2019考研英语一题型介绍
2019年考研英语一解析
2019年考研英语一解析
2019年考研英语一解析如下：
阅读理解部分：
阅读理解部分总共有四篇文章，每篇文章后面有五个问题。
文章题材涵盖了社会科学、人文科学和自然科学等各个领域，文章的语言难度与考研英语大纲的要求相符，没有出现超纲的词汇和复杂的语法结构。
问题类型包括细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题和词汇理解题等，考查了考生对文章内容的理解和分析能力。
翻译部分：
翻译部分要求考生将一篇英文文章翻译成中文，文章涉及的主题为文化交流和全球化。
文章的语言难度适中，没有出现过多的生词和复杂的句式。
考生在翻译时需要准确理解原文的含义，并能够用中文流畅地表达出来，同时需要注意中文的表达习惯和语法结构。
写作部分：
写作部分要求考生写两篇作文，第一篇是小作文，要求考生写一封邀请函或者电子邮件，邀请收信人参加一个活动或者会议。
第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据给出的图表写一篇议论文，分析图表所反映的社会现象并给出自己的看法。
写作部分考查了考生的语言表达能力和思维能力，要求考生有较好的英语写作功底和表达能力。
总体来说，2019年考研英语一的难度适中，没有出现过多的超纲词汇和复杂的语法结构，但要求考生有较好的阅读理解和思维能力。
考生需要在平时的学习中注重积累词汇、语法和句型，多进行阅读和写作的训练，提高自己的英语水平和思维能力。
2019年考研英语一真题原文及答案解析
2019年考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
2019考研英语一题型介绍.ppt
纳总结
重点语法回顾
五大基本句型
第一种句型：S+V （主语+谓语） • Birds can fly. • He runs in the park. • She is crying. • Class begins. • The accident happened yesterday
2.通？
• 没有一个单词不认识 • 没有一个句子读不通 • 没有一个选项不明白 • 出错多的文章全文翻译 • 好的文章朗读背诵
3.词根词缀记忆法
• 前缀+词根+后缀=英语单词 • unforgettable • 前缀——意义 • 后缀——词性（名词、动词、形容
evening.
五大基本句型
第二种句型：S+V+O（主语+谓语+宾语） • He plays the piano. • She bought a computer yesterday. • We are planting trees. • You speak English very well.
五大基本句型
五大基本句型
第五种句型：S+V+O+OC（主语+谓语+宾语+ 宾语补足语）
• He found his new job boring.（形容词） • She paint the wall pink. （形容词） • They called their daughter Mary.（名词） • This placed her in a very difficult position.
2019考研英语一题型介绍
• (1)试卷满分及考试时间：考试时 间为180分钟。满分为100分。
考研19年英语一真题答案解析
考研19年英语一真题答案解析2019年的考研英语一真题分为阅读理解、完型填空和翻译三个部分。
在解析真题之前，我们需要明确一些解题的基本原则和技巧。
首先，是熟悉各种题型和解题技巧。
其次，是建立正确的阅读理解思维方式，理清文章的结构和逻辑关系。
最后，是培养总结和归纳能力，通过归类分类词汇和提炼主旨句来迅速理解文章。
接下来我们进入真题的解析环节。
阅读理解部分：第一篇文章是一篇关于德国电工施耐德（Schneider Electric）公司运用可再生能源的案例。
文章主要介绍了该公司在德国的改造工程，通过建立风能、光能和地热等可再生能源产业，为德国提供了可持续发展的解决方案。
该题型属于细节题，答案往往在文中直接给出。
第二篇文章是关于方言研究的文化心理学视角。
文章指出了不同方言对人们思维方式和心理过程的影响，通过分析方言研究对于心理学和文化研究的重要性，呼吁学者们应该更加关注方言研究。
该题型为主旨题，需要从文章中找到文章的中心思想和作者的观点。
第三篇文章是关于糖的危害的科普文章。
文章列举了糖对身体健康的负面影响，包括导致肥胖、心血管疾病、糖尿病等。
同时，文章提出要控制糖摄入量，选择更健康的生活方式。
完型填空部分：完型填空部分主要考察对词汇和语法的理解和运用。
翻译部分：翻译部分需要对中文句子进行准确、流畅和自然的翻译。
考研英语一真题的解析需要考生有扎实的英语基础和一定的解题技巧。
在备考过程中，考生需要进行大量的阅读和练习，积累词汇和语言表达能力。
同时，也需要关注英语的新闻、杂志以及科技等方面的知识，增加对不同主题的理解和跨学科的能力。
总结：考研英语一真题的解析是考生备考过程中重要的一部分。
通过理解和掌握每个题目的出题思路和解题技巧，可以为考生在考试中取得更好的成绩提供帮助。
同时，也需要在备考过程中进行系统地学习和复习，提升综合素质和提高备考能力。
只有通过不断的努力和坚持，才能在考试中取得好的成绩。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解
2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10 points）Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1____of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2____ on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3____ you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4____ can’t find north, a few tricks to help younavigate 5____ to civilization, one of which is to follow the land…When you find yourself well 6____ a trail, but not in a completely 7____ area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8____ is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9____,if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10____ see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11____ how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore yourbearings.Another12____ : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14____ gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15____ the woods. Head toward these 16____ to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17____ light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18____ , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look forthe 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20____ you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
2019考研英语一真题完整版
2019考研英语一真题完整版第一篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）A.The surprise guest that appeared onstage during Prince’s show at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 2009；B. The reaction of the audience when Prince hugged Kevin Smith at a basketball game；C. The stories of Prince's noteworthy impromptu performances；D. The influence of Prince's unexpected appearances on his fans' emotional state.第二篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）C. Work from home will be a lasting trend in the post-pandemic world；B. Some traditional companies are reluctant to embrace remote work； D. How companies can integrate the benefits of remote work with the advantages of office work； A. The challenges that remote workers face and how to overcome them.第三篇阅读理解（共4小题，每小题3分，共12分）B. Parents can have a positive influence on their children's attitude towards money；C. Children's financial habits can be shaped by their parents' behavior；D. Teaching children about money management from an early age is essential； A. The importance of open communication between parents and children about money.第四篇阅读理解（共3小题，每小题3分，共9分）C. Protecting vulnerable populations and addressing health disparities；B. Improving healthcare systems to enhance public health emergency response； A. Strengthening global health security through collaboration and cooperation.第五篇仔细阅读（共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）B. The importance of language in shaping our perception of the world；D. The connection between culture and language； C. The impact of language on our cognition and behavior；E. The potential limitations of language in expressing certain concepts； A. The role of language in facilitating communication and social interaction.写作部分（共两篇，满分45分）第一篇翻译（共2小题，每小题15分，共30分）Directions:单词或汉语译成英语。
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析2019考研英语一真题及答案解析2019年考研英语一真题在众多考生中引起了广泛的关注和讨论。
这份试卷由四个部分组成，分别是阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作。
本文将对这些部分进行详细的解析和讨论。
首先是阅读理解部分。
这一部分共有三篇文章，分别是科技类、社会类和人文类。
其中，科技类文章讨论了人工智能在医疗领域的应用，社会类文章探讨了年轻人在婚姻观念上的变化，人文类文章则介绍了中国古代的文化传统。
这三篇文章都涉及到了当前社会热点话题，对考生的综合能力提出了较高的要求。
接下来是完形填空部分。
这一部分共有两篇文章，分别是故事类和科技类。
故事类文章讲述了一个关于友谊和奉献的故事，科技类文章则探讨了人工智能对人类社会的影响。
这两篇文章都充满了情感和思考，考生需要通过理解文章的上下文关系和推理能力来填写合适的词语。
然后是翻译部分。
这一部分共有两道题目，分别是中译英和英译中。
中译英的题目要求考生将一段中文翻译成英文，英译中的题目则要求考生将一段英文翻译成中文。
这部分考察考生的语言表达能力和翻译技巧，需要考生具备较高的英语水平和语言应用能力。
最后是写作部分。
这一部分要求考生从两个题目中选择一个进行写作。
题目一是关于人工智能的影响，题目二是关于年轻人的婚姻观念。
考生需要在规定的时间内，对所选题目进行深入的思考和分析，并用英语写出一篇合适的文章。
这部分考察考生的写作能力和逻辑思维能力，需要考生具备较好的写作技巧和语言组织能力。
通过对2019年考研英语一真题的解析，我们可以看出，这份试卷在内容和形式上都与以往的考试有所不同。
试题涵盖了当前社会的热点话题，要求考生具备较高的综合能力和语言应用能力。
对于考生来说，除了具备扎实的英语基础知识外，还需要注重平时的积累和练习，提高自己的阅读理解能力、写作能力和翻译能力。
总之，2019年考研英语一真题的出现给考生们提供了一个全面展示自己英语能力的机会。
通过认真分析和解答这些题目，考生们可以更好地了解自己的不足之处，并在备考过程中有针对性地进行提高。
2019年考研英语真题答案及解析
【考点】句内语义+动词短语搭配。
【解析】空格所在句意为：但是手机________电池，而电池耗尽的速度会比我们意识到的更快。“空
格动词+on”需体现“手机”与“电池”的关系，由句首 But（体现上下文语义转折：手机功能固然强
大，但一切最终取决于电池）以及常识“手机是依靠电池提供能量才得以运转”可以判断[C] run 正确，
度副词 well（大大地，远远地）修饰，意为“完全偏离路线/迷路”，故[B] off 符合文意。
7. [A] unattractive 无吸引力的；不好的
[B] uncrowded 不拥挤的
[C] unchanged 未改变过的
[D] unfamiliar 不熟悉的，不了解的
【答案】D
【考点】形容词辨析。
10.[A] immediately 即刻，马上；立即
[B] intentionally 故意地，蓄意地
[C] unexpectedly 出人意料地
[D] eventually 终于，最终
【答案】D
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】句子结构 if...,you should...（如果……，你应该会……；此处 should 用于“表示预期”，指
“应该会、可能”）明确“条件 结果”的句内逻辑，即主句中“看到人的迹象”是从句中条件“朝
下坡方向走”达成的结果，选项中符合文意的只有[D] eventually，该词强调“（经过一番困难后）最终”，
符合“一路向下、同时不断追寻水源”的语境。
词汇注释与难句分析
trail 【乡间或森林里的】小路；痕迹；踪迹 downhill 下坡的
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
2019考研英语一真题及参考答案解析
2019考研英语一真题(完整版)金额及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today, we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost off-trail without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization，one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 ,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3.[A] Since [B] If [C] Through [D] Until4.[A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [ D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D]away6.[A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] alone7. [A]unattractive [B]uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A]site [B]point [ C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frighted [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] form [B]through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] Memories [B]marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A ] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism,” or the desire for quick profits, h as worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last. The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism,” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Para1, one motive in imposing the new rule is toA. enhance banker’s sense of responsibility.B. help corporations achieve larger profits.C. build a new system of financial regulation.D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives.22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profits.B. governments’ impatience in decision-making.C. he solid structure of publicly traded companies.D. “short-termism” in economic activities.23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. indirect.B. adverse.C. minimal.D. temporary.24. The U.S. and France examples are used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”.D. The prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism.B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue.C. Decisiveness of Qisk-taking Bankers.D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers.Text 2Grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point average) over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness”—is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s register, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satis fies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tiedpartly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention—so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least app ear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The influence of consumer culture.B. Students’ indifference to GPAs.C. Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.D. The change of course catalogs.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.B. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. boost their student enrollment.B. improve their teaching quality.C. obtain more financial support.D. meet local governments’ need.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To complement each other.C. To be contradictory to each other.D. To be identical with each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.Text 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of “Frankenstein; or, The Modern P rometheus,” by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow myriad ethical questions to be spawned by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would mimic the way humans think, continues to elude scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans.”Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist and science adviser for “Westworld.” “We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles for example, poses gnarly ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past drivingexperiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.O n June 7 Google pledged to not “design or deploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged to not deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentio ned because itA. fascinates AI scientists all over the world.B. has remain popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by AI today.D. has sparked serious ethical controversies.32.In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot making.C.inspires popular sci-fi TV series.D. is too limited for us to reproduce it.33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacity.C. auses little public concern.D. has aroused much curiosity.34. The author's attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. affirmation.B. skepticism.C. contempt.D. respect.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.B. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of Al.C. The Conscience of Al: Complex But Inevitable.D. AI Shall Be killers once Out of Control.Text 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states.The Supreme Court's opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer's purchase to a state where the business didn't have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying thesales tax to the state themselves if they weren't charged it, but most didn't realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four oth er justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA . Dette business’ revolutions with states.B. put most online business in a dilemma.C. make more online shoppers pay sales tax.D. force some states to cut sales tax.37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionA . have led to the dominance of e-commerce.B . have cost consumers a lot over the years.C. were widely criticized by online purchases.D. were consider unfavorable by states.38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy , the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic development .B. brought prosperity to the country.C. harmed fair market competition.D. boosted growth in states’ revenue.39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling?A. Internet enterpreneurs.B. Big-chair owners.C. Third-party sellers.D. Small retailers.40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences.B. describes the long and complicated process of its making.C. presents its main points with conflicting views on them.D. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications.Part BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating youropponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that dividepeople. learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the oppsite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way...to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. "This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,”and I yell. “No,” neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41.→42.→F→43.→44.→C→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show thatpeople who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled ‘The Natural Selection of Bad Science’, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, let alone importance, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work:(47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to control this inflation, for example by trying, when it comes to career advancement, to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple, objective metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivise that kind ofscience.46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.47. Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.48. Attempts have been made to curb this tendency for example, by trying to incorporate some measures of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.49. This would be reasonable, if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favour.50. If we are serious about ensuring that our science both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary Schools” project o f your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWR SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use “Li Ming” instead. (10 p oints)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay based on the chart below. In your Writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER. (20 points)2019考研英语一参考答案完型填空：1.few2. run3.if 4 literally 5.back 6. off 7 unfamiliar 8way 9.so 10. eventually11. surprised 12. Option 13 for example spot 15through 16 breaks 17 artificial18. generally 19.marks 20leadText 121 D enhance banker's sense of responsibility22 C "short-termism" in economic activities23 A adverse24 B the approaches to promoting "long-termism"25 A patience as a corporate virtueText 226 D the change of course catalogs27 C to help freshmen adapt to college learning28 D obtain more financial support29 B to complement each other30 C analyzing the causes behind itText331C involves some concerns raised by AI today 32D is too limited for us to reproduce it33 B is still beyond our capacity34 A affirmation35 B Frankenstein, the Novel predicting the Age of AIText436 C make more online shopper pay sale tax37 D were considered unfavorable by states38 C harmed fair market competition 39B big-chain owners 40 A gives a factual account of it and discuss its consequencesPartBE—D—G—B--A参考译文46.在医学期刊中存在大量的这种无稽之谈，当广播公司和非专业媒体采用时，会产生健康恐慌和一时兴起的饮食热情。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案解析
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案解析供稿：万学海文教研中心英语教研室【答案及解析】Section I Use of English1、[答案]C。
Few [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]此题词义辨析和上下文语境。
首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中_____在没有电话，个人GPS或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。
2、[答案]C。
run [试题考点]词组搭配[解析]此题考查词组搭配。
run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3、[答案]B。
If [试题考点]逻辑关系[解析]此题考查逻辑关系。
空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if （如果）符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since （因为；自从），though （虽然），until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4、[答案]D。
literally [试题考点]词义辨析[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally。
5、[答案]A。
back [试题考点]词义辨析和上下文语境[解析]空格所在句译文：____你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，____找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航____文明。
2019考研英语(一)真题+答案详解(完整版)
2019考研英语（一）真题+答案详解（完整版）来源：文都教育SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems,digital maps,and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones.1of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone.But phones2on batteries,and batteries can die faster than we realize.3you get lost without a phone or a compass,and you4can’t find north,a few tricks to help you navigate5to civilization,one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well6a trail,but not in a completely7area,you have to answer two questions: Which8is downhill,in this particular area?And where is the nearest water source?Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and on supplies of fresh water.9,if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find,you should 10see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before,keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another12:Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.13,even in dense forest,you should be able to14gaps in the tree line due to roads,train tracks,and other paths people carve15the woods.Head toward these16to find a way out.At night,scan the horizon for17light sources,such as fires and streetlights,then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18,assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent,look for the19we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes,tire tracks,and other features can20you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result13.[A]Above all[B]In contrast[C]On average[D]For example14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]incidentally[D]Generally19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose1-20参考答案及解析：1.生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019考研英语一试题题型及分值
2019考研英语一试题题型及分值考研英语复习进行中，建议同学们对于各个科目的题型和分值大家要了熟于心，下面和凯程的老师们一起来看下考研英语一题型及分值，帮助大家有针对性的去复习。
考研英语一试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱。
要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已经给出。
3）在一篇长度约500词的文章前或后有6~7段文字或6~7个概括句或小标题。
这些文字或标题分别是对文章中某一部分的概括、阐述或举例。
要求考生根据文章内容，从这6~7个选项中选出最恰当的5段文字或5个标题填入文章的空白处。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are all available on our smartphones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks may help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area of land, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water.9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights— you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A] Some [B] Most [C] Few [D] All2. [A] put [B] take [C] run [D] come3. [A] Since [B] If [C] Though [D] Until4. [A] formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B] off [C] across [D] along7. [A] unattractive [B] uncrowded [C] unchanged [D] unfamiliar8. [A] site [B] point [C] way [D] place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C] Instead [D] Besides10. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D] confused12. [A] problem [B] option [C] view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A] bridge [B] avoid [C] spot [D] separate15. [A] from [B] through [C] beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B] links [C] shades [D] breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)T ext 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback” rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making, not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England’s top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like “children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once” rather than putting them a side to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm’s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed “quarterly capitalism.”In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. “There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism.” In its last survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part” of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism”, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders. Br itain’s new rule isa reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term, but for the long term.21.According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is to ________.[A] enhance bankers’ sens e of responsibility[B] help corporations achieve larger profits[C] build a new system of financial regulation[D] guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate ________.[A]the conditions for generating quick profits[B]g overnments’ impatience in decision-making[C]the solid structure of publicly traded companies[D]“short-termism” in economic activities23.It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be ________.[A]indirect[B]adverse[C]minimal[D]temporary24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate ________.[A]the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”[B]the significance of long-term thinking[C]the approaches to promoting “long-termism”[D]the prevalence of short-term thinking25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A]Failure of Quarterly Capitalism[B]Patience as a Corporate Virtue[C]Decisiveness Required of Top Executives[D]Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation — the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades —is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force —a policy often buried deep in course catalog s called “grade forgiveness”— is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without in curring a big penalty. “Ultimately,” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’s registrar, “we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.”Tha t said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention — so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students — who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill —feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible — or at least appear to be. On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?[A] The change of course catalogs.[B] Students’ indif ference to GPAs.[C] Colleges’ neglect of GPAs.[D] The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?[A]To help freshmen adapt to college learning.[B]To maintain colleges’ graduation rates.[C]To prepare graduates for a challenging future.[D]To increase universities’ inco me from tuition.28.According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to ________.[A]obtain more financial support[B]boost their student enrollments[C]improve their teaching quality[D]meet local governments’ needs29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 4, Para. 6) most probably mean?[A] To counterbalance each other.[B] To complement each other.[C] To be identical with each other.[D] To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by ________.[A] assessing its feasibility[B] analyzing the causes behind it[C] comparing different views on it[D] listing its long-run effectsT ext 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial i ntelligence (AI) raises fundamental questions: “What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? What makes humans humans?”What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series such as “Westworld” and “Humans”.Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist. “W e are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles, for example, poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimes must make split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes, input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data, “you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions,” notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI. Along with Singapore, other governments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its AI ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to “design or d eploy AI” that would cause “overall harm,” or to develop AI-directed weapons or use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms. It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair.To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s high est values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned because it ________.[A] fascinates AI scientists all over the world[B] has remained popular for as long as 200 years[C] involves some concerns raised by AI today[D] has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman’s opinion, our current knowledge of consciousness ________.[A] helps explain artificial intelligence[B] can be misleading to robot making[C] inspires popular sci-fi TV series[D] is too limited for us to reproduce it33. The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehicles ________.[A] can hardly ever be found[B] is still beyond our capacity[C] causes little public concern[D] has aroused much curiosity34. The author’s attitude toward Google’s pledges is one of ________.[A] affirmation[B] skepticism[C] contempt[D] respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] AI’s Future: In the Hands of Tech Giants.[B] Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AI.[C] The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable.[D] AI Shall Be Killers Once Out of Control.T ext 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Court’s opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customer’s purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office, the business didn’t have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. “Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the states,” he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices. Kennedy wrote that the rule “limited states’ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn’t before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. , with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don’t have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven’t been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state’s sales tax from customers and send it to the state.Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, “Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.”36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday will ________.[A] deter business relations with states[B] put most online business in a dilemma[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax[D] force some states to cut sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled decisions ________.[A] have led to the dominance of e-commerce[B] have cost consumers a lot over the years[C] were widely criticized by online purchases[D] were considered unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has ________.[A] hindered economic development[B] brought prosperity to the country[C] harmed fair market competition[D] boosted growth in states revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling ________.[A] Internet entrepreneurs[B] Big-chain owners[C] Third-party sellers[D] Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday, the author ________.[A] gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequences[B] describes the long and complicated process of its making[C] presents its main points with conflicting views on them[D] cites some cases related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41–45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A–G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A] These tools can help you win every argument — not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments —from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding —then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.[B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly.A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.[C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.[D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions — like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.[E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way…to get the best of an argument —and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives — and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.[F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win — in one way.[G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes,” and I yell, “No,” neither of us learns anything. W e neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognize various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper thatpurports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science publ ished? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School” project of your university, write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name at the end of the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160–200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2019年真题答案速查Section I Use of English (10 points)1-5 CCBDA 6-10 BDCAD11-15 ABDCB 16-20 DAABCSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21-25 ADBCB 26-30 DAACB31-35 CDBAC 36-40 CDCBAPart B (10 points)41-45 EDGBAPart C (10 points)46.医学期刊中存在大量这种无稽之谈，这些东西一经广播和非专业报刊的传播，就会引发健康方面的恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。
2019年全国研究生考试英语(一)真题及答案解析
2019年全国研究生考试英语（一）真题及答案解析Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill, and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due toroads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17 light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
2019年考研英语一真题及答案详解完整版
【答案】C【解析】首句为主题句：今天，我们生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上唾手可得的世界。
空格所在句指出：我们中在没有电话，个人GPS 或其他导航工具的情况下直接走进树林。
本句有without与few构成双重否定表肯定，根据语义应该填入few（几乎没有人），符合文意。
2.[A]put [B]take [C]run [D]come【答案】C【解析】run on battery表示手机用电池发动，运行。
其他选项：Put on （穿上；使运转）；take on （承担；呈现）；come on （快点；开始），语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[C] run。
3.[A]Since [B] If [C]Though [D]Until【答案】B【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处为假设的情况，故填入if（如果）符合上下文的表达。
其余选项：Since （因为；自从）， though （虽然）， until （直到）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[B] If。
4.[A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally【答案】D【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
此处literally表示确实地，真正地，带入原文语义通顺：你的确找不到北方。
其余选项：Formally （正式地），relatively（相对地），gradually（逐渐地）带入后，语义不通顺。
故正确答案为[D] literally.5.[A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away【答案】A【解析】空格所在句译文：你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航文明。
前文讲lost（迷路），此处填入back（回到）文明之地相互呼应，故正确答案为[A] back。
2019考研英语一真题及答案详解
2019考研英语（一）真题及答案详解1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。
空格之后的语句与前面语义方向一致，再考虑到句中的without a pho ne，可知，此处需要双重否定表达肯定，所以，选择few，符合文意；2. 【C】run 固定搭配；此题考查与介词on的搭配情况；run on batte r y表示手机使用电池得以运行；其他选项的搭配为：pu t on （增加；假装；使…上场）；take on（承担；呈现；具有；流行）；come on（快点；开始；要求；上演；）；语义搭配不通顺，故选择run on搭配；3. 【B】If 逻辑关系；此处考查逻辑关系。
空格处所在句为“... 你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”；前后句之间构成假设的逻辑关系，所以选择if；其余选项：since（因为，自从）；though（虽然）；until（直到）代入后，不符合语义表达；4. 【D】literall y词义辨析题；空格处所在句为“假如你在没有电话或指南针的情况下迷路，...找不到北方，我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”；li terally表示确实地，真正地；符合语义表达；其余选项：formally（正式地）；relati vely（相对地）；gradu ally（逐渐地）不符合语义表达；5. 【A】back词义辨析题；出题处的语义表达“我们有一些技巧可以帮助你导航...文明”，只有back 与前文的lo st（迷路）形成相互呼应，故而选择back；6. 【B】off 词义辨析题；空格所在句提到“为当你发现自己...路径。
但不是完全...的区域。
你需要回答两个问题：在这个特殊区域中，哪个..是下坡路？哪里有最近的水源?”因此，根据句意表达，off(远离，离开）符合句意；其它选项：onto（在…之上；对…了解）；across (穿过，根穿)，alone (独白地，单独地)，故选择off；7. 【D】unfamili ar 词义辨析题；根据出题处的语义表达，“为当你发现自己...路径。
2019年考研英语一完型填空及新题型解析
2019年考研英语一完型填空及新题型解析2019年考研英语已经结束，小编为大家提供2019年考研英语一完型填空及新题型解析，一起来看看考研英语一都考了什么吧！2019年考研英语一完型填空及新题型解析【完型填空】给英语“打好底”2019年的完型填空仍旧遵循了18年的出题趋势：文章整体难度较低，词汇较为简单，易于理解，考点主要分布在：动介搭配、逻辑关系以及词汇的语义辨析。
值得一提的是，19年同18年一样，几乎没有红花词的可蒙性。
事实上，完形填空原本一直以来在考研的题目中处于一种比较鸡肋的角色：食之无味，弃之可惜。
然而，自2016年起，完型基本上处于“低走”的趋势——降低了整体难度，让完型的可答性变强，属于只要好好准备就比较容易拿分的题目。
不过从另一方面而言，完型填空的“可答性”同时标记着另一个趋势——蒙红花词的3分钟速答法不再适用了。
想要在完型这一部分拿分，不能再指望蒙，而是需要实实在在地背好基础词汇，而不是像以前一样，单词大致混个眼熟就算完成任务。
如近两年考核的run on(运转)、come down(患病)都属于常见词的不常见用法，简单来说，完型填空的考察趋势是：“基础词汇的深度用法”。
因此，之后的考生应该着重于给考研英语“打好底”，掌握基础词汇的基本搭配和近义词的辨析。
【新题型】反技巧的趋势对于英语一的新题型而言，一直都是题型三选一进行考察。
然而，由于17年、18年均考察的是排序的题目，使得学生今年的备考重点基本都放在七选五和小标题上。
但是，事实证明：新题型的出题套路确实是不可预测的，连续两年甚至更多年份考察同一个题型是大有可能的。
19年的排序题目考点仍旧由段与段之间的联系、以及文章整体的连贯性这两点构成。
在19年的题目中，仍旧未给出文章的第一段，不过，在确定第一段的过程中，给考生设置了极大的陷阱。
排序中的第一段开头“In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, now one of the bestselling books of all time, Dale Carnegi e wrote,……” 大部分考生会由于在段落开头看到了“his”这个代词，认为该选项不能做第一段，但其实his的同一句中出现了人物全名Dale Carnegie，也就是his指代的并不是上一段中的某个人，而是本句话中的Dale Carnegie。
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析
2019考研英语一真题及答案解析IntroductionThe 2019 Graduate Entrance Examination in English (GEE) is an important test for students who wish to pursue postgraduate studies in China. This article aims to provide an analysis of the GEE English Paper 1, including the questions and their corresponding answers.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section in the 2019 GEE English Paper 1 consisted of multiple-choice questions based on different audio clips. The topics covered a wide range of subjects such as academic lectures, interviews, and casual conversations. The purpose of this section was to evaluate candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section included a total of four passages, each followed by several questions. The passages covered different topics, including social sciences, humanities, and natural sciences. The questions required candidates to demonstrate their understanding of the main ideas, supporting details, and logical structures of the passages.Section 3: TranslationThe Translation section aimed to test candidates' ability to accurately translate English sentences into Chinese. It required a good command of both English and Chinese languages, as well as the ability to comprehend and convey the meanings and intentions of the original texts.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section required candidates to compose an essay on a given topic within a limited time frame. In the 2019 GEE English Paper 1, the essay prompt was centered around the impacts of technological advancements on society. Candidates were expected to present a clear argument, provide supporting evidence, and demonstrate their ability to express ideas coherently and concisely.Answer Analysis1. Listening ComprehensionThe listening section contained various audio clips with different speakers and contexts. To excel in this section, candidates needed to practice active listening and familiarize themselves with different English accents and intonations. Additionally, paying attention to keywords and understanding the relationships between different ideas in the audio clips would greatly help in selecting the correct answers.2. Reading ComprehensionThe reading section required candidates to read and comprehend complex passages efficiently. To succeed in this section, using skimming and scanning techniques to identify the main ideas and key details was crucial. Furthermore, understanding the logical structure of the passages and recognizing the writer's tone and attitude helped in answering questions accurately.3. TranslationThe translation section aimed to evaluate candidates' language proficiency in both English and Chinese. To excel in translation, candidates needed to have a solid understanding of grammar, vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances of both languages. Practicing translation exercises and being familiar with common translation pitfalls would also contribute to achieving a high score in this section.4. WritingIn the writing section, candidates were required to develop a well-organized and coherent argumentative essay. To excel in this section, candidates needed to carefully analyze the essay prompt, develop a clear thesis statement, and provide relevant supporting evidence. It was important to structure the essay logically, use appropriate transitions, and proofread the final draft to ensure accuracy and fluency in writing.ConclusionThe 2019 GEE English Paper 1 was a comprehensive test that evaluated candidates' listening comprehension, reading comprehension, translation, and writing skills. Succeeding in each section required different strategies such as active listening, efficient reading, accurate translation, and effective writing techniques. By understanding the examination format and dedicating sufficient time for practice and preparation, candidates could improve their chances of achieving a favorable outcome in the GEE.。
考研英语一2019text1
【导言】考研英语一2019年的text1是一篇关于环境保护和可持续发展的议论文，文章围绕着“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”这一话题展开论述。
本文将从标题、提纲、分析等方面对该文章进行分析和解读，希望对考研英语备考的同学有所帮助。
【标题分析】文章的标题为“Is Human Activity Damaging the Natural Environment?”，直译为“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”。
这一题目所涉及的话题十分广泛，包括环境保护、可持续发展、人类活动对自然环境的影响等方面内容。
在考研英语的阅读理解部分，经常涉及到环境问题，对于考生们来说，这样的题目将会对他们的综合能力提出很高的要求。
【提纲分析】文章提纲如下：1.人类活动是否破坏了自然环境2.环境保护与可持续发展的关系3.科技进步对环境的影响4.个人与环境保护【分析】作者首先提出了一个问题：“人类活动是否破坏了自然环境”，引起了读者的思考。
接着围绕这一问题展开了议论，探讨了环境保护与可持续发展的关系，科技进步对环境的影响以及个人与环境保护的关系。
【正文】1. 人类活动是否破坏了自然环境文章一开始就直接提出了一个颇具争议性的问题，引起读者的思考。
在当今社会，人类的生产活动、生活方式等对自然环境产生了深远的影响。
随着工业化、城市化的不断推进，大量的化石能源被开采和消耗，大气污染、土壤污染、水体污染等问题日益凸显，一些濒临灭绝的动植物受到了威胁。
森林的砍伐、水土流失等也对生态环境造成了极大的破坏。
这些都是人类活动对自然环境造成的负面影响，不能被忽视。
2. 环境保护与可持续发展的关系文章进一步探讨了环境保护与可持续发展的关系。
环保和可持续发展是当今社会关注的热点话题，也是国际社会普遍关注的问题。
环境问题涉及到整个地球和人类的生存发展，环境保护是人类的共同责任。
然而，环保与发展之间常常陷入矛盾之中。
为了经济的快速发展，一些地方对环保问题往往采取了一些不负责任的做法。
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五大基本句型
第五种句型：S+V+O+OC（主语+谓语+宾语+ 宾语补足语） • He found his new job boring.（形容词） • She paint the wall pink. （形容词） • They called their daughter Mary.（名词） • This placed her in a very difficult position. （介词短语） • We thought him to be an honest man.（不定 式）
重点语法回顾
五大基本句型
第一种句型：S+V （主语+谓语） • Birds can fly. • He runs in the park. • She is crying. • Class begins. • The accident happened yesterday evening.
五大基本句型
第二种句型：S+V+O（主语+谓语+宾语） • He plays the piano. • She bought a computer yesterday. • We are planting trees. • You speak English very well.
五大基本句型
第三种句型：S+V+P（主语+系动词+表语） • We are students. （be动词） • This flower smells very sweet.（感官系动词 feel,smell,sound,taste） • He always kept silent at meeting.（持续系动词 keep,remain,stay） • He looks tired.（表像系动词seem,appear,look，表示看起 来像） • He became mad after that. （变化系动词 become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run） • The rumor proved false.（终止系动词prove,turntout,表达 “证实”，“变成”之意) • 注：纯系动词只有be,其他系动词都是半系动词
2. 考题类型
• 词汇题：比重最大，占 60%—85% ，包括单纯地考 单词或短语的释义和词汇辨析题。其中词汇辨析题 主要是指同义词、近义词的辨析，这类题难度较大。
• 语法题：占 15% 左右，主要是语法结构题，考查代 词、介词和从句连接词等的用法。 • 语篇题：占 15% 左右，主要是考查状语从句逻辑关 系连接词或句与句、段与段之间的过渡词 (transitional words)等。
2.通过真题记单词——真题要精做
做到什么程度？
• • • • • 没有一个单词不认识 没有一个句子读不通 没有一个选项不明白 出错多的文章全文翻译 好的文章朗读背诵
3.词根词缀记忆法 • • • • 前缀+词根+后缀=英语单词 unforgettable 前缀——意义 后缀——词性（名词、动词、形容 词、副词） • 不必特意去记，背单词的过程中归 纳总结
2019考研英语一题型介绍
• (1)试卷满分及考试时间：考试时 间为180分钟。满分为100分。 • (2)考研英语试卷内容结构： • 试题分三部分，共52题，包括英 语知识运用（完形填空）、阅读 理解和写作。
(3)考研英语试卷题型结构
词汇是基础 如何准备考研英语词汇？
解题步骤
• 第三步：瞻前顾后，先易后难 • 完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、 意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避 免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义， 相互照应等现象。所以，解题时应联系上 下文寻找相关线索。
3. 解题步骤
• 第四步：重读全文，核对检查 • 由于选答案时讲求一气呵成，初选过后还 应根据上下文对有疑问或把握不准的答案 进行推敲。这时，应重读文章，从语义和 逻辑的角度检查文章是否有问题，根据上 下文调整答案。
3. 解题步骤
• 第一步：重视首句 • 1. Topic：主题或议题。明确指示段落的内 容，起到限定主题范围的作用。 • 2. Opinion：反映作者对待主题的观点、印 象、态度，起到限定段落基调的作用。
3. 解题步骤
• 第二步：速读全文，掌握大意 • 一旦开始做题，就应该根据自己抓住的线 索快速做出反应，找出关键词，掌握全文 大意。 • 若有个别难题，暂时跳过或初拟答案，随 着文章的空越来越少，全文的意思就会越 来越清楚。
五大基本句型
第四种句型：S+V+IO+DO（主语+谓语+ 间接宾语+直接宾语） • My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. • She cooked her husband a delicious meal. • We sent them a telegram. 注：可以变成to或for的结构
从句
1.从句的定义 2.从句的分类
2019考研英语一题型介绍
1. 题目特点
• 一篇语句连贯的短文（280—300词） • 每隔4至15个词语之间挖掉一个词语（20处） • 三个干扰项在内的四个备选答案 • 这种题型旨在测试考生运用所学过的语法知 识和词汇以及通过上下文的逻辑关系等，进 行综合填空的能力，要求考生既要有扎实的 语法知识基础和丰富的词汇量，又要有较强 的阅读能力。考生在这一部分进行解题时， 必须灵活运用自己所掌握的所有英语知识， 并且能够融会贯通。