Mini-lecture
[北科大]通用学术英语1 Unit1 Mini-lecture
1.Do we need to define physical objects? Why? (mini-lecture 1)2.What is a good definition? (mini-lecture 1)3. How many parts does a formal definition consist of? What are they? (Mini Lecture 1)Mini-lecture 21.How should you make definitions in your research? (mini-lecture 2)2.How many types of definition you’ve learned from the lecture? What are they?They mainly differ in what way? (mini-lecture 2)Mini-lecture 31. How many note-taking methods are mentioned? Name the picture with corresponding method. Five methods: 1. the Cornell method,2. the Outline method,3.the Mapping method,4. the Charting method,5. the Sentence method.2. What is three-step approach(TAB ) of the Mapping method?Step1: Take down the term central to the topic of the lecture.Step2: Add around the term two main branches, one for the class, the other for differentiating features.Step3: Branch out like trees and add more relevant information from the lecture.Mini-lecture 41.In the context of academic writing, how many types can definitions be classified into? What are they?Three. Formal definitions, naming definitions and extended definitions.2.What do extended definitions include for your target audience?Narrative materials.1.Besides nouns themselves, from what can we derive nouns? How?From other words. One is adding suffixes. (to add -tion, -ment, -ing to verbs; to add -ness, -th to adjectives)2.How to expand a noun to build a complete sentence? Give one example?By adding more modifying information to nouns.The core ideas of constructivist learning theory that differentiate it from other theories○1add an adjective pre-modifier○2add a relative clause post-modifier○3add a “that” clause post-modifierQ:Write an extended definition of a term in your field of study or interest.Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linuxkernel and other open source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, with the main contributor and commercial marketer being Google.Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. It has been used to explain violence and crime. Cultural conflicts are difficult to resolve as parties to the conflict have different beliefs. Cultural conflicts intensify when those differences become reflected in politics, particularly on a macro level. An example of cultural conflict is the debate over abortion. Ethnic cleansing is another extreme example of cultural conflict. Wars can also be a result of a cultural conflict, for example the differing views on slavery were one of the reasons for the American civil war.。
专八minilecture评分标准
专八minilecture评分标准专八minilecture评分标准是指在专八考试中,对于minilecture(小讲座)这一部分的评分标准和要求。
在专八考试中,minilecture是考生需要进行的一项口试任务,旨在考察考生的口头表达能力、逻辑思维能力以及对于特定话题的理解和分析能力。
在评分标准方面,专八minilecture评分主要从以下几个方面进行考察和评分:1. 内容准确性和完整性:评委会根据考生的讲座内容,评估其对于所选话题的理解和掌握程度。
考生需要确保讲座内容准确无误,并且能够全面地涵盖所选话题的各个方面。
2. 逻辑清晰性和结构合理性:评委会会对考生的讲座逻辑进行评估,包括思路的连贯性、段落之间的过渡以及整体结构的合理性。
考生需要能够清晰地表达自己的观点,并且能够合理地组织讲座的结构,使其具有逻辑性和条理性。
3. 语言表达和流利度:评委会会对考生的语言表达能力进行评估,包括词汇的丰富程度、语法的正确性以及语言的流利度。
考生需要能够运用准确丰富的词汇和语法结构,流利地表达自己的观点,并且能够使用恰当的语言技巧和修辞手法,提升讲座的表达效果。
4. 思想深度和观点独特性:评委会会对考生的思想深度和观点独特性进行评估,包括对于话题的深入思考和独特的见解。
考生需要能够展示自己对于话题的深入思考,并且能够提出独特的观点和见解,以展示自己的思考能力和创造性思维。
综上所述,专八minilecture评分标准主要从内容准确性和完整性、逻辑清晰性和结构合理性、语言表达和流利度以及思想深度和观点独特性等方面进行评估。
考生需要在这些方面全面展示自己的能力,以获得较高的评分。
为了在考试中取得好成绩,考生需要提前准备,熟悉评分标准,并且进行充分的练习和准备。
mini-lecture怎么做笔记
“总-分-总”的篇章结构特点
从历年考题分析,本部分从选文 材料基本上是总-分-总结构,层次 明晰,开始概括并指明分述的主要 观点,中间逐一阐述,最后总结。
第一项需要做的就是将草稿纸分版块,由 于专八的mini-lecture很有条理,那么在写 的时候可以分版块记笔记,使笔记结构更 加清晰。这样做在稍后填空时会很好的在 相应部分找答案。
数字 时间 重复出现的关 键词 一些动词 举例子时的项 目(特别提示 举例子的项目 需要记前几项)
Mini中还考一些总结,所以在听的时候要分项记清 没个点说的大概意思,也只需要记关键词 。
(一)借鉴口译实践的速记符 号和缩写
符号
通 用 符 号 自 定 符 号 数 长 字 词
缩写
专 名 常 用 缩 写
(二)采取“横纵结合”的书写方法
同层次内容速记 分 层 次 内 容 速 记
Ⅰ… (1)…… (2)…… Ⅱ… (1)…… ( 需要记下来?
2019年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture(2)
2019年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture(2)1 I also notice another interesting thing about this.关于这一点,我还发现了另一个有趣的现象。
It seems women are much more likely to do this kind of t hing than men.女性似乎比男性更有可能做出这种动作。
I mean women are more likely to make themselves small .我的意思是,女性更有可能让自己变小。
Women feel chronically less powerful than men,so this i s not surprising.女性总感觉自己的力量比男性弱,因此这并不令人惊讶。
The second question concerns our minds.第二个问题是关于我们的意识。
We know that our minds change our bodies.我们知道,我们的意识会改变我们的身体。
But is it also true that our bodies change our minds? 但我们的身体也可以改变我们的意识吗?And when I say minds,in the case of the powerful,what do I mean?当我说到意识的时候,以强大的力量为例,这是什么意思呢?I'm talking about thoughts and feelings and the sort of ph ysiological things that make up ourthoughts and feelings, 我在说想法和感觉,以及组成我们想法和感觉的生理上的东西,and in my case,that's hormones.就这件事而言,是指激素。
[北科大]通用学术英语1 Unit3 Mini-lecture
Unit 3Mini-lecture 11.What is classification?A process of arranging items into categories based on shared characteristics. A way to organize information.2.Why is classification important?When writing an article in academic journal or giving a presentation in academic environment, abilities to classify, compare and contrast is essential.3.How should the categories be rated and ranked in the classification?You should determine a classifying principle, so that the categories are logical.4.What is the difference between comparison and contrast?To compare is to emphasize the similarities between things, ideas, concepts, or points of view while to contrast is to emphasize the differences.5.What is the difference between comparison and mere description or summary? Comparison aim to go beyond mere description or summary and emphasize the similarities or differences between things in order to make connections and generate an interesting analysis.Mini-lecture 21.What are the ways to organize a comparison essay?The point-by-point method, the block method, and the combination method.2.What is the detailed information about the ways to organize a comparison essay?○1point-by-point patternThe first paragraph considers the first point of comparison, and discusses the similarities of A&B. The next paragraph considers the next point of comparison and so on.○2block patternFirst, the important features and points of comparison of A are discussed.Then, all of the important features of B are discussed, explaining how they compare or contrast with those of the first item.○3combination patternAlso called the likeness-differences patternBegin with a few paragraphs using the block patternThen move on to point-to-point patternMini-lecture 31.What can help you to take notes in an efficient and effective way?Prioritize to identify the important information.Organize information to identify relationships between the ideas and concepts presented. Anticipate the upcoming ideas and information.2.What are the steps to take notes with the charting method?Step 1: Determine the categories to be covered in the lecture.Step 2: Draw a table and head each column with the category.Step 3: Record information.Mini-lecture 41.What is the structure for a comparison essay?Introduction, body and conclusion.2.What are involved in the introductory section of a comparison essay? What are they?The frame of reference, the grounds for comparison and the thesis.The frame of reference is the context within which you place two things to be compared; it is the umbrella under which you have grouped them.The grounds for comparison are the rationale behind your choice, the reason you have chosen to compare these two items.The thesis statement conveys the gist of your argument, the point to be made in the essay.3.How can you make the relationship between the subjects clear?Use topic sentences and supporting details.4.What should be included in the conclusion?The conclusion should involve a brief, general summary of the most important similarities and differences, and it should restate the thesis with a concluding remark.Mini-lecture 51.What is cohesion? How can the cohesion be achieved?Cohesion is the connection and coherence of ideas. This can be achieved through both grammatical and lexical elements that allow readers to see the relationships within sentences and between ideas.Cairo is known for its overcrowded roads, irregular driving practices and shaky old vehicles, but also for its air pollution. In recent months, though, environmental studies indicate there have been signs of improvement. That’s due in part to the removal of many of the capital’s old-fashioned black and white taxis. Most of these dated back to the 1960s and 70s and were in a poor state of repair. After new legislation demanded their removal from the roads, a low interest loan scheme was setup with three Egyptian banks so drivers could buy new cars. The government pays about $900 for old ones to be discarded and advertising on the new vehicles helps cover repayments. The idea has proved popular with customers ― they can now travel in air-conditioned comfort and because the new cabs are metered, they don’t have to argue over fares. Banks and car manufacturers are glad for the extra business in tough economic times. As for the taxi drivers, most are delighted to be behind the wheel of new cars, although there have been a few complaints about switching from black and white to a plain white color.。
[北科大]通用学术英语2 Unit1 Mini-lecture
Questions on mini-lectures in Unit1Mini-lecture11.What are the two types of writing in terms of their purposes?Persuasive and informative.2.What is the purpose of persuasive and informative writing respectively?Persuasive writing's purpose is to argue and influence thought.Informative writing's purpose is to convey information and educate its audience.3.What is a thesis?A thesis is a proposition or claim that is central to any piece of academic writing.4.What is the process of constructing a thesis?The process of constructing a thesis leads from the literature research, through the introduction, and finally to the thesis statement.5.What are the features of a thesis statement?The thesis statement is made in the introduction of the writing, following the contextualization. Usually it is short as one or two sentences.6.What is a hypothesis in scientific writing?Hypothesis is a proposed solution to an unexplained phenomenon.7.What is the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable?A change of the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable.8.What are the two ways of writing a scientific hypothesis and when are they used?Use an ‘if…then’ statement when there is an independent and dependent variable.Use a null hypothesis if it is unclear whether or not the relationship exists.9.What is the difference between aims and objectives? An d where are they usually stated in a paper?The aims of a project are its ultimate goals what the project hopes to achieve in its completion. The aims may be general, but they should be expressed clearly and concisely.The objectives are the steps that you will take to achieve the aims of the research. Each objective should be specific.They usually stated at the beginning of the paper, or implied in the introduction10.What does the S.M.A.R.T acronym mean when defining the objectives?Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, time-constrained.Mini-lecture211.What are the steps that you can take to ensure responsive reading?Pause: Pause at the end of each section to ensure you understand each section before progressing further.Make notes: The process of note-taking allows you to gather your thoughts and arrange them in a clear and coherent way.Highlight: Before you make notes, highlight the key points of the text.12.What questions can you ask to help you identify literature gaps when you research a topic? What is the current trend in research?What is the generally accepted view on this topic?What questions remain to be answered?Mini-lecture313.What strategies are recommended to help you identify the main idea of a presentation?Pay attention to the beginning or the end of a lecture and focus on the language clues.Listen for repetition or other clues(a change in the speed of or tone of speech) if the mainidea or thesis statement is not explicitly stated.Mini-lecture414.What is the common way of developing a thesis?A commom way to develop a thesis is to begin by considering the topic of the essay, and then turn the topic into a thesis by narrowing down to a viewpoint or perspective.15.What is a sub-thesis?A sub-thesis is considered as a mini-thesis that will be used as the controlling idea of each section or paragraph.16.What are the questions you should ask to ensure that your thesis is effective and clear?Is there an argument?Is there a conuter-argument?Is it rational?Is it specific?Does it declare its reasoning?Mini-lecture517.Where is the old and new information presented in a sentence?The new information is at the end of sentences and the old information is at the beginning of sentences.18.What is often used to maintain the focus of a sentence?The passive voice.。
专八听力Mini-lecture技巧
专八听力Mini-lecture技巧专八听力Mini-lecture技巧大全引导语:专八考试中最难的便是mini-lecture,时间长不说,还不提前发卷。
下面店铺为大家带来一些mini-lecture技巧,希望能够帮助大家更好的去备考。
第一章:记什么1.抓主题,记实词专八听力讲座文章通常采用总-分-总的结构,因此显得中心突出,结构清晰,层次分明。
此外,开头主题、分论点或结论句中出现的关键性名词、动词、形容词等,或对某一事物特点的描述以及分述各点时的细节描述性词汇都是表达信息的主要载体。
2.表示顺序或层次的词句后是要点由于记笔记填空的材料总体来说结构清晰,因而常出现表示层次或顺序的词、词组、句子来帮助理解文章。
这类表达有:first of all, …/the second point, …/thirdly,…/Now, let’s take a look at the first point,…等等。
听音时,应对这些表达之后的信息予以注意和记录。
3.表示总结的词句后是要点记笔记填空结构层次比较清晰,因此在开始叙述和完成叙述时,通常会出现总结性或总括性的词句。
历年考题中经常出现的表示总结的结构有:to sum up, in summary, to summarize, in a word, generally speaking, finally, in general, in the end, to conclude, in conclusion, in brief, in closing, it can be concluded that…, to draw the conclusion, above all, on the whole, in short等。
4.表示强调、重申的词句后是要点文章通常不会对关键或主要的概念和观点只提一次,而会重复或多次强调说明,以突出重点信息,让听者能理解要点,从而正确理解整个讲座的内容。
mini-lecture
3.口语化的句式特点 .
讲座一般为独白或演讲稿, 讲座一般为独白或演讲稿,具有口语性较强的特 点。
一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构, 一般在句式上会采用比较简单的结构,不会出现非常 复杂或冗长的句式。 复杂或冗长的句式。 在一句中, 在一句中,尤其是主语或关键点之后会出现一些解释 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。 性或表示态度、感受等的插入语以利于听者的理解。
In reading literary works, we are concerned with the “meaning” of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature. 而听力原文中却是: Good morning. In today’s lecture, we shall discuss what meaning is in literary works. When we read novels, poems etc., we invariably ask ourselves a question, that is what does the writer mean here. In other words, we are interested in finding out the meaning. But meaning is a difficult issue in literature. How do we know what a work of literature is supposed to mean? Or what its real meaning is? I’d like to discuss three ways to explain what meaning is.
英语专业八级Mini-lecture听力测试题型的真实性研究
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语言测试真实性的理论分析
语 言测试的真实性是过去 2 0年来测试界一直关注 的问题。 94 18 年的国际语言测试大会对此进行了专门的讨论。斯波斯基总结到: “( 言测试 的) 语 真实性标准 给测试领域提 出了语用和 伦理的 问题 。 测试材 料缺乏真实性对我 们根据测试成 绩所做出的推论也提 出 了疑 问。” ( ply 9 5 S o k ,18 )测试 界对语言测试 的真 实性看法不~ 。有 s 学者 认为语言测试 的真 实性就是努力把 实际生活中 的交 际活动复制 出来 。也有学者认 为应 该注重语言 的使 用者、语境和语篇 的相互关 系,应该让被试者完成特定的交际任务,以便于评价他们的语言能 力和交际能力。B cm n(9 1 ah a 19 )提出应该从情景真实性和交际真 实性两 个发面来定义测试 的真实性 。情 景真实性是指测试 方法 特征 与将来 某一特定 目的语使用 的情景特征 相关的程度 。交际真 实性指 的是考 生在完成某-N试 任务时 ,其语 言力的那些方面参 与了完成 - 该测试任 务的活动 ,参与 的程度如何 。与情 景真实性不 同,交 际真 实性强 调的是考生与测试任务之 间的交际关系 。 ( 刘润清 ,19 ) 较低 。 99 B cma ah n认为, 情景真实性和 交际真实性只是两个相对 的概念, ( )语 言任务 的真实性 。B cm n (90 二 ah a 19 )认为,语言 交际 我们只 能说某测试 的真实 性 “ ”或 “ ”,不能简单地 说它 “ 高 低 真 能 力 由语 言 能 力 ,策 略 能 力 和 心 理 生 理 机 制 三 个 部 分 组 成 。 实 ”或 “ 不真实 ”。一般来讲 ,提高测试 的情 景真实性要容 易些 , Miiet e n 1 u 作为英 语专业 八级测试的一个项 目 以测量考 生的语 言 .cr 应 而提高测试的交际真实性则要复杂些、难些。因为提高测试的交际 交际能力为 目的,充分考核考生语 言交际能力各要 素的参与程 度, 真 实性意 味着提 高考 生在 完成某 一 测试任 务 时其语 言能 力六要 素 提高测试的交际真实性。下面,笔者从任务类型,任务设置及任务 ( 即语 言组 织能力 、语用 能力及评估 、确定 目标、制定计划 、执行 要求三个方面对本项 目的真实性进行具体分析 。 计划 四种元认 知策略)的参与程度 ( 润清 ,19 )。 刘 99 1任务类型 。本项 目要求考 生边 听边记 ,这种任务类 型是 日常 . 二、英语专业八级 Miietr 听力测试题型的真实 生活中最常见的 、应用 范围最广 的语 言能力展现形式 。无 论是学习 n l ue -c 性研究 听课 ,还是会议记 录,或是语言翻译 ,人们都要运用听记 并行的能 八级考试 Mi.c r 是一个将 听力和 做笔记填空结合 的题 型。 力,因而,本项 目较真实 。 n1te ie u 该项 目是一个 90字左右 的讲座 ,考 生边听边做笔记 ,然后完 成填 0 2任务设置。 . 考生要完成 Mi. c r 测试项目, n 1te ie u 必须要尽可能 空任务 。具 体步骤如下 :考 生听录音 ,同时将 笔记作在统一 发放的 全面、充分地理解 、记录讲座 。笔者认 为本项 目做到 了对考 生语 言 空 白纸 上。录音结束后 ,监考 人员将填 空短 文发给考生 ,短文 类似 交际能力各要素 的评判 ,真实性较高 。 首先 ,考生必须运用其语法、 听力原文 的概 要。考生须按照 自己所作 的听 力笔记完成填 空任 务。 词汇 等语言能力 去理解 讲座 ,同时加 工、概括原文 ,选取 重点,正 用于填 空的词不一定非得 是录 音中 H现 的词 ,凡是在语义 上与原文 确记录;其 次,要在有限 的时 间内记 录大量信息 ,考 生要具备较强 J 致 且 语 法上 与填 空 短文 相 适 应 的单 词 均可 。下 面 ,笔 者 将 在 的策略能力 ,即如何又快又准地全面 记录,应该选取什么 技巧来完 B cma ah n的理论的基础上 ,从语 言材 料及语言任务两方面对 本测试 成 ( 运用缩 写、符 号、图表等 ) :另外,本项 目 考生的心理因素也 对 具有较强的挑战性 。测试 的过程 中,语 言的接收与输 出同时进行, 题型的真实性做 以研 究。 ( 一)语言材料的真实性。应用语言学家 Wi o sn认为语言 考 生必须要克服 自己的紧张心理 ,平静、沉稳地去完成 任务,让 自 d wo d 材料 的真 实性是指材料与学 习者之间 的关系特 性,与学 习者 的恰 当 己的语言能力得 以充分 发挥。 3任务要求 。本项 目要求考 生先 做笔记后填 空,符 合语言运用 . 反应有关,是语言学习中材料与学习者的交互真实性。换言之,学 习者在 课堂中接触到的语 言应该是在现 实生活中听到和看 到的语言 的实际状况 ,提 高 了本测试题 型的真实性 。笔者选 用两 个英语专业 每 5 两个班的学生在 同 学 习者在课 堂 中要完 成 的任务 就是 在现 实生 活中可 能要解 决 的 问 三年级的两个班做 了实证 研究 。 班人数 2 人 。
专八满分听力Mini-lecture(1-4)
Mini-lecture 1Cultural UnderstandingLike learning a language,developing cultural understanding occurs step by step over time.Here are five stages of cultural understanding veduchina.Stage one:No understanding.一involves no awareness of the new culture:know nobody and few(1)Stage two:Sup erficial understanding.--awareness of (2) aspects of the foreign culture and stereotypes veduchina--stereotytres are(3)Stage three:Growing understanding and possible(4)--awareness of more subtle,less visible traits in foreign culture--unnecessarily bring acceptance veduchina.For anyone,the home culture is(5)Stage four:Greater(6)————understanding.一still(7) have little empathy veduchina一the(8) level is higherStage five:True empathy,and cultural (9)————.—to live in the foreign culture:the amount of time depends Oil(10)Mini-lecture 2 British Educational System1.Primary and secondary educationin Britain1)Children at the age of(1)________go to primary school.2)Students attend secondaryschool until age sixteen.3)Students enter higher education at age eighteen.2.Higher education in Britain1) In England and Wales:—Application for universities:through the UCCA;一Courses:“course”refers to a(2)_______ program,structured with a fixed program of classes;—Classes:a.classes are offered in the UK on a(3)________basis veduchina;b.more emphasi s i s placed on(4)________study;c.students write more essays and take fewer objective tests;d.classes often take the following forms:(5)______,tutorials,seminars.2) In Scotland:—A variety of tertiary level options are available:a.The colleges of further education provide vocational and (6)____education;b.Central institutions don’t directly validate degrees,but many have close ties to(7) .c.Teachers colleges veduchina;d.The standard university degree is a four—year(8)__________;parison between the US and the UK higher education1)Grading:一In the UK,(9)__________are the most common form of study assessment—The US professors grade less strictly than the UK professors veduchina2)Course levels:—Basic courses are not(10)____________at UK universities.Mini-lecture 3 Mass Media in AmericaMass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market.Three groups of mass media in America are briefly introduced.I. N ewspapersA.Reading newspaper is different from watching TV.—for one thing1.detailed(1)_______ of news items2.substantial treatment of news events3.interesting and stimulating opinions4.analysis over important events at home and abroac—for anotheras for the reading places, no(2)_______B.Newspapers are still a big business.—fact one: the large circulation of a number of important newspapers—fact two: the great (3)_______ of newspapers availableII. MagazinesA.great varietyB.wide range of topi csC.different target readers:the well-educated,well-informed,and(4)_____ peopleD.the top three:(5)_______ TV Guide and The Conde Nast SelectIII. Radio and TelevisionA.Radio:a first-class entertainment medium for most Americans一The future of the radio is still(6)___________B.Television--become popular after the invention of(7)_____ and videotape recorders—profound impact on society1.the socialization effect2.a(8)_________ a molder of new of new cultural trends and a molder of attitudes towards these new trends3.revolutionized the marketing of goods4.the enormous cultural impact of TV violent programs5.the impact of TV on(9)_______________To sum up,the mass media in Ameri ca has,to a great extent,changed and will still keep on changing Americans’(10)_________Mini-lecture 4 Government in Britain and the USThe focus of this lecture is different government systems in Britain and the US.Government in Britain:1. National government:the center of government in Britain iS Parliament.一Location of parliament:(1)__________.—Parliament includes the House of Common,the House of lords and the monarch.—the passage of bills:firstly brought to the House of Commons for discussion,then the house of Lords,finally(2)_________2. Local government in Britain,also known as(3)_________一make small laws,only applied in local area—got payment from(4)from national government--elected by people within each town,city or country areaGovernment in the US:1.The federal government—(5)________is the central law-making body in the US.1)the House of Representatives2)the Senate: the higher but less (6)________of the two houses of Congress.—The President has the power of (7)________a bill.—The Supreme Court: the final Court of Appeal in the US.2.The state government—Each state has its own written(8)________—The highest elected official of each state is the Governor.3.The local government—No law of local government can be(9)________with the United Constitution.To sum up,the government in each country is a (n) (10)________of its historicaland modern factors.参考答案:Mini-lecture1 (1)basi c facts (2)negative (3)offensive (4)conflict (5)much better(6)intellectual (7)emotionally (8)comfort (9)respect (10)the individualCulture understanding文化差异Today I will focus on the i ssue of culture understanding. With increasing globalization, the world becomes really small nowadays. As a member of the global, we get more chances to contact foreign cultures. And what if we want to understand foreign culture very well, what should we do? What kinds of process will we experience before we achieve that goal. The answer is not very difficult to imagine. Just like learning a language, developing culture understanding occurs steps by steps over time. Development of culture consciousness is a process that starts the stage no understanding and moves, in the best case, to the stage of true empathy移情作用,[心]神入and culture respect. So an order to make it a clearer explanation about the process, the five stages of culture understanding is presented here.Stage 1 no und erstanding This level involves no awareness of new culture. The point is quite easy to see. For a person who has few chances to get contact with other cultures, a new one sometimes might as well be like something from an unknown planet in outer space. The person does not know anyone from the culture, and has encountered few, if any, basi c facts about the culture; so naturally, the person certainly has no way to understand that culture at all.Stage 2 superficial understanding This level involves awareness of very superficial aspects of foreign culture, frequentl y negative aspects. At this stage of culture awareness, the person knows a few basic facts of new culture. These facts stand out and often serve as the basis of stereotypes 陈规,老套. However, the stereotypes are offensive because they imply that al l people from a certain culture have the same characteristi cs. At this stage of culture awareness, when stereotypes are keenly felt, the person is highly ethnocentric种族[民族]中心主义的,种族[民族, 集团]优越感的that means the person is just focused on his or her own culture as the norm of what is right and comparing the new culture with the better culture back home. Stage 3 growing und erstanding and possible conflict In this stage the learner begins to be aware of more subtle sometimes less visible traits in the foreign culture. I will give you an example here to illustrate this point. A student learned that a given culture focuses on family far more getting things accomplished. As a result, he or she begin to appreciate the huge importance of family value in this culture, so we can see thi s understanding helps the person to see why things operate the w ay they do. But such awareness doesn’t al ways bring acceptance. In this stage the person is still ethnocentri c home culture-oriented, comparing that culture that i s new to his/her old home culture and usually feel his/her home culture is much better. I think some of you, as English majors, may have the exactly same experiences when you come to be familiar with your foreign t eachers or friends. You do appreciate some of their cultures but you just can’t accept them from the bottom of your heart.Stage 4 great intellectual culture und erstanding At this stage the learner begins to comprehend intellectually the peopl e in the foreign culture yet they are still a little emotional empathy. The person can not feel what it is like to be a member of that culture, the learner thus starts to see things intellectually through the eye of culture bearers at the least part of the time, but they just can’t really feel the same way the members of foreign culture feel. The learner begins to shed ethnocentrism a little bi t and starts to understand new culture more deeply. The person knows why thing are done in the way they are done and accept these things with less irritation. So you can see now the learner obviously comprehend the briefs and actions of people in the culture, the comfort level is higher, and the person does not complain the extensively about the culture differences. That makes a big sense in the process of culture understanding.Stage 5 true empathy and culture resp ect This level is the highest one of culture awareness. To attain this level, the learner must actually live in the foreign culture for some time. As for how long the learner must live in such a culture so that they can reach stage five. The amount of time is variable, greatly depending on the individual. At the fifth stage, unlike the previous stages the learner does not just see things intellectually from the viewpoint of the culture some or most of the time, instead he/she actually feel the part of culture, respects the culture fully and emphasizes emotionally with those who have lived all their life in that culture. By doing so, the person, in real sense, achieves a true culture understanding.In summary, today’s lecture is centered on the stages and growth of culture consciousness. Altogether there are five. 1 no understanding means one does not know anyone from that culture knows few, if any, facts. 2 superficial understanding means one knows some superficial facts and stereotypes. 3 growing understanding and possible conflict means one is aware of moresubtle traits but may experience culture conflicts probably believes one’s own culture is superior. 4 great inte llectual culture understanding means one understands the culture intellectually but not emotionally. 5 true empathy and culture respect means one understands the culture both intellectually and emotionally, can feel what the people in the culture feel. Hope the lecture will be helpful in your nurturing of your culture awareness. Thanks for your patience.Mini-lecture2(1)five (2)degree (3)modular (4)independent/self-directed (5)lectures (6)technical(7)local businesses (8)Honors degree (9)written examinations (10) commonBritish Educational SystemToday I’ll talk about the British educational system, including the primary and secondary education and the higher education in Britain. Meanwhile, I’ll try to make a comparison between the US an d the UK higher education.First, I’ll briefly introduce the primary and secondary education in Britain. In England and Wales, students study in primary schools from age five until eleven. They attend secondary school until age sixteen. Before graduating, students usually take seven comprehensive exams, called the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) exams. After passing the GCSE exams, students choose to study two to four subjects intensely for the GCE Advanced Level exams, called "A levels." At eighteen, they enter higher education to focus on a parti cular subject, called a "course."Now let’s move on to the higher education in Britain. First I’ll talk about the general practi ces in England and Wales, and then the general practices in Scotland.In England and Wales, prospective university students apply for places through the Universities Central Council on Admissions (UCCA). Students do not apply directly to the universities themselves. Successful candidates are admitted directly into a specific degree "course." A degree course normally takes three or four years to complete. At most universities students study only one major subject. Each course i s structured with a fixed program of classes for the entire three years. Increasingly, universities in the United Kingdom are offering classes on a modular(课程教学)以单元为基础的basis, whi ch allows students to broaden their studies creating a more interdisciplinary program. This modularization, however, has not replaced the traditional British degree course with the American concept of credit accumulation. In addition, there is generally a sharp distinction between the arts and sciences and there is seldom any cross-over between the two.At a British university, more emphasis i s placed on independent, self-directed study than in the United States. Required texts and definite reading assignments are less common. More typi cally, an extensive reading list covering all topi cs to be discussed is di stributed at the start of the course to be used for independent research. British students typically consult a large number of sources from the library rather than intensively studying a few books purchased by everyone taking a course. In addition, students are required to write more essays and take fewer objective tests than at U.S. institutions. Classes often take the following forms: lectures, which are sometimes completely optional; tutorials, in whi ch a small number of students meet with the lecturer; and seminars, larger discussion classes often based upon seminar essays. Unlike the U.S. system of regular testing in a course, British students sit for final examinations that cover the full year's work and determine the grades for the class. With the growth of modularization, however, there has al so been an increase in the number and variety of modules offered on a semester basi s.In Scotland, there are a variety of tertiary第三的,第三位的level options available for students, the most important of whi ch are the colleges of further education, the central institutions, teachers colleges and the universities. The colleges of further education provide vocational and technical education, and enroll more students than all other tertiary institutions combined. Central institutions provide courses leading to the Higher National Diploma (HND), bachelor's degrees and some specialized master's degrees. These institutions do not have the authority to directly validate degrees and tend to offer a narrower range of subjects than the universities. Many have close ties to local businesses, offering cooperative work experiences that provide students a period of practical training.Scottish universities are quite di stinct from their British counterparts. In fact, they more closely resemble European or American universities. The standard Scottish university degree is a four-year Honors degree (BA Hons). Students are rarelyadmitted directly to a degree "course." Usually they are admitted to a faculty or simply admitted to the university as a whole. Scottish university students begin with a broad-based program during the first year and choose a specialization专门[业]化after the second or even the third year. Students may also elect to complete a three-year Ordinary degree. This i s a broad-based degree that (unlike in England) does not represent a "failed" Honors degree.Next, let’s compare the US and the UK highe r education from two aspects,]namely, grading and course levels.First, about the Grading. In the UK, assessment methods vary by institution and tend to reflect the UK teaching method and style. Written examinations, whi ch are held at the end of a year or, in some cases, in the final undergraduate year only, are the most common form of study assessment. There i s no official method of equating British and American educational qualifications. The educational systems are very different and attempts to compare them must be done on a strictly provisional basis. Many U.S. institutions have already developed systems of assessing their study abroad students or equating British grades to U.S. grades.Professors at UK institutions grade more stri ctly than their counterparts in the United States. As a result, American students studying in the UK often perceive that they have performed poorly in their classes, when they have not. Grades are given as percentages rather than letter grades. Forty percent is the minimum passing grade and high percentages are rarely awarded. A grade of seventy percent or higher is considered "with distinction."In general, percentages increase from forty rather than decrease from 100 percent, as they do in the United States.Second, about the Course Levels. A typi cal British course load will vary from 3 to 6 modules or classes per term. Most students take 4 to 5 modules per term. The number of hours in class per week will vary by institution. Students should note that general education or basi c courses are not as common at UK universities because they have already been covered at the GCSE level. Many faculties assume that a student has a basi c understanding of the concepts that will be addressed in the course. For this reason, it is common for third-year American students to take first-year and second-year courses at a UK university.With thi s, we’re coming to the end of today’s lecture. Next time, we’ll talk about university degrees.Mini-lecture3 (1)coverage (2) limitation/confinement (3) variety(4)public—conscious(5) Reader’s Digest (6) promising/bright (7)portable cameras (8) transmitter (9) religion (10)lifeMass Media in America美国媒体Good morning, everyone,today my topic i s mass media in America. By media, we refer to the variety of means by which technology transmits information and entertainment to us. Thus, in its broadest sense, the term media includes newspaper, television, movies, radio, books, and magazines. Mass media specifi cally refer to those publications and programs that attempt to serve most or all of the people in a given market. Here I would like to introduce the mass media in America by dividing them into three groups: newspaper; magazines; radio and television.First, let’s have a look at newspapers. For a long time, newspapers have been the chief means by whi ch people get themselves informed. While television has replaced newspapers as the primary source of news for most Americans, and while computer network is increasingly becoming a faster and easier way of obtaining news for many Americans, newspapers still remain as one of the most powerful means of communications in the United States. For one thing, reading newspapers i s different from watching TV. It gives detailed coverage报道范围of news items, and tends to provide substantial treatment of news events. And, sometimes it offers interesting and stimulating opinions as well as analysis over important events at home and abroad. For another, unlike watching TV, reading newspapers does not require one to be confined to his sitting-room. He can do it virtually anywhere he likes: in his car, at the breakfast table, sitting in the sun, waiting at the subway station, and believe it or not, in the restroom. So, for these and many other reasons, newspapers in the United States are still a big bus iness. And, this is borne out by two facts: (1) the large circulation of a number of important newspapers such as USA Today《今日美国》and The Wall Street Journal《华尔街日报》; (2) the great variety of newspapers available in the United States, big and small, local and national, special and general, radical and conservative, and so on. The top 3 daily newspapers in the United States are: Wall Street Journal, USA Today and New York Times《纽约时报》.Second, we’ll move to magazines. According to a statisti cal record in 1990, there were over 12,205 magazines being published in the United States. More than 4,000 of them appear monthly, and over 1,300 are published each week. They cover all topics and interests, from art and architecture to sports, from aviation航空学,飞机制造业and gardening to computers and book reviews, from fashion design and cooking to homemaking. Quite a few have international editors, are translated into other languages, or have “daughter” editions in foreign countries. Among the many internationals are National Geographic《国家地理》杂志, Reader’s Digest《读者文摘》杂志,Cosmopolitan《大都会》,Vogue《时尚》杂志,Time《时代》,Newsweek 《新闻周刊》, Scientific American and Psychology Today. The weekly newsmagazines —the best known are Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report《美国新闻与世界报道》—serve as a type of national press. Unlike newspapers, however, weekly newsmagazines tend to give extensive coverage and provide detailed, and sometimes in-depth, analysis. Also unlike newspapers, whi ch usually have the lowest common denominator in their appeal to the general reading public, weekly newsmagazines normally target at the well-educated, well-informed, and public-conscious people of the society. Many weekly newsmagazines also have considerable international impact, particularly Time and Newsweek. The top three magazines in America are: (1) Reader’s Digest; (2) TV Guide《电视导读》; (3) The Conde Nast Select.Third, I’ll say something about radio and television. In more than two generations, the two powerful mass media transformed much of American life.Radio, emerging at the same period when the Great Depression pervaded蔓延, 在…中盛行in America, provided free entertainment in the comforts of the home. Families that could no longer afford to go out for entertainment gathered together in their living rooms to escape reality by laughing, fantasizing梦想,幻想and dreaming of happier times. From then on, radio became a first-class entertainment medium for most Ameri cans. Up until now, in view of the popularity of radio programs in the United States, the future of radio as a form of medium continues to look bright.Then, with the rapid development of science and technology, TV came into being in 1920s. It primarily serves as a medium of entertainment, and then also has a big role to play as a news broadcasting agency. Networks began experimenting with news at locally owned stations as early as January 1940. But, early-day television news could not begin to compare with radio news. Only after the invention of portable cameras and videotape recorders had television been made a much more credible news medium because viewers saw pictures of the news events on the day they occurred. Consequently, access to news is made much easier, and the general public is getting better informed.Gradually, television’s impact on American society has been more and more profound. It has changed the life-styles of most Americans and become a major influence on American culture. It can be seen from 5 aspects.First and foremost is the socialization effect. Many studies have shown that TV’s dominance as household activi ty often reduces the level of communi cation among family members and, as a result, much of the culture being distributed to youngsters today in the United States comes from the tube rather than the family.Secondly, television programming has played an important role in shaping and reflecting for the masses the cultural changes that have been occurring in American Society. TV functions both as a transmitter传送[递]者of new cultural trends and as a molder造型者,模塑者of new attitudes towards these new trends.Thirdly, television has revolutionized the marketing of goods in the Ameri can economy. With TV marketing, people become vulnerable to the products, or in other words, to the commercials.Fourthly, the cultural impact of violent TV programs has been quite enormous. Needless to say, the question of violence on TV has been around nearly as long as the medium. Many critics claim that TV violence increases violence in American society.Fifthly, the impact of TV on religion has al so been an issue of great concern to many Americans. So far now, it is still an issue full of di sputes.To sum up, the mass media in Ameri ca includes so many different forms, and each of them plays a vital role in American people’s life not only in the past, but also at present and in the future. To know much about America, one must have a good knowledge about its mass media.Mini-lecture4 (1)Westminster (2)signed (3)Councils (4)local taxes (5)Congress (6)powerful(7)veto (8)Constitution (9)in di sagreement (10)embodimentGovernment in Britain and the US英美政府Today we will focus on the Government in Britain and the United States. Let’s have a look at them one after the other.Government in Britain can be divided into National government and Local government.The center of government in Britain is Parliament, which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation课税, etc. Parliament i s made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch. The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself i s used to mean Parliament.The House of commons, or the Commons, is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a parti cular area or constituency(议员所代表的)(全体)选民;选(举)区. The House of Lords上议院, or the Lords, is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord or Viscount子爵whi ch have been passed down to them on the death of their father; people who are given titles as a reward for their long servi ce in public life, but whose children do not inherit their title; and some important leaders of the Church of England, such as Archbishops and Bishops.The government brings bills to the House of Commons下议院, whi ch are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be di scussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it. When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of Parliament.At present England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In Northern Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of di scussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales. The Local government in Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws, that i s bylaws, whi ch only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, schools, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting thi s tax.Local councils are elected by people within each town, city, or county area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues rather than the national policies of their party.Now let’s move to the topi c of Government in the US. All levels of government in the US, including federal, state, and local, are elected by the people of the country.First, we’ll talk about the federal government. The constitution of the US specifi cally limits the power of the federal, or national, government mainly to defense, foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is made up of the Congress , the President, and the Supreme Court. Congress, the central law-making body in the US, i s made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen. The number of Representatives for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate i s the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators, elected by their state. Each state has two Senators. Congress decides whether a BILL becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representatives both agree to a bill, the President i s asked to agree. The President can veto the bill, but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.Second, we’ll learn something about the state government. The state government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution, and among the states there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one。
专八听力minilecture技巧讲解
04
专八听力minilecture常 见问题解答
如何提高听力速度和反应速度?
听力速度
平时多听英语新闻、播客、电影、电 视剧等,提高对英语语音的敏感度和 熟悉度,以便在考试中更快地理解听 力内容。
心理准备
保持冷静和专注,避免因紧张而影 响听力效果,可以通过深呼吸等方 式来放松自己。
听力过程
抓住主题和结构
定位关键信息和细节
在开始时集中注意力捕捉minilecture的主 题和结构,有助于理解整个内容的大纲。
注意听清并记录下关键的时间、数字、人 物、事件等信息,这些往往是答案的关键 。
筛选无关信息
在进行模拟题练习时,建议考生选择与真题难度相当的模拟题,以确保练习效果 。同时,要注重答题技巧的掌握,学会如何快速助考生了解minilecture的出题规律和趋 势,加深对题目的理解。通过对历年真题的解析,考生可以 掌握minilecture的解题思路和方法,提高答题的准确性和速 度。
注重基础知识的巩固和扩展
词汇积累
听力考试涉及的词汇量较大,考 生应注重词汇的积累,尤其是学
科专业词汇和常见场景词汇。
语法知识
听力考试中长难句较多,考生应 加强语法知识的学习,提高对复
杂句子的理解和分析能力。
学科知识
听力考试涉及的学科知识较为广 泛,考生应注重相关学科知识的 积累,了解背景知识和专业术语。
minilecture是专八听力考试中分值 最大的一部分,占总分的30%。
考生在minilecture部分的得分情况, 对于整个听力部分的成绩有着决定性 的影响。
(完整版)2018年英语专业八级真题听力minilecture原题,答案以及原文
2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上,我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。
众所周知,语言是非常强大的。
It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。
Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因,得到他们想要的东西。
And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象,当一个婴儿第一次发现,仅仅通过发出一个声音,它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动,甚至可能进入它的嘴里。
Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征,也就是人类用语言做事的能力,是如何进化的,为什么进化,为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化?In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案,我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。
2019年英语专业八级真题听力 Mini-lecture(1)
Body Language and Mind肢体语言和意识Good morning,everyone.大家早上好。
In today's lecture,I'd like to focus on how our body langu age reveals who we are.在今天的课上,我主要来讲讲我们的肢体语言如何揭示出我们是什么样的人。
We're really fascinated with body language,and particula rly interested in other people's bodylanguage.我们对肢体语言十分感兴趣,尤其是其他人的肢体语言。
You know,we're sometimes interested in an awkward int eraction,or a smile,or a contemptuous glance,or maybe a very awkward wink,or handshake.你们知道的,我们有时会对一次尴尬的交流、微笑、轻蔑一瞥感兴趣,也有可能对尴尬的眨眼或握手感兴趣。
So what kind of body language am I talking about?那么,你们知道我说的是哪种肢体语言吗?I am interested in power dynamics--that is the nonverba l expressions of power and dominance.我对动力学感兴趣——这是权力和支配地位的非语言表达。
And what are nonverbal expressions of power and domin ance?那么,权力和支配地位的非语言表达是什么呢?Well,this is what they are.下面,我来阐述它们的含义。
专八-mini-lecture技巧
使用实物
如果可能,使用实物进行演示 ,让听众更直观地理解演讲内 容。
肢体语言
适当使用肢体语言,如手势、 动作和面部表情,增强演讲的 感染力。
03
演讲阶段
开场白技巧
01
02
03
吸引听众注意
使用有趣的故事、引用或 问题来抓住听众的注意力。
建立主题框架
简明扼要地介绍演讲的主 题、目的和结构,帮助听 众了解演讲的方向。
使用标题和提纲来概括各个部 分的内容,有助于整理和记忆
。
模拟练习
在整理完思路后,进行模拟练 习,检查内容的连贯性和完整
性。
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制作阶段
语言表达技巧
清晰度
确保语言清晰、准确,避免使用模糊或含糊不清的 表达。
流畅度
保持语速适中,避免停顿和重复,使整个演讲流畅 自然。
音量和音调
根据演讲内容调整音量和音调,突出重点,使听众 更容易理解。
评估自己在规定时间内完成的情况, 是否超时或时间过短,这有助于提高 对时间的把控能力。
获取反馈技巧
请教老师
向老师请教,听取老师的意见和 建议,了解自己的不足之处。
同学互评
与同学进行互评,互相学习对方 的优点和指出不足,共同进步。
录音回听
将自己的mini-lecture录音回听, 更容易发现自己的问题,如语言
与听众建立联系
谈论一些与听众相关的话 题或经历,拉近与听众的 距离。
互动技巧
02
01
03
提问与回答
在演讲中提出问题,并鼓励听众参与回答或讨论。
小组活动
安排小组讨论或活动,让听众在互动中加深对主题的 理解。
利用反馈
注意听众的反应,根据反馈调整演讲内容或方式。
[北科大]通用学术英语2 Unit2 Mini-lecture
Questions on mini-lectures in Unit2Mini-lecture11.What is the central idea in explaining cause and effect?The central idea is that one thing leads to another. The thing that leads to another is the cause, and the thing that happens as a result is the effect.2.What are the three simple criteria to remember when identifying cause and effect?(1) temporal precedence (The cause must happen before the effect.)(2) co-variation of cause and effect (One thing must lead another.)(3) there must be no plausible alternative explanationsMini-lecture23.What are the main types of essay at university?Discussion, persuasion, compare and contrast, cause and effect, and problem-solution.4.What are the three types of cause and effect essay? Give an example for each type.(1) cause-only essays (A: explain the reason why something happened)(2) effect-only essays (B: discuss what will happen)(3) cause-and-effect essays (C: a combination of A and B)5.What basic format does cause-effect essays follow?(1) Introduction: background and thesis(2) Body paragraphs: the reason why the thesis is true(3) Conclusion: recap of essay6.What are the two main ways a cause and effect essay can be organized? What are their merits?(1) a block structure (merits: generally clearer, especially for short essays)All of the causes are listed first and all of the effects are listed afterwards.(2) a chain structure (merits: ensure that the effects are related directly to the causes) Each cause is followed immediately by the effectMini-lecture37.What are some of the tips when asking why?(1) Justify your position with academic texts and research(2) Consider multiple causes of events(3) Consider multiple consequences(4) Use a diagram for complex cause-and-effect relationshipsMini-lecture48.What basic format does a cause-effect paragraph follow?Begin with a topic sentence, which is followed by specific supporting details.9.What basic format does a cause-effect essay follow?The topic sentence can be extended to the introduction paragraph and the reasons can be extended to the body paragraphs. All paragraphs are tied together in the final conclusion at the end of the essay.Mini-lecture510.What is the most popular type of cause and effect signal words? Cause and effect conjunctives.(1) Coordinators: for(2) Subordinators: because, so, as, duo to(3) Transitional phrases: thus, therefore, consequently(4) Noun forms: ‘have an effect’, ‘the reason is…’, ‘the cause of it is…’(5) Verb forms: ‘result in’, ‘result from’, ‘A causes B’(6) Use verbs and noun: the verb ‘devastate’ and noun ‘creator’。
minilecture评分标准
minilecture评分标准Minilecture评分标准是教师评估学生在公开演说中表现的一套体系。
这个标准主要涵盖了当前很引人注目的四个要素:语言、结构、表现和传达目的。
下面分步骤来阐述这些要素。
第一步:语言语言是minilecture评分标准中最重要的要素之一,它包括学生的语调、语速和语言组织能力等多个方面。
在评分时,教师需要考虑学生的发音是否准确、词汇是否丰富、语言是否清晰等问题。
通常来说,学生需要以清晰明了的语言来表达自己的观点,让观众可以听懂他们所讲的内容。
第二步:结构结构是一堂minilecture中非常重要的组成部分,它代表了学生的总体表现能力。
教师需要考虑学生的演讲是否合理,内容是否呼应主题,以及其是否有一个清晰的引言、主体和结论。
另外,教师还会考虑文章的“五落五扬”结构是否协调,文章的分段是否可以正常连接,以及学生是否成功地利用交叉创作、插图等各种手段来提升文章的质量。
第三步:表现表现是minilecture评分标准中非常重要的一项。
学生在讲话时需要注意自己的姿态和表情。
教师会考虑学生的外表是否符合minilecture的要求,例如:学生的衣服是否整齐、言谈举止,是否符合礼仪等方面。
此外,教师还会关注学生在讲话时的肢体语言、语气、眼神交流等方面,以此来评估学生的表现能力。
第四步:传达目的传达目的是minilecture评分标准中最基本的一项。
它代表了学生演讲的真正目的,也就是说学生演讲时所表达的思想和观点是否可以传达给观众。
在评估学生时,教师主要关注学生的言语表达能力、作者是如何运用语言和说服力来传达自己的想法的,以此来评估学生的表现。
总之,minilecture评分标准是一个严谨的体系,旨在帮助老师全面评估学生在公开演说中表现的能力。
在使用minilecture评分标准时,教师需要注意各种要素的考虑点,并鼓励学生积极参加练习和实践,以提升他们的表现能力和自信心。
专八minilecture单复数扣分
专八minilecture单复数扣分
在专业八级听力考试中,除了词汇量和听力技巧,正确的单复数形式也是得分的关键之一。
在听力题目中,有很多单复数形式的考察,如果没有掌握好这些细节,就会严重扣分。
首先,我们需要明确一些常见的名词和动词的复数形式。
例如,名词的复数形式通常是在词尾加上-s或-es,比如book-books、box-boxes、class-classes等等。
但也有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要特别记忆,比如child-children、foot-feet、woman-women等等。
动词的复数形式要根据主语来确定。
如果主语是第三人称单数,动词要加上-s或-es。
例如,He studies English every day.如果主语是复数,则动词不需要变化。
例如,They study English every day.
在考试中,我们要注意听题干中的关键词汇以及上下文的语境,判断名词和动词的单复数形式。
同时,在自己的备考过程中,也要反复练习这些细节,以确保在考试中不会因为这些小错误而失分。
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[北科大]通用学术英语1Unit4Mini-lecture
[北科大]通用学术英语1Unit4Mini-lectureUnit 4 Quiz on mini-lecturesMini-lecture 11.What relationship can two notions have? Elaborate on the possible relationships.○1causal relationship (one notion is the cause of thee other) ○2inclusive relationship (one is included in the other)○3opposite relationship (one is against the other)2.What is an analogy? What is its purpose?An analogy is a comparison between two things, usually for the purpose of explanation or clarification.3.How to make an analogy?Explain one thing by comparing it to something that is familiar.4.What are two tools to make an analogy?Metaphors and similes.Mini-lecture 25.What should be taken into consideration when we give an explanation?Whom we explain to, how we explain and how detailed the explanation will be.6.What are features of explanations in daily life?In everyday life, explanations occur in short phrases, simple words, and examples.7.What are common techniques in explaining a notion?Definition, exemplification, classification, comparison and analogy.8.Why does an analogy work well when a complicated notion is expressed?Because it can get a complicated point across in an incredibly simplistic way.Mini-lecture 39.What kind of language does academic vocabulary involve?More formal than everyday words and using professional lexicons.10.What note-taking method is suitable for an explanation whether academic or daily?○1Jot down some essential words.○2Draw a semantic map.Mini-lecture 411.What can be the basis of an effective analogy?Logical structures.12.What are suggested steps to a logical structure?○1Clarify your thinking by writing down all the necessary and important details.○2Structure thos e details logically by deciding which should be explained first and which on later.13.What are four steps to follow for filling in components after a logical structure is worked out?○1Consider your audience.○2Motivate the audience.○3Map out relationship s between notions or things that are explained.○4Reiterate and repeat the important points.Mini- lecture 514. What are features of academic vocabulary compared with daily vocabulary?Density, abstraction and causality.15. What is nominalization?Nominalization is a type of word formation in which a verbor an adjective (or other part of speech) is used as (or transformed into) a noun.16. How to generalize a nominalization?Focus on the key words in a sentence, and if it is not a noun, try to change it into a noun form and then place it at the beginning of the sentence. At the same time, we can alter the other parts to adapt to this change.。
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题型分析:推断题
• • • • 答题要求:意思符合原文,语法正确 Tem8 2002: Lectures: a most ____ use study activity Disadvantages: 1) less ____ than discussions or tutorials • 2) more demanding in note-taking • Tape script: The last activity is lectures. As we all know, lectures play a large part in most students’ timetables and occupy a considerable proportion of teachers’ efforts. • Key: inactive
应试技巧
• 抓细节 • 要诀:多记实词 • Tem8 2004 Good morning. Today’s lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversation. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you’ve known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends
题型分析
• • • • 细节题 要点题 推断题 归纳题 50%以上 其次 增• • • • • • 直观,原文中就有,偶尔需要词性转换。 Tem8 2005 III. How to choose a topic for a research paper In choosing a topic: Question1: your familiarity with the topic Question2: availability of relevant information Question3: narrowing the topic down to ____. Question4: asking questions about ____.
Mini-lecture
By House
选材
• • • • 900 words 6 mins 10 gaps Topics: 社会,历史,文化,科技,教育, 政治,经济,工业,农业,建筑,医学, 旅游,风土人情 • Features: 学术性强,结构层次分明,逻辑 性强。
历年话题
• • • • • • • • • • • 1997: 1998: 1999: 2000: 2001: 2002: 2003: 2004: 2005: 2006: 2007: credit card received pronunciation sponsorship of sports strategies for public speech press conference methods of study in college Maslow’s hierarchy of needs skills of conversation research paper understanding of literary works history of arts
应试技巧
• 抓中心
– 标题 – 中心句 – 起始段 Tem8 2004 Good morning. Today’s lecture will focus on how to make people feel at ease in conversation. I guess all of you sitting here can recall certain people who just seem to make you feel comfortable when they are around. You spend an hour with them and feel as if you’ve known them half your life. These people who have that certain something that makes us feel comfortable have something in common, and once we know what that is, we can go about getting some of that something for ourselves. How is it done? Here are some of the skills that good talkers have. If you follow the skills, they will help you put people at their ease, make them feel secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends.
Tape script: Question 3: Can you cut the topic down to a manageable size? Question 4: What questions can you ask about the topic itself?
题型分析:要点题
• 考讲座的提纲或知识要点 • Tem8 2004 • People who usually make us feel comfortable in conversations are good talkers. And they have something in common, i.e., skills to put people at ease. • 1. skill to ask questions • 2. skill to ____ for answers • 3. skill to laugh • 4. skill to part • Key: listen
应试技巧
• 过渡语
• • • • • • •
Last but not the least…. (2000) Another disadvantage in… (2001) In the…, at the most basic level…. At the next level… After this stage come the levels of… Next, the level of… What follow is the top level of….. (2003)
应试技巧
• • • • • • how 2 make people feel at ease in conversation certain people make you feel comfortable These people have something in common How? skills that good talkers have follow the skills, you put people at ease, secure, and comfortable, and turn acquaintances into friends
题型分析: 归纳题
• Tem8 2003 • Self-realization needs: needs to realize one’s potential. Ways to realize these needs are individually _____. • Tape script: It depends on different people. The means of satisfying them tend to vary greatly with the individual. For some people, learning a new skill, starting a new career after retirement could quite well satisfy their self-realization needs, while for other people, it could becoming the best there is in certain areas. • Key: different/various/dissimilar..
练习方法
• • • • word-to-word dictation Sentence or passage retelling Structural analysis Question design
应试技巧
• 抓要点
– 总领句 I’d like to discuss with you the secrets of good conversation, that…… (tem8 2000) Now let’s look at the features of them one by one. (tem8 2002) There are at least 3 components of real listening. (Tem8 2004) Generally speaking, there are 2 basic types of research papers…. (tem8 2005)