grammar语法
英语语法汇总Grammar
英语语法汇总Grammar营口高中韩祥宇目录contents一．时态二.冠词三.代词四.介词和介词短语五.形容词和副词六情态动词七.非谓语动词八.简单句和并列句九.倒装十.情景交际十一.定语从句十二.名词性从句十三.状语从句§一时态一进行体①现在进行时 1.look! what is he doing 表示说话时正在发生的动作2.目前这段时间的持续(不强调起止) eg:⑴He is writing a novel these day⑵I’m just helping until the new secretary(秘书)comes3.终止性动词（非延续性动词）的进行体表将来，有计划性。
4.“越来越”表渐进性 eg:It’s getting cooler and cooler5.eg:always／forever表示说话人的赞扬或抱怨／constantly(经常的)②将来进行时 1.形式will／shall be doing2.表示未来将于某一段某一点3.表推测（客观存在）无计划性表可能 eg:I shall be meeting Alice.③完成进行时 1.形式have／has been doing2.强调持续性，强调中间无间断3.延续性 eg:I have been writing a report which will finished tomorrow.4.非延续性动词用于完成进行时表反复性 eg:Since summer this year he have been going to the night school(自从去年夏天，他一直去夜校)二完成体①现在完成时 1.形式have／has done2.有起点（过去）有终点（现在）不强调过去什么时候发生，只强调现在什么时候完成。
3.动作发生在过去持续到现在4.动作没持续到现在但影响持续到现在 eg:I got caught in the rain just now any coat has been damaged5．曾经有过的经历6.说话所处的时间段内反复发生的动作 eg:Tom’s car has been broken into five’s this month.7．句型:It is(现在时)the first time(that)I have seen(现在完成时)the film.seen(现在完成时) ever since.eg2: When he came to,he wondered how long he had lain(躺)on the ground.②将来完成时 1.形式will/shall have done2.by＋将来时间状语 eg:By the end of this year,I will have finished this job.3.主将从现eg：{By(将来时间点) the time I arrived（现在时）}（时间状语从句）,Tom will have left.三一般体①一般现在时 1.表示性质，状态，属性，特征2．表示频度，经常性※反例：I didn’t ask for the name list how has it landed on my dask?3.客观事实（书评、影评、真理、文学评论）4.固定时间发生的事用现在时替代将来时。
Grammar 语法
washing hair
knocking at a door
fishing swimming reading a book brushing teeth
making a phone call cleaning the blackboard putting on clothes playing the piano
We do not often use the verbs in the box below in the present continuous tense. Instead, we use them in the simple present tense.
think know like
contain mean understand hear taste love
pollution.
Study the following tables.
What
I
am I is he/she/it are we/they/you
am is
doing?
writing. waiting.
He /She /It
We/They/You
are
drawing.
Adding -ing to some verbs causes changes in their spelling.
Lynn The doorbell ___________. is ringing (ring) Sam I ___________. know I ___________ hear it. (know, hear)
Lynn Your dinner is on the table. know see Sam I ___________. I _________ __ it. It
英语语法Grammar
1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界7 along with同……一道，伴随……eg : the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西）eg : ask you for my book11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事13 at the age of 在……岁时eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen14 at the beginning of …………的起初；……的开始15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够……eg : She is able to sing She can sing20 be able to do sth 能够干什么eg :she is able to sing21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to 不好意思…27 be away from 远离28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对什么有害eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好30 be born 出生于情感型使动词表示客观事物使人产生情感上的变化，可以分为下列概念：（1）惊讶（surprise）；（2）高兴（delight）；（3）恼怒（irritation）；（4）烦扰（trouble）；（5）兴趣（interest）；（6）激动（excitement）；（7）迷惑（bewilderment）；（8）坚信（conviction）；（9）恐吓（fright）；（10）厌倦（tiredness）和（ll）愤怒（anger）。
Grammar英语语法
人称代词：指人、物be动词：我用am，你用are，is连着他她它。
单数用is，复数用are疑问提前be，否定+not可数名词复数：一般直接加s，以s,x,ch,sh结尾+eso结尾，有生命+es,无生命+s辅音+y结尾，y变i+esf,fe结尾，f,fe变v+esf,fe结尾，直接加s：giraffe，roof，handkerchief，scarf，golf可数名词有单复数，单数用a/an修饰，不可数名词无复数，常与a+量词+of+u.n. 两者都可用some修饰指示代词：this（这个），that（那个），these （这些），those（那些）所有格：表人：sb+’s表物：of（前后倒置）there be：有地点介词：里面in，上面on，over，under 上下方；between…and两者间，among用于3者间，紧挨next to，附近near，before 后面，in front of在外部前方，in the front of空间内部前方来自from，朝前to，里面穿过是through，表面穿过across，到里面into，到上面onto 一般现在时：表示经常反复、现在状态、客观真理助动词：do，does否定分别don’t,doesn’t 动词单三：一般+s,以s,x,ch,sh，o结尾，词尾+es，辅音+y结尾，y变i+es，have单三是has 一般疑问句把be、情态动词、助动词提前，谓语动词还原特殊疑问句=特殊疑问词+一般疑问句how many提问可数名词复数how much提问不可数名词年月季节前用in，日期前面可不行，具体几号要用on，上午下午又是in，具体某天上下午，要用on来不用inat用法真不少，正午午夜到黎明频度副词：always（100%），usually（90%），often（80%），sometimes(40%),seldom(30%) never(0%)现在进行时：表现在正在进行的动作结构：be+doing现在分词变化规则：一般直接+ing不发音e结尾，去e+ing重读闭音节结尾，双写词尾辅音字母+ing ie结尾，ie变y+ing形容词：系动词后，名词前；译为：…的方式副词：用在动词后，译为：…地形容词变副词规则：一般直接+ly，个别e结尾去e+ly，y结尾，y变i+ly情态动词：can,should,shall,would,could+v原；否定+not，疑问直接提前have to,would like to,+v原；否定前+don’t 疑问前+do一般过去时：表过去发生的事动词过去式变化规则：一般直接+ed,e结尾+d,辅音字母+y结尾，y变i+ed重读闭音节，双写辅音字母+ed过去时中，助动词用did，be的过去式为was（am，is），were（are）其他结构和现在时相同祈使句：表命令、警告、指示、建议肯定：v原+其他否定：don’t+v原+其他and表并列，多个成分用and连接，在最后两个成分之间，其余用逗号隔开or表选择，用法与and相同but表转折，连接相反意义的词some用于肯定句中，接可数名词复数或不可数名词any用于否定句和疑问句中，用法和some一样表委婉语气时，some在疑问句中不变any 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化规则：一般+er/est,e结尾，+r/st重读闭音节结尾，双写辅音字母+er/est 辅音字母+y结尾，y变i+er/est多音节词在前面+more/most一般将来时：表将要发生，或对未来打算三种表达方式：will/shall+v原be going to+v原be doing表将来过去进行时：表过去某一时间正在进行的动作构成：was/were+doing现在完成时：表发生在过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或后果结构：have/has+done一般动词过去分词与过去式变化相同一般疑问句把have/has提前其他不变，否定在have/has后+nothave been to曾经去过某地（已回）have gone to曾经去过某地（未回）already（已经）用在have/has和过去分词之间，用在句末表强调，常用于肯定句中yet用法和汉译与already相同，常用于否定或疑问句中since+时间点，译为自从…以来for+段时间，现在完成进行时：表开始于过去，现在仍进行或刚刚结束的动作现在完成进行时构成：have/has been doing 时间状语从句：1.when引导：表时间段或时间点，译为当…时候用法：主从同现/过，或主将从现2.while引导：表主、从动作同时进行用法：主从同现/过3.as soon as引导：译为一…就…4.not…until…引导：译为直到…才…条件状语从句：1.if引导：译为如果用法：主将从现2.unless引导：译为如果不/除非用法和if相同unless引导否定从句，与if…not不可互换，否则意思相反结果状语从句：so…that…引导：译为如此…以致于…原因状语从句：because引导：译为因为because和so不能连用because引导原因状语从句，从句一般在主句之后让步状语从句：although/though引导：译为虽然although/though不能和but/however连用直接引语：直接用别人原话，用引号标出间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号直接引语变间接引语要把现在时变为过去时，一人称变三人称，三人称一般不变附加疑问句：在陈述句之后，表对陈述内容提出质疑或通过反问以确定陈述句的一种疑问句构成：前肯后否，前否后肯陈述部分是I’m,附加部分用aren’t I答语用yes,肯定陈述部分；no否定陈述部分陈述句带有否定词，附加用肯定不定代词（表人）在正式语体中用he，非正式语体中用they不定代词（表物）用it。
语法结构grammar重点单词keywords固定搭
Since my childhood I have found that to me, nothing is more interesting than reading. (没有什么比 念书对我更有吸引力) Have found 提示：后面必然要用一样此刻时。2006. 12. 89： The victim might have survived （本来会有机遇活下来）if he had been taken to hospital in time. Had been 提示句子谈的是过去，人此刻已经死了。2006. 6. 91： Though a skilled worker, he was fired by the company (他被公司辞退了) last week because of the economic crisis. Last week 提示句子要用过去时。 第三步：汉译英。注意，先翻译谓语动词，把它放在前面。动词（动词词组）一确信，你就 成功了一半。如下面那个汉语句子： 我邻居去东京渡假，因为钱不够，回不了家了。 先找谓语动词。这句话中有两个动作，“去渡假”和“回家”。哪个重要？哪个是说话人要 告知你的重要信息？是“回不了家”，因此 return 是谓语动词。
91. Though a skilled worker, he was fired by the company (他被公司辞退了) last week because of the economic crisis.（2006. 6） 强化例句：No matter how busy you are, he always insists on coming with you. (新概念英语) 3) 时刻状语 (adverbial clauses of time)：一道。 90. Some psychologists claim that people may feel lonely when they’re away from home. （出门在 外时可能会感到孤独）(2006. 12 ) 强化例句：They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open.(新概念英语) 4) 条件状语 (adverbial clauses of condition)：一道。 91. Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it’s convenient for you. (若是你方便的话) (2007. 6.) 强化例句：If you receive a request like this, you cannot fail to obey it! (新概念英语) 5) 比较状语 (结构) (adverbial clauses of comparison or comparative constructions )：两道。 88. Since my childhood I have found that to me, nothing is more interesting than reading. (没有什么 比念书对我更有吸引力) （2006. 12） 强化例句：Nothing could have been more annoying. (新概念英语) 90. The more you explain, the more confused I am (我愈糊涂)（2006. 6） 强化例句：The older I get, the happier I am. (新编英语语法教程) 预测：2007 年 12 月极可能会考结果状语（adverbial of result）、缘故状语（adverbial of reason）、 方式状语（adverbial of manner）、地址状语（adverbial of place）。 5．定语从句 (attributive clauses)：一道。 88. The prevention and treatment of AIDS is the field (where) we can cooperate. (咱们能够合作的 领域 ) 强化例句：It has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. (新概念英语) 预测：会愈来愈多。 二．重点单词 (key words)： 六道。 89. The professor required that we (should) hand in the research report (咱们交研究报告) by Wednesday.（2006. 6） 强化例句：He suggested that a double railway tunnel should be built. (新概念英语)
grammar-语法总结训练
分词做后置定语
分词分为现在分词 doing 和过去分词 done.
分词可以做后置定语放在所修饰的名词之后， 但翻译的时候要把分词放在名词前面来翻译。
Do you know the man sitting in the middle of the room? Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?
It is important that we should master a foreign language. It„s necessary that we should ban smoking in all public places. It„s natural that she should come and take care of her aged parents.
1. have sth. done(注重“结果”) 2. have sb./sth. doing… 3. have sb. do … 4. have sb./sth. done/doing…/do…
一些重点动词短语归纳
break bring call get go
hold make put turn take
2. It be +过去分词 + that…（should）...用于 该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命 令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested, requested, ordered，required, proposed等。例如：
常考动词的词义与搭配 have的各种句型及用法
break
a. Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. break one’s word(promise)/the rules(regulations) /the appointment(违背) b. The criminal tried to break away from the policeman.(摆脱) c. Our car broke down and we had to tow it to a garage.(抛锚) All our plans broke down. (计划、谈判等失败) Her health broke down under the pressure of work.(身体垮掉) Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substance.(分解)
英语语法(Grammar)
英语语法（Grammar）一、一般疑问句（The General Question Sentence）1、句子中有am ,is ,are的，把am ,is ,are提前，句号（period /΄piəriəd/）变成问号（question mark）。
例：This is a boy. →Is this a boy?2、句子中有will ,can的，把will, can提前，句号（period /΄piəriəd/）变成问号（question mark）。
例：He can play ball. →Can he play ball?3、变一般疑问句时，把I we变成you,把am变成are 。
例：I am a boy. →Are you a boy?4、当句子中没有am ,is ,are ，will ,can时，需do , does帮忙⑴当句子人称是I , we, you , they等第一、第二人称或为复数名词（Birds）时，句子前加Do，句号变问号。
例：I know that man. →Do you know that man?⑵当句子人称是she, he, it等第三人称或为单数名词（a chair）时，句子前加Does，动词变成原形（has →have）,句号变问号。
例：Lucy runs fast. →Does Lucy run fast?He has apen. →Does he have a pen?二、特殊疑问句(Special Interrogative Sentence)1、特殊疑问词：What（什么）,Who（谁）What对thing提问（thing指职业、不明白的事或物）, Who对person提问（person指人）。
结构：特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句＋？例：He is a doctor.用What代替a doctor, is提前到he前→What is he?This is a chair. →What is this?That woman is my mother. →Who is that woman?2、划线部分是地点（place）：→用Where提问。
grammar语法
Focus : • I’ll go with you if I have time. • He won’t go to the party unless we invite him. • When you are free, let’s go for a picnic. • I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. • Don’t try to run before you begin to work.
present simple
Focus:
谓语动词形式：is/am/are+ v-ing； 否定句和疑问句：is/am/are 是助动词。
v-ing变化规则： • 一般加 ing. watch----watching • 以不发音的e 结尾,去e 加ing. take----taking • 一个元+辅结尾,且是重读闭音节的单词,双写 辅音字母+ing. run----running swim----swimming
Focus:
谓语动词形式： 1. 主语是第一人称，第二人称，以及第三人称复数 的，谓语动词用原形。否定和疑问句借助 do 2. 主语是第三人称单数的，谓语动词做如下变化： 一般动词后加s，如：reads, plays, works, makes 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾，后加es. 如：watches, 以辅音字母加o结尾,一般加es ,如：does, goes 辅音字母+y结尾的单词,去y,加ies,如：worries 其否定和疑问句借助does
Module One
The 7th Grammar
Tense:
1. What is tense? Tense is about verbs. In English, we use different forms of verbs to indicate time. If the same situation or action happens at different time, we use different forms of verbs. 2. The present tense: simple: do/does; is/am/are continuous: is/am/are + v-ing perfect: has/have + done/been
grammar语法
不规则变化
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单 数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是 1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
1.3不可数名词量的变化
物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan 一个五年计划
Grammar语法
表示现阶段一直在进行的动作
这种动作在说话时不一定正在进行 I teach English at the college but now I’m teaching in a
middle school. Jane is studying law while her sis is doing physics. 这种用法也表示一种暂时性 现阶段正在做的事 常与always，continually，constantly，for ever等频度 状语连用，对现阶段经常发生的动作表示某种感情色 彩 She’s always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.
13.2 一般现在时
表示过去时间。在句子中，动词tell,
say ,hear ,learn ,gather等能用一般现在时表示过去时 间。
在叙事文体或新闻报道中，一般现在时作为一种修辞
手法有增进表述的生动性和真实感的作用。
13.3 一般过去时的用法
表示过去的时间 表示过去习惯的动作和一度存在的状态
式既可以是usedn’t to也可以是didn’t use to 在肯定疑问句中既可以把助动词提前，也可以把used 看做助动词提前
13.3 一般过去时的用法
表示婉转的口气（这一用法只局限于want、wonder、
think、hope等少数动词）
表示与现在事实相反的主观设想或对将来的主观设想，
e.g.
I hope you (will) like my gift. ② see (to it )/make sure/make certain + that-clause e.g. I will see that nobody disturbs you(will disturb) ③ If/when引导的条件状语分局或时间状语分句 注：1、2中的分句可以换成表示将来时间的动词形式，3 不能
Grammar语法
Jane: Yes. I think a good scientist should be careful, curious and creative and 10. ____ that he or she should like to ask a lot of questions and solve problems.
Tom: I like physics, but I don’t know 8. ___________ whether / if my parents will allow me to major in it. Jane: That's unbelievable. My first advice is 9. ____ that you should make your own decision. Tom: I think so. Do you have any other advice for me?
I’m not sure if the train will arrive on time or not.
5. 在第一人称I, we与动词think, expect, believe, guess, suppose等连用，后接 宾语从句时，通常将从句的否定转移 到主句谓语动Байду номын сангаас，形成否定前移。 如： I don’t suppose you’re used to this diet.
1. 引导表语从句 的连词有that, whether, as if。 that引导表语从句， 只起连接作用，不作句子成分。 2. 引导表语从句的连接代词有what, who, which。 3. 引导表语从句的连接副词有 when, where, how, why。
英语语法知识大全grammar
一. Tense (1. 时间状语; 2. 动词)1.一般现在时:1) 和时间无关;The sun rise s in the east and set s in the west.2) 在时间和条件状语中，用一般现在时代替将来时。
“主将从现”I’ll ring you as soon as/if he come s back.2.现在进行时:1) 表示厌恶、感激等强烈的感情。
She is always cooking some delicious food for us.He is always finding fault with his employees.3.一般过去时1) 和表示过去的时间状语连用, 如: yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, before---, a few days ago, when…等He smok ed forty cigarettes a day at that time.2) used to do, be used to doing, be used to do sthHe used to work fourteen hours a day.I am used to getting up early in the morning.The pen is used to draw the picture.4.现在完成时(Present Perfect )现在完成时的时间状语1)不确定的过去时间状语：（already, yet）, before, recently, lately2)频率时间状语：often, sometimes, never, ever, once, twice, three times3)包括现在时间在内时间状语：now, just, today, this morning(week, month)，until(up to) now, so far, in the past(last) two days(weeks, months),all day, for three years, since 19905.过去完成时(Past Perfect)1) 过去的过去They fulfill ed the plan earlier than they had expected.2) 过去完成时常和“by the end (time) of + 过去时间”连用3) hardly/scarcely ... when... 和no sooner ....than常用过去完成时=as soon asI had hardly reached the school when the bell rang.No sooner had I reached the school than the bell rang.6. 将来完成时将来完成时常和“by the end(time) of + 将来时间”连用。
grammar语法
1）表语从句1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。
2．构成：关联词+简单句3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词that。
如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。
(2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。
如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。
The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。
注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。
能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。
如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。
(3)连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词where, when, how, why。
如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。
The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。
That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。
解释：1．连词because可引导表语从句。
如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。
4-2 Grammar语法过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语(学生版)(译林版2020必修第三册)
Unit 4 Scientists Who Changed the World4.2 Grammar过去分词作定语、状语和宾语补足语知识精讲概念一、过去分词作定语1．过去分词作定语时的位置(1)前置定语一般情况下，单个过去分词作前置定语，即放在所修饰词之前。
The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera.被污染的水造成了霍乱的传播。
[名师点津]①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所修饰的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There are few tigers left.It is time for the departments concerned to take measures to protect them from dying out. 剩余的老虎不多了，是相关部门采取措施保护它们免遭灭绝的时候了。
②如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no与body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等，单个分词放在被修饰词的后面。
Is there anything unsolved？还有什么没解决的吗？(2)后置定语过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语，即放在所修饰词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
Last Tuesday in a mountainous area，there were a total of 173 sheep killed almost immediately(＝which were killed almost immediately) when lightning struck.上周二在一个山区，有173只羊在被闪电击中时即刻死亡。
2．过去分词作定语时的意义(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语，在语态上表示被动；在时间上，常表示动作已经发生或完成，有时也不表示时间性。
英语语法的定义
语法:
语法（grammar）这个术语有两层含义，一个指结构规律本身，即平常说的语法事实；另一个指语法学。
语法学是研究、描写、解释语法结构规律的科学，是对客观存在着的语法系统的认识和说明。
语法学的任务是描写、解释组成词、短语句子的规则和格式。
语法学分形态和句法两个部分，形态的研究范围包括词类和各类词的构成、词形变化。
通常说的词法包括复合词构词法。
句法的研究范围是短语、句子的结构规律和类型(句子类型又细分为句类和句型两个概念)。
语法体系:
语法体系也有两种含义：一个指语法系统，即客观存在的语法事实、语法规律的系统性，也就是说语法是各种规则交织成的整体，是自成系统的。
另一个指语法学体系，即语法学说的系统性。
一个民族的语法系统只有一个，一个民族的语法学体系可以不止一个。
grammar语法总结
1.及物动词vt与不及物动词vi的区别？：（1）及物动词后面可直接＋宾语（名词），不及物动词后面不可直接＋宾语，一般要加介词后再＋宾语。
(2)及物动词可用被动语态；不及物动词不可以用被动语态.(例如：happen, arrive ,aspire….)。
(3) 实际上很多动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词。
例如: I am writing.和I am writing a letter.在前一个句子write是不及物动词; 在后一个句子write是及物动词.2．可数名词和不可数名词的区别?可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西；因此它有复数形式，当它的复数形式在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也应用复数形式。
例如：Little children are fond of stories .小孩子们喜欢听故事。
Movie stars are usually popular with young people. 影星们常受到年青人的欢迎。
它的单数形式前常用不定冠词a / an ,当它的单数形式在句子中作主语时，句子的谓语也应用单数形式。
例如：There is an orange on the table .桌上有只桔子。
A university is a higher educational institution .大学是高等教育机不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的东西；一般只有单数形式，它的前面不能直接用a / an ，若表示它的个体意义时，必须与一个名词短语连.例如：a piece of bread[ cake(蛋糕), paper(纸), thread(线), cloth(布),furniture(家具), coal(煤), news(新闻), advice(意见), information(信息), work(工作), meat(肉) ] 一块面包[ 一块蛋糕、一张纸、一根线、……]an item of information 一则情报；a burst of applause 一阵掌声；a fit of anger 一顿脾气；a slip of paper 一张纸条a length of cloth 一段布料；a cake of soap 一块肥皂；a tube of tooth-paste 一条牙膏；a bottle of ink 一瓶墨。
Grammar(基本语法)
Grammar1st basic sentence patternEverybody laughed.People suffered.The sun sets in the west.Google becomes one of the most admired companies.Ipad2 looks gorgeous!My face turned red.They fall in love.常见系动词：look, seem, appear, sound, feel, taste, smell, grow, get, fall (ill/asleep), stand/sit (still), become, turn等Tips：of + 名词It is of + 名词，意思等同于it is + 该名词的形容词形式，是很地道的说法。
例：This book is of great help to me. 这本书对我很有帮助。
= This book is greatly helpful to me.Oil hits its highest price since September 2008.Premier Wen Jiabao made a report on the work of the government.Beijing impose d house purchase restriction policy.常见动词总结：pass, give, show, tell, lend, take (to)buy, cook, get, sing, make (for)I gave him my address.Give me your bank card. => Give your bank card to me.buy me a big house. . => Buy a big house for me. to 表示动作方向或for 表示动作目标I found the box empty.On Facebook, How to Keep Your Group SecretThe Technology Made Mobile Payments a RealityI find it sensible 【that you are participating in the South Stream project】.常见动词：make, keep, find, see, leave注意：感官动词（see hear notice watch feel observe）后跟宾补，有两种形式。
grammar英语语法
由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况 时态不变:
1. 不变的真理 The teacher said to the students, “Water freezes when the temperature falls below 0℃.” → The teacher told the students that water freezes when the temperature falls below 0℃.
Unit 1 Grammar
Direct & Indirect Speech
statements and questions
当我们想引述别人说的话时有 两种表达方式：直接引述别人
的原话，叫直接引语；用自己
的话转述别人的话，叫间接引
语。下面我们就直接引语和间
接引语进行详细的讲解。
T: What did you eat this morning? direct speech S1: I ate … T: What did S1 say, S2? indirect S2: S1 said he/she had eaten … speech She said, “China has been using PSAs (公益广告) to educate people.” direct speech She said China had been using PSAs to educate people. indirect
2. We said to her, “They’re walking through the street now.” We told her that ___ through the street ___. A. we were walking…then B. you are walking…now C .they were walking…then D. they walking…now
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
(They will help you.)
They believed him to be honest.
(He was honest.)
(常用于此结构的动词有: get,ask,force,
order, tell, invite, allow, wish,want,like ,expect,
如to be frank（坦白地说），to be sure（确实） 等。
The order to start the general attack soon came.
It is necessary for us to go there.(主语)
There is no need for him to leave.(定语)
We had nothing _t_o__d_o_(do) but w__a_t_ch_(watch) TV.
Tips: 当两个不定式and, or, expect, but, than 或rather than连接起来时，第二个不定式符号 省略。
5. to do as an attributive He has not kept his promise _t_o_w__ri_t_e__(write) to his parents regularly. She made a decision _t_o_g_o__(go)abroad for a year.
* 不定式做表语 （to do as a predictive） eg. Our most important task now is to make
a plan.
当句子的主语是 hope, wish, aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, task, duty, job, purpose等 或者主语是 what引导的名词性从句时，后面可 以用不定式做表语,说明主语所包含的内容。
表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
2005年辽宁卷22题：All these gifts must be mailed
immediately _____ in time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received
但是句子变成被动语态后, 不定式 成为句子的主语补足语,需带to.
The boss made her work long hours.
主语 谓语 宾语 宾补
She was made to work long hours (by
主语 谓语
主补 her boss).
She told me _t_o_b__e__(be) cheerful and _l_o_o_k__(look) on the bright side.
Our plan is to build a bridge over the river. 3、作宾语
I want to buy a dictionary. 4、作定语
He has a chance to go abroad. 5、作状语
To finish the work, he had to get up early. 6、作补语
Therቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ’s nothing to worry about. (=worry about nothing)(动宾关系) Tips: 不定式在作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词 有意义上的主谓关系、同位关系、动宾关系， 如果该不定式是不及物动词，它后面需要加上 适当介词。
* to do as an adverbial 不定式作状语，
It was foolish of him to believe her.
I think it wise of her not to accept their offer.
如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行 为的人，则用of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中 的 常 用 形 容 词 有 ： right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。
He’s always the first to come and
the last to leave. (=The first comes and the last leaves.)(主谓关系)
I have no time to listen to your excuse. (同位关系) She has a meeting to attend. （=attend a meeting)
I ask us to help him.
* 不定式作主语常见句型： “It’s my duty to teach you how to use this library .” said the librarian.
It requires patience to be a good teacher. a) It is + adj. (easy, important, necessary,
I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.
A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded
注意 ： 只有少数介词如 but, except, besides 等后面
My suggestion is for you to do the job.(表语) 不定式复合结构:以it为形式主语或形式宾语引 导的复合结构，如前面的形容词指行为的性质 就用：for sb. to do sth.这种复合结构在句中可 作主、表、宾、定、状等。
It’s very kind of you to come to see me.
D. so as to be receiving
①so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语
He hurried to the station only ___ that the train had gone.
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
difficult…) + 不定式
b) It is + n. (a pity, a pleasure, one’s duty, a shame…) + 不定式
c) It takes/needs/requires + some time (hours, months, days, patience…) + 不定式
I’m glad to meet you. ④ 形 容 词 （ glad, happy , lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构作原因状语
To tell you the truth, I hate you. *不定式 作插入语，用来说明说话人的 态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，
Unit 1 Module 4
Grammar and usage To-infinitive and
Verb-ing form as a noun
Part 1 To-infinitive
不定式在句子中可以充当哪些成分？ 1、作主语
To run is a good habit.(=It is a good habit to run.) 2、作表语
同源名词一般可以用不定式作定语。
常 见 的 有 ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等
She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.
③序数词,形容词最高级或被only, last, next等 修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语。
advise , beg等。)
*但在谓语动词believe, find , think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove 等后面 跟to be…作宾补,不跟to do…
Tips:有些动词后面须接不带to
的不定式做宾语补足语,常用的动词有: make,let,have,see; hear,watch,notice,feel; look at, listen to; help, observe 等,
eg. The cat said “Remember not to take it next time!” (Tips:不定式的否定:not to do)
1) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，如 agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish 2005年天津卷12题：I don’t want _____ like
可以跟不定式作宾语.
但如果but 或 except 所在句子里的谓语动词含 有do, does, did 时，通常省略to。
We have no choice but __t_o__w_a__it_.
We can do nothing but _w__a_i_t.(wait)
*不定式做宾语补足语 （to do as an object complement）