹紧力衰减!
软连接、硬连接
Joint characteristictype required (ISO 5393)
对客户来讲，成功的关键是所使用的工具／设备能够匹配其特定需要．
为什么使用螺栓连接？
• 装配简单 • 拆卸方便 • 效率高 • 成本低
装配工作按精度等级分为三类
安全等级 质量等级 客户定义等级
螺栓连接的受力
剪切
拉伸
为了拧紧螺栓, 必须施加力以便拧紧螺母/螺丝
测量拧紧效果
T
我们能够测量的是扭矩T
但是, • 90% 的扭矩被摩擦力消耗 • 只有10%的扭矩转化为夹紧力
夹紧力, 10% 螺纹副中的摩 擦了, 40% 螺栓头下表面的 摩擦力, 50%
50-40-10 规则
螺栓头下摩擦力 50%
螺纹副中 40%
扭矩
夹紧力 10%
90% 的扭矩用于克 服摩擦力
100%
夹紧力与摩擦力的关系
一般情况下 螺栓头下摩擦力 50%
为了得到质量合格的拧紧连接– • 拧紧扭矩必须精确 • 连接件质量必须得到监控
Clamp force
Friction in threads
Friction under nut or head
常见的拧紧控制方法
Torque Control /Angle Monitor 扭矩控制／角度监控
Angle Control / Torque Monitor 角度控制／扭矩监控
连接的特性也决定着所需工具的类型．
A. 硬连接：到达贴合点后，旋转
30°以内达到目标扭矩的连接。
目标扭矩
B. 软连接：到达贴合点后，旋转2
圈（720°）以上达到目标扭矩的连 接。
扭矩的过扭程度受连接件硬度以及 工具转速影响。
30 °
旋转角度
720 °
软、硬连接
扭矩
目标
过扭
硬连接
软连接
均值偏差
贴合点
(A)工具输出 120 (动态扭矩) 110 100
80 60 40 20
=2,27
(B) 扭力扳手 (静态扭矩)
原因:静态摩擦力
时间
硬连接
均值 标准偏差 (Sigma) 3 Sigma
装配 (动态) 102.6 102.6 101.4 101.2 102.4 100.9 102.1 102.4 101.0 101.8
标准偏差 (Sigma) 0.21
3 Sigma
0.63
手测 (静态) 88 84 92 86 90 88 86 85 84 84
86.7 2.8 8.3
衰减
牛米
断气
衰减
时间
• 60-70%的衰减发生在30毫秒以内
使用测力扳手时可能会出现的问题
只能检查扭矩是否太低 同时受静态摩擦力影响 操作者不喜欢使用(生产效率低、人机工程问题) 必须定期校准 测力扳手的误差大（人为因素）
施加的扭矩不要超过使用极限
• 施加的扭矩过大会 使螺栓过度伸长
• 安全余量取决于: – 拧紧精度 – 材料等级
Torque 扭矩
Angle of rotation 旋转的角度
螺栓标识系统
.
公制螺纹
生产商标识
第一个数 = 1/100 的最小抗拉 强度 (N/mm2) 100×8 = 800 N/mm2