英语因果关系表达法图文稿
因果关系 英文作文
因果关系英文作文英文：Causality is a fundamental concept in our understanding of the world. It refers to the relationship between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first. In other words, causality is the idea that one event is responsible for producing another event.There are different types of causality, including deterministic causality and probabilistic causality. Deterministic causality is the idea that every event is determined by a set of prior causes, such that if we know the prior causes, we can predict the future with certainty. Probabilistic causality, on the other hand, is the ideathat events are probabilistically caused, meaning that they are caused by a combination of factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of the event occurring.Causality is important in many fields, including science, philosophy, and law. In science, causality is used to explain natural phenomena and to make predictions about future events. In philosophy, causality is used to understand the relationship between mind and body, and to explain the nature of free will. In law, causality is used to determine liability and to assign responsibility for harm caused by an action.In my personal experience, I have seen many examples of causality. For instance, when I eat too much junk food, I often feel sluggish and tired afterwards. This is an example of probabilistic causality, where the combination of unhealthy food and my body's reaction to it increases the likelihood of me feeling tired. Another example is when I forget to set my alarm clock, and then oversleep and am late for work. This is an example of deterministic causality, where my forgetting to set the alarm was the cause of me being late for work.中文：因果关系是我们对世界的理解中的一个基本概念。
因果关系的表达
• 1 as a result of + 名词或具备名词性质的结 构
• 2 … ,because of which, … 前因后果
• 3 The reason why…is/ was that…
• 4 表结果的句子在前。 It’s / That’s because…
• 5 result of + 名词或具备名词性质的结 构 • 45 因袁隆平对农业所做出的巨大贡献 ，中 国政府奖励了他。 • As a result of his great contribution, the Chinese government awarded him. • 2 原因。 As a result, 结果 • 46 这有天赋的大学生渴望成为律师。因此 他总是日夜学习法律。 • The gifted college student starves to be a lawyer. As a result, he is always learning law day and night.
• 4 The reason why…is/ was that…
• 48 一些游客半夜就动身去泰山是因为他们 渴望欣赏日出。The reason why… was that…
• The reason why some tourists set off for Mountain Tai at midnight was that they were dying to appreciate the sunrise.
• 5 表结果的句子在前。 It’s / That’s because…
• 49 司机因开车粗鲁向我们道歉，因此我们原谅 了他。 • We forgave what the driver had done. That was because he offered an apology to us for his driving rudely. • 6 表原因的句子在前。 That’s why… • 50 甘地帮助印度从英国独立出来。因此他深受敬 佩。 • Gandhi helped gain India’s independence from Britain. That’s why he was deeply admired.
英语作文模板因果关系
英语作文模板因果关系英文回答：Cause and Effect Essay Template。
Introduction。
Begin with a hook to grab the reader's attention.State your thesis statement, which should clearly indicate the causal relationship between two or more variables.Body Paragraph 1。
Discuss the first cause that leads to the effect. Provide specific evidence to support your claim. Explain how the cause leads to the effect.Body Paragraph 2。
Discuss the second cause that leads to the effect.Provide specific evidence to support your claim.Explain how the cause leads to the effect.Body Paragraph 3。
Discuss the consequences or effects that result from the causes.Provide specific evidence to support your claim.Explain how the effects are linked to the causes.Counterargument。
Acknowledge and address any potential counterarguments to your thesis statement.Explain why your thesis statement is still valid despite the counterarguments.Conclusion。
英语作文因果关系模板
英语作文因果关系模板英文回答：Cause-and-Effect Essay Template。
Introduction。
Hook: A compelling statistic, anecdote, or questionthat grabs the reader's attention。
Thesis statement: Clearly state the specific cause-and-effect relationship that will be explored in the essay。
Body Paragraphs。
Topic sentence: Introduce the specific cause being examined。
Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or expert opinions to support the claim。
Analysis: Explain how the evidence demonstrates the cause-and-effect relationship。
Transition: Lead into the next topic sentence, which will examine the effect。
Topic sentence: Introduce the specific effect being examined。
Evidence: Provide concrete examples, data, or expert opinions to support the claim。
Analysis: Explain how the evidence demonstrates the cause-and-effect relationship。
Transition: Lead into the next topic sentence, connecting the current effect to the subsequent cause (optional)。
英语写因果关系作文模板
英语写因果关系作文模板英文回答：Introduction。
In the realm of human understanding, the concept of causality plays a pivotal role in unraveling theintricacies of the world around us. By exploring the relationships between events, we seek to discern the underlying mechanisms that govern their occurrence and sequence. Causality forms the backbone of scientific inquiry, allowing us to establish logical connections and derive meaningful conclusions from complex phenomena.Cause and Effect Relationships。
At its core, causality involves the identification of two distinct elements: cause and effect. A cause is an event, action, or condition that brings about another event, action, or condition known as the effect. The relationshipbetween cause and effect is often expressed in the form of "if-then" statements. For instance, if a seed is planted in fertile soil and given water, then it will germinate and grow into a plant.Types of Causality。
英语作文因果分析法模版
英语作文因果分析法模版English:The cause and effect analysis method is a powerful tool for examining the relationships between events or phenomena. In this method, one identifies the root causes of an event or situation and traces how they lead to certain effects or outcomes. Firstly, it is crucial to clearly define the event or phenomenon under examination. Then, one can start by identifying the immediate causes that directly contribute to the event. These are the most visible and easily identifiable factors. However, to truly understand the situation, it's essential to delve deeper into the underlying causes, which may not be immediately apparent. These root causes are often systemic or structural issues that create a fertile ground for the event to occur. Once the causes are identified, it's important to analyze the causal relationships between them and the effects they produce. This can be done through techniques like causal loop diagrams or fishbone diagrams. Understanding these relationships enables one to not only address the immediate symptoms but also implement long-term solutions by tackling the root causes. Additionally, cause and effect analysis helps in predicting future outcomes by understanding howchanges in one variable can impact others. By applying this method systematically, organizations can make informed decisions, improve processes, and mitigate risks effectively.中文翻译:因果分析法是一种检查事件或现象之间关系的强大工具。
英语作文因果法模板
英语作文因果法模板英文回答：Cause-Effect Essay Template。
Introduction。
Begin with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention and introduces the topic.State the topic clearly and provide a thesis statement that expresses the main argument or idea.Include a brief overview of the causes and effectsthat will be discussed in the essay.Body Paragraphs。
Organize the body paragraphs chronologically, logically, or by category.Each paragraph should focus on one specific cause or effect.Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that restates the cause or effect being discussed.Provide evidence to support the topic sentence, such as examples, statistics, or expert opinions.Explain how the cause led to the effect or how the effect resulted from the cause.Use clear and concise language to present the information effectively.Supporting Evidence。
【参考文档】雅思写作中的因果关系表达技巧-范文模板 (5页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==雅思写作中的因果关系表达技巧雅思大作文中有一类题目是因果关系类，具体包括三小类：cause and effect、cause and solution、problem and solution。
这三小类问题也可以穿起来，即针对某个topic的cause—effect（即problem）– solution。
无论哪种题目，写明因果关系很重要。
关于因果关系的表达同学们都很熟悉，无非是BS（because / so），而且大家也一定很清楚的知道BS在英语中，用了前者就不能用后者的道理。
例如Becausefurther education has become more accessible for a wider range of people， an increasing number of people have degreesFurther education has become more accessible for a wider range of people， so an increasing number of people have degrees。
但是除了BS之外，还有很多其它表示因果关系的表达，具体如下：Because系列（表原因）：1。
because of ： because后接的是一个句子（主谓宾）；because of后一般直接跟名词。
例如：Because ofthe increasing number of machine—and as we noted before， machines magnify human effort—then anyone using a machine canget a higher wage than anyone not using a machine。
表因果关系的英语作文
表因果关系的英语作文英文回答：Causality, an intricate dance of interconnected events, has long fascinated philosophers, scientists, and scholars alike. Understanding the relationships between causes and their corresponding effects is crucial for unraveling the tapestry of existence, predicting future outcomes, and making informed decisions.In philosophy, Aristotle proposed his renowned theoryof causation, which includes four distinct causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. Material and formal causes address the physical and structural aspects of an entity, while efficient and final causes delve into the origin and purpose of its existence. These four causes work in tandemto provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the complexities of causality.Science, too, has delved into the realm of causality,particularly through the scientific method. Experiments are meticulously designed to isolate variables and observe the cause-and-effect relationships between them. By controlling for extraneous factors, scientists can establish a more accurate understanding of how changes in one variableaffect another.However, causality is not always straightforward. Correlation, the statistical relationship between two variables, can often be mistaken for causation, leading to erroneous conclusions. To establish genuine causality, researchers must employ rigorous methods, such as randomized controlled trials, to determine whether one variable truly influences the occurrence of another.中文回答：因果关系，一种相互关联的事件的复杂舞蹈，长期以来一直吸引着哲学家、科学家和学者。
英语作文写作因果模板
英语作文写作因果模板英文回答：因果关系模板：Because + 原因。
So + 结果。
Due to + 原因。
As a result + 结果。
Owing to + 原因。
Therefore + 结果。
Consequentially + 结果。
Hence + 结果。
In view of + 原因。
Consequently + 结果。
In light of + 原因。
Accordingly + 结果。
Since + 原因。
Hence + 结果。
As a consequence + 结果。
For this reason + 原因。
As a result + 结果。
Examples:Because I studied hard, I got good grades.Due to the heavy rain, the roads were flooded.As a result of the pandemic, many businesses were forced to close.Owing to the language barrier, communication was difficult.Therefore, we need to find a better solution.Consequentially, we decided to cancel the event.Hence, we must be more careful in the future.In view of these facts, we believe that the proposal is viable.Consequently, we recommend that the plan be implemented.In light of the new evidence, we have revised ourconclusions.Accordingly, we will need to adjust our strategy.Since we don't have enough time, we won't be able to finish the project.Hence, we will need to ask for an extension.As a consequence of the accident, the victim suffered serious injuries.For this reason, we need to be more aware of the risks.As a result of the investigation, we have identifiedthe root cause of the problem.中文回答：因果关系模板：因为 + 原因。
表示因果关系的英文写作范文
表示因果关系的英文写作范文Expressing Cause and Effect Relationships in WritingEffective communication often relies on the ability to clearly explain the relationships between different ideas or events. One of the key ways writers can do this is by using language that expresses cause and effect. Demonstrating how one thing leads to another, or how certain conditions result in particular outcomes, helps readers better understand the logical flow of information.There are a variety of linguistic tools writers can employ to convey cause and effect. Certain transition words and phrases can signal these types of relationships, guiding the reader through the logic of the text. Common examples include "because," "since," "as a result," "consequently," "therefore," and "thus." Using these terms appropriately can strengthen the coherence and flow of a piece of writing.Beyond transition words, writers can also utilize more comprehensive cause and effect structures. One common approach is the use of the"if-then" construction. This involves stating a condition or cause, then specifying the resulting effect or consequence. For instance, a writer might say "If temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, then we can expect to see more extreme weather events like hurricanes and droughts." The "if" portion introduces the cause, while the "then" portion outlines the effect.Another useful technique is the problem-solution format. In this structure, the writer first identifies a problem or issue, then explains the factors that contributed to or caused that problem. This is followed by a discussion of potential solutions or responses to address the underlying causes. This approach not only demonstrates comprehension of causal relationships, but also shows the writer's ability to think critically about complex issues.When using cause and effect language, it's important for writers to be as specific and clear as possible. Vague or imprecise causal claims can confuse readers and undermine the logic of the argument. Writers should strive to identify the key factors or variables that lead to particular outcomes, and explain those connections in a step-by-step manner.It's also worth noting that cause and effect relationships are not always simple or straightforward. In many cases, multiple causes can contribute to a single effect, or a single cause can lead to variouseffects. In these situations, writers may need to use more nuanced language to capture the complexity of the causal dynamics at play. Phrases like "one of the reasons," "a contributing factor," or "a potential outcome of" can help convey these more intricate relationships.Overall, the ability to effectively express cause and effect is an essential skill for writers across a range of disciplines. Whether crafting persuasive arguments, analyzing historical events, or explaining scientific phenomena, the judicious use of causal language can enhance the clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness of the written work. By mastering these techniques, writers can guide readers through the logical flow of ideas and help them better understand the underlying relationships between different concepts and occurrences.。
因果关系PPT
因果关系in China
行为与 危害结果
犯罪行为与 犯罪结果
从结局 上考察
违法行为 与危害结 果
因果关系
行为与结 果
认定的 角度考 察
危害行为与 危害结果
大陆法系 因果关系 学说
条件说、原因说、相当因果关系说、合法则的条件 说、重要说、客观归责理论（是否属于因果关系范 畴现在仍有争议）
只适用于危害结果发生的方式与被告人事前想象的 一样的情况
八、杀人罪中的“一年零一天规则”
受害人必须在杀人行为实施之后的一年零一天之内死亡，否则法律便不 承认行为和死亡之间的因果关系，被告人就不对死亡结果承担责任。
最早由科克在17c提出
→ →
医学不发达，无法精确证明死亡结果 与危害行为之间的内在联系。
特殊情形：停止于明显安全的处境/明显安全原则
指被告人实施的危险行为并没有直接造成危害结果的发生，而是最终将受害人置于 一个明显安全的处境中，在这个处境中，又由于受害人自己或者其他人的行为造成 了危害结果。 eg:严寒夜晚 女子在屋门外冻死 。。。 英美刑法认为，在这种情况下，被告人的行为和死亡结果之间不存在法律因果关 系，被告人不对死亡结果承担责任，因为事实上受害人的处境是安全的，而是另 外的原因（不叫门进去）造成了受害人的死亡。
美国刑法认为；在不作为犯罪中，如果两个或以上人负有采取积极行为保 护他人安全的共同义务，而任意一人都没有履行义务，造成了死亡结果， 每个人的不作为与这结果之间都具有因果关系。
4、医生关闭濒死病人的生命维持装置
eg;A用刀捅B，B受重伤送往医院抢救，医生C用生命维持装置延 续B的生命，后经诊断，认为B救治无望，C按照医疗常规关闭了 生命维持装置，最终B死亡。 英美法院认为，医生关闭生命维持装置是一种合理的医疗行为， 不能中断两者之间的因果联系，倘若没有医生的介入，受害人可 能死得更快。 ①关闭者是医生，不能是第三者非医护人员； ②医生是履行其职业义务，主观上没有故意杀人意思表示； 若是第三者侵入关闭装置，其行为可能会成为B死亡的原因； ①不具有合法性，积极加害； ②医生救治行为和后来关闭行为看做一个整体，关闭行为只是终 止了先前的救治行为，使得V回到没有医生介入的状态。 安乐死合法化？张明楷《刑法学》p758
因果关系英语作文模板
因果关系英语作文模板英文回答：As we all know, the concept of cause and effect is an important aspect of our daily lives. Whether it's in our personal relationships, our work, or even in the natural world, understanding cause and effect helps us make sense of the world around us.One example of cause and effect in my own life is the relationship between my diet and my energy levels. I've noticed that when I eat a healthy, balanced diet, I have more energy and feel better overall. On the other hand, when I indulge in junk food and sugary snacks, I often feel sluggish and tired. This cause and effect relationship has taught me the importance of making healthy food choices.Another example of cause and effect that I've experienced is in my work life. When I put in extra effort and go the extra mile on a project, I often see positiveresults. This could be in the form of recognition from my boss, a successful outcome for the project, or even just a sense of personal satisfaction. On the other hand, when I don't put in the effort and just do the bare minimum, I usually don't see the same positive results. This cause and effect relationship has taught me the importance of hard work and dedication in my professional life.中文回答：众所周知，因果关系是我们日常生活中重要的一个方面。
表示因果关系的英文写作范文
表示因果关系的英文写作范文英文回答：Causality is a fundamental concept in scientificinquiry and human reasoning. It refers to the relationship between a cause and its effect, where the cause is an event or action that brings about the effect. Establishing causality is crucial for understanding natural phenomena, drawing inferences, and making decisions.The concept of causality has been studied by philosophers, scientists, and statisticians for centuries. In philosophy, Aristotle's four causes (material, formal, efficient, and final) provide a framework for understanding the different aspects of causality. In science, the methods of experimental design and statistical analysis are used to establish causal relationships between variables.One of the challenges in establishing causality is distinguishing it from correlation. Correlation refers tothe statistical association between two or more variables, but it does not necessarily imply causality. For example, just because two variables are positively correlated does not mean that one causes the other. Other factors may be responsible for the correlation.To establish causality, it is necessary to fulfill the following criteria:Temporal precedence: The cause must occur before the effect.Covariation: The cause and effect must be related such that changes in the cause are associated with changes in the effect.Eliminating alternative explanations: Other factors that could potentially explain the relationship between the cause and effect must be ruled out.Establishing causality is not always straightforward, especially in complex systems where multiple factorsinteract. However, by carefully designing experiments and applying statistical techniques, researchers can increase the likelihood of drawing valid conclusions about causal relationships.中文回答：因果关系是科学探究和人类推理中的一个基本概念。
英语作文因果分析法模版
英语作文因果分析法模版Title: Analyzing Cause and Effect in Modern Society.In the intricate web of modern society, understanding the intricate relationships between causes and effects is crucial. This essay aims to explore the concept of cause and effect, its application in various scenarios, and its significance in shaping our world.Cause and Effect: A Fundamental Concept.Cause and effect is a fundamental principle that governs the operation of the universe. It refers to the relationship between an action or event (the cause) and the result or outcome that follows (the effect). This relationship is not limited to physical phenomena but extends to social, psychological, and even cultural contexts. Understanding cause and effect helps us to comprehend how events unfold, predict future outcomes, and make informed decisions.Applications of Cause and Effect.1. Physical Sciences: In the physical sciences, cause and effect is manifested in the laws of nature. For instance, Newton's laws of motion explain how forces act as causes to produce changes in the motion of objects, resulting in specific effects.2. Social Sciences: In the social sciences, cause and effect analysis is used to understand the reasons behind social phenomena. For example, economic policies can be viewed as causes that affect economic growth or decline.3. Psychology: Psychology relies heavily on cause and effect analysis to explain human behavior. For instance, psychological trauma can be seen as a cause that leads to behavioral changes or mental health issues.4. Environmental Studies: Environmental degradation is often analyzed through cause and effect relationships. For instance, deforestation is a cause that leads to climatechange and ecological imbalances.Importance of Cause and Effect Analysis.Cause and effect analysis is crucial for several reasons:1. Prediction and Planning: Understanding cause and effect relationships allows us to predict future outcomes and plan accordingly. This is especially useful in fields like meteorology, where analyzing weather patterns can help predict future weather conditions.2. Decision-Making: Cause and effect analysis helps in making informed decisions by identifying the potential consequences of various actions. This is essential in areas like policy-making, where decisions can have far-reaching effects on society.3. Problem-Solving: Understanding the root causes of problems is crucial for effective problem-solving. By identifying the causes, we can develop targeted solutionsthat address the underlying issues.4. Critical Thinking: Cause and effect analysis promotes critical thinking by encouraging individuals to question assumptions, analyze evidence, and formulate arguments based on logical relationships.Challenges in Cause and Effect Analysis.While cause and effect analysis is a powerful tool, it also faces some challenges:1. Complexity: In real-world scenarios, cause and effect relationships can be incredibly complex, involving multiple interacting factors. This makes it difficult to identify the exact causes of particular effects.2. Temporal Lag: There is often a temporal lag between causes and effects. This means that the effects of certain actions may not be immediately apparent, making itdifficult to attribute specific outcomes to particular causes.3. Causal Ambiguity: In some cases, it may be unclear whether a particular effect is caused by a single factor or a combination of multiple factors. This causal ambiguitycan lead to confusion and misunderstandings.Conclusion.Cause and effect analysis is a fundamental tool for understanding the world we live in. It helps us to comprehend the relationships between actions and outcomes, predict future trends, and make informed decisions. However, it is important to recognize its limitations and approachit with a critical mindset, accounting for the complexity and ambiguity of real-world scenarios. By doing so, we can harness the power of cause and effect analysis to gain deeper insights into the world and shape a better future.。
因果联系和因果关系
因果联系和因果关系英文回答：Causality and Causal Relationship.Causality is the relationship between an event (the cause) and a subsequent event (the effect). A causal relationship is said to exist if and only if the occurrence of the cause is sufficient for the occurrence of the effect and the omission of the cause is sufficient for the omission of the effect.There are a number of different ways to determine whether a causal relationship exists. One common method is to use the method of difference. This method involves comparing two situations that are identical in all respects except for the presence or absence of the alleged cause. If the effect occurs in the situation where the cause is present and does not occur in the situation where the cause is absent, then the cause is said to be necessary for theeffect.Another common method for determining whether a causal relationship exists is to use the method of agreement. This method involves comparing two or more situations that are all similar in terms of the presence of the alleged cause and the occurrence of the effect. If the effect occurs in all of the situations, then the cause is said to be sufficient for the effect.However, it is important to note that neither of these methods is foolproof. There are always other factors that could be responsible for the occurrence of the effect, and it is often difficult to rule out these other factors with certainty. As a result, it is often difficult to determine whether a causal relationship exists with absolute certainty.中文回答：因果联系和因果关系。
因果关系英语作文模板
因果关系英语作文模板因果关系英语作文模板When writing an essay that discusses cause and effect its important to organize your thoughts in a logical manner. Here is a template you can use to structure your essay effectivelyTitle Your Title HereIntroductionHook Start with an interesting fact quote or question to grab the readers attention.Background Provide some context about the topic.Thesis Statement Clearly state the main idea of your essay and the causeseffects you will discuss.Body Paragraph 1Topic Sentence Introduce the first cause or effect.Explanation Explain why this cause leads to the effect or how the effect is a result of the cause.Example Provide a reallife example or evidence to support your explanation.Concluding Sentence Summarize the main points of the paragraph.Body Paragraph 2Topic Sentence Introduce the second cause or effect.Explanation Elaborate on the relationship between the cause and effect.Example Offer another example or piece of evidence to strengthen your argument.Concluding Sentence Reiterate the significance of this causeeffect relationship.Body Paragraph 3 and so on for additional causeseffectsFollow the same structure as the previous body paragraphs.Counterargument Paragraph OptionalCounterargument Present an opposing view or a different causeeffect relationship.Refutation Explain why your original argument is stronger or more valid.ConclusionRestate Thesis Briefly restate your thesis statement.Summary Summarize the main causes and effects you discussed.Final Thoughts Offer some closing thoughts or implications of your argument.Call to Action Optional Suggest what can be done about the issue or how the reader might think differently about it.ReferencesList all the sources you cited in your essay.Remember to use transition words and phrases to connect your ideas smoothly. Also ensure that your essay has a clear structure and that each paragraph contributes to the overall argument you are making.。
英文作文常用的对比,因果表示方法
We may (cite/ quote/ mention/ take/ point out) (a single/ a common/ another) example ofWe may quote a common example of(History/ our society) (is filled/ abounds) with the examples of…History abounds with the examples of…(it/ this) (provides/ offers/ proves/ shows) a (good/ typical/ concrete/ notable/ striking) (instance of/ example of/ case in point)This provides a notable case in point--To the (now/ already) familiar (facts/ examples/ evidence) (a number of/ numerous/ abundant/ a great deal of) (further/ new) (facts/ examples/ evidence) may be added.To the already familiar evidence, a great deal of further facts may be added.The (story/ case/ instance/ situation) is not (rare/ isolated/ unique) , it is (one of many examples/ typical of dozens) I have (heard, read, encountered)The case is not unique; it is typical of dozens I have encountered.(a/ one) (recent/ new/ general/ nationwide) (study/ survey/ poll/ investigation) (conducted/ taken) (at a factory/ university/ by officials/ by scientists/ by experts) (indicates/ reveals/ suggests/ shows/ proves/ demonstrates) that…A nationwide investigation conducted by experts demonstrates that…(according to/ as can be seen in/ as is shown in/ as is evidenced in) the (figures/ statistics/ findings/ data/ graph/ table) (released/ provide) byAs can be seen in the statistics provide byAccording to (a/ the) (recent/ new/ latest) (record/ study/ investigation/ survey/ poll) , it can be (learned/ seen. predicted) …According to a latest invest igation, it can be predicted…There is(no) (good/ every/ little/ sufficient/ considerable/ strong) (evidence/ proof) (to show that/ that/ as to/ against/ in favor of)There is (no) considerable proof in favor of…All(available/ indisputable/ reliable/ striking/ statistical) evidence(goes to show that/ points to the fact that/ piles up to show that/ lends support to the view that)All reliable striking statistical evidence lends support to the view that…(Personal experience/ examples I heard of/ exampl es I read of) leads me to conclude that…Personal experience leads me to conclude that…(this/ it) (brings/ sets forth/ reveals/ demonstrates) the(important/ unquestionable/ hard) fact that This demonstrates the unquestionable fact that…We(may, can, must) (face/ accept/ state/ recognize/ mention/ admit/ point out) the(essential/ bare/ indisputable/ self-evident/ undeniable/ astonishing/ profound/ deplorable) fact thatWe must accept the self-evident fact that…对比All(available/ indisputable/ reliable/ striking/ statistical) evidence(goes to show that/ points to the fact that/ piles up to show that/ lends support to the view that)All reliable striking statistical evidence lends support to the view that…(Personal experience/ examples I heard of/ examp les I read of) leads me to conclude that…Personal experience leads me to conclude that…(this/ it) (brings/ sets forth/ reveals/ demonstrates) the(important/ unquestionable/ hard) fact thatThis demonstrates the unquestionable fact that…We(may, can, must) (face/ accept/ state/ recognize/ mention/ admit/ point out) the(essential/ bare/ indisputable/ self-evident/ undeniable/ astonishing/ profound/ deplorable) fact thatWe must accept the self-evident fact that…The advantages of B (outweigh any benefit we gain from/ carry more weight than those of/ are much greater than) A …The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gain from A…(good/ superior/ wonderful) as A is, …, it (has its own disadvantages/ brings its own problems, too)Wonderful as A is…, it brings its own problems tooThe effect of (comparison/ contrast) is heightened by the particular advantage B enjoys.The effect of contrast is heightened by the particular advantage B enjoys.Although A (secures/ enjoys/ gains/ has) (enormous/much/substantial/considerable/a distinct) advantage (over/ of)…, it cannot compete with B in…Although A enjoys a distinct advantage of … , it cannot compete with B in…A’s advantage (sounds ridiculous, means nothing) when B’s advantage are (mentioned/ considered/ taken into consideration)A’s advantage means nothing when B’s advantage are taken into considerationWhen the advantages and disadvantages of … are carefully compared, the most striking (finding/ conclusion) is (self-evident/ obvious)When the advantages and disadvantages of … are carefully compared, the ,most striking finding is self-evidentAlthough everyone believes that… I (doubt/ wonder) whether the argument bears ( much analysis/ close examination)Although everyone believes that.. I wonder whether the argument bears close examination(as opposed to/ contrary to) (widely/ commonly/ generally) (held/ accepted) (belief/ ideas/ views), I (belief, argue) that…As opposed to generally accepted belief, I belief that…Although the (popular/ nationwide/ commonly-accepted) (belief/ idea/ assumption) is that…Although the commonly-accepted belie is that…Although the (inclination/ tendency) to… is (desirable/ laudable/ understandable), one may still wonder whether … is fairAlthough the tendency to… is desirable, one may still wonder whether… is fairThey may be right about… , but they seem to (neglect/ fail) to (mention/take into account) the fact that…They may be right about…, but they seem to fail to take into account that fact that…Although it is (co mmonly/ widely/ generally) (held/ felt/ accepted/ agreed) that…, it is unlikely to be true that…Although it is commonly-accepted that… ,it is unlikely to be true that…(it is true that…/ true,/to be sure/ admittedly,) but (this is not to say/ it is unlik ely/ it does not follow/ it does not mean/ it won’t be the case) that…It is true that…, but it won’t be the case that…It would be (possible/ natural/ reasonable) to (think/ believe/ take the view) that…, but it would be (foolish/ absurd/ an error/ wrong) to (claim/ argue) that…, and it would be more (foolish/ absurd/ wrong) to believe that…It would be reasonable to take the view that…, but it would be a error to claim that, and it would be more absurd to believe that…There is (absolutely/ in fact) (no/ every) reason for us to (believe/ accept/ resist/ reject) that …There is in fact no reason for us to accept that…因果Among the most (convincing/ important) reason (given/ cited/ offered/ identified) by people for…, one should be (stressed/ emphasized/mentioned)…Among the most convincing reason offered by people for…, one should be mentioned…One may (regard/see/ view/think of) the (trend/ increase/ phenomenon) as a (sign of/ result of/ response to/ reaction to)…One may regard the phenomenon as a re action to…The (increase/ change/ failure/ success) in (mainly/ largely/ partly) (results from/ arises from/ is because of) /is (due to/ owing to attributable to) the fact that…/several factorsThe change in largely arises from…The change is owing to att ributable to the fact that…The change is owing to attributable to several factorsWe may (blame/ criticize)… for…, but the (cause, roots) for the (problem, phenomenon) go far deeper.We may criticize… for…, but the roots for the problem go far deeper.O ne may (attribute/ ascribe/ owe) the (increase/ decrease/ change) to…, but… is not by itself an adequate explanation.One may owe the change to…, but… is not by itself an adequate explanationOne may trace this (trend/ problem) back to…, but it doesn’t answer the question of…One may trace this problem back to…, but it doesn’t answer the question of…There are (many/ different/ several/ a number of/ a variety of) (causes/ reasons) for this (dramatic/ marked/ significant/ extraordinary) (growth/ change/ de cline/ increase) in…There are a variety of causes for this dramatic change in…A (number/ multitude) of factors could (conspire towards/ account for/contribute to/ lead to/ result in/ influence) the (change/ increase/ decrease/ success/ failure/ developm ent) in…A multitude of factors could contribute to the development in…Another (contributing/ contributory) (factor/ cause) of … is…Another contributing cause of… is…Also (playing a part/ contributing to this) is …Also contributing to this is …Why (are/ do/ did)…? (for one thing/ one reason is)…(for another/ another is)… perhaps the (primary/ main/most important) reason is…Why…? For one thing… for another… perhaps the primary reason is…… is (also/ partly/ mainly/ solely) responsible for the (rise/ increase/ decrease) in…… is mainly responsible for the change in…The (reason/ causes) for… are (varied/ many/ complicated/ profound) and (maybe/ perhaps/probably) they (lie/ are found) in the fact…The cause for… are complicated and, probably, they are found in the fact…Some people suggest that the faults is with (teenagers/ students) who… but(it doesn’t explain/ they are only partly right)Some people suggest that the faults is with teenagers who… but they are only partly rightIt may (cause/ produce/ bring about) a (considerable/ drastic/ marked/ sweeping/ favourable/ undesirable) (change/ rise) in…It may bring about a considerable change in…。
英语因果关系表达法
英语因果关系表达法表示因果关系的英语表达法英语中表示因果关系的方式很多。
除原因状语从句之外，名词、介词、连接副词、主动词、并列连词和从属连词等也都可以用来表示逻辑上的因果关系。
一、名词表示逻辑上的因果关系常用的表示因果关系的名词有result，cause和reason等。
例如：Ken's illness is the result of drinking heavily.肯生病的原因是酗酒。
What was the cause of the air crash?导致那起空难的原因是什么？二、介词表示逻辑上的因果关系从结构来看，介词分为简单介词和复杂介词。
简单介词通常由一个单词构成，而复杂介词通常由两个或两个以上的单词构成。
简单介词和复杂介词都可以用来表示因果关系。
1.简单介词常用的表示因果关系的简单介词有from，at，through和with 等。
例如：He felt very powerless from lack of money.由于缺钱，他感到很无奈。
My mother always rejoices at my success.母亲总是为我的成功而欣喜。
2.复杂介词常用的表示因果关系的复杂介词有due to, because of, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, in consequence of, on account of和in view of等。
例如：Due to hard work, they won promotion由于工作努力，他们得到了晋升。
The football match was cancelled because of the heavy mist.这场足球比赛因大雾而被取消。
三、连接副词表示逻辑上的因果关系连接副词在分句之间起连接作用，充当连接性状语。
常用的表示因果关系的连接副词有hence, therefore, thus, accordingly和consequently等。
第三章因果关系图
第三章 因果关系图
因果关系的表示形式 因果关系回路 因果关系图实例
因果关系回路
绘制因果回路图的原则
因果回路图中每个链条都必须代表变量之间存在因 果关系 一定要为图中的每一个因果箭标注明极性 判断回路的极性 命名回路 指出因果链条中的重要延迟 变量名应当是名词或名词短语 因果回路图布局 选择合适的概括程度 不要将所有的回路放人一个大图 明确表示出负回路的目标 分清实际状况和察觉到的状况
因果关系图实例
因果关系的描述
因果关系图实例
因果关系回路
正因果链(positive causal link) 正因果链
因果关系的表示形式
负因果链
说明： 说明：因果链在这里只能够定性地说明系统中两 变量之间影响关系的变化方向，但不能反映两 个变量的变化量的大小和两个变量之间变化的 延迟。
因果关系回路
因果关系回路
由一系列的(两个或两个以上的)因果链 连接而成的闭合回路。
因果关系的表示形式
因果关系图的意义
说明社会、经济和管理等系统的问题，是比 较合乎逻辑的科学方法 能够简洁地表达出复杂系统中各变量之间的 相互影响和相互作用关系 可以明确地确定出系统动态模型的范围 可以更容易地实现系统分析人员和决策人k) 因果链
因果关系回路
正因果关系回路
自身具有加强其变化效果能力的闭合回路。
因果关系回路
负的因果关系回路
自身具有抑制变量变化和进行调节能力 的闭合回路。 的闭合回路。
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英语因果关系表达法集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-表示因果关系的英语表达法英语中表示因果关系的方式很多。
除原因状语从句之外，名词、介词、连接副词、主动词、并列连词和从属连词等也都可以用来表示逻辑上的因果关系。
一、名词表示逻辑上的因果关系常用的表示因果关系的名词有result，cause和 reason等。
例如：Ken's illness is the result of drinking heavily.肯生病的原因是酗酒。
What was the cause of the air crash导致那起空难的原因是什么二、介词表示逻辑上的因果关系从结构来看，介词分为简单介词和复杂介词。
简单介词通常由一个单词构成，而复杂介词通常由两个或两个以上的单词构成。
简单介词和复杂介词都可以用来表示因果关系。
1.简单介词常用的表示因果关系的简单介词有from，at， through和with等。
例如：He felt very powerless from lack of money.由于缺钱，他感到很无奈。
My mother always rejoices at my success.母亲总是为我的成功而欣喜。
2.复杂介词常用的表示因果关系的复杂介词有due to, because of, owing to, thanks to, as a result of, in consequence of, on account of和in view of等。
例如：Due to hard work, they won promotion由于工作努力，他们得到了晋升。
The football match was cancelled because of the heavy mist.这场足球比赛因大雾而被取消。
三、连接副词表示逻辑上的因果关系连接副词在分句之间起连接作用，充当连接性状语。
常用的表示因果关系的连接副词有hence, therefore, thus, accordingly和consequently等。
例如：My mother is ill, hence I must go home now.因为妈妈病了，所以我现在必须回家。
It rained,therefore the game was put off.因为下雨，所以比赛延期举行。
四、主动词表示逻辑上的因果关系英语主动词分为单词动词和词组动词。
单词动词是指由一个单词构成的动词，而词组动词则是指由两个或两个以上的单词构成的动词。
单词动词和词组动词都可以用来表示逻辑上的因果关系。
1.单词动词常用的表示因果关系的单词动词有cause, make和impel等。
例如：The cold weather caused many animals to die.由于天气寒冷，许多动物都被冻死了。
Her death made him very sad.她的去世令他很难过。
2.词组动词常用的表示因果关系的词组动词有result in, stem from, bring about和lead to等。
例如：The talks resulted in destroying a lot of missiles.谈判的结果是许多导弹被销毁了。
Their discontent stemmed from low pay and poor working conditions.工资低和工作条件差是他们产生不满情绪的原因。
五、并列连词and表示逻辑上的因果关系有时，and连接的两个并列谓语可以表示逻辑上的因果关系：前一个谓语表示原因，后一个谓语说明结果。
例如：He drank too much and was ill.他喝了太多的酒，生病了。
He tried hard and passed the final examination successfully.由于学习努力，他顺利通过了期末考试。
六、从属连词表示因果关系从属连词分为简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词和边际从属连词。
这四类从属连词都可以用来引导原因状语从句。
1.简单从属连词简单从属连词即单词从属连词。
常用的表示因果关系的简单从属连词有because, as, since和for等。
例如：Mary was scolded by her English teacher because she was late again.玛丽因为再次迟到而受到了英语老师的批评。
As she lacked money, she decided not to go to school again.因为缺钱，所以她决定不再上学了。
2.复杂从属连词复杂从属连词通常由两个或两个以上的单词构成。
常用的表示因果关系的复杂从属连词有in that, now that和in as much as等。
例如：I'm very sad now, in that my girlfriend left me.我现在很难过，因为女朋友离开了我。
Now that you've arrived, we can begin.既然你已经到了，我们可以开始了。
3.关联从属连词关联从属连词是指由两个关联词构成的从属连词。
常用的表示因果关系的关联从属连词有seeing(that)…therefore，和since（表示“理由”）… the n/in that case等。
例如：Seeing(that)the weather is bad therefore we have to stay at home.因为天气不好，所以我们不得不呆在家里。
Since I don't complain then/in that case people think I'm satisfied.因为我没发牢骚，所以人们就以为我很满意。
4.边际从属连词边际从属连词是指实际上起着从属连词作用的某些结构。
常用的表示因果关系的边际从属连词有on the ground(s)that, by reason that和for fear (that)等。
例如：They look down on me on the grounds that I am very stupid.因为我很笨，所以他们看不起我。
I didn't attend the meeting by reason that I was ill.我因病没有参加那个会议。
七、非限定短语表示因果关系非限定短语包括不定式短语、-ing分词短语和-ed 分词短语。
非限定短语能充当主语、主语补语、宾语、宾语补语和状语等多种成分。
作状语时，非限定短语可以表示逻辑上的因果关系。
1.不定式短语Mary seemed very surprised to meet me.玛丽碰见我好像很吃惊。
We were surprised to find her surrounded by five boys.看到她被五个男孩围在中间，我们感到很惊讶。
2.-ing分词短语Not knowing his address, we didn't go to his house yesterday.因为不知道地址，所以昨天我们没去他家。
Knowing English well, he talked to the foreigner without any difficulty.他英语很好，所以与那位外国人交谈没有任何困难。
3.-ed分词短语Machine used, they worked more efficiently机器的使用使他们的工作效率更高了。
Hit by a stone yesterday, he is in hospital now.他昨天被一块石头砸着了，所以现在正躺在医院里。
八、无动词短语表示因果关系一个主谓结构中如果没有任何形式的动词或动词词组作谓语，那么这个主谓结构就是无动词短语。
无动词短语可以作修饰性状语，具有多种功能，其中之一就是表示因果关系。
例如：Afraid of hurting his feelings, I didn't mention it.由于怕伤害他的感情，我没有提那件事。
Unable to find appropriate words to express myself, I left silendy.由于一时找不到合适的词语来表达，我悄悄地离开了。
九、定语从句表示因果关系有些从句从语法结构上看是定语从句，但从语义上看却兼有原因状语从句的功能。
例如：I don't like that city, which is too noisy.我不喜欢那个城市，因为它太嘈杂了。
Man can't live On the moon, where there is no water or air.人类不能在月球上居住，因为那里既没有水，又没有空气。
十、特定的句子结构表示因果关系1.“..., it is that...”结构表示因果关系在“..., it is that...”结构中，逗号前的从句提出假设，逗号后的主句则对提出的假设或加以说明，或给出原因。
例如：If I scold you, it is that I love you.我骂你，是因为我爱你。
If he doesn't go, it is that the weather is too terrible.如果他没去，那是因为天气太糟糕了。
2.“not that..., but that...”结构表示因果关系“not that.., but that...”结构的意思是“不是因为……，而是因为……”，其中的that相当于 because。
例如：Not that I want to learn, but that I don't have the heart to make them disappointed.不是因为我想学习，而是因为我不忍心让他们失望。
Not that I was afraid of him, but that I had no choice.不是因为我怕他，而是因为我别无选择。
3.“be+adj.+that...”结构表示因果关系“be+adj.+that...”结构也常用来表示因果关系，其中的形容词一般是glad, sorry, annoyed, disappointed, surprised, ashamed和delighted等。
例如：I'm glad that he's feeling better.我很高兴他感觉好点了。