托福阅读Unit 2 指代题 植物类
托福阅读TPO20答案解析
1.agency代理，中介，作用，所以答案是force，选C。
原句说由于腐食动物和细菌的侵袭，化学侵蚀和其他地质什么的作用，使得保存的难度非常大。
combination组合明显不靠谱，problem是个负向词，不靠谱，之前并列的都不是变化，change不对。
2.修辞目的题，修辞点所在句是一个例子，所以往前看，前一句说fossil遭破坏的方式和fossil一样多，后面就跟了很多破坏的方式，所以答案是A，阐释为什么如此多破坏之下还有这么多化石存在。
往后看也可以，下一句说如果化石有骨架的话被保留的机会会大增，也就是一直都在说化石存留下来的机会，所以A是正确答案。
3.terrestrial陆地的，陆生的，所以正确答案是A。
原文说尽管大部分的化石都是在海洋中找到的，但也有一些是在河湖中的什么沉积物当中找到的，既然前文都说了大部分是在海洋里找到的，肯定后面会说是在陆地上找到的，所以答案是terrestrial，B/C/D都不靠谱。
4.原句的结构是并列加条件，所以正确答案是D。
A的must be empty原文没说；B和C的关系都错误；D说的是shell会被剩下，如果足够耐腐蚀，就能保存一段时间。
5.修辞目的题，先看例子所在句子，说很多海洋生物的骨骼包含calcite，没有答案，往前看，前一句说一亿年前的沉积物中能发现骨骼不变的海生无脊椎动物，与A靠谱，但A本身不是一个观点，所以A不对；B和D完全没说，不对；强调的中心在例子所在句的下一句，说arogonite的晶体形状不同，相对不那么稳定，会变成更稳定的形式，所以答案是C，想稳定的话必须再变。
6.enhance提升，提高，所以正确答案是D的increase。
原文说很多化学过程都能改变壳体的结构并且怎么样它们作为化石保留下来的机会，combine明显不靠谱；limit和control意思相近，而且这两个词与increase意思相反，所以其他三个都不对。
7.以permineralization做关键词定位至最后一句。
托福阅读题目解析—TPO2 普吉特海湾的鹿群
托福阅读题目解析—TPO2普吉特海湾的鹿群TPO是托福备考圣经，但是并不是有“圣经”就能完全把握托福考试。
还要看大家怎么去利用这份资料。
针对原文，我们可以最大限度的剖析再剖析。
直到把文章掌握得滚瓜烂熟。
而大家又是怎样对待其中的每个考题呢？是做完对对答案，记下答对率；还是认真分析每个考题在考什么，找出托福阅读的“点”在哪？前者居多吧！所以，关于托福阅读TPO，小编希望最大限度地利用这些ETS提供的阅读题目。
在题目中，找到每个题目考察点，给出最全最有逻辑的解析。
今天，小编分享给大家的是关于TPO4Deer Populations of the Puget Sound的题目分析。
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound普吉特海湾的鹿群Paragraph1:Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.The black-tailed deer,a lowland,west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington,is now the most common. The other species,the Columbian white-tailed deer,in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.1.According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?○It is native to lowlands and marshes.○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.解析：答案是(4)，事实信息题由the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound定位到The other species,the Columbianwhite-tailed deer,in earlier times was common in the open prairie country；it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.选项(1)和it is now restricted to the low,marshy islands矛盾；选项(2)是对另一种black-tailed deer的描述；选项(3)没有提到，文章是说“was common in the open prairie country”没有和the black-tailed deer对比；选项(4)正确。
托福阅读2
Protection of Plants by Insects【1】Many plants - one or more species of at least 68 different families - can secr ete nectareven when they have no blossoms, because they bear extrafloral n ectaries (structures that produce nectar) on stems, leaves, leaf stems, or oth er structures.These plants usually occurwhere ants are abundant, most in th e tropics but some in temperate areas. Among those ofnortheastern North A merica are various plums, cherries, roses, hawthorns, poplars, and oaks. Like floral nectar, extrafloral nectar consists mainly of water with a high content of dissolved sugars and, in some plants, small amounts of amino acids. The ext rafloral nectaries of someplants are known to attract ants and other insects, b ut the evolutionary history of most plantswith these nectaries is unknown. Nevertheless, most ecologists believe that all extrafloralnectaries attract insec ts that will defend the plant.【2】Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent defe nders ofplants. Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of ene rgy, plants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants with abundant energy. To return thisfavor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. Man y of these intruders are herbivorous and would eat the leaves of theplants. 【3】Biologists once thought that secretion of extrafloral nectar has some purely in ternal physiological function, and that ants provide no benefit whatsoever t o the plants that secrete it. This view and the opposing“protectionist”hypo thesis that ants defend plants had beendisputed for over a hundred years w hen, in 1910, a skeptical William Morton Wheelercommented on the controv ersy. He called for proof of the protectionist view: that visitations ofthe ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a muc h greaternumber would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present. That we now have an abundance of the proof that was called for was established whenBarbara Bentley reviewed the relevant evidence in 1977, and since then many moreobservations and experiments h ave provided still further proof that ants benefit plants.【4】One example shows how ants attracted to extrafloral nectaries protect morni ng gloriesagainst attacking insects. The principal insect enemies of the North American morning glory feed mainly on its flowers or fruits rather than its lea ves. Grasshoppers feeding on flowers indirectly block pollination and the pr oduction of seeds by destroying the corolla or the stigma, which receives the pollen grains and on which the pollen germinates. Without theircolorful corol la, flowers do not attract pollinators and are not fertilized. An adult grasshopp ercan consume a large corolla, about 2.5 inches long, in an hour. Caterpillarsand seed beetles affect seed production directly. Caterpillars devour the ovar ies, where the seeds are produced, and seed beetle larvae eat seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.【5】Extrafloral nectaries at the base of each sepal attract several kinds of insects, but 96 percent of them are ants, several different species of them. When bu ds are still small, lessthan a quarter of an inch long, the sepal nectaries are al ready present and producing nectar. They continue to do so as the flower dev elops and while the fruit matures. Observations leavelittle doubt that ants pro tect morning glory flowers and fruits from the combined enemy forceof grass hoppers, caterpillars, and seed beetles. Bentley compares the seed production of sixplants that grew where there were no ants with that of seventeen plant s that were occupied by ants. Unprotected plants bore only 45 seeds per pla nt, but plants occupied by ants bore211 seeds per plant. Although ants are not big enough to kill or seriously injure grasshoppers, they drive them away by nipping at their feet. Seed beetles are more vulnerable because theyare much smaller than grasshoppers. The ants prey on the adult beetles, disturb femalesasthey lay their eggs on developing fruits, and eat many of the eggs t hey do manage to lay1.According to paragraph 1，floral nectar and extrafloral nectar are alike in thatA.they are likely to be produced by the same plants.B.they basically consist of the same chemical components.C.they attract only insects that will defend the plant.D.they are produced by the same parts of the plant.2.To say that ants are "persistent" defenders of plants means thatA.they defend plants against a wide variety of threats.B.they continue to defend plants for as long as the plants are threatened.C.they are successful defenders of plants.D.they are easily observable defenders of plants.3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the ants that are attracted to theextrafloral nectaries?A.They do not eat the leaves of the plants that produce extrafloral nectar.B.They live almost entirely on extrafloral nectar.C.They spend most of their energy guarding extrafloral nectaries.D.They frequently fight among themselves over extrafloral nectar.4.According to paragraph 3, what was the position of the opponents of the"protectionist" hypothesis?A.Extrafloral nectar provides plants with a direct defense against attack by insects.B.Ants substantially benefit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar.C.The secretion of extrafloral nectar plays a role in the plant’s internal functioning.D.Ants visit plants that secrete extrafloral nectar as often as they visit plants that do not.5.The word "skeptical" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.curious.B.doubtful.C.open-minded.D.practical.6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential infor mation jn thehighlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choice s change the meaning inimportant ways or leave out essential info rmation.A.We now have ample proof that ants benefit plants.B.Barbara Bentley has called for additional proof that ants benefit plants.C.In 1977 Barbara Bentley conducted research that proved that all prior s tudies were wrong.D.Proof that ants benefit plants will require many more observations and experiments.7.According to paragraph 4, what effect does the destruction of the corolla have onplants.A.It leaves the seeds exposed and unprotected.B.It prevents the stigma from developing.C.It keeps pollen grains from attaching properly.D.It prevents the flower from attracting pollinators.8.The word "devour" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.attack.B.eat.C.damage.D.prefer.9.What role does paragraph 5 play in the passage?A.It offers various kinds of evidence for the protectionist view.B.It presents the study that first proved that ants benefit plants.C.It explains how insects find sources of nectar.D.It presents information that partly contradicts the protectionist view.10.The word "vulnerable" in the passage is closest in meaning toA.numerous.B.harmful.C.open to attack.D.difficult to locate.11.According to paragraph 5, what did Bentley’s comparative stud y show?A.Many more plants grew in places where ants were present than where t hey were absent.B.The ants preferred plants with low seed production to plants with high s eed production.C.The plants occupied by ants produced many more seeds than those that were not occupied by ants.D.The plants that grew in places without ants were much smaller and wea ker than those thatgrew in places where ants were present.12.According to paragraph 5, ants defend morning glory plants fro m seed beetles ineach of the following ways EXCEPT:A.driving adult beetles off the plants by nipping at their feet.B.catching and eating adult beetles.C.eating beetle eggs they find on developing fruits.D.making it difficult for beetles to lay eggs on developing fruits.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could beadded to the passage. Where would the sentenc e best fit? Sometimes they capture the insects to feed their protein -hungry larvae.Ants are portably the most frequent and certainly the most persistent d efenders of plants. ■【A】 Since the highly active worker ants require a great deal of energy, pl ants exploit thisneed by providing extrafloral nectar that supplies ants wit h abundant energy. ■【B】 To returnthis favor, ants guard the nectaries, driving away or killing intruding insects that might compete with ants for nectar. ■【C】 Many of these intruders are herbivorous and would eatthe leaves of the plants. ■【D】14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage of thepassage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answerchoices that express the most impo rtant ideas in the passage. Some answer choicesdo not belong in t he summary because they express ideas that are not presented int he passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This questions is wo rth 2 points.Many plants have extrafloral nectaries that produce nectar even d uring periods inwhich the plant is not flowering.A.Evolutionary history shows that plants that produce extrafloral nectar o riginated in thetropics.B.Extrafloral nectar has a higher concentration of sugar than floral necta r and is more attractive to ants and other insects.C.The protectionist hypothesis is that extrafloral nextar attracts ants, an d that the ants, inorder to preserve this energy-rich food source, attack i nsects that might harm the plant.D.Evidence accumulated during the twentieth century proved that ants pro vide significantbenefits for plants with extrafloral nectaries.E.Research has shown that American morning glory plants that are protec ted by ants produce significantly more seeds than morning glory plants t hat are not protected by ants.F.Ants generally ignore small insects, but they will eat the adults of largeinsect species aswell as their eggs and larvae.2. 1.B2.B3.A4.D5.A6.A7.C8.B9.B10.C11.C12.A13.C14.CDE。
托福阅读Unit 2 指代题 植物类
技巧4：平行结构 some + others; many + others
Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable;
答案
21. D 26. C 22. A 27. C 23. D 28. A 24. A 29. B 25. A
• Exercise 6.2 • Passage 6
技巧回顾
• 往前看 • 相邻句 • 所有格
• 平行结构
巩固性练习
• Exercise 6.2 • Passage 5 • 难词梳理：
– illustration 插图 – afterthought事后的想法；后来添加的东西 – outrageous粗暴的；可恶的；令人吃惊的 – playful开玩笑的；幽默的；爱嬉戏的 – textured具有特定结构的；特征显著的
Lesson 2 指代题 植物
Ⅰ应试技巧
知己知彼百战不殆：
ETS 指代题出题思路
TPO2阅读详细答案.doc
TP02阅读详细答案The Origins of AgricultureParagraph 1 : How did it come about that farming developed independently in a number of world cen ters (the Southeast Asian main land, Southwest Asia, Central America, lowland and highland South America, and equatorial Africa) at more or less the same time? Agriculture developed slowly among populations that had an extensive knowledge of plants and animals. Changing from hunting and gathering to agriculture had no immediate advantages. To start with, it forced the population to abandon the nomad's life and became sedentary, to develop methods of storage and, often, systems of irrigation. While hunter-gatherers always had the option of moving elsewhere when the resources were exhausted, this became more difficult with farming. Furthermore, as the archaeological record shows, the state of health of agriculturalists was worse than that of their contemporary hunter-gatherers.l.The word "optio n" in the passage is closest in meaning toO choiceO benefitO ideaO experience题型：词汇题解题思路：option是一个简单词汇，意思为〃选择〃，所以A项正确。
新托福阅读植物类的解题技巧
implement工具，器械，手段
prerequisite先决条件，前提
originate起源，来自，产生
emerge出现，形成
cultivate耕作，种植
foundation基础
maritime海的，海运的
adaptation适应
voyage航海，航行
accidentally偶然地
accomplish实现，完成
生命科学类之其他话题
昆虫（蚂蚁信息素、蚂蚁交流、蜜蜂交流、蝴蝶多样性）
鸟类（始祖鸟、人工孵化、鸟类换毛、欺骗战术、筑巢、迁徙、鸣叫）
水生动物（浮游生物、鳟鱼、鱼类体液、海豚）
动物习性（认知能力、哺育后代、工具使用、保温机制、生物钟、拟态行为、摄食行为、蝙蝠和寄生虫、捕食最优化）
灭绝与进化（史前人类活动导致巨型动物灭绝、物种灭绝、动物体型进化、物种适应性）
分析：该句为倒装句，only放句首倒装，陈述句语序的主句为“investigators have considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites”；“thathave been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals”定语从句，做soil and waste sites的定语，关系词为that；破折号后的内容“an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation”为附加补充信息。
irrigation灌溉
relocate迁移，搬迁
harvest收割，丰收，收成
remove去掉，清除
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
具体请看下文!托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。
下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。
此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：“An auction is a po pular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。
”The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theoryB. priceC. processD. auction往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
TOEFL模拟题阅读考题分类：题材篇(三)
（三）自然科学：1.植物学，微生物2.动物学3.生理学4.地质学，地理学，天文学，气象学5.考古学，人类学6.物理，化学，医药，环境1.植物学S/P1树叶为何变颜色82/11海藻83/1地衣S1/P12386/1植物演化86/5藤蔓植物，86/10地衣S1/P788/1树的防御机理S1/P1788/5植物形成层和树皮结构S1/P99S/P69植物的根90/8浮游生物P3291/8植物学P54普样题192/8树的重要性P71P89/植物拟态的性质和作用P138/沙漠植物的生存95/10植物内部运水的机理96/1植物的防御机理北美题96/5兰花96/10一种野草和牛的传说98/5赤扬和森林环境的关系99/8菌类和植物的区别及破坏性和用途2.动物学81/11鸟类适应的演化82/1蝙蝠的生物声纳83/5蚊子利用水产卵83/5有机椎动物和无脊椎动物中ALLEOMIMETIC的作用S1/P95 83/8濑鱼S1/P6283/11海獭84/5响尾蛇的响声84/11旋木雀S1/P7885/5蜜蜂酿蜜S1/P8686/1牛胃S1/P6786/3蜜蜂结构适宜社会化S1/P7586/8恐龙绝迹的解释87/1鸟类学87/5动物为何不生轮子S1/P1687/8北美野牛S1/P10387/10猴子尾巴88/1蜜蜂意识测试S1/P20S/P24沼泽中的动物S1/P24S/P37蜜蜂的社会结构S1/P37S/P39美洲鳄鱼交配后S1/P39S/P52莺科鸣禽划分树上食物S1/P52S/P56食物网S1/P56S/P93考拉S1/P9388/5北极熊S1/P98S/P109灵长类动物的社会行为S1/P109 S/P112猿S1/P11288/10鲸鱼S1/P13389/1树懒的习性P289/5美国蝗虫灾害P989/10河狸P1890/1马的进化P2290/8浮游生物P3291/5河狸的特征和习性P4892/1信鸽训练P6192/5病毒P67P80/细菌的特性P90/海葵P98/昆虫的伪装P105/候鸟飞行的高度和速度P116/动物导航P122/血液温度和动物分类P141海洋与生命P142黑猩猩的社会化生活P147贫齿类动物犰犹ARMADILLOS普样2候鸟迁徙的原因S1/P121普样3海葵95/12海洋生物多样性96/1海参96/8研究乌鸦的困难96/10猎狗的嗅觉物质97/1沙漠动物适应97/5鸟儿群居的原因97/10交喙鸟的鸟嘴结构98/1有机物如何对入侵者作出反应98/8动物行为认识99/10爬行动物和鸟类飞行的发展3．生理学99/8临床营养学的发展阶段84/5人类疾病的两个原理99/5有机椎动物的神经系统85/11大脑和中央神经系统的起源83/8大脑意识反应的听觉测试S/P53婴儿大脑成熟和感情发育S1/P53 P118/新陈代谢中盐的演化P110/睡眠的阶段86/10睡眠的功能和分类S1/P11S/P136两类睡眠S1/P13682/1休眠P101/人类肌肉解剖和动作P96/生物与电90/5荷尔蒙P284．地质学，地理学，天文学，气象学2000/1土壤结构的确定方法S/P107土壤的类型99/101994/7流星袭击木星90/10彗星P3999/5极光的形成和表象99/1火成岩98/10地球表面水S/P35大气中的水98/8地球表面的陨石P133/陨石分类S/P4陨石坑98/5宇宙中氦何时形成97/10星系P148/星的分类系统S/P49星的亮度97/1宇宙星体形状95/12地球板块运动96/12地球板块结构理论对地质学的贡献P94/地球板块结构理论S/P58地球板块96/10地震波与地球内部结构研究82/11地球冰河期S1/P12596/1飓风预报86/5气象学91/5飓风P4587/1飓风95/8海底探险普样3海底探索普样4太阳结构P56P82/太阳的演化89/5太阳发光和热P892/10地球和宇宙P7588/10宇宙的理解91/8加拿大省BRITISHCOLUMBIAP50 87/8大峡谷的形成S1/P10495/12美国大盆地P145/阿拉斯加半岛S/P76气候决定动植物的分布P42/冰山的特征和起源S/P125冰河期82/8田那西洲东部地下湖82/11地球冰河期P121/洞冰起源96/5火山冰洞降雪的重要性5．考古学，人类学98/8骨化石比骨骼重的原因NA98/1化石足迹分析97/12化石保存条件NA95/10鱼龙胚胎化石96/8历史考古学96/1人类右手为主的考古学证据NA P99/左右手的形成P92/考古学和人类历史P86/考古学的工作方法6．物理，化学，医药，环境91/8降雨的机理普样195/10植物内部运水的机理96/1植物防御的机理北美NA97/5猫降落的机理98/8燃烧的解释98/8雪花的形成北美99/5极光的形成和表象97/8钢丝篱笆97/8一种新型显微镜97/12空气污染物定义98/8人类行为对地球生态系的影响98/1玻璃91/5统计学的发展和用途普样292/5海水盐度普样2？/制陶普样395/8戏剧起源95/10钢琴的历史发展95/12无声电影的音乐98/1爵士乐和其它音乐的区别95/12海洋生物多样性96/1N冰箱的发展北美96/5美国西部蒸汽船发动机96/8激光97/5直接雕塑。
左老师TOEFL托福阅读题型精讲2——指代题
否定事实信息题 • 大定位——小定位
• 极端程度词 • 是否符合常理逻辑 • 选项与原文对照
• 极端程度词
• 是否符合常理逻辑
• 选项与原文对照
According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT: ○Architecture is visual art. ○Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators. ○Architecture has both artistic and scientific dimensions. ○Architecture has an indirect effect on life.
SD T Spring 30000 sandstone
是完全未提及，利用印象设置错误选项，例如虚
假比较 • 2、与原文相反
否定事实信息题
• 代词
• 多重否定
若文本中有代词，读完本句后还原 选项中有代词，当场还原
TPO 17 Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia
SD T Spring 30000 sandstone
• The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota. Water from rains and melting snows has been accumulating in the Ogallala for the past 30,000 years. Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.
kelp plant托福阅读
kelp plant托福阅读
海带植物（kelp plant）是一种生长在海洋中的大型褐藻植物，通常生长在冷水环境中。
在托福阅读中，可能会涉及到海带植物的
生态、生长习性、对环境的影响等方面的内容。
从生态角度来看，海带植物在海洋生态系统中扮演着重要角色。
它们为许多海洋生物提供栖息地和食物来源，对海洋生态系统的平
衡起着关键作用。
在托福阅读中，可能会涉及到海带植物与其他海
洋生物的相互关系，以及它们在生态系统中的地位。
另外，海带植物的生长习性也是一个可能涉及的话题。
它们通
常依附在岩石或其他坚固物体上生长，利用海水中的营养物质进行
光合作用。
在托福阅读中，可能会涉及到海带植物的生长环境选择、生长速度以及适应能力等方面的内容。
此外，海带植物对环境的影响也是一个可能被讨论的话题。
它
们可以吸收水中的营养物质，有助于改善水质。
同时，它们的大量
生长也可能对其他海洋生物和生态系统造成影响。
在托福阅读中，
可能会涉及到海带植物对周围环境的影响，以及人类对海带植物的
利用与保护等方面的内容。
综上所述，海带植物是一个可能出现在托福阅读中的话题，涉及到生态、生长习性、对环境的影响等多个方面。
在阅读和理解相关文章时，需要全面了解海带植物的特点及其在海洋生态系统中的作用。
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技巧3：所有格代词，一般指的 是该代词前面最接近的名词
When the jets strike the highly rarefied gas that permeates intergalactic space, the fastmoving electrons lose their highly directional motion and form vast clouds of radio-emitting gas.技巧2：相邻两句，主语对应
The mountain’s summit is broad and rounded. It is 14,410 feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile.
The ecosystems of the Earth provide an array of free public services that are essential for the support of civilizations. They maintain the quality of the atmosphere , provide food from the sea….
解题原则：
• 词意对应
– 文章中不同的位置的不同的单词来表达 同一语境。
• Eg1: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. The word It in the passage refers to: A: the advent of projection B: the viewer’s relationship with the image C: a similar machine D: celluloid
牛刀小试
• Eg1: With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. It suddenly became public—an experience that the viewer shared with dozens, scores, and even hundreds of others. The word it in the passage refers to: A: the advent of projection B: the viewer’s relationship with the image C: a similar machine D: Celluloid
答案
12. satellite photography 13. American importers 14. New York City; the 1920’s; Paris 15. anemone; its nest 16. Hamlin Garland’s; William Dean Howells 17. fats; three basic types of nutrients; the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K; fats 18. The Wisconsin Dells (or a region alone the Wisconsin River); the strange formations
The word they in the passage refers to: A: future explosions B: pent-up aggressive impulses C: outlets D: indirect ways
• Eg3: Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets’ surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds.
The word their in line 17 refers to (A) speeds (B) directions (C) electrons (D) clouds
Some skilled craftspeople made intricately carved wooden ornamentations for furniture or architectural decorations, while others caved wooden shop signs and ships' figureheads.
答案
21. D 26. C 22. A 27. C 23. D 28. A 24. A 29. B 25. A
• Exercise 6.2 • Passage 6
• Eg2: Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
Lesson 2 指代题 植物
Ⅰ应试技巧
知己知彼百战不殆：
ETS 指代题出题思路
• 常见提问方式：
– The word X in the passage refers to…
• 原文大量的词意对应 • 考题随机挖取，代词替换
2011-11-4
3
见招拆招：
• 指代题无非就是本句读懂，上
一句话读懂，而已。
The word Others refers to other (A) adults (B) promises (C) goods and services (D) social opportunities
温馨提示：验证不可少
单复数
代词所做的动词（代词所承受的动词结构）
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. The word They refers to (A) aviculturists (B)birds (C)eggs (D) rates
Ⅱ强化训练 Lesson 6
• Exercise 6.1 • 快速完成1-11【五分钟】
–难词梳理：
• 2： refrigerate藏，冷冻；使冷却 • 5：strand线；串； yarn纱线 • 9：fungi真菌，蘑菇（fungus的复数） • 11：glacier 冰河、冰川
答案
1. paintings 2. cut flowers 3. water’s 4. principles used in air conditioning; the human body 5. strands 6. smaller pieces 7. leaves 8. ancient Minoans; archeological sites 9. mushrooms and other fungi 10. machines based on wheels and gears 11. glaciers in Olympia National Park; altitudes
技巧回顾
• 往前看 • 相邻句 • 所有格
• 平行结构
巩固性练习
• Exercise 6.2 • Passage 5 • 难词梳理：
– illustration 插图 – afterthought事后的想法；后来添加的东西 – outrageous粗暴的；可恶的；令人吃惊的 – playful开玩笑的；幽默的；爱嬉戏的 – textured具有特定结构的；特征显著的
The word others in the passage refers to: A: masters B: baskets C: pendants D: surfaces