工程管理专业英语翻译
工程管理专业英语
2.2 句型
（1）为表达客观态度，常用it作为形式 主语。
专业英语多描述客观事物、现象和规律。这一特点决定了科 技人员在撰写科技文献时，要采用客观和准确的手法陈述被 描述对象的特性、规律，而不需要突出人。
例4、It is important to study the possibility of using SCM to improve the performance of construction enterprises, especially their environmental performance.
应该尽可能简洁，避免不必要的修饰和重复
例2、The yield criterion for a material is a mathematical description of the combinations of stresses which would cause yield of the material.In other words it is a relationship between applied stresses and strength.
其他常用的省略形式：
As already discussed 前已讨论 As explained before 前已解释
If so 倘若如此 As previously mentioned 前已提到 When needed (necessary, feasible)必要
As described above 如上所示
2 Features of Specialized English
专业英语的特点
2.1 措辞
措辞要准确、简洁、清楚 客观性（Objective）、准确性（accuracy）和精练性(conciseness)。
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
工程管理专业英语全文翻译Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only aspecific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look forshort term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。
工程管理专业英语
Specialized English for Construction Management
Email:myy_11@
什么是专业英语？
普通英语 (Common or Ordinal English) ——通用、普遍的 基础词汇以及听说读写
科技英语 (English for Science and Technology)
专业英语 (English for Special Science and Technology) □ 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念
、理论与事实为主要目的。遵守科技英语的语法体系和翻 译方法，特别注意客观事实和真理，表达准确(accuracy) 、精炼(conciseness)和正式(f专业性、涉及的面 更加狭窄，与专业内容配合更为密切。 □ 专业英语与科技英语既有区别又有联系，专业英语的学习 需要有一个良好的科技英语基础，同时也要注意其自身的 词汇特点，语法特点、修饰特点和翻译特点等等。
Unit 1 Types of Construction Project 建筑项目的类型
□ Field-labor-intensive 现场劳动密集型的 □ Account for 占，说明 □ Fiscal 财政的 □ Skyscraper 摩天大楼 □ Sophistication 老于世故，老练，复杂 □ Oligopoly 垄断，求过于供 □ Footpath 人行道，小路 □ Pipeline 管道，管线 □ Earthmover 重型推土机 □ Crane 起重机
□ human endeavor 人类活动
□ Educational philosophies and practices take shape in the architecture
各专业英文翻译
法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering化学工程与工艺 Chemacal Engineering and Technology安全工程 Safty Engineering工商管理 Industrial and Commercial Management市场营销 Market Management and Sales会计学 Accounting旅游管理 Tourism Management信息管理与信息系统 Information Management and System金融学 Finance国际经济与贸易 International Economy and Trade食品科学与工程 Food Sience and Engineering生物工程 Biological Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering建筑环境与设备工程、Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程、Processing Units and Control Engineering现代家政学、 Modern Domestic Science运动训练科学系、 Sports Train Science食品营养与检测、 Food Nutrition and Detect国际新闻、 International News体育健康教育系 Sports Health Education哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European Language and Literature亚非语言文学 Asian-African Language and Literature外国语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics in Foreign Languages新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication新闻学 Journalism传播学 Communication艺术学 Art艺术学 Art Theory音乐学 Music美术学 Fine Arts设计艺术学 Artistic Design戏剧戏曲学 Theater and Chinese Traditional Opera电影学 Film广播电视艺术学 Radio and television Art舞蹈学 Dance历史学 History历史学 History史学理论及史学史 Historical Theories and History of Historical Science考古学及博物馆学 Archaeology and Museology历史地理学 Historical Geography历史文献学(含敦煌学、古文字学) Studies of Historical Literature (includingPaleography and Studies of Dunhuang)专门史 History of Particular Subjects中国古代史 Ancient Chinese History中国近现代史 Modern and Contemporary Chinese History世界史 World History理学 Natural Science数学 Mathematics基础数学 Fundamental Mathematics计算数学 Computational Mathematics概率论与数理统计 Probability and Mathematical Statistics 应用数学 Applied mathematics运筹学与控制论 Operational Research and Cybernetics物理学 Physics理论物理 Theoretical Physics粒子物理与原子核物理 Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics原子与分子物理 Atomic and Molecular Physics等离子体物理 Plasma Physics凝聚态物理 Condensed Matter Physics声学 Acoustics光学 Optics无线电物理 Radio Physics化学 Chemistry无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry分析化学 Analytical Chemistry有机化学 Organic Chemistry物理化学（含化学物理） Physical Chemistry (including Chemical Physics)高分子化学与物理 Chemistry and Physics of Polymers天文学 Astronomy天体物理 Astrophysics天体测量与天体力学 Astrometry and Celestial Mechanics地理学 Geography自然地理学 Physical Geography人文地理学 Human Geography地图学与地理信息系统 Cartography and Geography Information System大气科学 Atmospheric Sciences气象学 Meteorology大气物理学与大气环境 Atmospheric Physics and Atmospheric Environment海洋科学 Marine Sciences物理海洋学 Physical Oceanography海洋化学 Marine Chemistry海洋生理学 Marine Biology海洋地质学 Marine Geology地球物理学 Geophysics固体地球物理学 Solid Earth Physics空间物理学 Space Physics地质学 Geology矿物学、岩石学、矿床学 Mineralogy, Petrology, Mineral Deposit Geology地球化学 Geochemistry古生物学与地层学（含古人类学） Paleontology and Stratigraphy (including Paleoanthropology)构造地质学 Structural Geology第四纪地质学 Quaternary Geology生物学 Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic Structure Engineering水利水电工程 Hydraulic and Hydro-Power Engineering港口、海岸及近海工程 Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering 测绘科学与技术 Surveying and Mapping大地测量学与测量工程 Geodesy and Survey Engineering摄影测量与遥感 Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing地图制图学与地理信息工程 Cartography and Geographic Information Engineering化学工程与技术 Chemical Engineering and Technology化学工程 Chemical Engineering化学工艺 Chemical Technology生物化工 Biochemical Engineering应用化学 Applied Chemistry工业催化 Industrial Catalysis地质资源与地质工程 Geological Resources and Geological Engineering矿产普查与勘探 Mineral Resource Prospecting and Exploration 地球探测与信息技术 Geodetection and Information Technology 地质工程 Geological Engineering矿业工程 Mineral Engineering采矿工程 Mining Engineering矿物加工工程 Mineral Processing Engineering安全技术及工程 Safety Technology and Engineering石油与天然气工程 Oil and Natural Gas Engineering油气井工程 Oil-Gas Well Engineering油气田开发工程 Oil-Gas Field Development Engineering油气储运工程 Oil-Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering 纺织科学与工程 Textile Science and Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等） The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science。
新疆大学各个学院各个专业的英语翻译
新疆大学各个学院各个专业的英语翻译。
希望能够对大家有所帮助。
水平有限，希望大家在浏览的同时帮忙校正，不甚感激……化学化工学院College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technics材料化学Materials Chemistry高分子材料Multimolecular Materials环境工程Environmental Engineering化学Chemical应用化学Applied Chemical过程装备与控制工程Processing Units and Control Engineering新闻与传播学院College of Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism广告学Advertising广播电视新闻学Radio and TV Journalism生命科学与技术学院College of Life Science and Technology生物工程Bioengineering生物技术Biotechnology生物科学Biological Science食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering数学与系统科学学院College of Mathematics and Systems Science数学与应用数学Mathematics and Applied Mathematics信息与计算科学Information and Computation Science资源与环境科学学院College of Resources and Environmental Science地理信息系统Geographic Information System资源环境与城乡规划管理Resources Environment and the Management of Urban and Rural Planning地理科学Geography生态学Ecology环境科学Environmental Science物理科学与技术学院College of Physical Science and Technology物理学Physics应用物理学Applied Physics信息科学与工程学院College of Information Science and Engineering电子信息科学与技术Sience and Technology of Electronic Information电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering通信工程Communication Engineering计算机科学与技术Computer Sience and Technology外国语学院College of Foreign Languages英语English俄语Russian日语Japanese人文学院College of Humanities文学Literature中国少数民族语言文学（维汉双语翻译）Chinese Minority Languages and Literatures (Uigur-Chinese Interpretation & Translation)中国少数民族语言文学（哈文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Kazakhstan Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维现代文秘方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Modern Secretary)中国少数民族语言文学（维吾尔语言）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature(Uigur)汉语言文学（现代文秘方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Modern Secretary)汉语言文学（文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Literature)汉语言文学（影视文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Television Literature)汉语言Chinese地质与勘察工程学院 College of Geosciences and Reconnaaissance Engineering资源勘察工程Resource Reconnaissance Engineering机械工程学院 College of Mechanical Engineering工业工程Industrial Engineering机械设计制造及其自动化 Mechanical Designing and Manufacturing Automation机械类Mechanical交通工程Traffic Engineering工业设计Industrial Designing电气工程学院College of Electrical Engineering电气工程及其自动化Electrical Engineering and Automation电子信息工程Electronic Information Engineering热能与动力工程Heat Energy and Dynamical Engineering自动化Automation建筑工程学院College of Civil Engineering and Architecture工程管理Engineering Management城市规划Urban Planning建筑学Architecture土木工程（交通土建）Civil Engineering(Civil Traffic)建筑环境与设备工程 Architectural Environment Equipment Engineering土木工程（建筑工程方向）Civil Engineering(Architecture Engineering)艺术设计学院Colleage of Arts Design服装设计与工程（服装设计）Fashion Design and Engineering(Fashion Design) 艺术设计（装潢艺术设计）Arts Design (Decorative Painting Arts Design)艺术设计（电脑艺术设计）Arts Design (Computer Arts Design)软件学院College of Software计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology高等职业与技术学院College of Altitude V ocation and Technology汉语Chinese计算机网络技术Computer Network Technology旅游管理Tourism Management社区管理与服务Community Management and Services文秘Secretary英语English市场营销Marketing经济与管理学院College of Economic and Management工商管理Business Administration国际经济与贸易International economic and trade金融学Finance经济学Economics信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System市场营销Marketing法学院College of law法学Law Study政治与公共管理学院College of Politics and Public Management行政管理Administration公共管理Public Management社会工作Social Work社会学Sociology政治学Political Science旅游学院College of Tourism旅游管理Tourism Management。
工程管理专业英语试题(含答案)
《工程管理专业英语》期末试题1一、词汇汉译英1.Project scheduling：项目企划2.individual project：单项工程3.framed structure：框架结构4.buckling：弯曲、翘曲5.foundation settlement：基础沉降6.line of action and the sense of the force：力的作用线和力的指向7.statically indeterminate structure：超静定结构8.Rate of expansion：伸长率9.Simulation: 仿真10.Relative height：相对高度（高差）11.Pavement：人行道12.Bulldozer：推土机13.Dummy：虚工序14.Withdrawal：撤回二、词汇汉译英1.钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete2.抗压强度：compression strength3.恒载：dead loads4.总承包商：general contractors5.预算：budget6.承重墙：bearing wall7.规范、说明书：specification8.水平荷载：vertical load9.流动资金：working capital10.合同管理：contract management11.工程量清单：bill of quantities12.垫层砂浆：bedding mortar13.刚度：rigidity三、典型句子英译汉1、All these loads depend largely on the location of the building, have to be taken by the structural system from all points and manners of application and transferred to the foundations.所有这些荷载，在很大程度上取决于建筑物的位置，这些荷载由结构体系从各个点以各种作用方式传递到基础。
工程管理专业英语词汇
1、Construction industry 建筑业2、High-rise apartments 高层公寓3、Institution and commercial building construction 办公和商业用房建设办公和商业用房建设4、Oligopoly 垄断，供过于求5、Specialized industrial construction 专业化工业项目建设6、Infrastructure and heavy construction 重大基础项目建设7、Residential housing construction 住宅类房屋建设8、Take charge 负责9、Single-family house 独户住宅10、Professional consultant 专业咨询人士11、General contractor 总承包商12、Mission-oriented 以目标（任务）为导向的13、Continuity 连续性14、Indispensable 不可或缺的15、Common-place 常见的16、Schedule 进度17、Maximization 最大化18、Communication 沟通19、Certification 认证20、Distinguish 区别，区分21、Predetermined 预定的22、Ingredient 组成部分，成分23、Linear programming 线性规划24、Trade off 均衡，权衡25、Delineation 叙述，说明26、Utilization 使用27、Integration 综合，整合28、Shop drawings 施工图，安装图29、Simultaneously 同时的30、Prebid site 投标前现场31、Nominated subcontractor 指定分包商32、Prequalified 预审合格33、An manual of professional practice 专业人员从业手册专业人员从业手册34、Risk-reward 风险和回报35、Structural design 结构设计36、Specialized subcontractor 专业分包商37、Work package 工作包38、Construction planning 施工计划39、Technical feasibility 技术可行性40、Construction operations 施工作业41、Structural or foundation details 结构或基础的具体情况42、Ingenuity and creativity 灵活性和创造性1 建筑工程翻译公司选择本领域的专业翻译公司，需要参考以下实力标准：数量多。
工程管理专业英语翻译
passge1project management perspective关键步骤在任何项目的第一步，这是了解项目的目标，和项目团队成员沟通，考虑项目替代办法在投入项目工作之前。
在项目投入工作之前坐下来讨论是非常重要的。
项目经理需要沿学习曲线的项目非常快。
为此本项目经理应争取尽可能多的信息，关于该项目的客户。
客户端可以是高层管理人员也可以是其他职能领域的者.在某些情况下，项目的客户是项目管理本身在确定了项目并获得批准的项目从最高管理。
在建筑公司的客户是一个组织以外的建筑公司.项目管理需要详细讨论具体的项目目标，把它写下来，经工程用户学习一切有了解的项目，特别是在qriteria成功，预计的预算和进度.来，作为关键的决定或出现问题或机会，开发，项目经理需要仔细考虑谁是客户端和检查客户的关键决定.首先，审批进行项目已获批准，项目经理可以通过一个清单和收集项目信息。
项目经理早就被要求作出若干决定的宝贵投入的项目团队成员。
其中有些决定是什么目标完成日期的项目；项目的预算；在资源来；项目团队成员谁会和谁将开发计划的项目或提供系统支持，等等。
项目经理在形成阶段输入所获得的信息，将是有价值的，在作出这些早期决定。
项目经理应确定的复杂性，规模和独特的项目。
所有这些方面的影响，例如，对一些项目团队成员，他们将，预算，和时间表。
过程中的信息收集，转氨酶开始的项目，该项目经理面试关键职能管理人员谁预计贷款项目团队成员对这个项目。
项目经理应沟通的事实，最高管理者批准的计划，并获得批准的职能经理谁将提供资源进行项目，特别是那些谁将提供人力资源。
不确定性是一个元素开始，每一个项目的预设。
有时，这是目前在更大的程度比其他人。
它是特别普遍在项目是独一无二的，因为没有类似的东西已完成的项目管理，不确定性也是目前在很大程度上这是第一个项目由项目经理或，更因此，如果它的第一个项目所进行的组织的项目管理部。
前面提到的清单，和额外的努力，该项目获得以信息尽可能早期，可以穿过这个杠杆的不确定性和模糊性。
专业中英文对照表
中南财经政法大学证书翻译用词中英对照参考表一、学位：法学学士: Law 文学学士: Arts理学学士： Science 史学学士： Hislosophy经济学士: Economics 管理学士: Management哲学学士: Philosophy 工学学士: Engineering二、学院专业：01、哲学院： School of Philosophy哲学: Philosophy政治学: Politics国际政治： International Politics02、马克思主义学院：School of Marxism历史学: History思政教育: Ideological and Political Education03、经济学院： School of Economics国际商务： International Business经济学专业： Economics工业经济学 Industrial Economics农业经济学 Agricultural Economics商业经济 Commercial Economics经济策划 Economic Planning发展经济学 Development Economics国民经济计划 National Economy Planning国民经济管理 Management of National Economy国际经济合作 International Economical Cooperation04、财政税务学院 School of Public Finance and Taxation财政学 Public Finance税务 Taxation农业税收 Agricultural Taxation国际税收 International Taxation注册税务师方向 Certified Tax Agents05、新华金融保险学院Xinhua School of Finance and Insurance金融学 Finance金融工程 Financial Engineering保险 Insurance统计学 Statistics工程管理 Engineering Management国际金融 International Finance国际贸易 International Trade投资学 Investments投资经济 Investment Economics国际投资 International Investment投资项目评估 Evaluation on Investment Project证券 Securities证券投资 Security Investment房地产经营管理Real estate Management理财学 Management of Financial Affairs货币银行学 Money and Banking农村金融与保险 Agricultural Finance and Insurance银行经营管理 Operation and Administration of Bank06、法学院 School of Law法学 Law经济法 Economic Law国际经济法 International Economic Law07、刑事司法学院 School of Criminal and Justice公安学院 School of Public Security侦查学 Investigation治安学 Public Security边防管理 Management of Border Defence08、外国语学院 School of Foreign Languages英语 English日语 Japanese09、新闻与文化传播学院School of Journalism and Mass Communication汉语言文学 Chinese Language and Literature新闻传播学 Journalism and Communication汉语与写作 Chinese and Writing艺术设计（动画方向） Art and Design (Animation)广电新闻学 Journalism of Broadcasting and Television10、工商管理学院 School of Business Administration工商管理 Business Administration工程管理 Engineering Management物流管理 Logistics Management市场营销 Marketing国际经济与贸易 International Economics and Trade国际贸易 International Trade贸易经济 Trade and Economic商贸英语 Business English人力资源管理 Management of Human Resources电子商务 Electronic Commerce管理科学 Science of Administration.旅游管理 Tourism Management农林经济管理:Management of Agricultural and Forestry Economy国际企业管理Management of International Enterprises11、会计学院 School of Accounting财务管理 Financial Management会计学 Accounting国际会计 International Accounting注册会计师 Certified Public Accountant12、公共管理学院 School of Public Administration劳动与社会保障 Labor and Social Security行政管理 General Administration公共关系学 Public Relation劳动人事管理 Personnel Administration公共事业管理 Management of Public Affairs国有资产管理 Management of Stated-Owned Assets城市管理 Urban Management13、统计与数学学院 School of Statistics and Mathematics统计学 Statistics信息与计算科学 Information and Calculate Science14、信息与安全工程学院School of Information and Safety Engineering安全工程 Safety Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering计算机应用 Application of Computer电子商务（信息技术方向） Electronic Commerce计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology数据库系统 Data Base System管理信息系统Managerial Information System信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System。
各专业英文翻译
法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 Environmental Engineering化学工程与工艺 Chemacal Engineering and Technology安全工程 Safty Engineering工商管理 Industrial and Commercial Management市场营销 Market Management and Sales会计学 Accounting旅游管理 Tourism Management信息管理与信息系统 Information Management and System金融学 Finance国际经济与贸易 International Economy and Trade食品科学与工程 Food Sience and Engineering生物工程 Biological Engineering纺织工程 Textile Engineering建筑环境与设备工程、Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程、Processing Units and Control Engineering现代家政学、 Modern Domestic Science运动训练科学系、 Sports Train Science食品营养与检测、 Food Nutrition and Detect国际新闻、 International News体育健康教育系 Sports Health Education哲学 Philosophy马克思主义哲学 Philosophy of Marxism中国哲学 Chinese Philosophy外国哲学 Foreign Philosophies逻辑学 Logic伦理学 Ethics美学 Aesthetics宗教学 Science of Religion科学技术哲学 Philosophy of Science and Technology经济学 Economics理论经济学 Theoretical Economics政治经济学 Political Economy经济思想史 History of Economic Thought经济史 History of Economic西方经济学 Western Economics世界经济 World Economics人口、资源与环境经济学 Population, Resources and Environmental Economics应用经济学 Applied Economics国民经济学 National Economics区域经济学 Regional Economics财政学（含税收学） Public Finance (including Taxation)金融学（含保险学） Finance (including Insurance)产业经济学 Industrial Economics国际贸易学 International Trade劳动经济学 Labor Economics统计学 Statistics数量经济学 Quantitative Economics中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称国防经济学 National Defense Economics法学 Law法学 Science of Law法学理论 Jurisprudence法律史 Legal History宪法学与行政法学 Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学 Criminal Jurisprudence民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law )诉讼法学 Science of Procedure Laws经济法学 Science of Economic Law环境与资源保护法学 Science of Environment and Natural Resources Protection Law国际法学(含国际公法学、国际私法学、国际经济法学、) International law (including International Public law, International Private Law and International Economic Law)军事法学 Science of Military Law政治学 Political Science政治学理论 Political Theory中外政治制度 Chinese and Foreign Political Institution科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动 Scientific Socialism and InternationalCommunist Movement中*史(含党的学说与党的建设) History of the Communist Party of China(including the Doctrine of China Party and Party Building) 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育 Education of Marxist Theory and Education in Ideology and Politics国际政治学 International Politics国际关系学 International Relations外交学 Diplomacy社会学 Sociology社会学 Sociology人口学 Demography人类学 Anthropology民俗学(含中国民间文学) Folklore (including Chinese Folk Literature)民族学 Ethnology民族学 Ethnology马克思主义民族理论与政策 Marxist Ethnic Theory and Policy 中国少数民族经济 Chinese Ethnic Economics中国少数民族史 Chinese Ethnic History中国少数民族艺术 Chinese Ethnic Art教育学 Education教育学 Education Science教育学原理 Educational Principle课程与教学论 Curriculum and Teaching Methodology教育史 History of Education比较教育学 Comparative Education学前教育学 Pre-school Education高等教育学 Higher Education成人教育学 Adult Education职业技术教育学 Vocational and Technical Education特殊教育学 Special Education教育技术学 Education Technology心理学 Psychology基础心理学 Basic Psychology发展与心理学 Developmental and Educational Psychology应用心理学 Applied Psychology体育学 Science of Physical Culture and Sports体育人文社会学 Humane and Sociological Science of Sports 运动人体科学 Human Movement Science体育教育训练学 Theory of Sports Pedagogy and Training民族传统体育学 Science of Ethnic Traditional Sports文学 Literature中国语言文学 Chinese Literature文艺学 Theory of Literature and Art语言学及应用语言学 Linguistics and Applied Linguistics汉语言文字学 Chinese Philology中国古典文献学 Study of Chinese Classical Text中国古代文学 Ancient Chinese Literature中国现当代文学 Modern and Contemporary Chinese Literature 中国少数民族语言文学 Chinese Ethnic Language and Literature比较文学与世界文学 Comparative Literature and World Literature外国语言文学 Foreign Languages and Literatures英语语言文学 English Language and Literature俄语语言文学 Russian Language and Literature法语语言文学 French Language and Literature德语语言文学 German Language and Literature日语语言文学 Japanese Language and Literature印度语言文学 Indian Language and Literature西班牙语语言文学 Spanish Language and Literature阿拉伯语语言文学 Arabic Language and Literature欧洲语言文学 European 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of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 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Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food Science and Engineering食品科学 Food Science粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程 Cereals, Oils and Vegetable Protein Engineering农产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Agriculture Products水产品加工及贮藏工程 Processing and Storage of Aquatic Products农学 Agriculture作物学 Crop Science作物栽培学与耕作学 Crop Cultivation and Farming System作物遗传育种学 Crop Genetics and Breeding园艺学 Horticulture果树学 Pomology蔬菜学 Olericulture茶学 Tea Science农业资源利用学 Utilization Science of Agricultural Resources 土壤学 Soil Science植物营养学 Plant Nutrition植物保护学 Plant Protection植物病理学 Plant Pathology农业昆虫与害虫防治 Agricultural Entomology and Pest Control 农药学 Pesticide Science畜牧学 Animal Science动物遗传育种与繁殖 Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Science动物营养与饲料科学 Animal Nutrition and Feed Science草业科学 Practaculture Science特种经济动物饲养学（含蚕、蜂等） The Rearing of Special-type EconomicAnimals (including Silkworm, Honeybees, etc.)兽医学 Veterinary Medicine基础兽医学 Basic Veterinary Medicine预防兽医学 Preventive Veterinary Medicine临床兽医学 Clinical Veterinary Medicine林学 Forestry林木遗传育种学 Forest Tree Genetics and Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & Management林业经济管理学 Forestry Economics & Management公共管理学 Science of Public Management行政管理学 Administration Management社会医学与卫生事业管理学 Social Medicine and Health Management教育经济与管理学 Educational Economy and Management社会保障学 Social Security土地资源管理学 Land Resource Management图书馆、情报与档案学 Science of Library, Information and Archival图书馆学 Library Science情报学 Information Science档案学 Archival Science（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。
工程管理专业英语翻译
1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2.In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5.In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。
工程管理专业英语unit2
Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性
When local firms insist that they only participate as a join-venture
桂林理工大学博文管理学院建筑工程系 工程管理专业英语
Unit 2 Emerging Role of Management in Civil Engineering 管理对土木工程的重要性
Comprehension Exercises
Please answer the following questions briefly. Q1：what is the basis for the argument that the need for civil engineering is growing? Q2: what is the hottest new graduate program in civil engineering at northwestern university? which subjects does the program include? Q3 why are all project managers required to be able to communicate well verbally as well as in writing?
在当地公司坚持它们只能以合资伙伴参与，项目经理面临的问题
就增加了，因为当地公司通常不能提供一份履约保证金、责任保 险或者甚至是一套有意义的能建立它们真正的工资成本和日常开 支的账户。 In summary, the present paper is intended to show……总之，本文 旨在说明…… accelerate vt. 加速,促进，增加 command vt. 赢得，拥有，掌握 appreciably ad.明显的，可觉察到，相当的
各专业英文翻译
法学 Law Study英语 English日语 Japanese信息与计算科学 Information and Computation Science应用物理学 Applied Physics冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering金属材料工程 Metallic Materials Engineering无机非金属材料 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials材料成型及控制工程 Material Formation and controlEngineering高分子材料与工程 Multimolecular Materials and Engineering工业设计 Industrial Disign建筑学 Architecture城市规划 City Planning艺术设计 Artistical Disign包装工程 Packaging Engineering机械设计制造及自动化Machine Disign,Manufacturing,and Automation热能与动力工程 Thermal and Power Engineering水利水电工程 WaterConservance and Electro-power Engineering测控技术与仪器 Technique and Instrumentation of Measurements电气工程及其自动化 Electric Engineering and its Automation自动化 Automation通信工程 Communication Engineering电子信息科学与技术 Sience and Technology of Electronic Information 计算机科学与技术 Computer Sience and Technology土木工程 Civil Engineering工程管理 Project Management给水排水工程 Water Supply and Sewage Engineering建筑环境与设备工程 Constructional Environment and Equipment Engineering 过程装备与控制工程 Processing Units and Control Engineering环境工程 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工程管理专业英语相关翻译
1.1T he Project Life Cycle1段：Project managers or the organization can divide projects into phases to provide better management control with appropriate links to the ongoing operations of the performing organization. Collectively, these phases are known as the project life cycle. Many organizations identify a specific set of life cycles for use on all of their projects.项目经理或组织可以把每一个项目划分成若干个阶段，以便有效地进行管理控制，并与实施该项目组织的日常运作联系起来。
这些项目阶段合在一起称为项目生命期。
许多组织识别出一套具体的生命期供其所有的项目使用。
2段：For example, from the perspective of an owner, the project life cycle for a constructed facility may be illustrated schematically in Figure1-1.从业主的角度来看，建设项目的生命周期可用图1-1表示。
Essentially, a project is conceived to meet market demands or needs in a timely fashion.从本质上讲，一个项目试图及时满足市场需求。
in a timely fashion. 及时meet market demands or needs 满足市场需求Various possibilities may be considered in the conceptual planning stage, and the technological and economic feasibility of each alternative will be assessed and compared in order to select the best possible project.在项目规划阶段，很多不同的方案都可能被考虑，同事每一天备选方案的技术可行性都经过评估和比较，以选出最优方案。
工程管理专业英语第二单元翻译
这些情况下，作为结果，建设项目所代表的它们的复杂性和多样性，其生产的非标准化的性质。使用工厂生产的模块单元可以减少这种个性一些，但是这是不可能的现场施工都无法完全适应的标准化的方法和组装线生产的产品的一致性..
Construction project management is concerned with planning, scheduling, and controlling nonroutine activities within certain time and resource constrains. If a construction project is to be constructed within its established budget and time schedule, close management control of field operations is a necessity. Construction project conditions include technical complexity, importance of timely completion, resource limitations, and control of construction operations. Unfortunately, the construction process once it is set into motion is not a self-regulating mechanism and requires expert guidance if events are to conform to plans.
工程管理专业英语第五章翻译
Chapter 5Bidding and Tendering of Construction Projects建设项目投标和招标5.1 Bidding Procedure of Construction Projects建设项目投标过程第一段：第一句：The implementing agencies of borrowing countries can use a variety of procurement methods on World Bank-financed projects〔世界银行资助项目〕.借款国的执行机构可以使用世界银行资助项目的各种采购方法。
第二句：The method selected depends on a number of factors including [〔the type of goods or services being procured〕, 〔the value of the goods or services being procured〕, 〔the potential interest of foreign bidders〕and 〔even the cost of the procurement process itself〕].选择的方法取决于多项因素，包括所采购的商品或服务的类型；采购的商品或服务的价值；外国投标者的潜在利益；甚至采购过程本身的成本。
第三句：The overall objective of the guidelines〔指南〕how to select procurement methods is to allow borrowing countries to buy high quality goods and services as economically as possible 〔尽可能经济〕.指南中如何选择采购方式的总体目标是让借款国在尽可能经济的条件下购买优质的产品和服务。
院系专业名称英语翻译
院系专业名称英语翻译各学院（原系）中英文对照生物技术学院College of Biotechnology生命科学学院College of Life Science资源环境学院College of Environment and Natural Resources资源环境学院College of Resources and Environment林学院College of Forestry经济贸易学院College of Economics and Trade经济管理学院College of Economics Management工程技术学院College of Polytechnics工程学院College of Engineering农业工程系Department of Agricultural Engineering理学院College of Sciences信息学院College of Information人文学院College of Humanities公管管理学院College of Public Management农学系Department of Agronomy园艺系Department of Horticulture蚕桑系Department of Sericulture艺术设计学院College of Art Design动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院College of Animal Science兽医学院College of Veterinary Science食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院College of Food艺术学院College of Arts水利与土木工程学院College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering各学位名称对照农学士Agriculture工学士Engineering理学士Sciences哲学士Philosophy经济学士Economics管理学士Management文学士Arts各专业中英文名称对照工商管理Business Administration金融学Finance and Banking经济学Economics会计学Accounting农林经济管理Agricultural/forest Economy Management社会工作Social Work英语English生物技术Biotechnology机械设计及其自动化Machine Design & Manufacturing and Their Automation 信息管理与信息系统Information Management & Information Systems电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering农业机械化及其自动化Agricultural Mechanization And Its Automation农业电气化与自动化Agricultural Electrification and Automation土木工程Civil Engineering交通运输Traffic and Transportation应用化学Applied chemistry计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology植物保护Plant Protection土地资源管理Land Resources Management农业资源与环境Agricultural Resources and Environment土地资源管理Land Resources Management农学Agronomy茶学Tea Science食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering园艺Horticulture木材科学与工程Wood Science and Engineering森林资源保护与游憩Forest Resources Conservation and Recreation林学Forestry园林Landscape Gardening动物科学Animal Science动物医学Veterinary Medicine蚕学Sericulture法学Law食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering服装设计与工程Apparel Design and Engineering管理信息系统Management Information Systems土壤与农业化学Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry土地规划与利用Land Planning and Utilization农业环境保护Agricultural Environment Protection木材加工Wood Processing经济林Economic Forest农业经济与管理Agricultural Economics and Management贸易经济Trade Economics企业管理Industrial Management国际金融International Trade农业机械化Agricultural Mechanization机械设计Design and Manufacturing汽车运用工程Mobile Application中国社会主义建设Chinese Socialist Construction作物遗传育种Plant Genetics and Breeding果树Pomology动物营养与饲料加工Animal Nutrition and Feed Processing畜牧Animal Husbandry农业工程Agricultural Engineering家具设计与室内装饰Furniture Design and Room Decoration市场策划与营销Market Planning and Marketing土地经济与房地产管理Land Economics and Real Estate Management 精细化工Fine Chemistry财务管理与计算机Financial Management and Computer经贸英语Business English公共关系与秘书Public Relation茶叶加工与贸易Tea Processing And Trade花卉与庭园工程Floriculture And Gardening丝绸与贸易Silk And Trade养禽与禽病防治Poultry Raising And Disease Control微生物发酵技术与贸易Microorganism Fermentation And Trade各学院（原系）主要课程中英文对照生物技术学院(College of Biotechnology)生命科学学院(College of Life Science)化学除草原理与技术Principles and application of weed chemistry control 种子生理Seed physiology组织培养技术Technology of tissue culture果蔬保鲜原理与技术Techniques in preservation of fruit & vegetable植物学Botany酶工程Enzyme engineering植物显微技术Botanical microtechnique细胞生物学Cell biology农田杂草Farmland weed普通生态学General ecology药用植物资源利用Resources and utilization of medicinal plant生物化学研究技术Techniques in biochemistry researches分析与检测技术Technology of test and analysis动物生物化学Animal biochemistry基因工程Genetic engineering文献查阅与综述方法Document searching and reviewing植物生物化学Plant biochemistry蛋白质工程Protein engineering分子生物学Molecular biology植物生物化学实验Plant biochemistry experiment遗传（基因）工程导论Introduction to genetic engineering辐照基础与应用Basis and application of irradiation technology辐射生物学Irradiational biology免疫学Immunology同位素示踪原理及其应用技术Isotopic tracer technique reason and appliance 同位素应用技术Application of isotopes生物电子显微技术Electron microscope and preparation of biological specimen 仪器分析Instrumental analysis现代仪器分析与食品检测Modern instrumental analysis and food inspection农业与温室气体（排放）Agriculture greenhouse effect gases电镜技术Electron microscope technique植物生理学Plant physiology生物物理学Biophysics生态学Ecology核素应用技术The application of nuclide农业电子技术The electronic technology of agriculture食品科学系Department of Food Science食品学院College of Food Science普通微生物学General microbiology农业微生物学Agricultural microbiology食品微生物学Food microbiology环境微生物学Environmental microbiology微生物学实验技术Experimental technique in microbiology食品微生物学实验Microbiological test of food发酵工艺学原理Principles of fermentation technology微生物遗传育种Microbial genetics and strain improvement食品生物化学Biochemistry of food products食品添加济Additives of food products食物酶学Enzyme engineering of food食品分析Food analysis食品营养学Food nutriology食品工艺学Food technology果蔬加工学Processing of fruit and vegetable食品工厂设计The design of food factory乳品学Dairy science &technology蛋品学Egg science & technology肉品学Meat science & technology食品工程原理Principles of food engineering农产品加工学Agricultural products processing technology食品机械与设备Food machinery and equipment食品包装学Food packaging动物科学系Department of Animal Science动物科学学院College of Animal Science动物生理学Animal physiology家畜行为学Ethnology of domestic animals饲料卫生学Feed hygienic配合饲料工艺学Technology of formula feed单胃动物营养学Nutrition of unistomach animals反刍动物营养学Ruminant nutrition饲料检测技术The technique of feed checking and analysis饲料生产学Feed production饲料添加剂学Feed addition家畜饲料学附饲料分析Livestock feeding and feeds analysis饲料原料及加工贮藏Feed ingredients and processing and storage动物饲养学Animal feeding动物营养学基本原理The basal principle of animal nutrition配合饲料技术The technique of formular feed普通畜牧学Animal husbandry淡水养鱼学Culture of fresh-water fish动物学Zoology家禽学Poultry science珍禽学Science of rare birds家畜育种学Poultry breeding家禽孵化学Poultry hatching家畜环境卫生学Livestock environment hygiene牛生产学Cattle production家兔生产学Rabbit production猪生产学Swine production畜牧家畜育种学Animal breeding数量遗传学Quantitative genetics动物遗传学Animal genetics生物统计附试验设计Biological statistics养犬与养猫Canine and feline production家畜繁殖学Animal reproduction动物遗传育种Animal Genetics & Breeding动物生产学Animal production动物医学系(Department of Veterinary Medicine )兽医学院(College of Veterinary Medicine)家畜解剖学The anatomy of the domestic animals禽病学Diseases of poultry家畜病理学The pathology of the domestic animals动物组织学与胚胎学Histology and embryology of the domestic animals 家畜解剖学及组织胚胎学家禽普通病学General diseases of poultry中兽医学Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine兽医临床诊断学Clinical diagnosis of veterinarian家禽传染病学Avian infectious diseases家禽内科学Internal medicine of domestic animals家禽药理学Poultry pharmacology兽医药理学Veterinary pharmacology家畜寄生虫学Parasitology of domestic animals家禽病理学Pathology of poultry兽医产科学Veterinary breeding家畜外科学Veterinary surgery兽医应用免疫学Veterinary applied immunology动物性食品卫生学Animal food hygiene家畜传染病学Infections disease of domestic animals兽医学Veterinary medicine兽医药理学的毒理学Veterinary pharmacy toxicology理学院(College of Science)计算机关系数据库Relationship database计算机应用基础Fundamentals of computer application 计算机应用基础Computer applicationC语言程序设计Programming in C物理化学Physical chemistry有机化学Organic chemistry分析化学Analytical chemistry普通化学General chemistry化工仪表Chemical engineering and meter化学实验Experiment in general chemistry大学物理College physics应用电子技术The application of electronic technology概率论Probability theory线性代数Linear algebra高等数学Advanced mathematics必修课The required courses选修课Optional courses限选课Limited optional courses实践课Practical courses军训Military training专业劳动Work in specialty and for production教学实践Practice in the course生产实习Training for working毕业论文（设计）The thesis or designing for graduation 物化胶化Physical colloid chemistry人文科学学院(College of Humanities)法律基础Fundamentals of law社会主义人生实践The socialist practice in one’s life形势政策教育The education of situation and policy马克思主义原理The course on Marxist theories中国革命史The history of Chinese revolution中国革命的理论与实践The theory and practice of the Chinese revolution社会调查研究理论与方法Theory and method on social investigation and research 中国社会主义建设China’s socialist construction国际贸易International trade经济法学Economic law中国社会主义市场经济概论An introduction to china’s socialist market economy政治经济学Political economics西方经济学Western economics行政管理学Administration management应用写作Practical writing思想教育Ideological education自然科学方法论The methodology of natural science逻辑学Logic农业文献检索Agricultural literature indexing专业英语Special English体育Physical training毛泽东思想概论An introduction to Mao zedong thought邓小平理论概论An introduction to Deng xiaoping theory教育学Pedagogy思想道德修养Thought & moral training教学法Teaching method应用写作Practical writing农业史Agricultural history经济贸易学院(College of Economics and Trade)乡镇企业管理学院(College of Rural Enterprise Management)宏观经济学Macroeconomics微观经济学Microeconomics政治经济学Political economics发展经济学Development economics农业经济学Agricultural economics外国农业经济Foreign agricultural economics中国经济地理Economy geography in China经济法学The law of economics国际商法International commercial law管理信息系统Management information system农业会计学Agricultural accounting消费经济学Consumption economics电算化会计原理Computer accounting成本会计Cost accounting统计学原理Principle of statistics商品流通统计Accounting in commodity circulation金融统计Financial statistics会计学原理Principle of accounting商品流通企业会计Business accounting in commodity circulation财务会计学Financial accounting审计学Auditing银行会计Bank accounting农业政策学Agricultural policy管理学原理Principle management企业学原理Business management房地产经营管理Administration and management of real estate银行经营管理Administration and management of bank商业企业经营管理Business administration and management涉外企业管理Foreign business management资源经济学Resource economics农产品贸易学Agricultural products trade国际贸易International trade进出口贸易实务Practice in import-Export trade市场营销学Marketing国际市场营销学International marketing财政学Public finance国际金融International finance证券投资Investment on securities公共关系学Public relations货币银行学Economics of money and banking投资经济学Economics of investment国际结算International settlement银行信贷学Bank credit财政金融Public finance and monetary economics期货交易理论与实务Theory and practices of futures土地经济学Land economics乡镇企业经济管理The economic management of tow’s enterprise 经济计量学Economical estimate审计学audit农学系(Department of Agronomy)农学院(College of Agriculture)制茶学Manufacture of tea作物育种学（各论）Crop breeding作物育种学（总论）Crop breeding (general discourse)种子学原理Principles of seed science农业管理学Agricultural management农产品综合利用Comprehensive utilization of crop products耕作学Cultivation science经济作物学Industry crop science农业气象基础Agrometeorology遗传学Genetics茶树栽培学Tea cultivation茶叶审评与检验Tea tasting and inspection试验设计与统计分析Experimental designs and statistical analyses农业生态学Agroecology农业自然资源利用及农业区划Utilization of agricultural resources and agricultural regionalization 茶树能种学Tea plant breeding粮食作物学Food crop science茶叶生物化学Biochemistry of tea农业推广学Agricultural popularization农业环境保护Agricultural environmental protection作物栽培学与耕作学Crop cultivation & geoponics蚕桑系(Department of Sericulture)艺术设计学院(College of Art Design)蚕桑综合利用Silkworm-mulberry multipurpose utilization茧丝学Cocoon silk science养蚕学Seri cultural science蚕体解剖生理Anatomy and physiology of silkworm桑树栽培及育种学Mulberry cultivation & breeding桑树病虫害防治学蚕种学Silkworm egg production家蚕遗传育种Silkworm genetic of thremmatology遗传学Genetics蚕病学Silkworm pathology蚕桑学Sericulture园艺系(Department of Horticulture)园艺学院(College of Horticulture)插花艺术Art of floweral arrangement蔬菜育种学Vegetable breeding花卉园艺学Floriculture园艺商品学Marketing of horticultural product园艺设施栽培Horticultural facilities culture植物显微技术Plant microtechnology园艺通论General horticulture园艺昆虫学Horticultural entomology园艺植物育种学Plant breeding in horticulture果树生理学Fruit tree physiology园艺研究法Horticulture studies果树栽培学总论Pomology园艺产品贮藏保鲜学Techniques in preservation of horticultural products园艺植物病理学The pest control of horticulture plant花卉保鲜学Techniques in preservation of flowers & plants园艺植物生理学Horticulture plant pathology蔬菜栽培学Vegetable culture盆景艺术Pruning采后生理Post harvest physiology果树抗性育种专题Special topic on fruit tree resistance园艺植物的生物技术The biotechnique of horticultural plant园艺概论An outline of horticulture蔬菜学Olericulture果树学Pomology工程技术学院(College of polytechnics)工程学院(College of Engineering)建筑电工Architectural electrotechnics电工学Electrotechnics工业电子学Industrial electronics材料力学Strength of materials建筑力学（结构力学部分）Mechanics of structure理论力学Theoretical mechanics机械设计Machinery design机械原理Theory of machine and mechanism画法几何学Drawing geometry机械制图Engineering drawing工程制图Engineering drawing园林工程制图Landscape drawing建筑制图Building drawing液压技术2 Hydraulic technique 2机械工程材料Materials of mechanical engineering机床夹具设计原理Theory of jig design for machine tool冷冲工艺及冷冲模设计Punching technology and punch die design金属切削原理与刀具Principle of l cutting and cutting tool金属工艺学l technology机械制造工艺学Manufactural technology of machinery金属工艺学l technology液压技术1 Hydraulic technique 1汽车维修理论Theory of automobile service汽车运输学Transportation of automobile互换性与测量技术Interchangeability and technical measurement汽车构造Construction of automobile汽车运用工程Automobile application engineering热工基础Fundamental of thermo-technology食品干燥工艺与设备Food drying technology and equipment食品包装机械Food packaging machinery农业机械学Agricultural machinery食品工程原理Theory of food process engineering食品加工机械与设备Foot processing machinery and equipments砼与砌体结构Reinforce concrete建筑构造Structure of building建筑材料Constructional material建筑施工技术与施工组织Technology and planning of building operation单层工业厂房排架结构设计The design of single-factory building with d structure 高层建筑结构设计Design of high rise building民用建筑设计原理Design of civil architecture农业系统工程及管理工程Systems engineering and management engineering资源环境学院(College of Resources and Environment)环境监测Environmental monitoring土壤农业化学Agrochemistry analysis生产布局学原理Principle of productive distribution城镇建设用地管理Management of land urban construction城市规划原理Principle of urban planning资源经济学Resources economics经济地理Economic geography土地资源调查Land resources survey地图绘编Map establishment遥感技术基础Fundamental of remote sensing technology土地信息系统Land information system地籍管理Land management土地规划学Land planning science土地管理学Land management土地经济学Land economic房地产管理Management of real estate房地产估价Appraisement of real estate固体废物的处理与处置Treatment & disposal wastes城市污泥的农业再循环与生态环境The agricultural recycling of municipal sludge and the ecological environment 大气污染控制工程Air pollution controlling engineering环境质量评价Environmental quality assessment环境化学Environmental chemistry水体污染控制工程Water pollution controlling engineering环境生态Environmental ecology土壤污染与防治Soil pollution环境保护概论Introduction of environmental protection农业环境保护概论Introduction of agricultural environmental protection无土栽培原理与技术Theories and techniques of soilless culture农业化学总论Introduction of agrochemistry作物施肥原理Principles of crop fertilization作物营养研究法Methodology of plant nutrition土壤物理学Soil physics土壤学Pedology环境土壤学Environmental pedology土壤化学Soil chemistry土壤粘粒矿物Mineral of soil clay fration土质学基础Basis of geology土壤地理学Soil geography区域土壤学Regional pedology土壤资源调查Soil resources survey茶树病虫害(病害部分) Tea disease and pest (disease section)植物检疫学Quarantine for pests植物病毒学Plant virology果树病理学Fruit tree pathology果蔬病害Fruit and vegetable diseases植物免疫学Plant immunology普通昆虫学General entomology真菌资源及利用Fungal resources and their utilization除草剂毒理学Toxicology of herbicides植物病害生物防治学Biological prevention and control of plant diseases害虫生物防治Biological control杀菌剂毒理学Toxicology of fungicides植物病害流行学Epidemiology of plant diseases农业螨类学Agricultural acarology害虫综合防治Integrated pest management生物统计学Biometrics城市昆虫学Civil entomology作物抗虫育种原理及应用Principle and application of resistant plant breeding 植物病原细菌学Plant bacteriology植物病理学Plant pathology真菌分类学Taxonomy of fungi植物线虫学Plant nematology农业植物病理学Agricultural phytopathology普通植物病理学General phytopathology果蔬昆虫学Fruit plant & vegetable entomology果蔬贮运病害Fruit and vegetable diseases during storage食用真菌学Edible fung林学院College of Forestry数理统计Mathematical statistics遗传学Genetics树木育种学Forest tree breeding树木育苗学Tree seeds and nursery stock science自然保护区学Science of nature reserve造林学Silviculture林业技术经济学Forestry technology economics森林经营学Forest management林业经济管理学Management of forestry economics林业政策与法规Policies and laws of forestry会计学原理Fundamentals of accounting树木病理学Forest pathology测树学Forest measuration测量学Surveying森林生态学Forest ecology森林土壤学Forest soil science森林经理学Forest management森林昆虫学Forest entomology树木学Dendrology机械设计基础Fundamentals of mechanical design厂内运输Equipment of transit in factory胶合板制造学The manufacturing of plywood木材加工企业管理Forest products management胶粘剂与涂料Adhesive and paint木材学Wood science木材干燥Timber drying木制品生产工艺学Tec manufacturing of wood products纤维板制造学Fiberboard manufacturing technology刨花板制造学The manufacturing of particleboard木材切削原理与刀具The principles of wood cutting and tools木工机械Wood machinery土壤学Soil science经济林育种学Economic forest breeding经济林昆虫学Economic forest entomology经济林病理学Economic forest pathology经济林栽培学Economic forest culture园林设计Parks and gardens design造型艺术Plastic art城市绿地规划City open spaces planning园林树木栽培养护学Garden tree cultivation园林树木学Ornamental dendrology园林专业绘画课Painting of landscape architecture城市规划基础Fundamentals of city planning城市园林绿化经济管理Economic management of urban landscape gardening 风景园林设计初步Elementary landscape architecture design园林植物病理学Ornamental plant pathology园林昆虫学Ornamental plant entomology园林史History of landscape architecture园林工程Landscape architectural engineering土壤学Soil science城市生态学Urban ecology森林保护学Forest protection。
工程管理英文翻译英语翻译
On improving the quality of project cost managementAbstractProject cost is an important part of project construction management, it can take effective measures in the whole process of engineering construction, the construction of full cost control within the approved limit, and correct the deviation at any time, to ensure that completed the investment estimate, design budget and final accounts, etc, to achieve the goal of management to achieve the rational use of manpower, material resources, financial resources, the purpose of the largest investment benefit. Is the core content of the project cost estimates of investment estimation, design, modification and construction drawing budget, engineering settlement, completion final accounts, and so on. The task of the project cost is according to the drawings, norm and listing standards, calculate the project included in the direct fee (all the branch of engineering, subdivisional work of labor, materials, mechanical stage class expense, etc.), indirect fees, fees and taxes, and so on.Engaged in engineering cost personnel mainly involves the ability should include: the project has a strong ability of calculation of quantities, to prepare the accounting settlement of construction cost control, the bill of quantities, prices, bid price quotations, engineering settlement, skilled application software cost, have certain ability of data management and so on.Keywords: construction cost; The status of the construction project cost management; The project cost; Benefits.Project cost is a pay all the expenses of construction projects completed and put into operation combined. Engineering cost in addition to the related to project content, it also with the construction of regional economic development level, the management of builders, and technical level, national and local government policies, laws and other external conditions is intimately involved. The uniqueness of the project determines the project cost also has uniqueness. Preparation of project cost correctly for the government and the owner's decision has an irreplaceable role. In our country has been under the situation of "WTO", study how to improve the level of project cost establishment, scientifically reflect the engineering actual expense, is already in front of our construction cost professionals has become a major topic. Combined with practical work and thinking about the problem now, talk about the following experience and advice.1. the current situation of engineering cost management in our countryOur country the current engineering cost management system is formed in the 50 s, eighty s perfect. Due to historical reasons, the former Soviet union's basically overall introduction of the basic construction of budget system. The system is the product of highly centralized planned economic system. Directly involved in the form of country and management of economic activities. Regulation in different design stage must prepare the estimate or budget and shall be responsible for the government; Relevant departments to formulate the budget compilation principle, content, methods and measures for examination and approval, the cost budget quota, quota and equipment material budget price establishment, examination and approval, management authority, etc. Along with the historical process, after recovery, reform and development, formed a relatively complete system of budget quota management. But with the development of the socialist market economy, many of the problems in the system has been exposed.In recent years, the developed countries in the world is predicted in advance, matter to the requirement of engineering investment control. And the practice of our country traditional decision objectively cause light, heavy, light the economy and technology, after construction, first get the consequences. Due to the engineering technical personnel's technical and economic ideas and weak consciousness of costcontrol, cost management personnel's quality is difficult to improve. The project cost control goal difficult to achieve for a long time.According to the above situation, our country academic circles in the eighty s first puts forward the concept of whole process cost management and control, relevant departments are the feasibility study of construction projects and the budget to the relevant requirements of both ends to extension, the our country cost management ideas and methods mentioned a new height. We should now the task is the modern cost management and target market economic system which accords with the situation of China, draw lessons from the advanced experience of developed countries, to establish a set of perfect market economy law system of engineering cost management, efforts to improve the level of project cost of.2. change the backward idea, establish consciousness of the whole process of investment controlProject cost control and management, it is in the project decision-making stage, design stage and construction stage of project implementation, the study of project cost, the construction project cost control in the range of scientific and reasonable, according to the project progress at any time the deviation correction, to ensure the implementation of project management investment objectives, strive for in every stage of the construction of the project reasonable use of manpower and material resources, financial resources, in order to obtain better investment benefit and social benefit. According to the scientific connotation of engineering construction, and cost control problems in each stage. Interconnected each stage of cost control, this requires that we should establish a scientific and perfect engineering cost management system, make the project valuation, review, determine, settlement and final accounts of standardization institutionalization, establish a set of powerful supervision and inspection mechanism and rewards and punishments measures. At the same time, how to reasonably determine the cost and make full and reasonable match of the various resources, in order to obtain better investment benefit and social benefit, is also need to study the problem.Because the project construction period is longer, usually influenced by a variety of external factors and constraints, the beginning of the project is difficult to determine the correct cost. With the development of the project and the thorough,understanding of the project is more comprehensive, thus cost estimate is more reasonable. Such as estimation, budget, budget and final accounts of compilation is done in different stages of the construction, its precision is becoming more and more deep. Therefore, reasonable and effective control of engineering cost, should consider the following issues:(1) because of the large scale of construction projects, construction cycle is long, complex technology, financial and material resources is used up big, considering the factors such as economic benefits after put into use, once decision-making error, will cause huge economic loss beyond retrieve, in order to reasonable cost, must be in the whole construction process, according to the characteristics of different stages of multiple valuation, namely according to construction procedure reasonable accuracy of the various stages of construction cost, to fully embody the rationality of the cost. Historical experience tells us that the sequencing of construction project is the basic premise for reasonable cost.(2) over the years, our country the construction of the project is generally ignored the importance of prophase project construction stage, the cost control mainly focus on the project of the construction of the late stage and even in the final stage, so often appear the phenomenon of investment overrun. Some programs even in after the completion of investment has more than plan, bad engineering so as to build a lot of benefits. , so we must renew the idea, summed up a complete set of engineering cost control and management methods.(3) the project cost control should run through the whole process of construction projects, but in the early period of the control key should be transferred to the project construction, is transferred to the project decision-making and design stage, but once the investment decision, the control should focus on the design stage.(4) all construction project implementation stage is subject to supervision and engineering cost control system, all can obtain satisfactory economic benefits and social benefits, but at present our country construction project prophase stage has not yet adopted this system. Because on the premise of meet the specifications, designs the cost will be because of the influence of the experience, level, or other factors, the difference is bigger, conservative design thought, and makes the project cost is high, so, the whole process of construction project management and cost control system is very necessary.3, to effectively control the project costEffectively control the project cost, it is necessary to do the following: first, at the early stage of the project construction phase must be carried out on the supervision system of supervision (including cost). It should be said that this is a relatively objective and fair way. Through the supervision of the design process, make a design more reasonable, the construction cost control within the scope of the limit, but also can make design units to improve management, optimize structure, improve the design level, truly with minimal funds for maximum output. On the other hand is actively promoting "limit design method, which is proved an effective way, it is not just an economic problem, more accurately, a technical and economic problems. Will not assimilation of the whole project by facilities sites or function is divided into several units, design personnel according to the limited quota for selection and design. The limitation of "design" can effectively control the project cost of the project. For the aim of "design" the limit to, should be involved in the designer must be experienced designers understand the technical and economic. The results of their design must be practical, advanced and reasonable cost. To control the engineering cost on the other hand is a must for scheme comparison, because design achievements is a process of gradually improve, not can determine down at the beginning, so much more is to measure the practicality, advancement and economy.Effectively control the project cost, should be measures in many aspects: from the organizational measures is clear project organization structure, clear cost controller and its mission to make the cost of each part is responsible for personnel; Take measures from the technology's strict inspection supervise each stage of design, design review, in terms of technical and economic research may save investment; Take measures is to dynamically from the economic comparative cost plan value and the actual value, audit strictly the expense, adjust the design according to the design progress.Engineering design field in China for a long time do not do the optimization combination of technology and economy. Technical personnel lack of economic idea, conservative design, make the design results of economy get fully embody. And budget personnel because of not familiar with engineering technology, also less understanding of the project progress in various relations, difficult to effectively control the project cost. Therefore, we should solve the problem now is to enhance economic efficiency as the goal, in the heart of the project construction process organically organization, technology and economy. Through economic analysis, the comparison of the technology, and the effect evaluation, correctly handle the unity ofopposites between the economic and reasonable and advanced technology, strive to advanced technology under the condition of economic and reasonable, in the economic and reasonable on the basis of advanced technology.In the process of project cost control is very important. Cost engineer should comprehensively to master and apply the bidding documents, the contract agreement and the relevant design, construction documents. Was based on reasonable of the bill of quantities, grasp measurement pay this key link, carefully examine and verify the payment application, so that each of the funds to jindu can get reasonable control and payment. Cost engineer except for what had happened in the process of project implementation of cost control, also need to know the national related aspects of the project cost in the laws and regulations, collect all kinds of price information, understand price is dynamic, after analyzing all kinds of cost data, etc. Obviously, there is no solid knowledge of economic and technical strength is difficult to finish the work. It puts forward higher requirements on cost engineer.The core content of the project cost control is based on the market as the center of cost dynamic control and management. The complexity of construction project determines its valuation for many times, and the construction process in different stages of the corresponding cost is dynamically reflect the total cost of the project. Especially in the project implementation stage, due to the changes of external conditions, the design phase is not considered factors are often exposed, lead to design changes, the cost changes. This will require a cost engineer for timely research and analysis of problems in the operation of the construction project, and take timely corrective measures, to achieve the target. This stage is the most concentrated cost dynamic control process. Cost engineer is the large amount of work should be done at this time.4, develop a team having both ability and political integrity of the project costProject cost management is a comprehensive discipline. It to the relevant national guidelines and policies as the norms of engineering construction, and other technical and economic disciplines, it is a policy, technical, economy and practicality are very strong work. Cost engineer in addition to our professional knowledge, therefore, have a deep understanding and the understanding, also deal with design content, design process, construction technology, project management, economic lawsand regulations, computer application, construction of the external environment and so on, have a comprehensive understanding. Shall also have rich practical experience, with its technical and economic knowledge. Cost engineer is a multi-level talent of knowledge. In market economic system gradually perfected, investment increasingly diverse today, urgent need a large number of provide scientific decision basis for project investment cost engineer. To meet the above requirements, should begin from the following aspects:(1) to establish a truly independent of engineering cost consulting agencies, intermediary role between the owner and the contractor. In the management of government investment project, consultancy activities that the government need not go directly to the project management, and to rely on indirect means to achieve the purpose of regulating the management. In the process, cost engineers and other professional engineers have the same status and restrict and influence each other and play a positive role in engineering construction; This not only can let the government officials from multifarious economic activity, can give full play to the project cost professional work initiatives and creativity. They both for the owners to provide quality, convenient, comprehensive cost management services, and provide professional engineering cost consultation service for government departments.(2) to set up for the general association of engineering cost personnel of the service organization or academic organizations. These institutions: is the main task of the use of education and the scientific method, cost engineering science. To cultivate new engineering cost to provide convenient conditions; Research project cost management problems, promote the development of engineering cost engineering science and technology; Provide academic BBS and communication tool, to project cost practice () personnel to provide the field of communication, publishing of cost engineering theory and technology journal, published for relevant personnel research experiences and exchange work experience; This industry and promote the social concern; Advance the project cost professional terminology standardization process, applicable standard methods: encourage add people cost engineering course in engineering college and university education is to train the professional senior talents, promote our main goal; To promote the cooperation with other related organizations, promote the development of the public interest.(3) strengthen the accumulation of engineering cost data analysis. Engineering cost is a practical major. If there is no experience but only control method, the work is carried out. Therefore, to improve the level of project cost for both organizations andindividuals, must attach great importance to data accumulation and analysis. Simple data accumulation is just a pile of data. Can only be called after finishing analysis data. In developed countries, all kinds of cost of basic data, including the consumption of labor, materials, machines and prices, and even the land price, raise interest rates, the benefit is generally not make uniform or norm, completely determined by markets or actual needs, by cost management professionals and professional organizations to manage. However, the country has to go through a series of all aspects of the law to regulate market behavior, protect the legitimate interests of all parties, achieve the goal of macroeconomic regulation and control. The engineering cost consultation company has its own years of accumulation, the full cost data. They put the cost data collection, and the analysis in the archives. If necessary, to bring up from the computer at any time, and then adjusted according to the concrete situation, can be used for new project. Many engineering cost consulting company or institute and academic groups also insisted on for many years to the cost of public offering all the latest information and price information, achieve cost social sharing of information resources. The main content in addition to the purpose of people, material, machine, consumption and price, rate, the profits thereof, and all kinds of engineering of annual price index and price index between the cities. These after decades of experience in developed countries proved to be effective methods, we should draw lessons from and fully developed the data collecting and anally sing system suitable for China's national conditions.(4) improve the project cost professional senior education and on-the-job personnel's continuing education activities. Due to the engineering cost management in construction projects and closely related to the economic interests of the parties, and to the economic activities of the whole society plays a very important guiding role, we should according to the market to the quality requirement of the cost management talent, prompting courses in project cost professional education institutions, formal training project cost professional senior talents. The professional curriculum setting, should also be completely according to the requirement of the market needs and talent quality to decide. Both due and structures, machinery and other engineering, should also be open economy, finance, cost, probability and mathematical statistics and other basic courses. At the same time should also open systems engineering, value engineering, technology, economy, econometrics, computer, management science, such as expanding knowledge and enlightenment thinking emerging course. As industry management, engineering cost society should periodically on-the-jobpersonnel to continue education. In academic exchanges, short-term training, and other areas of the form of the cost of the latest theory, technology promotion and reference case. Two aspects of education institutions and industry management institutions constitute a complete education system. To engineering to create conditions for the growth of senior talents.(5) construction cost professionals to learn and improve. Overall, at present we are engineering cost industry personnel quality and distance from the social demands. Therefore, we should take learning and keep up with the pace of The Times. In addition to our professional knowledge is updated to improve, work should also be combined with extensive understanding and preliminary master relevant knowledge of engineering. Only has a comprehensive grasp of project content, in order to increase the project cost control work. Just think, if we don't know for the preparation of the cost of engineering, the professional knowledge is very fuzzy, how can invest control? Construction cost professionals should be the first professional experts, at the same time, it should be an expert in the field of engineering. Only a high level of talent to develop the high levels of the project cost. The role of the professional status and professional is proportional to the. We should improve the level of individual manpower from, and gradually raise the level of the industry's work, for our country modernization play our role.In short, the project cost control is a whole process control, it should be said that each link cannot be ignored, and every link is very important also. With China's accession to the WTO, China's investment must be diversified, investors to reduce the cost, control costs, improve the investment benefit is becoming more and more attention. So, change the original project cost estimation, budget, budget, and the contract price settlement price, the final accounts of the traditional mode, improve the control level, investment projects for the development of comprehensive control system, can promote the development of the socialist market economy in our country, and adapt to the global economic integration process improve the level of project cost establishment is a systems engineering. It not only needs a high quality team of experts, must have the form a complete set of government policy and social environment. In this paper, combined with the author's working practice, made some Suggestions on relevant issues. In view of the author's theoretical level and practical experience is insufficient, Hard to avoid some negligence . Here is only for reference.。
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1. A decision whether to pump or to transport concrete in buckets will directly affect the cost and duration of tasks involved in building construction.用泵送混凝土还是用吊斗浇筑混凝土的决定将直接影响建筑物施工中各项任务的成本和时间2. In selecting among alternative methods and technologies, it may be necessary to formulate a number of construction plans based on alternative methods or assumptions. 在选择施工方法和技术时，有必要根据各种备选的施工方法和假设制订若干套施工计划。
3.This examination of several alternatives is often made explicit in bidding competitions in which several alternative designs may be proposed or value engineering for alternative construction methods may be permitted这种对几个备选方案之间的评比在公开招标中表现的十分明显：在设计招标中会要求提交数个设计方案；在施工招标中会用到价值工程的方法4. In this case, potential constructors may wish to prepare plans for each alternative design using the suggested construction method as well as to prepare plans for alternative construction methods which would be proposed as part of the value engineering process.在这个案例中，潜在的承包商需要针对每个备选设计方案根据被建议的施工方法来制定具体的计划；也需要针对每个备选施工方法制定具体计划，而这些施工方法选择会被推荐应用价值工程方法5. In forming a construction plan, a useful approach is to simulate the construction process either in the imagination of the planner or with a formal computer based simulation technique.根据施工计划人员的想象或者利用以计算机为工具的仿真技术队施工过程进行模拟。
在制定施工计划时，非常有用的办法是6. For example, a decision to use a particular piece of equipment for an operation immediately leads to the question of whether or not there is sufficient access space for the equipment.例如，当我们决定使用一台特定的机械设备进行施工时，可能马上会遇到这样一个问题，即，是否有足够的工作面来容纳这台设备。
7. Three dimensional geometric models in a computer aided design(CAD) system may be helpful in simulating space requirements for operations and for identifying any interferences.使用计算机辅助设计系统中（CAD）的三维图形模型对施工中的空间进行模拟，并对干扰因素进行识别是非常有用的，从而解决我们的问题。
8. Similarly, problems in resource availability identified during the simulation of the construction process might be effectively forestalled by providing additional resources as part of the construction plan. 类似地，我们还可以用计算机对施工过程中的资源使用情况进行模拟，并根据模拟结果提前制定资源供应计划。
9.The various categories of activity float are illustrated in figure 9-2 in which the activity is represented by a bar which can move back and forth in time depending upon its scheduling start time. 各种工作时差的分类如图9-2所示，图中一项工作的时间安排用一条能根据它的工作开始时间适时前后移动的横线表示10. Three possible scheduled starts are shown, corresponding to the cases of starting each activity at the earliest event time, E(i),the latest activity start time LS(I,J),and at the latest event time L(i).有三种计划开始时间，分别是与工作最早开始时间相对应的事件最早时间E(i)，工作最迟开始时间LS(I,J)以及事件最迟时间L(i).11. Thus the start of the activity could be scheduled anytime between time 4 and 14 after the project began without interfering with the schedule of other activities or with the earliest completion time of the project. 因此，该工作可以被安排在项目开工后4到14中的任意时间开始，而不会影响其他工作的进度或者整个项目最早完工时间。
12.Graphical presentation of project schedules are particularly useful since it is much easier to comprehend a graphical display of numerous pieces of information than to sift through a large table of numbers.项目计划图示的表达特别有用，因为大量的信息通过图的形式表现出来比用包含大量数据的表来表现要容易理解得多。
13. Early computer scheduling systems were particularly poor in this regard since they produced pages and pages of numbers without aids to the manager for understanding them.早期的计算机进度系统在这方面做得非常欠缺，他们只是产出大量的数据，而不能帮助项目经理去理解他们。
14.It is extremely tedious to read a table of activity numbers, durations, schedule time, and floats and thereby gain an understanding and appreciation of a project schedule 阅读有关工作数目、持续天数、计划时间、以及工作时差的表格，并由此来理解和评价一个项目的计划安排是一件极端乏味无趣的事。
15.These diagrams provide a powerful visualization of the precedence and relationships among the various project activities这种图提供了一种表达各种项目工作之间的先后逻辑顺序和相互关系的可视化工具16.Project planning is often conducted by producing network representation of greater and greater refinement until the plan is satisfactory项目计划通常是通过对网络图的一次次的改进，达到令人满意的计划结果为止。
17. The activity diagrams shown in the previous section were topological networks in that only the relationship between nodes and branches were of interest在前面章节中出现的工作图是基于拓扑学的网络图，其中只有节点与分支之间的联系才是值得注意的。
18.In time-scaled network diagrams, activities on the network are plotted on a horizontal axis measuring the time since project commencement而在时标网络图中，网络图中的工作时按水平坐标方向绘制的，以衡量从项目开始后所用的时间。
19. Obviously, this time scaled diagram is produced as a display after activities are initially scheduled by the critical path method. 很明显地，这种时标网络图是在用关键线路法初步确定了各种工作安排后才制定出来的。