测控技术与仪器专业英语(韩建国)Unit6翻译
专业英语Lesson 6 Dynamic Performance 《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
《测控技术与仪器英语教程》
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6.2 First-order Systems
• a) step response
ideal response
output
actual response
time
Figure 6.4 The step response of a first-order system
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6.2 First-order Systems
• A first-order differential equation :
ad0
dt
b0
ci
a b
ddt0
bci
a , Kc
b
b
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6.2 First-order Systems
Lesson 6 Dynamic Performance
• Backgrounds • Text tour • Language in use
– Vocabulary – Structure – Reading/writing techniques
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6.1 Zero-order Systems
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6.4 Step-response Specification
output
105% 100% 95%
90%
tr t res
ts
t r rise time t res response time t s 5 % settling time
测控专业英语课后单词及翻译
P1U1A Electrical Networks 电路network n. 网络，电路resistor n. 电阻器inductor n. 电感器capacitor n. 电容器passive network 无源网络active network 有源网络characteristic adj. 特性(的)；n. 特性曲线Ohm n. 欧姆Faraday n. 法拉第electric charge 电荷integral n. 积分increment n. 增量armature n. 电枢，衔铁，加固aforementioned adj. 上述的，前面提到的represent v. 代表，表示，阐明amplify v. 放大symbolic adj. 符号的，记号的mesh n. 网孔Kirchhoff’s first law 基尔霍夫第一定律loop current 回路电流voltage drop 电压降in series 串联differential adj. 微分的；n. 微分variable n. 变量outline n. 轮廓；v. 提出……的要点eliminate v. 消除，对消[1] In the case of a resistor, the voltage-current relationship is given by Ohm’s law, which states that the voltage across the resistor is equal to the current through the resistor multiplied by the value of the resistance.就电阻来说，电压—电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。
欧姆定律指出：电阻两端的电压等于电阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
Which做关系代词，以引出非限制性定语从句。
[2]It may be that the inductor voltage rather than the current is the variable of interest in the circuit.或许在电路中，人们感兴趣的变量是电感电压而不是电感电流。
测控专业英语韩建国课文翻译
CHAPTER.1Introduction to Measurement Unit1Definition of Measurement and Measurement Theory1.Definition of Measurment一个可能的操作的描述术语,同意我们的直觉测量是以下,测量是获取信息”,外表的信息收集是其中最重要的方面进行测量,测量学习对象的测量,测量。
这意味着一个测量必须描述关于该状态,或者在世界的现象——围绕我们,我们是测量。
必须有一个关系状态或现象和测量的结果。
尽管方面获得信息是小学它仅仅是一个必要的和非充分方面的测量:当一个人阅读一本教科书、一个收集信息,但是一个不执行一个测量。
第二个方面是,它的测量须有选择性的。
它可能只提供有关我们希望测量(测量),而不是任何其他的许多州或现象在我们周围。
这方面也是必要的,但不足以方面的测量。
欣赏一幅画在一个空荡荡的房间将提供信息只有这幅画,但不构成测量。
第三个和必要的方面在于它必须测量的目的。
测量的结果必须独立于一个任意的观察者。
每个观察者必须提取相同的信息从测量和必须得出了同样的结论。
然而,这几乎是不可能的,一个观察者只使用他/她的感官,观察和我们的感官是高度主观的。
我们的意义上的温度,例如,很大程度上取决于任何感觉热或冷前测量。
这是证明了试图确定一壶水温度用手。
如果手首先浸泡在冷水,壶里的水会觉得相对温暖的手,而如果是第一个浸泡在温水,水在壶会觉得相对冷。
除了我们的观察”知道,我们人类观察员也残疾的事实有许多州或现象在现实世界的我们,我们不能观察(e.g.磁场),或者只差(e、g、极低的温度下或高速运动)。
为了保证测量的客观性因此,我们必须使用文物(工具或工具)。
这些工具的任务是把国家或现象受到观察到一个不同的状态或现象,不能被误解的观察者。
换句话说,该仪器将初始观察到一个表示,所有的观察者可以观察并将同意。
为测量仪器的输出,因此*客观可观察到的输出如数字应该使用一个字母数字显示,而不是主观评估诸如颜色等。
测控技术与仪器专业英语词汇
Lesson 1Accuracy 精确性、精度Amplitude 振幅，幅度Channel 信道，频道Coefficient 系数Convergence 收敛Differentiate 求……的微分Expansion 展开式Harmonic 谐波的Instant 瞬时，时间Integrate 求……的积分Linear 线性的Order 次序，阶Peak 最高的，最高峰Periodicity 周期Phase 相位Polynomial 多项式的，多项式Resistor 电阻器Series 展成级数，级数Taylor series 泰勒级数Set 集合Sinusoidal 正弦的Time domain 时域frequency-domain 频域integrand 被积函数Lesson 2decay 衰减duration 持续时间exponential 指数的multiplier 乘数，乘法器oscillatory 振荡的frequency density function 频率密度函数Fourier series 傅立叶级数Spectrum 频谱Imaginary part of complex 复数的虚部Real part of complex 复数的实部Conjugate pairs 共轭对Lesson 3algorithm 算法decaying oscillatory function 衰减振荡函数power series 幂级数shift operator 移位算子product 乘积electrical disturbance 电干扰sampled-data signal 数据采样信号be proportional to 与…成正比Lesson 5dead-band 死区hysteresis 滞后linearity 线性度measurand 被测量oscilloscope 示波器performance 特性precision 精确度resolution 分辨率static friction 静态摩擦sensitivity 灵敏度calibration 校准loading effect 负载效应slop 斜率platinum 铂thermometer 温度计in cascade with 与…串联in parallel with 与…并联lever 杠杆displacement 位移indicated value示值true value 真值deflection 偏转possible error 可能误差probable error 概率误差root-sum-square error 方和根误差Lesson 6overshoot 过调量，超调量transient response 瞬态响应variable 变量ramp 斜坡resonance 共振step input 阶跃输入step response 阶跃响应transient 瞬态的first-order system 一阶系统static error 静态误差dynamic error 动态误差time constant 时间常数frequency response 频率响应damping ratio 阻尼比under-damp 欠阻尼over-damp 过阻尼mass-spring system 质量-弹簧系统steady-state 稳态rise time 上升时间settling time 建立时间（过渡过程时间）specification 性能指标tolerance 容差Lesson 7capacitance 电容deformation 变形distortion 变形，扭曲electromagnetic 电磁的gauge 表，仪器，计strain gauge 应变计crystalline material 晶体材料voltage 电压current 电流harmonics 谐波inductance 电感，感应infrared 红外的linearize 线性化natural frequency 固有频率mutual-inductance 互感photoconductive cell 光电导管photoelectric effect 光电效应piezo-electric 压电的potential divider 分压器potentiometer 电位计，电位器精品文库resistance 电阻thermistor 热敏电阻transducer 转换器，传感器cross-sectional area 截面积excitation voltage 激励电压full-scale 满量程rotary 旋转的translational 平移的mechanical wear 机械磨损inertia 惯性power dissipation 功耗illumination 照度transparent 透明的Lesson 8coupling 耦合flux 磁通impedance 阻抗permeability 磁导率permittivity 电容率，介电系数reluctance 磁阻variable-distance capacitive transducer 变间距式电容式传感器oscillation circuit 振荡电路l.v.d.t 线性差动变压器piezo-electric transducer 压电式传感器charge amplifier 电荷放大器parallel-plate capacitor 平板电容器variable-reluctance transducer 变磁阻传感器liquid level 液位Lesson 9apparatus 仪器attenuator 衰减器bandwidth 带宽battery 电池be inversely proportional to 与成反比be proportional to 与成正比capacitor 电容feedback 反馈gain 增益operational amplifier 运算放大器semiconductor 半导体terminal 终端test probe 探针voltmeter 电压表multirange 多量程variable resistor 可变电阻Lesson 10duty cycle 占空比timerbase 时基register 寄存器signal conditioning 信号调理threshold 阈值trigger 触发器Lesson 11adapter boarder 适配板analog-to-digital conversion模数转换desktop 工作平台distortion 失真dynamic 动态的expansion slot 扩展槽generator 发生器interface 接口local area network LAN 局域网motherboard 母板scale 刻度slot 长槽workbench 工作台computer-aided testing（CAT）计算机辅助测试desktop personal computer台式个人计算机knob 旋钮16-channel analog-to-digitalconversion board 16通道模/数转换板12-bit resolution 12位分辨率buffer 缓冲器interface 接口data-gathering device 数据采集装置Lesson 12active element 有源元件bias 偏差，偏置current intensity 电流electrode 电极field-effect transistor FET场效应管grid 格子，栅极integrated circuit 集成电路magnetic field 磁场passive component 无源元件photocell 光电管sensor 传感器，敏感元件thermocouple 热电偶transducer 变换器，换能器，传感器vacuum tube 真空管，电子管Lesson 13cache memory 高速缓冲存储器，高速缓存control unit 控制器，控制部件drain 场效应管的漏集dynamic RAM （DRAM）动态随机存取存储器gate 门（电路），管子的栅极local memory 局部存储器，本地存储器metal-oxide-semiconductorfield effect transistor（MOSFET）金属氧化物半导体场效应管microcontroller 微控制器microprocessor微处理器monitor 监视器mouse 鼠标精品文库printer打印机static RAM （SRAM）静态RAMultra-large-scale integratedcircuit 超大规模集成电路。
测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译
Selected from “Introduction to Control System technology , 4th Ed. , by Robert N. Bateson, Macmillan Publishing Co., 1933”. 选自“控制系统技术，第四版的介绍，罗伯特N.贝特森，麦克米兰出版有限公司，1933。
• 测量变量（CM）是衡量价值的控制变量。这是输出的测 量手段和通常不同于实际的控制变量的一小部分。
• The error (E) is the difference between the setpoint and the measured value of the controlled variable . It is computed according to the equation E=SP-.
控制变量（C）是过程的输出变量，用来出变量,它能很好地衡量 产品的质量。最常见的控制变量有位置、速度、温度、压 力和流量水平。
•
•
The set point (SP) is the desired value of the controlled variable.
6.Variable Name（变量名称）
•
The controlled variable (C) is the process output variable that is to controlled. In a process control system, the controlled variable is usually an output variable that s a good measure of the quality of the product. The most common controlled variables are position, velocity, temperature, pressure level and flow rate.
最新-测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译 精品
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一：测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5~10)第1章课后,,,???,,,?,,??,?,,(1950),,??,,??,;,,,(,),,,,,,=(2),,,(),水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中，操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波。
干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号。
这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响。
类似的情况在雷达监测、工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到。
当你想到信号检测时有多种方法，那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的。
当问题的答案是“当前有一个还是一个多个信号？”时，检波一词将被使用。
一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性，这就需要谈及假设检验；当一个信号反复出现的情况下，许多系统只被设计提供两个答案：“是的，当前有一个信号”或“不，当前没有信号”。
力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化，因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类。
一般来说，一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作，不容易被改变，例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管。
当出现不明信号时，观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑。
在这种情况下，操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在。
沃尔德（1950）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉。
如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平，这就是顺序检测。
一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否，而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数。
在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别，例如信号的到达时间和相位。
当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时，这就是信号抽取。
信号一词并没有明确的定义，只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设。
有些较为详细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件。
测控技术与仪器专业英语单词翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语单词翻译If a measurement is slightly off the mark,we have the tendency to compensate for the error by allowing the recorded eeading to creep closer to our perceived impression of the true value.如果测量值有轻微的偏差，我们综合室倾向于补偿误差将记录值向感觉的真值靠拢。
更糟的是事实上两次测量中仪器本身不会一直指向相同的位置，由于指针的移动的。
Aggravating the situation is the fact that the meter itself does not always register identical values the same way twice,depending on which way the pointer happens to be moving. .大多数的误差来自视差，即观察仪器指针的角度不垂直造成的视差，即使我们已经解释了这种生理特性，却还是想从自身逃避责任While the main gate is open,the conditioned input signal pulses are passer through to the counting register,where they are tallied and then scaled for output by the display circuitry.当主控门打开时，经过转换的输入脉冲通过其进入计数寄存器，并在此统计，然后通过读书屏输出。
Because the frequency counter must accommodate a wide range of input signals,with vary degrees of voltage,noise component,and DCoffset,the input must pass through many conditioning circuits before it is fully conditioned.由于频率计数器必须提供一个宽范围的输入信号，使之能够适用于不同伏特，噪声成分和直流偏移，所以输入信号在充分变换前必须经过许多转换电路。
Unit 6 Introduction2012
1 An Overview for Control System
– A complex controller, the brain, compares the two positions 2.3 and determines which actions must be performed to accomplish the desired result. – 复杂控制器大脑比较两者位置，并决策完成期望效果所 采取的动作。 2.5 – The body implements the control action by moving the thread or turning the steeling wheel; an experienced driver will anticipate all types of disturbances to the system such as a rough section of pavement or a slow-moving vehicle ahead． – 人体通过移动线和转动方向盘完成控制动作；一个有经 验的司机将预期这个系统所有类型的干扰，如人行路段 或有慢行车在前方时。
2
Words and Expressions
– – – – – – – – – – – continuous 连续的 discrete 离散的 regulator system 调节系统 follow-up system 随动系统 setpoint 给定值 actuator 执行器 programmable controller 可编程控制器 central control room 中央控制室 block diagram 方框图 response to 响应 time delay 延时 Laplace transform 拉普拉斯变换
测控技术与仪器专业英语全书翻译
jug will feel relatively cold. Besides the subjectivity of our observation ,we human observers are also handicapped by the fact that there are many states or phenomena in the real world around us which we
观察者。换句话说,仪器将最初的观察到任何观测者都表示会同意能封锁。For the measurement instrument’s output ,therefore ,objectively observable output such as numbers on an alpha-numerical display should be used rather than subjective assessment of such things as colour ,etc.. Designing such instruments ,which are referred to as measurement systems ,is the field of (measurement) instrumentation.用来测量仪器的输出,因此,客观观察的输 出如数字显示 alpha-numerical 应使用而不是主观评价诸如色彩,等。设计这样 的仪器都被称为量测系统,域(计量仪表。In the following ,we will define measurement as the acquisition of information in the form of measurement
测控技术与仪器专业 英语
测控技术与仪器专业英语Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments Measurement and control technology plays a crucial role in various industries, including manufacturing, research, and development.As a specialized field, it requires professionals with excellent skills and knowledge in areas such as sensors, data acquisition, signal conditioning, and control systems. The Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments program trains students to become proficient in all aspects of this field. In this article, we will explore the key subjects and skills covered in this program.1. Sensor Technology:Sensors are vital components in measurement and control systems. Students in this program learn about different types of sensors, such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, and position sensors. They study how sensors work, how to select the appropriate sensor for a specific application, and how to calibrate and maintain sensors.2. Data Acquisition:Collecting accurate and reliable data is crucial for measurement and control systems. Students learn various data acquisition techniques, including analog-to-digital conversion, digital signal processing, and sampling theory. They gain hands-on experience with data acquisition systems and software tools used for data analysis and visualization.3. Signal Conditioning:In order to obtain accurate measurements, signals from sensorsneed to be conditioned and processed. Students learn about techniques for amplification, filtering, linearization, and noise reduction. They understand the importance of signal conditioning in maintaining data integrity and accuracy.4. Control Systems:Control systems are central to measurement and automation processes. Students study different types of control systems, such as feedback control, feedforward control, and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. They learn about system modeling, stability analysis, and controller tuning. They gain practical experience in designing and implementing control systems for various applications.5. Measurement Techniques:This program emphasizes different measurement techniques used in industrial and scientific settings. Students gain knowledge of measurement principles, uncertainty analysis, and standards. They learn about techniques such as calibration, metrology, and error analysis. They also study measurement instruments and their applications, including oscilloscopes, multimeters, spectrometers, and chromatographs.6. Instrumentation and Automation:Instrumentation and automation are integral parts of measurement and control technology. Students learn about different instruments used in industrial processes and research laboratories. They study automation techniques, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs), distributed control systems (DCS), and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. They become proficient indesigning and implementing modern instrumentation and automation solutions.7. Industrial Applications:Measurement and control technology has wide application in various industries, such as manufacturing, aerospace, energy, and medicine. Students learn about the specialized requirements and challenges of different industries. They study case studies and real-world projects to gain practical insights into applying measurement and control techniques to solve industrial problems.In conclusion, the Measurement and Control Technology and Instruments program covers a comprehensive range of subjects and skills necessary for professionals in this field. From sensor technology to control systems and from data acquisition to instrumentation and automation, students gain a solid foundation in measurement and control principles. With this knowledge, they can contribute to improving the efficiency, reliability, and safety of industrial processes and scientific research.。
测控技术与仪器专业英语单词汇总
测控技术与仪器专业英语单词汇总第一单元Operational description 操作描述；Acquisition of information 信息采集；Object of measurement 测量目标；Measurand 被测物理量；Measurement result 测量结果；A necessary and not a sufficient aspect 一个必要而非充分的条件Selectivity 选择性；Objective 客观的Arbitrary 专横的，专断的，反复无常的；Highly subjective 高度主观的；Handicapped 残疾的Magnetic field 磁场Objectivity 客观性Artefact 人工品Misinterpret 曲解Measurement instrument's output 测量装着的输出；Structural information 公制信息Qualitative measurement 质量测量Quantitative measurement 数量测量Respective characteristic 各自的特性Empirical world 经验的世界Abstract image 抽象的映像Actual empirical quantity 实际经验的数量Mapping of element 元素的映射Source set 源集Empirical domain space 经验域空间Image set 映像集Abstract range space 抽象域空间Electrical domain 电气域Measurement process 测量过程Assignment algorithm 分配算法Abstract symbol 抽象符号Employed measurement system 被使用的测量系统Set theory 集合论Relational system 相关系统Gathered information 收集到的信息Theorem 定理；法则Valid representation 有确凿根据的陈述Hypothesis 假说；假设；学说Schematically 概要的Simplicity 简单的Monotonic function 单调函数Measurement constitute 测量组成Legal transformation 合法转换Congruent representation 适合的表述法第二单元Physical quantity 物理量Electrical potential difference 电势差Cardinal measurement 最重要的测量Jolt 重击，摇撼Mutual induction 互感Quotient 商数Thermostat 自动调温器Coil 线圈Alloy 合金Geometry 几何学，几何，几何图形，几何结构Coaxial 同轴的，同轴电缆的Cylinder 圆柱体，汽缸，圆柱形的容器Parasitic quantity 寄生量附属量Isolated measurement 隔离测量，独立测量Inanimate 死气沉沉的，没生命的，单调的Practicable 能实现的行得通的，可以实行的Conduct 引导，传到Consumer goods 消费商品Scarcity 缺乏，不足Extent 范围，程度Obscure 使暗，使不明显Corrupt 使恶化Sensitivity 敏感，灵敏，灵敏性Repetition 重复性Reproducible 能繁殖的，可再生的，可复写的Random errors 随机误差Ethical 与伦理有关的，民族的，民族特有的Modified variable 修改变量Irreversible process 不可改变的进程Psychological experiment 心里测试Catatonic state 紧张性神经病的状态Mental disorder 精神错乱Chronic schizophrenia 慢性精神分裂症Oscilloscope 示波器，示波管Rms 均方根Ferric 铁的，含铁的Chloride 氯化物漂白粉Significant digits 有效数字Rounding number 四舍五入的数Scientific way 科学方法Quantitative data 定量数据Categorize 分类Isolated value 分离量Empirical data 经验数据Raw or unprocessed data 原始数据、未经处理数据Processed data 已处理数据Theoretical calculations 理论计算Theoretical model 理论模型Mathematical computations 数学计算Meaningful manner 有意义的方式Data processing 数据处理Data reduction 数据简化Measurement instrument 测量工具Statistical processing 统计处理Experimental precision 精确实验Round-even 约偶、舍偶第三单元Measurement strategy 测量策略fluctuate 波动frequency spectrum 频谱coherent sampling 相干采样actual measurement signal 实际测量信号 skipped period 跳跃区间Reconstructed signal 重建的信号sampling oscilloscope 采样示波器arbitrary moment 任意时刻amplitude distribution function 振幅分布函数statistical parameter 统计参数Simultaneously 同时地sequentially 顺序地time multiplexing 时间多重操作Stroboscopic 频闪观测仪nonlinearity 非线性，非直线性systematic errors 系统误差random errors 随机误差inaccurate calibration 不准确的刻度mismatched impedance 不匹配的阻抗response-time error 反应时间误差oscillator 振荡器。
测控技术与仪器专业英语 第六章 化工出版社
Threading a needle and driving an automobile are two ways in which the human body functions as a complex controller. The eyes are sensor that detects the position of the needle and thread, or of the automobile and the center of the road. A complex controller, the brain, compares the two positions and determines which actions must be performed to accomplish the desired result. The body implements the control action by moving the thread or turning the steering wheel; an experienced driver will anticipate all type of disturbances to the system, such as a rough section of pavement or a slow-moving vehicle ahead. It would be very difficult to reproduce in an automatic controller the many judgments that an average person makes daily and unconsciously.
Control systems regulate temperature in home, school, and buildings of all types. They also affect the production of goods and services by ensuring the purity and uniformity of the food we eat and by maintaining the quality of products from paper mills, steel mills, chemical plants, refineries, other types of manufacturing plants. Control systems help protect our environment by minimizing waste material that must be discarded, thus reducing manufacturing costs and minimizing the waste disposal problem. Sewage and waste treatment also requires the use of automatic control system.
测控专业英语翻译
测控专业英语翻译Unit 1 Measurement, Control and InstrumentationInstrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。
仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。
An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。
仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。
Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。
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这种系统通常称为基于PC的工作站。
在基于PC的工作站，仪器模块匹配性能和兼容性都聚集围绕PC电脑。
基于PC的工作站允许来自多台仪器的数据迅速聚集，存储，作图，分析，并纳入一台PC机上的报告形式。
这种类型的系统一般都放在一个制造商合作，以提高性能和涉及的仪器模块之间的合作。
There are, of course, applications for which the owner of a PC may want higher performance than that offered by the GPIB alone, with its odd assortment of devices. Such systems are generally referred to as PC-based workstations. In a PC-based workstation, instrument modules with matched performance and compatibility are clustered around a PC computer. The PC-based workstation allows data from multiple instruments to be rapidly gathered ,stored, graphed ,analyzed, and incorporated into report form on a single PC. Systems of this type are generally put together by one manufacturer to enhance performance and cooperation between the instrument modules involved.一个基于PC的工作站的一个例子是惠普推出的PC仪器系统。
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语阅读翻译篇一:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译(1,5__)第1章课后Underwater Acoustic SignalIn the operation of a sonar system the operator is repeatedly faced with the problem of detecting a signal which is obscured by noise. This signal may be an echo resulting from a transmitted signal over which the operator has some control, or it may have its origin in some e_ternal source. These two modes of operation arise in radar surveillance and in disciplines for techniques and for illustrations of the basic principles. Since there are many ways in which one can think about signal detection , it is desirable to define a term to denote special cases . The word detection will be used when the question to be answered is, ?Are one or more signals present?? when the system is designed to provide an answered to this question , either deterministic or probabilistic, one speaks of hypothesis testing. The case of a single signal occurs so often that many system are designed to provide only two answers, ?Yes , a signal is present,? or ?No, there is no signal.? One can make the problem more complicated by endeavoring to classify the signal into categories. Decisions of this latter kind will be referred to as targetclassification.Normally a piece of detection equipment is designed to operate in a fi_ed mode and the parameters such as integrating time of rectifier circuits or persistence of the oscilloscope tube for visual detection cannot be changed readily. There will always be some uncertain signals, which the observer will be hesitant to reject or accept. In these cases the operator might have the feeling that if the integrating time of thedetector or the persistence of the oscilloscope tube were longer, he could reach a decision about the e_istence of the signal. Wald(_50) has formulated this intuitive feeling into a theory of detection. When one is able to vary deliberately the interval over which one stores data in thereception system in order to achieve a certain level of certainty, one speaks of sequential detection. Frequently it is desirable to determine not only the presence or absence of the signal but also one or more parameters associated with the signal . The parameters of interest can vary widely from a simple quantity such as time of arrival or target bearing to the recovery of the completewaveform . When a system is designed to recover one or more parameters associated with thesignal , one speaks of signal e_traction.The word signal was not defined and it was assumed that the reader had an intuitive felling for the word. Some elaboration may be in order since the definition of signal subjective and depends on theapplication . One may say that ?signal? is what one wants to observe and noise is anything that obscures the observation. Thus, a tuna fisherman who is searching the ocean with the aid of sonar equipment will be overjoyed with sounds that are impairing the performance of a nearby sonar system engaged in tracking a submarine. Quite literally, one man?s signal is another man?s noise.Signals come in all shapes and forms. In active sonar system one may use simple sinusoidal signals of fi_ed duration and modulations thereof. There are impulsive signals such as those made withe_plosions or thumpers. At the other e_treme one may make use of pseudorandom signals. In passive systems, the signals whose detection is sought may be noise in the conventional meaning of the word; noise produced by propellers or underwater swimmers, for e_ample. It should be evidentthat one of our problem will be the formulation of mathematical techniques that can be used to describe the signal. Although the source in an active sonar search system may be designed to transmit a signal known shape, there is no guarantee that the return signal whose detection is sought will be similar. In fact , there are many factors to change the signal. The amplitude loss associated with inverse sphericalspreading is most unfortunate for the detection system nut it does not entail any distortion of the wave shape . (Incidentally, where the wave can be appro_imated locally as a plane wave.) The acoustic medium has an attenuation factor , which depends on the frequency . This produces a slight distortion of the wave shape and a corresponding change in the energy spectrum of the pulse. The major changes in the waveform result from acoustic boundaries and inhomogeneities in the medium.When echoes are produced by e_tended targets such as submarines, there are two distinct ways in which echo structure is affected. First, there is the interference between reflections from the different leads to a target strength that fluctuates rapidly with changes in the aspect. Secondly, there is theelongation of the composite echo due to the distribution of reflecting features along the submarines. This means that the duration of the composite echo is dependent in a simple manner on the aspect angle. If T is the duration of the echo from a point scatterer, and L is the length of the submarine, the duration of the returned echo will be T=(2L/c)cosA ,where A is the acute angle between the major a_is of the submarine and the line joining the source and the submarine. C is the velocity of sound in the water. Of course, LcosA must be replaced by the beam width of the submarine when A is near.A final source of pulse distortion is the Doppler shifts produced by the relative motions between the source, and the target (or detector inpassive listening) may each have a different velocity relative to the bottom, the variety of effects may be quite large.水下声波信号在声纳操作过程中,操作员经常需要对受噪声干扰的信号进行检波.干扰信号可能来自操作员发出信号的反射波或者外部声源的信号.这两种类型的干扰对主动声纳和被动声纳都会造成很大影响.类似的情况在雷达监测.工程类和图像类专业的基本原理都会涉及到.当你想到信号检测时有多种方法,那么定义一个术语来表示特殊情况便是可行的.当问题的答案是〝当前有一个还是一个多个信号?〞时,检波一词将被使用.一个系统被设计来为这种问题提供答案--无论是必然性还是偶然性,这就需要谈及假设检验;当一个信号反复出现的情况下,许多系统只被设计提供两个答案:〝是的,当前有一个信号〞或〝不,当前没有信号〞.力图将信号分类会使问题复杂化,因为后者的结论将涉及到目标分类.一般来说,一种检波仪器只被设计在固定的类型和参数下工作,不容易被改变,例如时间积分检波电路和光学检测的辉光示波管.当出现不明信号时,观察者在拒绝或接收信号方面有所迟疑.在这种情况下,操作员会有种感觉如果检波电路或者示波管能够延长时间那么他就能下结论该信号是否存在.沃尔德（_50）在他的检波理论系统阐述了这种直觉.如果（一个检测检测方法）能够主动去改变时间间隔并在接收系统里储存数据以便达到确定的某一水平,这就是顺序检测.一般不仅能够确定信号存在与否,而且还能确定一个或多个与信号关联的参数.在还原完整波形时我们所感兴趣的参数在各简单分量间有很大差别,例如信号的到达时间和相位. 当一个系统被设计来提取一个或多个信号参数时,这就是信号抽取.信号一词并没有明确的定义,只是在读者对它有直观了解时的一种假设.有些较为详细的解释为了对信号一词进定义可能导致是比较主观的或者狭隘与所应用的条件.也许你会说信号就是你想观察到的而噪声就是对观察者产生干扰的信号.但是,一个渔民在用声纳设备搜索海洋时,附近用来追踪潜艇的声纳干扰导致的信号削减常常会使他欣喜若狂.毫不夸张地说,一个人的信号将会是另一个人的噪声.信号的形式和构成是多种多样的.在主动声纳系统中,可以利用相关的固定宽度和调制正弦信号.类似的有脉冲信号,例如爆炸或者撞击.在一些极端的情况可以利用伪随机信号.在被动声纳系统中,例如螺旋桨或潜泳者发出的噪声.很明显,如何利用数学公式的方法来描述一个信号成为了我们所面临的问题.即是在主动声纳系统中的超声波发射器传播已知波形的信号,但无法保证检测后查找出来的反射信号也是类似的波形.振幅和反向球面传播信号失去关联是检波系统最不利的情况,因为它无法承担任何波形畸变.（偶然地,这种事件的乐观情况并不适用于2维波,除非它传播到足够远的地方,可以近似认为是平面波.）声波的传导介质会对其造成衰减,（衰减的程度）取决于声波的频率.这就造成了少量的波形失真和对脉冲波形能谱造成相当的改变.主要的改变还是由于波形的边缘效应和传播介质的不均匀所引起的.当反射波是由外部物体例如潜艇所发出的,这时反射波的结构主要受两种不同方式的影响,第一,由两种反射信号之间的干扰导致外界声源的强度与跟随相位的改变迅速波动,第二,合成反射波的延伸是沿着（来自）潜艇反射的散布特征,这就意味着持续时间取决于相位角的简单特征.如果T是反射波由一个点扩散的持续时间,L是潜艇的长度,那么反射波的回射时间就是 , 是潜艇主轴和声纳拖曳线之间的夹角（锐角）,C则是声音在水中的传播速率.当然,当接近的时候必须用潜艇的宽度代入.最后一个造成脉冲波形失真的原因声源,船体,介质,目标之间相对运动所造成的多普勒效应.由于声源,介质,目标（或者被动接收器的探测端）相对于船体都有不通的速度向量,所以各种因素的影响之间的区别也很大.第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a meanvalue.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the abs olutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of this is that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placingit in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed to an output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.or other obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially with metal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the use otwo-color pyrometry. As was mentioned at the start of this section.both the intensityand the spectral distribution of the radiation vary with temperature. The radianintensity at any wavelength.几.is given by:’C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,}/入1一1Where J is the radiant energy·.is the emissivity·} is the wavelength·and T is theabsolute temperature(K).On th e assumption that emissivity is not a function owavelength(this assumption isnot entirely true)the ratio of intensities at twcwavelengths becomes: 测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:测量的依赖性在辐射率可以减少使用o双色印铁测温.就像前面说过的在这一部分的开始.磁性的强度和光谱分布的辐射随温度.弧度在任何wavelength.几强度. 给出: C }以J-一一一,二二一一二二干下尸一一一丁e_pl l,} /入1一1这里J是辐射能·.辐射率·}的是波长·和T是吗绝对温度(K).假设辐射率不是一个函数o 波长(这种假设并不完全正确)的比例在twc公司的强度波长变得:几.几/巨e_pCC=/J},T 一y/巨e_pCC=/J}=T)一y一一大一大Which may be simplified to=(consl)只e_p大一大wherecn77s/〔丫)7了sC(几:/几)’C}(lid.一1/J},)第6章课后习题3.Uncertainty is generally stated as a number·indicating the tolerance from the true value of the measurand. T he tolerance is only estimated. It represents theconfidence level of the investigator in the results.since the true value of themeasurement is unknown. he purpose of the sensor is to obtain dimensional information from theworkpiece. .不确定性是一般表述数量表示宽容的·过热蒸气的真实价值.他宽容只是估计T.它代表了信心水平的调查员在结果中.自从的真正价值测量是未知的.他的目的是获取维度信息的传感器从theworkpiece.4. It is like a transducer in many instances because it converts oneenergy form to another. This other energy form is always an electrical signal.since we are considering sensors which provide an篇二:测控技术与仪器专业英语课后阅读翻译第五章课后A random erroris due to acontrolled,large number of independent small effects that cannothe identified orit is a statistical quantity. As such,iteach replication of the observations. If a large number of readings iswill vary for the same quantity.the scatter of the data about a mean value can be evaluated.The scatter generally follows a guassian distribution about a mean value.whichis assumed to be the true value.Accuracy is the deviation of the output from the calibration input or the truevalue. If the accuracy of a voltmeter is 2% full scale as described in the preceding section·the ma_imum deviation i.士2units for all readings.一个随机误差是由于控制,大量的独立影响小,不能他发现或这是一个统计量.因此,它每个复制的观察.如果大量的读数是同样数量的不同而不同.散射的数据值可以评估.散高斯分布通常遵循关于意味着value.which被认为是真正的价值.准确性是偏差的输出的输入或真正的校准价值.如果把电压表的准确性2%全面描述在前面的部分·最大偏差我,士2units所有阅读资料.第五章.Noncontact Temperature MeasurementAny object at any temperature above absolute zero radiates energy. This radiationvaries both in intensity and in spectral distribution with temperature.Hence.temperature may be deduced by measuring either the intensity or the spectrum of theradiation.The total energy density radiating from an ideal?blackbody?(more on that later) isgiven by the Stefan-boltzmann law·E=6T ·where E is energy density in W/cmz.6 Isthe Stefan-boltzmann constant(5. 6697 _ _ z W/cmz K?)and T is the absolutetemperature(K).In other words·the total radiated energy is proportional to the fourthpower of the absolute temperature. A_ objects.particularly ideal blackbody objects.also absorb incident radiation.(Uiven time to equilibrate.and presuming they are insulated from the heating or coolingeffects of surrounding air or other materials.they will eventually reach a point wherethey absorb and radiate energy at equal rates. ()ne consequence of thisis that if an object(a temperature sensor.for e_ample) is an ideal blackbody.is perfectly insulated.and isflooded on its entire surface with radiation from a radiating source.it will eventuallyreach an equilibrium sources and blackbody calibration sources are available).the temperature of the sensor is a measure of the temperature of the radiating object.任何物体在任何温度高于绝对零度的辐射能量.这种辐射无论是在不同强度和在光谱分布和温度.因此.通过测量温度可以推导出要么强度或频谱的辐射.总能量密度辐射从理想 blackbody〞(稍后详细介绍)鉴于法律的Stefan-boltzmann·E = 6 T ·E在是能量密度在W / cmz. 6Stefan-boltzmann的常数(5. 6697 _ _ z W / cmz K〞)和T是绝对的温度(K).换句话说·总辐射能量是成正比的第四绝对温度的力量.A_对象.特别是理想黑体对象.也会吸收入射辐射.(Uiven 时间一致.和他们隔绝放肆的加热或冷却周围空气的影响或其他材料.他们最终会达到一个临界点他们吸收和辐射能量在相同的利率.()东北的后果是,如果一个对象(一个温度传感器.例如)是一种理想的黑体.是完全绝缘.和是在整个表面淹没与辐射发射源.它最终将达到平衡来源和黑体校正源可用),温度传感器是一个测量辐射的温度对象.An infrared radiation thermometer may be created in a manner similar to that inFigure 1 the radiated energy from the hot(or cold) object is focused on a temperaturesensor.whose temperature then is indicative of the intensity of the radiation falling uponit. The sensor should be small and low mass for reasonable response time. Thermistorsoffer high sensitivity for low temperature measurements while thermocouples providethe operating range necessary for high levels of radiated energy. In some designs.thesensor is insulated from ambient conditions by placing it in a vacuum. The sensor s output is amplified.linearized.and fed toan output indicator or recorder.The optics are apt to be a bit different than shown in diagram. In mostapplications.particularly at lower temperatures.much of the radiation will be farinfrared.which is not passed well by most glasses. It may be preferable to use areflective concave mirror to focus the incoming energy.rather than a lens. There mayalso be a red or infrared filter over the inlet to keep down interference due to strayambient light. For higher temperature use it may be necessary to reduce the totalincoming energy using a gray filter.shutter.orother obstruction. The Stefan-boltzmann law.and the proper operation of thesethermometers.presumes that theradiation is coming from a perfect blackbody radiator. to oversimplify(and it is not ourintention here to which does not reflect any radiation which may fall upon it. Allincident energy is absorbed. A non-blackbody object which reflects e_ternal radiation will also reflect internally generated radiation.lowering the amount of energy radiated atany given temperature.红外辐射温度计可以创建的方式类似,在图1的辐射能量从热(或冷)对象都聚焦在一个温度传感器.其温度然后表明辐射强度落它.应该是小的传感器和低质量为合理的响应时间.热敏电阻提供高灵敏度低温度的测量而热电偶提供必要的工作范围为高水平的辐射能量.在一些designs.the传感器是隔绝外界条件下通过将它放置在真空中.传感器的amplified.linearized输出. 和美联储到输出指标或录音机.光学往往稍有不同,图中所示.在大多数应用程序.特别是在较低的温度下.大部分的辐射将远红外线.这不是大多数眼镜了.这可能比使用凹面镜反射来聚焦入射能量.而不是一个镜头.也许也是一个红色或红外过滤器在进口为了压制干扰由于流浪环境光.温度较高的使用可能需要减少总传入的能源使用灰色filter.shutter. 或其他阻塞Stefan-boltzmann的法律. 和适当的操作这些温度计.是假定辐射是来自一个完美的黑体的散热器.粗略的(和它不是我们的这里的意愿,没有反映出任何辐射可能落在它.所有入射能量被吸收.一个non-blackbody对象反映外部辐射也将反映出内部产生的辐射.降低辐射的能量在任何给定的温度.Any surface has a reflectivity and an emissivity. Reflectivity,r,is simply the ratioof reflected energy to incident energy:a perfect reflector has a reflectivity of one;ablackbody,zero. Emissivity,.,turns out to b simply.=1一re,fZecl:二:Cy reflectivity. Aperfect blackbody has emitted by an object at a given temperature is proportional to itsemissivity:a reflectivity object has emissivity(we e_pect more heat from a rough,blackradiator than from a smooth,polished one). All this has a serious impact on radiation thermometry. An infrared radiationthermometer calibrated against a blackbody radiator will read seriously low when aimedat a reflective object .Most commercial radiation thermometers include a controlallowing the user to dial in the emissivity of the object being measured,plus a table oftypical emissivity values.Mist organic and nonmetallic materials have emissivity values.Most organic and nonmetallic materialshave emissivities between 0. 85 and 0. 95,whilemetals range roughly between 0. 1 and 0. 5(interestingly,both white and black paintshave similar emissivitie.一between 0. 9-at temperatures up to 1_0C).任何表面具有反射率和发射率.反射率r,是简单的比率反射入射能量的能量:一个完美的反射器有一个反射率的;一个黑体,零.辐射率(.其实,b简单.= 1一re,fZecl:二:Cy反射率.一个完美的黑体物体所发出了在给定温度是成正比的辐射率:反射率对象有辐射率(我们希望更多的热量从粗糙的.黑色的散热器比从光滑.磨光的一个). 所有这一切都有严重影响辐射测温.红外辐射对一个黑体温度计校准散热器将认真读书目的时低在反思对象.大多数商业辐射温度计包括控制允许用户来定下的热辐射特性被测对象,再加上一个表典型的辐射值.雾有机和非金属材料有辐射值.大多数有机和非金属材料有emissivities介于0.85年和年0.95年的时候,金属范围大致在0.1和0.5(有趣的是,两个白色和黑色颜料也有类似的emissivitie,一between 0. 9-at温度可达1_0摄氏度).Variations in emissivitiy can cause serious errors,especially withmetal surfaces.Highly polished surfaces have lower emissivity still farther. As an o_idation or coatingof the surfaces raises emissivity still farther. As an e_ample,the emissivity of stainlesssteel at 8_0C is when polished,0. 5 when rough machined,0. 7 when rough machinedand lightly o_idized and 0. 8 to 0. 9 when heavily o_idized. If at all possible, the surfaceto be measured should be painted.o_idized.or otherwise made black and noeflective.Liquid metals.a frequent application for infrared thermometry.are not as variable ittheir emissivity.but may be affected by layers of slag on their surface. It is a good ideato calibrated the infrared reading by making a contact temperature measurement or.it the case of liquid metal.by plunging in a thermocouple as described in the previoussection.Also affecting the readings are atmospheric attenuation. Water vapor stronglyattenuates certain infrared wavelengths while dust smoke.and particulate matter wilattenuate the radiation between the source and the sensor. Such problems are apt to bemost troublesome in industrial applications.emissivitiy变化可以导致严重的错误,尤其是在金属表面.高度抛光表面发射率低到更远.作为氧化或涂层表面发射率的提高到更远.作为一个例子,辐射率的不锈钢钢铁8_0 C是当抛光,0.5当粗糙的加工,0.7当粗糙的加工和轻氧化,0.8为0.9当严重氧化.如果可能的话,应该painted.o_idized surfaceto被测量. 或用其他的黑色和以及非反射.液态金属.一个频繁的应用程序为红外测温.不像变量他们的发射率.但可能会受层渣在其表面.这是一个好主意对校准红外阅读通过使接触or.it温度测量此案的液态金属.在一个热电偶大跌之前描述的那样部分.阅读资料也影响大气衰减.水蒸气强烈衰减某些波长红外线虽然灰尘烟.和颗粒物会衰减之间的辐射来源和传感器.这类问题是容易的摘要在工业应用中最麻烦的.The dependence of the measurement upon emissivity can be reduce by the。
测控技术与仪器专业英语（韩建国）Unit8翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语（韩建国）Unit8翻译Unit 8 基于计算机网络的工业控制1、网络类型计算机集成制造是一种（通过）集成硬件和集成软件来实现全面自动化的原理。
尽管每一个公司对CIM的含义有自己的理解，但大多数类似于图8?1的模式。
在这个图中，显示了分布一个工厂的、专用的过程任务。
由于计算机被从实际的制造领域中移走，它们的功能从实时控制转向监督。
通常认为至少需要三层的计算机集成来为CIM工作，即：单元级、装置级和厂级。
每一级在它的执行任务范围内都有确定的任务。
例如，单元控制器通常负责数据采集和直接的机器控制。
区域控制器被分配的任务是机器和工具的管理、跟踪维护、物料输送和跟踪，以及计算机辅助仿真和设计设备。
厂及计算机负责例如：采购、账目、物料管理、资源计划和报表生成这样的事情。
当你开发一个CIM系统时，最好从最低层开始，参考图8?1，完整的开发每个单元控制开始，然后做下一个单元等等。
然后开发区域控制器。
只有当单元控制器的功能良好时你才能开发厂级控制器。
如果CIM系统失效，它们的失败主要有两方面的原因。
首先，系统设计是从厂级控制器的顶层开始并从上往下进行。
这样不能工作——它是反向的。
系统不能正常在线工作的第二个原因可能是使用了不同制造商生产的机器。
例如，在4个单元里，我们有17个独立的单元装置。
你的公司(需要)取得17台机器和5台电脑作为单元控制器。
当联接后，电脑和机器之间不能交流，不能共同工作。
当你给电脑制造商和17台单元设备制造商打电话时，你会发现没有人为装置间的通讯负责。
每一个制造商只为自己设备的程序负责。
在一个CIM工程中，买任何设备前需要确定设备间的通讯能力。
一个组织或个人，在工程时间期限前，能够为CIM单元写出编程整个网络程序。
从技术上讲，任何一个电脑包括PLC，既能够执行控制任务也能够执行监控任务。
然而，趋势是定制计算机来实现特定的应用。
这些定制的控制器被称为厂型控制器。
从CIM的层次结构可以看出，（采用）专用计算机是有利的。
测控技术与仪器专业英语unit-6
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
译为：设计信号发生器和调制回路时一定要警惕以保证 传感器是系统中准确度最低的部件，如果周围回路有附加 噪声或降低了准确度，传感器输出的准确度将受影响。
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
The following are some of the tasks performed by a signal conditioner: 以下是一个信号调制器执行的操作： （1）Isolation and impedance conversion;隔离和阻抗变换 （2）Amplification and analog-to-analog conversion; 放大和模-模转换 （3）Noise reduction (filtering); 降噪（滤波） （4）Linearization; 线性化 （5）Data sampling; 数据采样 （6）Digital-to-Analog conversion; 数-模转换 （7）Analog-to-Digital conversion. 模-数转换
Voltage output
Unit 6 Signal Conditioning
Three types of input topologies exist for the signal conditioning of voltage output sensors: differential, single-ended and pseudo-differential. The type of signal conditioning input is typically matched to the output structure and precision requirements of the sensor .
测控技术与仪器专业英语（韩建国）Unit6翻译
测控技术与仪器专业英语（韩建国）Unit6翻译Unit6 引言1、控制系统概述在我们周围和体内，控制系统无处不在。
人体器官机能包括许多复杂的控制系统。
在下丘脑中心有一个精细的控制系统，在身体活动和外部环境变化的时候维持体温在37℃。
在一个控制系统——眼睛中，瞳孔直径自动的适应对到达视网膜的通光量的控制。
另一个控制系统维持细胞液钠离子浓度水平。
在穿针和驾驶这两项活动中，人体机能是一个复杂的控制器。
眼睛是检测针线位置或者汽车和道路中心的位置的传感器。
一个复杂的控制器，大脑，能够比较两个位置并决定那种行为被采取来得到期望的结果。
身体通过移动线或转动方向盘执行控制行为；一名有经验的司机能够预料各种类型对系统的干扰，比如一段粗糙的公路或者前方缓慢移动的车辆。
在一个自动控制器中再现一般人每天无意识的判断是十分困难的。
控制系统能够调整家里、学校和各种建筑物里的温度。
它们也通过保证我们所吃食物的纯度和均一度，以及维持造纸厂、炼钢厂、化工厂、精炼厂和其他类型制造工厂的产品质量来影响商品生产和服务。
控制系统通过最小化必须废弃的废旧材料量来保护我们的环境，从而减少制造成本和最小化废物处理问题。
污水和废物处理同样要求借助于自动控制系统。
一个控制系统是维持期望结果和数值的任意一组元件。
从之前的例子可以清楚地看出，大量的元件只是一个单一控制系统的组成部分，无论它们是电的，电子的，机械的，液压的，气动的，手动的，或者它们的组合。
期望的结果是在系统中某个变量的值，比如说，汽车方向，室内温度，水槽中液位或者管道压力。
这个值被控制的变量被称作被控量。
为了实现控制，在系统中必须有另外一个能够影响被控量的值的量。
大多数的系统有许多这样的量。
控制系统通过操纵这些有影响的变量之一的值来维持期望的结果。
汽车方向盘的方位角是被操纵的一个例子。
这个被操作的变量被称为被操作量。
在我们生活中控制系统持续的变得越来越重要。
我们依赖它们达到如此程度以至于生活没有它们便不可想象。
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Unit6 引言
1、控制系统概述
在我们周围和体内，控制系统无处不在。
人体器官机能包括许多复杂的控制系统。
在下丘脑中心有一个精细的控制系统，在身体活动和外部环境变化的时候维持体温在37℃。
在一个控制系统——眼睛中，瞳孔直径自动的适应对到达视网膜的通光量的控制。
另一个控制系统维持细胞液钠离子浓度水平。
在穿针和驾驶这两项活动中，人体机能是一个复杂的控制器。
眼睛是检测针线位置或者汽车和道路中心的位置的传感器。
一个复杂的控制器，大脑，能够比较两个位置并决定那种行为被采取来得到期望的结果。
身体通过移动线或转动方向盘执行控制行为；一名有经验的司机能够预料各种类型对系统的干扰，比如一段粗糙的公路或者前方缓慢移动的车辆。
在一个自动控制器中再现一般人每天无意识的判断是十分困难的。
控制系统能够调整家里、学校和各种建筑物里的温度。
它们也通过保证我们所吃食物的纯度和均一度，以及维持造纸厂、炼钢厂、化工厂、精炼厂和其他类型制造工厂的产品质量来影响商品生产和服务。
控制系统通过最小化必须废弃的废旧材料量来保护我们的环境，从而减少制造成本和最小化废物处理问题。
污水和废物处理同样要求借助于自动控制系统。
一个控制系统是维持期望结果和数值的任意一组元件。
从之前的例子可以清楚地看出，大量的元件只是一个单一控制系统的组成部分，无论它们是电的，电子的，机械的，液压的，气动的，手动的，或者它们的组合。
期望的结果是在系统中某个变量的值，比如说，汽车方向，室内温度，水槽中液位或者管道压力。
这个值被控制的变量被称作被控量。
为了实现控制，在系统中必须有另外一个能够影响被控量的值的量。
大多数的系统有许多这样的量。
控制系统通过操纵这些有影响的变量之一的值来维持期望的结果。
汽车方向盘的方位角是被操纵的一个例子。
这个被操作的变量被称为被操作量。
在我们生活中控制系统持续的变得越来越重要。
我们依赖它们达到如此程度以至于生活没有它们便不可想象。
自动控制通过将有经验的操作工人从常规任务释放出来，以及增加每个工人的工作量，已经提高了每个工人的工作效率。
控制系统提高了所制造商品的质量和服务的均一性；如果没有自动控制，许多我们所享用的产品将变得不可能生产。
伺服系统在任我们处理上起到了极大的力量，使我们能够控制大的设备，比如喷气式飞机和轮船。
控制系统通过减少原料和能源的浪费（这是一个不断增加的优势像我们寻求保护环境的方法）来提高效率。
安全是自动控制的另一个好处。
最后，像家庭取暖系统和自动驾驶的控制系统为我们提供了更多的舒适和便利。
总之，自动控制的好处分为以下六个主要类型。
（1）提高的生产力；（2）改善的质量和均一性；（3）增加的效率；（4）动力辅助；（5）安全；（6）舒适和便利。
控制系统用一些不同的方法被分为不同类别。
根据是否使用反馈分为闭环或开环。
根据信号分散或离散的特性分为模拟的或数字的。
根据设定值是常量还是变量分为调节系统和随动系统。
根据他们运用的工艺——连续过程或离散的零件制造分为过程控制系统或机械控制系统。
连续过程指的是生产食品，石油，化学产品，电力能源这些产品所用的工艺。
离散的零件制造指的是制造汽车，飞机，器具和电脑的部件和装配产品的工艺。
根据生产流是来自连续过程还是间隙的和周期的，分为连续的或批量的（或离散的）系统。
最后，根据控制器所处位置——在中心控制室或者传感器和执行器附近，分为集中式或分布式。
另外的分类包括伺服机构，数字控制，机器人，分组控制，连续控制，时间序列控制，时间预定控制，事件序列控制以及可编程控制器。
它们通常总结如下。
2、控制系统分类略
3、方框图和传递函数
虽然，在单一控制系统中在两个拥有完全不同种类元件系统中找出多种不同元件是寻常的，但是，任意的控制系统都能用一组定义各元件特性的数学方程来描述。
一个较大范围内的控制问题，包括加工过程，机床，伺服机构，航天器，交通，甚至能用同样的数学方法分析的经济学问题。
每个元件的重要特征在于它对这个系统产生的影响。
方框图是一种仅仅保留元件重要特征来表述一个控制系统的方法。
信号线表示元件的输入和输出信号。
如图6.1所示。
每个元件从系统的某一部分得到一个输入信号并为系统的另一部分产生一个输出信号。
信号可以是电流，电压，气压，液体流速，液压，温度，速度，加速度，位置，方向，或者其他的方式。
信号传输路径可以是电线，气动导管，液压管路，机械连接体或者将信号从一个元件传到另一个元件的任何东西。
这个元件可以使用
一些能量源来增加输出信号的能量。
一个方框图包括一个代表控制系统中每个元件，并由代表信号路径的线相互连接的框图。
司机的视觉感知提供了两个输入信号，汽车的位置和道路中心的位置。
司机比较这两个位置并确定使汽车保持在合适的位置的方向盘的位置。
为力实现这个决定，司机的手和手臂调节方向盘到新的位置，用相应的行驶位置的改变响应方向盘的位置。
短暂的时间后，新的方向使汽车达到新的位置。
因此，在汽车位置变化和方向盘位置变化之间有一个时间延迟。
这个时间延迟被包括在代表汽车方框的数学方程式中。
方框图的环路表明了控制的基本概念。
汽车实际位置被用来决定所必须的修正来保持期望的位置。
这个概念被称作反馈，带有反馈的控制系统被称为反馈控制系统。
不带反馈的控制系统被称为开环控制系统，因为它们的方框图没有回路。
一个元件最重要的特性是它的输入信号与输出信号的关系。
这种关系用以组件输出信号对输入信号的比例定义的传递函数来表示。
（大部分是输出信号的拉氏变换除以输入信号的拉氏变换）。
4、开环控制
一个开环控制系统不通过比较真实值与期望值来决定控制动作，换句话说，先前通过标定程序或计算决定的校准装置，被用来获取期望值。
图6.2所示一个带有已校准刻度盘的针阀，这就是开环系统的一个例子。
通过测量许多刻度盘设置的流速来获取校准曲线。
正如校准曲线所示，不同的压降有不同的校准曲线。
假定F2的流速是期望的并使用S的设定值。
只要保持穿过阀的压降等于P2，流速就保持在F2，如果压降变为P1，流速就变为F1，这个开环控制不能校正压降中不可预测的改变。
步枪子弹的发射是开环控制系统的另一个例子。
期望的结果是把子弹打入靶心。
实际的结果是子弹从枪发射后的方向。
开环控制发生在步枪瞄准靶心并扣动扳机的时候。
一旦子弹离开枪膛，它就是独立的：如果突然出现一阵风，方向就会改变，并且没有可能校正
开环控制最主要的优势是比闭环控制系统便宜：不需要来测量实际结果。
另外，由于不需要基于误差的校正行为，控制器简单得多。
开环控制的缺点是由未知干扰所引起的误差不能校正，通常一个人工操作员必须通过手动调整来缓慢地校正干扰。
在这个例子中，操作者实际上通过提供反馈信号闭合了环路。
5、闭环控制，反馈
反馈就是测量实际结果与期望值之间的差值的行为并且利用这些差值来驱使实际结果趋向于期望值。
反馈这个术语来自于被测量信号在框图中移动的方向。
信号从被控系统的输出端开始，在控制器的输入端结束。
控制器的输出就是被控系统的输入。
这样，被测信号从被控系统的输出端反馈到输入端。
闭环这个术语指的是反馈路径闭合的环路。
6、变量名
被控量c是被控制的过程输出变量，在过程控制系统中，被控量通常是产品质量的很好度量的一个输出变量。
最常见的被控量有位移、速度、温度、压力、液位和流速
设定值（sp）是被控量的期望值
被测量（cm）是被控量的测量结果，它是测量装置的输出并且通常和被控量的实际值有一个小范围的误差误差（e）是被控量的设定值和被控量的测量值之间的差值，它是按照等式E=SP-Cm来计算的
控制器输出（v）是被控量的测量值向设定值变化的控制行为，控制行为的依据是误差信号和控制器中所使用的控制模型。
被操作量（m）是通过末级控制单元进行调节的变量以获得被控量的期望值。
显然，操作量必须能够在被控变量里影响一个变化。
过程中负载变化迫使被操作量变化来维持一个平横条件。
由于这个原因，操作量的值被用来作为过程负载的一种测量值。
干扰量（D）是过程输入变量，它影响被控量，但不受控制系统控制。
干扰量能够改变过程负载，这也是使用闭环系统的主要原因。
闭环控制的主要优点是具有获得更加精确控制过程的潜力。
闭环控制有两个缺点：（1）闭环控制比开环控制贵得多（2）闭环控制系统的反馈特性可能使系统变得不稳定。
一个不稳定的系统将会产生被控量的震荡，经常伴随一个非常大的幅度。